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Kumar M, Roy SS, Hameed S, Shakur AA, Mohan L, Dikshit H. Role of Sensitization and Awareness Program on Knowledge, Attitude, Views, and Practice of Self-Medication Among MBBS Students in a Medical College of Bihar. Cureus 2023; 15:e40774. [PMID: 37492819 PMCID: PMC10364848 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Self-medication is an essential component of self-care; however, its use has significantly increased. Its practice has many risks such as wrong diagnosis, adverse drug reactions, antimicrobial resistance, etc. Being future doctors, self-medication has a special impact on MBBS students. Henceforth, the present study was undertaken to sensitize MBBS students in a medical college in Bihar and to analyze its role in different aspects of self-medication. Methods and material This was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. The questionnaire was circulated to MBBS students of all the phases. After collecting the responses, scoring and grading was done and then a sensitization and awareness program was conducted through different modes and medium. After three months the same questionnaire was distributed, and their response was again collected. Statistical analysis used With an expected 40% prevalence, the minimum sample size needed to attain a power of 95% and an alpha value of 0.05 was calculated to be 201. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 was used for data analysis. The chi-square test was used to see the association in responses obtained, before and after sensitization. A P-value with ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The questionnaires were circulated among 439 students. On comparing the grades, we found that phase III students comparatively had better knowledge regarding different aspects of self-medication. On analyzing different aspects of self-medication, we found that there was a significant improvement in many aspects post-sensitization. Conclusions MBBS students are future doctors, hence they should be more educated about the pros and cons of self-medication. This study showed that the perception of participants improved after our educational activities. We hope that after becoming aware, these young budding doctors will spread awareness, which, in turn, will benefit society. Additionally, we hope that this study will have an impact on students from different medical colleges and even healthcare providers, promoting responsible self-medication practices when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Sukalyan S Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Saajid Hameed
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Adil A Shakur
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Lalit Mohan
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Harihar Dikshit
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
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Al-Qerem W, Bargooth A, Jarab A, Akour A, Abu Heshmeh S. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Jordanian patients toward Self-Medication. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:482-491. [PMID: 37063441 PMCID: PMC10102443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Self-medication (SM) has significantly increased worldwide in the past decades, which may have detrimental health consequences including antimicrobial resistance, adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interaction, and dependency. Although several studies have evaluated the extent of SM, such studies are still limited in Jordan. The aim of this study was to explore sources of SM information, attitudes toward SM and the practice of SM and its associated factors. Methods The data of this cross-sectional study was collected between February and July 2022. A validated questionnaire was distributed to patients attending pharmacies from different locations in Jordan. The survey evaluated sources of information and attitudes toward SM, extent of SM practice, and attitudes towards SM, symptoms that the participants treat with SM and those that usually requires medical doctor consolation, followed by questions about the classes of medications mostly used for SM and the reasons for SM. Results and Discussion The study enrolled 695 Jordanian adults. The most reported indications for SM included headache (86.9 %), flu (76.4 %), and fever (69.6 %). The most common causes for SM included previous knowledge about the diseases and its treatments (84.2 %), and full knowledge of the medicine to be purchased (55.2 %). Results of the ordinal regression showed that physician counseling frequency was positively and significantly associated with "not being on chronic medication" (p-value = 0.001), and having a positive SM attitude level (p-value = 0.019), while negatively correlated with being in medical field (p-value < 0.001), having no children (p-value = 0.009), and relaying on non-scientific sources to obtain information for SM (p-value = 0.014). The frequency of SM practice was positively associated with being in medical field (p-value < 0.001, having no insurance (p-value < 0.001), and relaying on nonscientific sources (p-value = 0.017). Lastly, having a positive SM attitude level (p-value < 0.001) and not being on chronic medications (p-value = 0.007) were associated with decreased SM practice. Conclusion The study participants demonstrated increased SM practice due to the wrong perceptions toward SM and the reliance on non-scientific source of information about SM practice.
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Saha A, Zam D, Khan AA, Dutta P, Mannan A, Alam N. Prevalence and determinants of self-medication practices among general population: A cross-sectional study in Thimphu, Bhutan and Chattogram, Bangladesh. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036231152327. [PMID: 36726455 PMCID: PMC9885035 DOI: 10.1177/22799036231152327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is a global phenomenon and a potential contributor to negative health consequences on human health including emergence of antibiotic drug resistance globally. Objective The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of self-medication in Thimphu, Bhutan and Chattogram, Bangladesh, two neighbouring South Asian country. Methodology A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Thimphu, Bhutan and Chattogram, Bangladesh. A pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, health status and self-medication practices in the previous year. Results Out of the 998 recruited participants, 61.8% (170/275) from Thimphu and 41.5% (300/723) from Chattogram reported self-medication practices in last year of interview. In Thimphu, eye/ear infection (90.9%), fever (84.9%), headache (80.5%) and cough and cold (78.2%) were the major illnesses reported for self-medication, whereas in Chattogram people mostly self-medicated for skin disorder (74.4%), diarrhoeal illness (59.1%) and eye/ear infection (48.1%). Knowledge on side-effects of the drugs taken for self-medication was comparatively higher in Thimphu than in Chattogram. Both in Thimphu and Chattogram, higher odds of self-medication were found for common illnesses with adjusted OR 7.8; 95% CI 3.3-18.4 and adjusted OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4-2.8, respectively in Thimphu and Chattogram. Conclusion Self-medication was found to be substantially high in both the cities, however, rate of self-medication was higher in Thimphu compared to Chattogram. Knowledge and awareness raising about harmful effect of self-medication and effective regulation over selling of prescription medication in pharmacies should be strengthened in both countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Saha
- Department of Bioinformatics and
Biotechnology, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Disease Biology and Molecular
Epidemiology Research Group, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Dawa Zam
- Department of Public Health, Asian
University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Ahmed Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong
Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Preya Dutta
- Disease Biology and Molecular
Epidemiology Research Group, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust
University Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Adnan Mannan
- Disease Biology and Molecular
Epidemiology Research Group, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering &
Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmul Alam
- Department of Public Health, Asian
University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Nazmul Alam, Department of Public Health,
Asian University for Women, Badsha Miah Road, Chattogram-4000, Bangladesh.
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Ghimire P, Pant P, Khatiwada S, Ranjit S, Malla S, Pandey S. Self-medication practice in Kathmandu Metropolitan City: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231158966. [PMID: 36896193 PMCID: PMC9989370 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231158966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Self-medication is increasingly popular among people in developing nations like Nepal where the expense of healthcare is relatively high and over-the-counter) medications are widely and easily accessible. Although this method has certain advantages, it is also clear that it has some drawbacks, including the potential for adverse drug reactions, drug resistance, medication interactions, and increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the use of self-medication in nine wards of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (ward no. 4, 5, 13, 15, 16, 17, 23, 31, and 32). Methods This cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in the chosen wards of Kathmandu Metropolitan city for 3 months from August to October 2021. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 372 patients who were seeking self-medication. The participants were chosen randomly. Results Self-medication was common among people (78%). The most frequent ailments for which participants self-medicated were the common cold (17.1%), headache (14.7%), fever (14.5%), and cough (7.6%). Anticold medications (18.2%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (17.4%), antipyretics (15.2%), and analgesics (9.1%) were the most popular drug classes used in self-medication. The two most frequent justifications for self-medication were the absence of any major ailment (35%) and self-experience (22.7%). When symptoms started, the majority of patients started taking medication for themselves, and 47.7% of them got their prescriptions directly from the pharmacist by explaining their symptoms. When the symptoms were not relieved by the medication used for self-medication, it was found that the majority of participants (79.7%) stopped using the medication and visit the doctor. Conclusion The prevalence of self-medication in Kathmandu city was ascertained by assessing the practice among residents of the Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The study showed self-medication is common among people and therefore, proper education about drug use and self-medication is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Pant
- Pharmacy Program, CiST College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Sharad Malla
- Pharmacy Program, CiST College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sudip Pandey
- Madan Bhandari University of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Loni SB, Eid Alzahrani R, Alzahrani M, Khan MO, Khatoon R, Abdelrahman HH, Abd-Elhaleem ZA, Alhaidari MM. Prevalence of self-medication and associated factors among female students of health science colleges at Majmaah University: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1090021. [PMID: 36875361 PMCID: PMC9978380 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1090021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, the prevalence of self-medication among young people has increased exponentially. Due to the basic knowledge and easy access to medicines, undergraduate students at health science colleges are likely to self-medicate. This research was undertaken to assess self-medication prevalence and its contributing factors among female undergraduate students in health science colleges at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 214 female students from the Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia's health science colleges-Medical: (82, 38.31%) and Applied Medical Science College (132, 61.68%)-was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire with sociodemographic information, drugs used, and reasons for self-medication was used for the survey. Non-probability sampling techniques were used to recruit participants. Results Of the 214 female participants, 173, 80.84 % (medical: 82, 38.31% and applied medical science: 132, 61.68%) confirmed that they were on self-medication. The majority of participants (42.1%) were between the ages of 20 and 21.5 years (mean ± SD: 20.81 ± 1.4). The main reasons for self-medication were quick relief from the illness (77.5%) followed by saving time (76.3%), minor illnesses (71.1%), self-confidence (56.7%), and laziness (56.7%). The use of leftover drugs at home was common among applied medical science students (39.9%). The main indication for self-medication included menstrual problems (82.7 %), headache (79.8%), fever (72.8%), pain (71.1%), and stress (35.3%). The most common drugs used included antipyretic and analgesics (84.4%), antispasmodics (78.9%), antibiotics (76.9%), antacids (68.2%), multivitamins, and dietary supplements (66.5%). On the contrary, the least used drugs were antidepressants, anxiolytics, and sedatives (3.5, 5.8, and 7.5 %, respectively). Family members were the main source of information for self-medication (67.1%), followed by self-acquired knowledge (64.7%), social media (55.5%), and least were friends (31.2%). For adverse effects of the medication, the majority of them consulted the physician (85%) followed by consulting the pharmacist (56.7%) and switched to other drugs or decreased drug dosage. Quick relief, saving time, and minor illness were the main reasons for self-medication among health science college students. It is recommended to conduct awareness programs, workshops, and seminars to educate on the benefits and adverse effects of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Begum Loni
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Eid Alzahrani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alzahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Owais Khan
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Shri Devi Institute of Technology, Mangalore, India
| | - Rafia Khatoon
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Hakim Abdelrahman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab A Abd-Elhaleem
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ge P, Li Q, Dong M, Niu Y, Han X, Xiong P, Bao Y, Min H, Liu D, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Yu W, Sun X, Yu L, Wu Y. Self-medication in Chinese residents and the related factors of whether or not they would take suggestions from medical staff as an important consideration during self-medication. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1074559. [PMID: 36620260 PMCID: PMC9814121 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1074559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the status of Chinese residents' self-medication behavior and the important factors to consider when purchasing OTC drugs, and to explore the related factors of the possibility that Chinese residents take medical staff's suggestions as important factors to consider when purchasing OTC drugs. Study design A cross-sectional survey. Methods A questionnaire was developed for exploring the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, their self-medication status, and important considerations. The questionnaire includes several scales including Health Literacy Scale-Short Form (HLS-SF), EQ-5D Visual Analog Scale (EQ-5D-VAS), Big Five Inventary-10 Items (BFI-10), and New General Self Efficacy Scale (NGSES). After carrying out a multi-stage sampling method, the questionnaire was conducted nationwide from July 10 to September 15, 2021. Next, descriptive statistics were conducted to analyze the general features. Logistic regression was then used to analyze the related factors of the possibility that the respondents took the suggestions of medical staff as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs. Results Nine thousand two hundred fifty-six qualified questionnaires were received. 99.06% of Chinese adults had self-medication behaviors. The types of OTC drugs purchased most by the respondents were NSAIDs (5,421/9,256 people, 58.57%) and vitamins/minerals (4,851/9,256 people, 52.41%). 86.2% of the respondents took the suggestions of medical staff as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs. The results of multi-factor logistic regression showed that women, those living in the central and western regions of China, those suffering from chronic diseases, those with high agreeableness, high conscientiousness, high neuroticism and openness, high health literacy, high EQ-5D-VAS, and those with high self-efficacy are more likely to take medical staff's suggestions as important factors to consider. Conclusion The vast majority of Chinese adults have self-medication behavior. Important considerations when purchasing OTC drugs include medical staff's suggestions, drug safety and drug efficacy. Whether residents take the suggestions of medical staff as an important consideration is related to their sociological characteristics, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness, health literacy, self-assessment health status, and self-efficacy. When purchasing and using OTC drugs, residents should carefully listen to the suggestions from medical staff. They should also carefully consider their own conditions before buying OTC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Ge
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qiyu Li
- School of Humanities and Health Management, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Murong Dong
- Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuyao Niu
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sat University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuhan Bao
- Health Clinic, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Hewei Min
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Diyue Liu
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Suqi Wang
- School of Philosophy, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinzi Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Yu
- School of Foreign Languages, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, China
| | - Xinying Sun
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Lian Yu ✉
| | - Yibo Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Yibo Wu ✉
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The Relationship between Fear of COVID-19 and Self-Medication and the Rate of Antibiotic Use in Patients Referred to COVID-19. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:3044371. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3044371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The coronavirus pandemic can cause anxiety and stress among people, which can make them practice self-medication. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fear of corona and self-medication and antibiotics use. Methods. In a convenience sampling method, 250 people referring to COVID-19 centers including 16-hour comprehensive health services in Kermanshah, Iran, who tested positive and were not hospitalized were extracted from the SIB system. Data collection tools include three questionnaires including corona fear questionnaire, self-medication questionnaire, and self-medication by antibiotic questionnaire and an information form including demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 25. Results. The prevalence of self-medication was 59.6%. There was a significant correlation between self-medication and gender (
value <0.05) and education level (
value <0.05); the most common reason for self-medication was easy access to medicines through pharmacy drug stores. The mean score of fear of corona was higher in women and those who were not in a good financial position due to a lack of suitable economic status to see a doctor. Conclusion. There was a direct and significant relationship between self-medication and self-medication by antibiotics. 59.6% of the participants used medicines themselves, buying over-the-counter in pharmacies. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean score of corona fear in terms of not having a suitable economic status to see a doctor. This indicates that the lack of proper economic status among people with the coronavirus positive test to see a doctor increases the fear of the disease.
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Siraj EA, Yayehrad AT, Kassaw AT, Kassahun D, Solomon E, Abdela H, Gizachew G, Awoke E. Self-Medication Prevalence and Factors Associated with Knowledge and Attitude Towards Self-Medication Among Undergraduate Health Science Students at GAMBY Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16:3157-3172. [PMID: 36506105 PMCID: PMC9733564 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s390058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reports indicate that health science students are among the frontline of self-medication practitioners. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the self-medication (SM) practice and associated factors with knowledge and attitude of undergraduate health science students at GAMBY Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire from May to July, 2022. A stratified random sampling method was applied to collect the data. The collected data were checked, and exported into SPSS 26. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were performed to determine the results and the associated factors. Variables with p < 0.05 were regarded as significant. Results 301 students (31 medicine, 163 pharmacy, and 107 medical laboratory students) responded (99% response rate). 68.1% of the respondents had practiced SM at least once within the last six months. 58.8% had good knowledge, while 55.5% have a positive attitude towards SM. Headache (33.7%) and cough (29.8%) were the primary disease conditions for SM. Analgesics (37.1%) and antimicrobials (29.8%) are most frequently self-consumed agents. Being a medicine student (AOR = 3.872; 95% CI: (1.263-11.866); p = 0.018), not having health insurance (AOR = 2.431; 95% CI: (1.383-4.274); p = 0.002), and not having a known medical illness (AOR = 2.241; 95% CI: (1.226-4.127); p = 0.010) were independently associated with good knowledge. While, living in an urban area was significantly associated with a positive attitude (AOR = 3.593; 95% CI: (1.404-9.197); p = 0.004). Conclusion The SM rate in GAMBY is significantly higher. Besides, not more than half the students had acceptable knowledge and attitude towards SM. The college and the surrounding regulatory authorities should consider ways of controlling and recapitalizing SM practices by the students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abdela Siraj
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, North-West Ethiopia
| | - Ashagrachew Tewabe Yayehrad
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, North-West Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Tarekegn Kassaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, North-East Ethiopia
| | - Dagmawit Kassahun
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School, GAMBY Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, North-West Ethiopia
| | - Eyerus Solomon
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School, GAMBY Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, North-West Ethiopia
| | - Hadra Abdela
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School, GAMBY Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, North-West Ethiopia
| | - Getasew Gizachew
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School, GAMBY Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, North-West Ethiopia
| | - Efrem Awoke
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School, GAMBY Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, North-West Ethiopia
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Shrestha R, Bhandari MS, Shrestha SS, Shrestha JTM, Shrestha U. Self-medication in Primary Dysmenorrhea among Undergraduate Students in a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2022; 60:1011-1015. [PMID: 36705107 PMCID: PMC9795121 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation in women with normal pelvic anatomy, usually beginning during adolescence, primarily associated with a normal ovulatory cycle. There is an increased likelihood of self-medication among medical students. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of self-medication in primary dysmenorrhea among undergraduate students in a medical college. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical college among undergraduate female students with primary dysmenorrhea from 1 February 2022 to 31 May 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of the same institute (Reference number: 254/2021). Convenience sampling was done. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results Among 213 students with primary dysmenorrhea, self-medication was found to be in 78 (36.62%) (30.15-43.09, 95% Confidence Interval)). Among all the self-medications used, mefenamic acid was most common, used by 45 (57.69%) students, followed by paracetamol 11 (14.10%). Conclusions The prevalence of self-medication practice in primary dysmenorrhea among undergraduate students was lower when compared to similar studies done in similar settings. Keywords dysmenorrhea; menstruation; prevalence; self medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal,Correspondence: Dr Ruchi Shrestha, Department of Pharmacology, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal. , Phone: +977-9843410781
| | - Mukta Singh Bhandari
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Sony Shakya Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | | | - Upama Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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Chaudhry B, Azhar S, Jamshed S, Ahmed J, Khan LUR, Saeed Z, Madléna M, Gajdács M, Rasheed A. Factors Associated with Self-Medication during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110330. [PMID: 36355873 PMCID: PMC9694449 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication (SM) is characterized by the procurement and use of medicines by bypassing primary healthcare services and without consulting a physician, usually to manage acute symptoms of self-diagnosed illnesses. Due to the limited availability of primary healthcare services and the anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the compulsion to SM by the public has increased considerably. The study aimed to assess the characteristics, practices, and associated factors of SM by the public during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sargodha, Pakistan. χ2-tests and univariable analyses were conducted to explore the identification of characteristics and the potential contributing factors for SM during COVID-19, while multivariable logistic regression models were run to study the effect of variables that maintained a significant association. The study was performed during July−September 2021, with n = 460 questionnaires returned overall (response rate: 99.5%). The majority of respondents were males (58.7%, n = 270) who live in the periphery of the town (63.9%, n = 294), and most of the respondents belonged to the age group of 18−28 years (73.3%, n = 339). A large number, 46.1% (n = 212), of the participants were tested for COVID-19 during the pandemic, and among them, 34.3% (n = 158) practiced SM during the pandemic; the most common source of obtaining medicines was requesting them directly from a pharmacy (25.0%; n = 127). The chances of practicing SM for medical health professionals were 1.482 (p-value = 0.046) times greater than for non-medical health personnel. The likelihood of practicing SM in participants whose COVID-19 test was positive was 7.688 (p-value < 0.001) times more than who did not test for COVID-19. Allopathic medicines, acetaminophen (23.6%), azithromycin (14,9%), and cough syrups (13%), and over the counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, vitamin oral supplements, such as Vitamin C (39.1%), folic acid (23.5%), and calcium (22.6%), were the most commonly consumed medicines and supplements, respectively; being a healthcare professional or having a COVID-test prior showed a significant association with the usage of Vitamin C (p < 0.05 in all cases). Respondents who mentioned unavailability of the physician and difficulty in travelling/reaching healthcare professionals were found 2.062-times (p-value = 0.004) and 1.862-times (p-value = 0.021) more likely to practice SM, respectively; SM due to fear of COVID was more common in individuals who had received COVID-tests prior (p = 0.004). Practices of SM were observed at alarming levels among our participants. Consciousness and understanding about the possible adverse effects of SM must be established and validated on a continuous level; in addition, on a commercial level, collaboration from pharmacists not to sell products (especially prescription-only medicines) without a certified prescription must be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saiza Azhar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Jamshed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Jahanzaib Ahmed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Saeed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Melinda Madléna
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Abdur Rasheed
- School of Public Health Dow, University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.R.)
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Bekui BAA, Ohene LA, Badzi C, Ampomah M, Aziato L. Physical and socioeconomic burden of caregiving on family caregivers of children with cancer at a tertiary Hospital in Ghana. Nurs Open 2022; 10:915-925. [PMID: 36126082 PMCID: PMC9834190 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer is proportionately higher in Africa and these result in increased demands on caregivers. The inability of affected children to take care of themselves; coupled with prescribed medical interventions presents physical and social burdens on family caregivers. AIMS AND METHODS This study used a qualitative exploratory design to explore the physical and socioeconomic challenges for family caregivers of children diagnosed with cancer and receiving care at one of the biggest tertiary hospitals in Ghana. A total of thirteen family caregivers of children with cancer were interviewed. FINDINGS Two major themes were identified: Burden of care on Physical Health and Socioeconomic burdens of caregiving on the family caregiver. It was reported that family caregivers encounter physical challenges such as Aches and Pains when performing caregiving activities, Loss of Appetite, Fatigue, Compromised Functional State and Sleep Disruption. The second theme, Socioeconomic burdens of caregiving on family caregivers account for the consequences of caregiving on social lives, family relationships, finance and employment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study recommends that measures that provided relief for the caregivers such as teaching them to adopt local measures of pain relief such as massage should be encouraged. Policies should adopt measures that encourage caregivers to have some days of rest whiles providing care to their children with cancer. Also, health insurance packages that provide relief for the cost of accessing healthcare, should be extended to children with cancers to support their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lillian Akorfa Ohene
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Caroline Badzi
- Maternal and Child Health Department, School of Nursing and MidwiferyUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Menford Owusu Ampomah
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
| | - Lydia Aziato
- School of Nursing and MidwiferyUniversity of GhanaLegonGhana
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Saha A, Marma KKS, Rashid A, Tarannum N, Das S, Chowdhury T, Afrin N, Chakraborty P, Emran M, Mehedi HMH, Hussain MI, Barua A, Mistry SK. Risk factors associated with self-medication among the indigenous communities of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269622. [PMID: 35696405 PMCID: PMC9191716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developing countries like Bangladesh, self-medication has become a predicament associated with health risks and clinical complications. To date, no studies have been conducted on the practice of self-medication among the indigenous population living in Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT). Objectives This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication and analyzing the factors associated with it among the indigenous population in CHT. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from late October to early December 2020; among different indigenous group populations residing in the three districts of CHT aged 18 or more. A pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire was developed to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, health status, frequency of self-medication, reasons for self-medication in last one year, as well as other variables. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess associated factors with self-medication. Results A total of 1350 people from different indigenous populations were interviewed, among whom 49.9% practiced self-medication. The rate of self-prescribed antibiotics usage (80.9%) was significantly higher compared to other drugs. Self-prescribed medications were mostly used for diarrhea and food poisoning (60.6%), cough, cold and fever (51.4%), and headache (51.4%). A common source of self-prescribed medicines was community or retail pharmacy and the most reported reason for self-prescribed medication was the long-distance of healthcare facilities from home. Conclusion The prevalence of self-medication is substantially high among indigenous people and the effect is alarming. Particular concern is the misuse of antibiotics and analgesic drugs. Increasing awareness among the population of the negative effect of self-medication and implementation of proper policies and actions are urgently needed to prevent self-medication among indigenous population in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Saha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | - Afrah Rashid
- Department of Public Health and Bioinformatics, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Nowshin Tarannum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Srabanty Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nusrat Afrin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Prashanta Chakraborty
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Emran
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Ashim Barua
- Upazila Health Complex, Alikadam, Bandarban, Bangladesh
| | - Sabuj Kanti Mistry
- ARCED Foundation, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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The Reasons for Self-Medication from the Perspective of Iranian Nursing Students: A Qualitative Study. Nurs Res Pract 2022; 2022:2960768. [PMID: 35433047 PMCID: PMC9007662 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2960768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of self-medication has increased dramatically worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the reasons for self-medication from the perspective of Iranian nursing students. Methods This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis method. Fifteen nursing students were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Data were collected by in-depth semistructured interviews. Qualitative content analysis method was used for data analysis. The MAXQDA software was used for data management. Results Data saturation was achieved with fifteen interviews with nine women and six men, with a mean age of 26.5 ± 4.8 years. The reasons for self-medication were explained in five categories and fifteen subcategories. Some of the reasons for self-medication were having medication information, having previous experience, easy access to medicine, lack of enough time, access to medical staff, cost of a doctor's visit, inadequate respect for patient privacy, pharmaceutical advertising in the media, and information explosion. Discussion. Several factors are involved in self-medication. Given the dangers of self-medication, health policymakers must adopt strict policies for pharmacies that sell drugs without a prescription. Furthermore, it is helpful to run training courses on self-medication risks for students.
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Perceptions and Practice of Self-Medication among Undergraduate Medical Students of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South India. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/jcbr.5.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Rashid M, Chhabra M, Kashyap A, Undela K, Gudi SK. Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication Practices in India: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 15:90-101. [PMID: 31763976 PMCID: PMC7579319 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666191122103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-Medication (SM) is a practice of using medications to treat selfdiagnosed symptoms without a legitimate prescription by a health care professional. Alongside posing a burden on a patient, SM practices are associated with certain unfavourable health conditions such as drug-resistance, adverse effects, drug-interactions, including death. OBJECTIVE To systematically review and quantify the prevalence of SM practices and its associated factors in India. METHODS A comprehensive systematic search was performed using scientific databases such as PubMed and Cochrane library for the peer-reviewed research articles that were conducted in India without any language and date restrictions. Studies which were cross-sectional by design and assessing the prevalence and predictors of SM practices in India were considered for the review, and all the relevant articles were screened for their eligibility. RESULTS Of 248 articles, a total of 17 articles comprising of 10,248 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the mean prevalence of SM practices in India was observed to be 53.57%. Familiarity with the medication appears to be a major reason to practice SM (PR: 30.45; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 17.08-43.82; 6 studies), and the practice was noticed more among individuals from a middle-lower class family with a prevalence rate of 26.31 (95%CI: 2.02-50.60; P<0.0001). Minor ailments were the primary reason for practicing SM (PR: 42.46; 95%CI: 21.87- 63.06), among which headache was the most commonly reported (PR: 41.53; 95%CI: 18.05-65.02). CONCLUSION Self-medication practices are quite frequent in India. While NSAIDs and anti-allergens are the most frequently utilized self-medicated drugs used for headache and cold and cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Manik Chhabra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Ananth Kashyap
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka 570004, India
| | - Krishna Undela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Sai K Gudi
- Department of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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GURSUL G, FİDAN C, OKSUZ E, KUT A. Self‐medication patterns among Turkish university students. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.773128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mekuria AB, Birru EM, Tesfa MT, Geta M, Kifle ZD, Amare T. Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication Practice Among Teachers' Education Training College Students in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:593764. [PMID: 33603664 PMCID: PMC7884827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Self-medication practice is the use of medications without healthcare professional requests. It can lead to inappropriate medication usage, wastage of resources, increased chance of microbial resistance, and adverse drug reactions. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of self-medication practice among teachers' education training college students in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted on 344 teachers' education training college students in the Amhara region, Ethiopia, from January 1 to February 28, 2020. Data on sociodemography, the practice of self-medication, and factors associated with self-medication practice were collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire. Systematic random sampling was used to select participants. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done to determine various variables and factors associated with self-medication practice. Results: Out of the 344 respondents, 234 (68.0%) practiced self-medication. The most commonly cited indication for self-medication practice was headache (75, 32.05%), followed by abdominal discomfort (53, 22.6%). The respondents who were older than 26 years of age (AOR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.18-3.94), were in the third year of study (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.94-5.79), lived in urban residence (AOR: 2.97, 95% CI: 1.06-3.64), had accessibility to a nearby pharmacy (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.43-4.46), and had peer/family pressure (AOR: 2.34, 95% Cl: 1.53-3.56) were significantly associated with self-medication practice. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of the study participants practiced self-medication. Being from an urban area, having access to a private pharmacy, and higher year of study positively affect self-medication practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Basazn Mekuria
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetie Melese Birru
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Teshome Tesfa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mestayet Geta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemene Demelesh Kifle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaw Amare
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Shrestha JTM, Kushwaha DK, Tiwari S, Bhattarai P. Study of Self-medication among First and Seventh Semester Medical and Dental Undergraduate Students of Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2021; 59:55-60. [PMID: 34508459 PMCID: PMC7893408 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although appropriate self-medication can ease minor illness and is time and cost-effective, it can lead to irrational drug use and increased resistance, leading to prolonged morbidity. Inclined towards medical information and drug indices, medical students have an open arena for self-medication practice. This study was conducted to find the prevalence of self-medication among first and seventh semester medical and dental students in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and dental undergraduates from July 2020 to August 2020 after receiving ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (IRC Approval Number: 35/20). A questionnaire was responded to by participants through a google form. Participants were enrolled through the convenience sampling method. Data were collected and entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Results: Out of 199 respondents, the prevalence of self-medication was 100 (50.3%) (46.76-53.84 at 95% Confidence Interval). First semester medical 36 (73.5%) and dental undergraduates 24 (80%) had higher practice. Seventh-semester medical students 14 (51.9%) usually self-medicated within one day of onset of symptoms. Headache 47 (47%) was the most common indication. Analgesics 62 (62%) were most commonly used drugs procured most commonly from pharmacies 114 (57.3%). Dosage form was drug selection criteria for 120 (60.3%) students. Conclusions: Since self-medication is crammed with serious health hazards, proper exposure to the topic should be given to medical, dental students, and pharmacists. The implication of self-medication into the pharmacology syllabus is a must.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saurabh Tiwari
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Pratigya Bhattarai
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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Hashemzaei M, Afshari M, Koohkan Z, Bazi A, Rezaee R, Tabrizian K. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacy and medical students regarding self-medication, a study in Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Sistan and Baluchestan province in south-east of Iran. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:49. [PMID: 33446190 PMCID: PMC7807440 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is defined as using medicinal products to treat the disorders or symptoms diagnosed by oneself. Although informed self-medication is one of the ways to reduce health care costs, inappropriate self-treatment can pose various risks including drug side effects, recurrence of symptoms, drug resistance, etc. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacy and medical students toward self-medication. METHODS This study was conducted in Zabol University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Overall, 170 pharmacy and medical students were included. A three-part researcher-made questionnaire was designed to address the students' knowledge, attitude, and practice. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 25 software. RESULTS According to the results, 97 (57.1%) students had carried out self-medication within the past 6 months. Overall, the students self-medicated on average 4.2 ± 2.9 times per year. Self-medication was more common in male students (65.4%, P = 0.043). Cold was the most common ailment treated with self-medication (93.2%), and antibiotics (74.4%) were the most commonly used drugs. The primary information sources used by the students were their previous prescriptions (47.4%). Pharmacy students had a higher level of drug information (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant association between the level of drug information and the tendency for self-medication (P = 0.005). Disease recurrence was the most common negative complication of self-medication. CONCLUSION There is a need to educate pharmacy and medical students regarding self-medication and its side effects. The high prevalence of self-medication and the overuse of antibiotics can pose a significant risk of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
- Toxicology and Addiction Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zahra Koohkan
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali Bazi
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kaveh Tabrizian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
- Toxicology and Addiction Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
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Self-Medication Practices among the Adolescent Population of South Karnataka, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:9021819. [PMID: 32963558 PMCID: PMC7492945 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9021819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Self-medication is used every day in the form of self-care of our health. Different studies in India have shown that more than 50% of the adolescent population takes self-medication every day for their health. Self-medication is an important concern at the global level, and it is an important issue in the health area. Aims To determine the prevalence of self-medication among adolescents, identifying the commonly used drugs as self-medication and finding the association between self-medication and selected demographic variables are important. Materials and Methods In a descriptive cross-sectional survey, 220 adolescents were enrolled through cluster random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire (developed by the researcher) along with a demographic profile sheet to assess the prevalence of self-medication and commonly used drugs was exercised. In the study, self-medication was defined as the consumption of medication without the prescription of the physician in the past year. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 16.0 software, and the significance of p value (<0.05) was considered. Results Around 120 (54.5%) adolescents were in the age group of 17 years; among them, 123 (55.9%) were females. The prevalence of self-medication was found to be 173 (78.6%). Antipyretics were consumed by 147 (78.6%) adolescents and antitussives by 120 (54.5%). It was observed that 110 (50%) of the adolescents preferred allopathic system of medication. It was also reported that 52 (23.6%) adolescents self-medicated continuously (i.e., for a month). The results also showed that factors like the type of family (χ2 = 9.615, p < 0.05), father's education (χ2 = 13.791, p < 0.05), mother's education (χ2 = 14.633, p < 0.05), and distance from a nearest medical store (χ2 = 17.290, p < 0.05) were associated with self-medication. Conclusion The present study has shown that the prevalence of self-medication is high among adolescents, and most of them had taken it without consulting a doctor. The study concludes that it is important to create awareness among adolescents regarding self-medication.
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Khatony A, Soroush A, Andayeshgar B, Abdi A. Nursing students' perceived consequences of self-medication: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs 2020; 19:71. [PMID: 32724298 PMCID: PMC7382074 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication associates with many problems and complications, and is considered as a global health issue. Regarding a lack of information about perception of nursing students, as a part of healthcare workers, in this issue, the current study was aimed to explore the perceived consequences of self-medication from the perspective of nursing students. Methods This qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured individual face-to-face interviews. Purposeful sampling method was used for selection of participants. Twelve nursing students in the age range of 21–36 years were enrolled. Five participants were male and seven were female, seven master’s degree and five were undergraduate of bachelor degree. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed as content analyses. Results Two categories and seven sub-categories were emerged from the data analysis. The main categories included; positive consequences and negative consequences, and subcategories included; time saving, cost savings, disease treatment, harming the health system, drug resistance, physical complications and death. Conclusion The participants believed that self-medication has some positive and negative consequences in viewpoints of nursing students. Regarding, Self-medication that potentially has dangerous consequences, it is suggested the students will be educated and warned about the adverse effects of self-medication, and the nursing teachers should try to rectify students’ misconceptions about self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khatony
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Soroush
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bahare Andayeshgar
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- Doolat abaad, Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, student research committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Dolat Abad Street, Kermanshah, Kermanshah province 6718996511 Iran
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Bhattarai R, Khanal S, Shrestha S. Prevalence of Self-medication Practices for Oral Health Problems among Dental Patients in a dental college: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:209-213. [PMID: 32417855 PMCID: PMC7580453 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Self-medication means the use of medications for the treatment of any disease on their own, without consulting any healthcare professional. At times self-medication can be useful if practiced correctly by saving time and money, whereas disadvantages often occur due to lack of evaluation by trained medical professionals and delay ineffective treatment and can result in unnecessary expenses and drug dependence. This study was conducted to find out the self-medication behavior and its associated factors among patients visiting a dental hospital in Kathmandu. Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 265 patients in Kantipur Dental College from December 2019 to January 2020 among the patients attending the dental Out Patient Department. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of Kantipur Dental College. A convenience sampling technique was used. Proformas were prepared in English, translated to Nepali and re-translated to English by the back-translation method. Data entry was done in Microsoft Excel and analysis in SPSS 20. Descriptive statistics was done. Results: The prevalence of self-medication practice was found to be 166 (62.6%). Out of total participants, 99 (59.6%) consumed medicines for few days only and the most common triggering factor was found to be toothache in 101 (60.8%) participants. The most common reason for self-medication was found to be a previous experience of treating similar illnesses. Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication was found to be low as compared to the study done in similar settings. Self-medication practice is a sensitive issue that hasn't been given the required consideration. It is of concern to find every other dental patient being indulged in self-medication whether in the present or the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Bhattarai
- Department of Community Dentistry, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Sunita Khanal
- Department of Community Dentistry, Kantipur Dental College, Dhapasi, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sujita Shrestha
- Department of Community Dentistry, Kantipur Dental College, Dhapasi, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Zeru N, Fetene D, Geberu DM, Melesse AW, Atnafu A. Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors Among University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:1779-1790. [PMID: 33061320 PMCID: PMC7535137 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s274634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-medication is the use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms without any medical supervision. Such practices may cause antimicrobial resistance, which causes treatment failure, economic loss, serious health hazards, missed diagnosis, delayed appropriate treatment, drug dependency, and adverse drug effects. However, empirical evidence is limited to the current status of its practices and associated factors among university students. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and associated factors of self-medication practices among medicine and health science students at the University of Gondar. METHODS An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed from February to March 2017. A total of 792 randomly selected students were surveyed with a self-administered structured questionnaire. Epi Info version 7 and SPSS version 20 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed. In multivariable analysis, P-value <0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to identify associated factors. RESULTS Self-medication practice was found to be 52.4% (95% CI: (49%, 56%)) among university students. For most students, the major reason for using self-medication was taking the illness as less serious (71.1%). Females (AOR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.08-2.01), income category (USD 44.01-175.87) (AOR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29-0.78), sixth year students (AOR: 8.71; 95% CI: 4.04-18.77) and health officer students (AOR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.20-4.63) were found to be significantly associated with self-medication practice. CONCLUSION More than half of the students practiced self-medication, which is moderately higher than other findings. Gender, income, year of study, and field of study were the major factors that affected self-medication. Therefore, interventions that can halt the high magnitude of self-medication and factors associated with it are crucial. Special attention should be given to students who stay in the university for longer years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuhamin Zeru
- University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Fetene
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Asmamaw Atnafu
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Asmamaw Atnafu University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, EthiopiaTel +251-918776945 Email
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Jeihooni AK, Barati M, Kouhpayeh A, Kashfi SM, Harsini PA, Rahbar M. The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on BASNEF Model on Self-Medication Behavior of Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 23:616-622. [PMID: 32042697 PMCID: PMC6987780 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_436_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the main reasons of the increase of morbidity and mortality around the world. Considering the burden of disease, self-medication can result in irrecoverable consequences. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on Beliefs, Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Enabling Factors (BASNEF) model on self-medication behaviors of type 2 diabetic patients in Fasa, Fars province, Iran, in 2017-2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this quasi-experimental study, 200 type 2 diabetic patients under cover of the diabetes center of Fasa were investigated (100 patients for experimental group and 100 patients for control group). A questionnaire investigating demographic information and BASNEF Model constructs (knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, subjective norms, and behavioral intention) was used for evaluating self-medication behaviors of patients before and 3 months after intervention. RESULTS The average age of experimental group was 53.25 ± 8.42 and the average age of control group was 54.18 ± 8.13. Three months after intervention, experimental group showed significant enhancement in knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, subjective norms, and behavioral intention and their self-medication behaviors reduced, while control group showed no significant changes in mentioned factors. CONCLUSION The present study indicated the efficiency of BASNEF model on reduction of self-medication behaviors of diabetic patients. Hence, this model can act as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khani Jeihooni
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Barati
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Amin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mansour Kashfi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooyan Afzali Harsini
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Milad Rahbar
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Khan-jeyhoni A, Bararti M, Kouhpayeh A, Kashfi M, Khiyali Z. Effectiveness of Educational Intervention on Reducing Self-Medication Behaviors of Patients with Diabetes Type 2: Application of BASNEF Model. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jech.6.4.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Gupta MK, Vohra C, Raghav P. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices about antibiotic resistance among medical students in India. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2864-2869. [PMID: 31681657 PMCID: PMC6820394 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_504_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: To reduce the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance, there is a need to strengthen the knowledge for future prescribers regarding use and prescription of antibiotics. Before that, it is required to have a conclusive evidence about knowledge, attitude, and practices of that group. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and the practices of medical students in India with respect to antibiotic resistance and usage. Settings and Design: It was a cross-sectional study which was done online through Google forms for a period of 4 months from July to October 2018. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire containing a five-point Likert scale was sent to medical students across India by sharing link through contacts of Medical Students Association of India. Respondent-driven sampling technique was also adopted for the study. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics, parametric (Chi-square), and nonparametric (Kruskal--Wallis and Mann--Whitney U) tests. Results: A total of 474 responses were received from 103 medical colleges across 22 states of India. The mean score of knowledge was 4.36 ± 0.39. As compared to first year students, knowledge was significantly higher among students of all the years. As much as 83.3% students have consumed antibiotics in previous year of the survey. Around 45% of medical students accepted that they buy antibiotics without a medical prescription. Conclusion: The knowledge level of medical students was quite satisfactory. As far as attitude and practices are concerned, there is a substantial need for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chirag Vohra
- Medical Student, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pankaja Raghav
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Araia ZZ, Gebregziabher NK, Mesfun AB. Self medication practice and associated factors among students of Asmara College of Health Sciences, Eritrea: a cross sectional study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2019; 12:3. [PMID: 30828458 PMCID: PMC6381702 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-019-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is a common practice globally and the resulting irrational drug use is raising concerns. Up-to-date there is no systematic study conducted on self medication practice among students or the general community in Eritrea. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication practice and its influencing factors among students of Asmara College of Health Science. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from 21st May -15th June 2018. Data on self medication practice and its associated factors was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS − 23 and explained with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results A total of 313 students responded to the questionnaire with a response rate of 93.6%. The overall prevalence of self-medication practice was 79.2%. Headache and fever were reported as the most common complaint related to self-medication practice. Among the reasons for self medication practice, prior experience was the most frequently reported. Analgesics, antipyretic and antibacterial were the leading class of medicine used in self-medication practice while adverse drug reactions were reported by 9.2% of respondents. In this study, sex, income, and school of study were found to be the independent predictors for self-medication practice. Conclusion National guideline on medicine access should be developed and strong measures should be implemented to halt the selling of medications without a proper prescription. In addition, students should be educated on the consequences of self-medication practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenawi Zeramariam Araia
- National TB and Leprosy Control Program, Communicable Disease Control Division., Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea
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Al Essa M, Alshehri A, Alzahrani M, Bustami R, Adnan S, Alkeraidees A, Mudshil A, Gramish J. Practices, awareness and attitudes toward self-medication of analgesics among health sciences students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:235-239. [PMID: 30766435 PMCID: PMC6362167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is a common practice among health sciences students in Saudi Arabia. It is known that inappropriate selfmedication may harm individuals due to increasing the risk of drug misuse or delaying a hospital visit by masking some symptoms. Thus, the aim of our study is to investigate and assess practices, awareness and attitudes toward analgesics self-medication among health science students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in a form of electronic survey that was conducted among health sciences students from different universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2016. Two hundred and seventy-two students responded to the questionnaire. The electronic questionnaire survey covered demographics, self-medication practice and the analgesics consumption, attitude and awareness about the safety of self-medication practice of analgesics. RESULTS Factors associated with high prevalence of self-medication were not significant except for age (P = 0.04). Health sciences students had adequate knowledge about the safety of analgesics consumption itself and simultaneous use of analgesics with other drugs, significantly different by college; 80% for Pharmacy, 71% for Medicine, 61% for Nursing and Dentistry, and 25% for Applied Medical Sciences and pre-professional students (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION The occurrence of self-medication practices is distressingly high among health sciences students. It is necessary to educate the students about the side effects and drawbacks of irresponsible selfmedication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Essa
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, MC 1445, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Alshehri
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alzahrani
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami Bustami
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Adnan
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Alkeraidees
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Mudshil
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Gramish
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. BOX 3660, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, MC 1445, Saudi Arabia
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Assessment of Self-Medication Practices and Its Associated Factors among Undergraduates of a Private University in Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:5439079. [PMID: 30671097 PMCID: PMC6317103 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5439079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Self-medication is the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms or the intermittent or continued use of prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms, and it is mostly common in developing countries. This study therefore assessed the practice of self-medication among undergraduate students of a private university in Nigeria. Methods The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. A pretested questionnaire was self-administered to 384 undergraduate students of the university. Data were analysed and summarised using descriptive and inferential statistics such as chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Results Overall, 297 (81.8%) undergraduate students practiced self-medication. About 71% of the students had used analgesic, antibiotics (10.5%), and antimalarial drugs (33%) without prescription within one month prior to the survey. The most commonly used drug for self-medication was paracetamol (75.1%). Furthermore, self-medication was found to be significantly associated with age (p=0.021), gender (p < 0.001), college (p=0.025), and year of study (p=0.004). Some of the reasons why undergraduate students practiced self-medication were because of the unfriendly attitude of health care workers (27.7%), lack of time to go to school clinic (26.7%), school clinic is too far from hostel (15.3%), and drugs prescribed in the school clinic do not improve health condition (15.3%). Conclusion Majority of the students attributed the practice of self-medication to unfriendly attitude of health care workers in the university clinic.
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Soroush A, Abdi A, Andayeshgar B, Vahdat A, Khatony A. Exploring the perceived factors that affect self-medication among nursing students: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs 2018; 17:35. [PMID: 30123087 PMCID: PMC6091042 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-018-0302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is the use of one or more medications without physician’s diagnosis, opinion, or prescription and supervision, which includes the use of herbal or chemical drugs. Todays, self-medication is one of the biggest socio-health and economic problems among nursing students of various societies, including Iran, and because this issue can affected by contextual factors, this study aimed to explore the perceived factors that affect self-medication among nursing students. Methods In this qualitative study, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 11 nursing students. The transcript of each interview was reviewed several times and classified into main categories and sub-categories by content analysis. To evaluate this study, Guba and Lincoln’s four criteria, including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability were considered for trustworthiness. Results After analyzing the qualitative content of the interviews, four main categories, including educational backgrounds, nature of the disease, access to the media, and beliefs and personal experiences, and ten subcategories, including contact with clinical environment, relative knowledge about medications, simplicity of the disease, recurrence of the disease, influence of the media, use of the internet, believing in own knowledge, positive experiences of traditional medicine, and using own and others’ experiences, were extracted. Conclusions It seems that, having a relative awareness about various diseases and medications, which is sometimes associated with taking a few educational courses with an internship, creates a false confidence in student for self-medication and prescribing drugs to others. It would be beneficial if the education system and associated tutors could inform the students about the possible consequences of this issue. By knowing the internal and subjective factors that influence the self-medication, this arbitrary practice can be largely prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Soroush
- 1Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- 2Students Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bahare Andayeshgar
- 1Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Afsoon Vahdat
- 1Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Khatony
- 3Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Doolat Abaad, Kermanshah, Iran
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Susheela F, Goruntla N, Bhupalam PK, Veerabhadrappa KV, Sahithi B, Ishrar SMG. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward responsible self-medication among students of pharmacy colleges located in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2018; 7:96. [PMID: 30159342 PMCID: PMC6088819 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_175_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Responsible self-medication plays a vital role in appropriate use of nonprescription drugs which will improve safety and reduces unwanted effects of drugs. AIM This study is designed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward responsible self-medication among pharmacy students. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was conducted in pharmacy students of various colleges located in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 403 pharmacy students were enrolled and subjected for interview using prevalidated KAP questionnaire on responsible self-medication. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics were used to represent the sociodemographic characteristics and KAP levels. Association of socio-demographic variables with KAP levels are determined using the Chi-square test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 403 pharmacy students are recruited in the study, in these 19 (4.7%) diploma in pharmacy, 260 (64.5%) bachelor in pharmacy, 27 (6.7%) master in pharmacy, and 97 (24.1%) are doctor of pharmacy. Among 403 respondents, 150 (37.2%) good knowledge, 397 (98.5%) positive attitude, and 170 (42.2%) practice toward responsible self-medication. Respondent's age, pharmacy division, residence, and their parents' profession were significantly associated with good knowledge and rational practice toward responsible self-medication with a P < 0.05. CONCLUSION The study concludes that pharmacy students are shown more positive attitude toward responsible self-medication. However, students are lack of knowledge and practice of responsible self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Susheela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Narayana Goruntla
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bhupalam
- Department of Pharmacology, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K. V. Veerabhadrappa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Bogireddy Sahithi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - S. M. G. Ishrar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Prevalence of self-medication practice among health sciences students in Kermanshah, Iran. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:36. [PMID: 29970167 PMCID: PMC6029137 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility of self-medication is higher in health sciences students than other students because of easy access to drug information resources and relatively sufficient familiarity with various kinds of drugs. The current study was aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication and its related factors among the health sciences students. Methods A total of 250 health sciences students were included in this cross-sectional study via random sampling. Data were collected by a researcher-made self-medication questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test). Results The prevalence of self-medication was 89.6%. Prior experience about the illness, non-seriousness of the illness and availability of drugs were the most prevalent reasons for self-medication. The most commonly used medications included common cold drugs, analgesics and antibiotics. The most frequently used medications were cold pill, acetaminophen pill and amoxicillin capsule. Most students obtained their pharmaceutical information from the pharmacist physician and online sources. Self-medication did not show a significant difference in terms of variables such as age, gender, marital status, insurance status and residence. Conclusion Given the high prevalence of self-medication among the health sciences students, training courses about the self-medication risks, more supervision over prohibition of over-the-counter drugs and adequate facilities for students’ access to medical services are suggested to be provided. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40360-018-0231-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Karamata VV, Gandhi AM, Patel PP, Desai MK. Self-medication for Acne among Undergraduate Medical Students. Indian J Dermatol 2017; 62:178-183. [PMID: 28400638 PMCID: PMC5363142 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_243_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and pattern of self-medication for acne among undergraduate medical students at a tertiary care teaching hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in II MBBS (Group A), III MBBS Part I (Group B), and III MBBS Part II (Group C) students. Prevalidated questionnaire about knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication were administered to participants. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Chi-square test. RESULTS Out of 582 students who responded to questionnaire, 518 suffered from acne. Self-medication practice was observed in 59.2% students. Significantly higher number of female students practiced self-medication (P < 0.0001). Most common source of information was seniors/friends/family members (34.2%). The mildness of illness (42.3%) was the most common reason of self-medication. A total mean score of knowledge was significantly higher in Group C as compared to Group A (P < 0.001) and Group B (P < 0.05). Allopathic medication was preferred by 69.8% students. Seventy-five percentage students read leaflet/package insert/label instruction and expiry date of the medicines. CONCLUSIONS The participating students lack the knowledge about self-medication for acne. Adequate knowledge and awareness about the appropriate use of medication will reduce the practice of self-medication and improve rational prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A M Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology, B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - P P Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - M K Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Locquet M, Beaudart C, Larbuisson R, Leclercq V, Buckinx F, Kaux JF, Reginster JY, Bruyère O. Self-Administration of Medicines and Dietary Supplements Among Female Amateur Runners: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Adv Ther 2017; 33:2257-2268. [PMID: 27796913 PMCID: PMC5126181 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Self-administration of medicines or dietary supplements without any physician’s advice is a widespread behavior and appears to be more frequently practiced by women. Moreover, reasons to self-administer products are often pains and injuries especially among athletes who might also use remedies to improve physical performance. The objective of this study was thus to assess the prevalence of self-administration of medicines and dietary supplements as well as its determinants among female amateur runners. Methods Our sample was comprised of women who took part in amateur running events. Data regarding self-administration of substances, exclusively aiming at being physically prepared for the running event (i.e., intake the week before), were collected through an anonymous self-administered questionnaire including four specific themes (i.e., general information, self-administered medicines and dietary supplements, context of self-administration of substances and knowledge of the anti-doping regulations). Results A total of 136 women, with a median age of 39 years (interquartile range: 27–47), volunteered. Among them, 34.6% reported self-administration of medicines during the period immediately preceding the running event, with the aim to be physically prepared. More than one third (33.8%) also declared self-administration of dietary supplements. Furthermore, we observed that about 8.1% of the sample had consumed a potentially doping substance. After adjustments for confounding variables, the probability of self-administration of products (medicines or supplements) increased significantly with the intensity of the activity and the membership in a sports club. Conclusions Our study showed that self-administration of products among female runners seems to be a widespread behavior, where the intensity of the sports practice and the network of runners seem to influence the decision to resort to this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médéa Locquet
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Beaudart
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert Larbuisson
- Department of Anesthesiology-Reanimation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Victoria Leclercq
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny Buckinx
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sport Traumatology, SPORTS2, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication patterns vary among different populations, and are influenced by many factors. No review has been done that comprehensively expresses self-medication practice in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the literature on self-medication practice in Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Hinari) were searched for published studies on the practice of self-medication in Ethiopia without restriction in the year of publication or methodology. Some studies were also identified through manual Google search. Primary search terms were "self medication", "Ethiopia", "self care", "non-prescription", "OTC drug use", "drug utilization", and "drug hoarding". Studies that measured knowledge only or attitude only or beliefs only and did not determine the practice of self-medication were excluded. RESULTS The database search produced a total of 450 papers. After adjustment for duplicates and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 articles were found suitable for the review. All studies were cross-sectional in nature. The prevalence of self-medication varied from 12.8% to 77.1%, with an average of 36.8%. Fever/headache, gastrointestinal tract diseases, and respiratory diseases were the commonest illnesses/symptoms for which self-medication was taken. The major reasons for practicing self-medication were previous experience of treating a similar illness and feeling that the illness was mild. Analgesics/antipyretics, antimicrobials, gastrointestinal drugs, and respiratory drugs were the common drug classes used in self-medication. Mainly, these drugs were obtained from drug-retail outlets. The use of self-medication was commonly suggested by pharmacy professionals and friends/relatives. CONCLUSION Self-medication practice is prevalent in Ethiopia and varies in different populations and regions of the country. Some of the self-medication practices are harmful and need prompt action. Special attention should be given to educating the public and health care providers on the types of illnesses that can be self-diagnosed and self-treated and the types of drugs to be used for self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Biset Ayalew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Mohammed Biset Ayalew, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, PO Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia, Tel +251 93 949 6171, Email
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Kumar A, Vandana, Aslami AN. Analgesics Self-Medication and its Association with Sleep Quality among Medical Undergraduates. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:FC07-FC11. [PMID: 28208872 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22504.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self medication especially with analgesics is a common practice among undergraduate medical students. Variation in analgesic self medication prevalence and pattern is often seen due to geographical and target population differences. The mutual influence of pain and sleep quality might persuade students self medication behaviour. AIM To assess analgesic self medication and its association with sleep quality among the medical undergraduates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted from December 2015 to February 2016 among 320 medical undergraduates. The information about socio-demographic profile, symptoms, types of analgesics, source of information and reason for analgesic self medication was collected. The sleep quality of students was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The qualitative variables were expressed as percentages. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was also calculated. Chi-square test was used. RESULTS Analgesic self medication prevalence was 49.7%, more prevalence seen among males, seniors, urban residents and students of working parents. Headache (48.4%) was the most common cause and paracetamol (79.7%) was most frequent drug used, based on knowledge obtained through textbook and internet (47.1%). Mildness of symptoms (49.1%) was the most important motivation behind self medication. Analgesic use was more (57.4%) among "poor sleepers" compared to "normal sleepers" (45.2%). CONCLUSION Despite having easy accessibility to expert consultations, high prevalence of analgesic self medication among medical students and its association with poor sleep quality is a distressing issue. This indicates an urgent need of awareness programmes about harmful effects of self medication and healthy sleep practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Narayan Medical College and Hospital , Sasaram, Bihar, India
| | - Vandana
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Narayan Medical College and Hospital , Sasaram, Bihar, India
| | - Ahmad Nadeem Aslami
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Narayan Medical College and Hospital , Sasaram, Bihar, India
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Kumar R, Goyal A, Padhy BM, Gupta YK. Self-medication practice and factors influencing it among medical and paramedical students in India: A two-period comparative cross-sectional study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2016; 7:143-8. [PMID: 27433064 PMCID: PMC4934103 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.184700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Self-medication is widely practiced with varying dimensions in India. This practice has many implications, especially among medical and paramedical students having some knowledge and good exposure to drugs. We conducted a two-period observational study to evaluate the change in knowledge and practice of self-medication, over 5 years of time period, among medical and paramedical students from different parts of India. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to medical (MBBS), dental (BDS), and paramedical students, who come to attend pan India annual cultural, literary, and sports event at New Delhi. The study was conducted in two phases (2007 and 2012) in different respondents of same categories (medical and paramedical) of students. Three-hundred and thirty students from 39 colleges in 2007 and 356 students from 38 colleges in 2012 participated in the study. Results: The prevalence of self-medication remained high in both 2007 and 2012 (74.6% and 69.4%), although no significant difference was observed between the two phases (P = 0.14%). Oral antibacterial agents, oral anti-inflammatory agents, and antipyretics were the most common group of drugs used in both phases of study. A significant increase was observed in number of students who took complete course of oral antibiotics (28.3-38.3%, P = 0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate students remains unaltered over the span of 5 years. Nevertheless, there was a better sensitization toward appropriate antibiotic usage and the practice of responsible self-medication needs to be promoted among future healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Padhy
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Locquet M, Beaudart C, Larbuisson R, Buckinx F, Kaux JF, Reginster JY, Bruyère O. Self-Medication Practice among Amateur Runners: Prevalence and Associated Factors. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:387-388. [PMID: 27274680 PMCID: PMC4879456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Médéa Locquet
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Beaudart
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert Larbuisson
- Department of Anesthesiology-Reanimation, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny Buckinx
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Department of Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Belgium; Support Unit in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, Belgium
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Ahmadi SM, Jamshidi K, Sadeghi K, Abdi A, Vahid MP. The Prevalence and Affecting Factors on Self-Medication Among Students of Kermanshah University of Medical Science in 2014. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:IC01-IC04. [PMID: 27437242 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18018.7847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-medication is an increasingly growing health problem, which has many adverse effects on human and the cost used in the production of medications. AIM The current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-medication among student of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a descriptive-cross-sectional study, 364 students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences were recruited through stratified random sampling method. Data collection was done by researcher-made questionnaire, entered to SPSS22 software and analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS Of the 364 students, prevalence of self-medication was 123 (33.7%) the mean age was 21.63±1.92, among them 64.2% took the medication from the pharmacy and 34.95% have faced complications of self-medication. The main cause of self-medication among students were the history of a disease of taking medication (44.71%), deemed no importance of the disease (34.95%), and easy accessibility of the medication (20.32%). CONCLUSION With regard to the high prevalence of self-medication among the students, it is suggested to provide educational programs on the adverse effects of self-medication, and appropriate measures to control and prevent easy access to the medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mojtaba Ahmadi
- PhD Student of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khadije Jamshidi
- Student of Public Health, The Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khirollah Sadeghi
- Assistance Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of medical sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- PhD Student of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Pashaie Vahid
- Student, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
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Gyawali S, Shankar PR, Poudel PP, Saha A. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Self-Medication Among Basic Science Undergraduate Medical Students in a Medical School in Western Nepal. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:FC17-22. [PMID: 26816912 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/16553.6988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have shown self-medication to be common among medical students. These studies are however, few in Nepal. The present study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication among second and fourth semesters' undergraduate medical students and studied differences in knowledge and attitude (if any) among different subgroups of the respondents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire among basic science medical students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal. Semester of study, gender, age, nationality, and the profession of their parents were noted. Students' knowledge and attitude about self-medication was studied by noting their degree of agreement with a set of 40 statements using a Likert-type scale. The average scores and frequency of occurrence of particular behaviors among different categories of respondents were compared using appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-six of the 295 (93.6%) students participated. The mean (SD) knowledge, attitude, and total scores were 74.54 (6.92), 67.18 (5.68), and 141.73 (10.76) with maximum possible scores 100, 100 and 200, respectively. There was no significant difference in scores according to respondents' gender, age, and the profession of their parents. However, the mean knowledge, attitude and total scores were significantly different among students of different nationalities. Mean scores of fourth semester students were significantly higher compared to second semester students. There were differences in knowledge and total scores among students of different nationalities. Eighty two percent of respondents had self-medicated during the one year period preceding the study; 149 respondents (54%) shared that previous experience with the medicine was one of the information sources for self-medication. Prevalence of self-medication among respondents according to semester of study, gender, age, and profession of the parents was not significantly different. The use of self-medication was more common among Sri Lankan respondents compared to Nepalese. Painkillers (73.2%), antipyretics (68.8%), and antimicrobials (56.2%) were most commonly used for self-medication. CONCLUSION Students' knowledge and attitude about self-medication is good. The prevalence of self-medication among medical students was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Gyawali
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS) , Deep height, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - P Ravi Shankar
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Xavier University School of Medicine , Oranjestad, Aruba, Kingdom of the Netherlands
| | - Phanindra Prasad Poudel
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS) , Deep height, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Archana Saha
- Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS) , Deep height, Pokhara, Nepal
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Kasulkar AA, Gupta M. Self Medication Practices among Medical Students of a Private Institute. Indian J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:178-82. [PMID: 26009650 PMCID: PMC4442466 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.156569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was undertaken to evaluate various aspects of self-medication in medical students. A prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out among 488 medical students selected by simple random sampling from January 2013 to June 2013. Data was collected and analyzed for counts and percentage. Students reported self-medication in the preceding one year was 71.7 % and the prevalence was more in final year students. Fever and headache were the most frequently reported illnesses, commonly used drugs were antipyretics and analgesics, obtained information through reading material, and reasons quoted were minor ailments and quick relief. Majority students agreed that medical knowledge is necessary for administration of medicine by self. Self-medication is highly prevalent in medical students, which is quite alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti A Kasulkar
- Department of Forensic Medicine, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Digdoh Hills, Hingana Road, Nagpur-440 019, India
| | - M Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Digdoh Hills, Hingana Road, Nagpur-440 019, India
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Ghaieth MF, Elhag SRM, Hussien ME, Konozy EHE. Antibiotics self-medication among medical and nonmedical students at two prominent Universities in Benghazi City, Libya. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2015; 7:109-15. [PMID: 25883514 PMCID: PMC4399008 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.154432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trivial use of antibiotics is a major reason for the spread of antibiotics resistance. The aim behind undertaking this investigation was to study the prevalence antibiotics self-medication among university students in Benghazi city. Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional, survey was conducted at both Libyan International Medical University and Benghazi University. A total of 665 copies of questionnaires was distributed. A total of 363 forms were completed and returned (response rate 55%). Remaining responses were either with no antibiotics use history within the past 1 year or were provided incomplete. Results: Among the respondents, 45% were males and 55% females. Males practiced self-medication more compared to females. Approximately, 43% and 46% from medical and nonmedical students, respectively, were antibiotics self-medicated. A total of 153 students (42%) out of total respondents administered antibiotics for symptoms related to respiratory problems, among which 74 students (48%) took antibiotics based on doctor's prescription. Among the respondents, 94 students (27%) who had antibiotics, were covered under medical insurance, and 19 (29%) of the medically insured students had antibiotics without doctor's prescription. About 14% of students did not complete their antibiotics course. Of these, 57% were medical students, and 43% were nonmedical students. The rate of self-medication among higher classes was more as compared to lower classes. About 58% of students overdosed the antibiotic, while 15% had antibiotics for <3 days, for treatment of ailments such as acne, toothache, diarrhea, earache, and tonsillitis. About 75% of students purchased the antibiotics in consultation with a pharmacist. Conclusion: Self-medication is a frequent problem among university students in Benghazi city. There is a need for an immediate intervention to address this malpractice among both students and medical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Ghaieth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Sara R M Elhag
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Mamoun E Hussien
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Emad H E Konozy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
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Lukovic JA, Miletic V, Pekmezovic T, Trajkovic G, Ratkovic N, Aleksic D, Grgurevic A. Self-medication practices and risk factors for self-medication among medical students in Belgrade, Serbia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114644. [PMID: 25503967 PMCID: PMC4263675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-medication among future health care professionals can represent a serious threat to professionalism in medicine and it has potential to put at risk public trust into this profession. The aim of this research was to investigate prevalence and risk factors for self-medication among population of medical students, because it was previously shown that their attitudes towards pharmacotherapy could affect the way they could prescribe medication in the future. Material and Methods Research was performed as a cross-sectional study and it included 1296 (84.1%) 1st, 3rd and 6th year students of School of Medicine, University of Belgrade. Students filled out a demographic and self-medication questionnaire created for the purpose of this research and the Physical Health Questionnaire – 9 (PHQ-9). Questions about self-medication were related to the period of the previous year. Results Self-medication was reported by 79.9% students. The most frequently self-prescribed medications were analgesics (55.4%). Independent risk factors for self-medication were possession of home-pharmacies (OR = 5.3, CI 95% 3.89–7.23), lower level of father's education (OR = 1.6, CI 95% 1.18–2.25), consumption of alcoholic beverages (OR = 1.5, CI 95% 1.13–2.08), less than 1 hour spent in physical activity per week (OR = 1.4, CI 95% 1.00–2.02), female gender (OR = 1.4, CI 95% 1.02–1.89), older age (OR = 1.1, CI 95% 1.07–1.21) and higher PHQ-9 score (OR = 1.09, CI 95% 1.05–1.12). Conclusions Self-medication is an important issue among population of medical students. Prevalence of self-medication could be controlled through regulatory authorities and further education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatjana Pekmezovic
- Institute of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Trajkovic
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Anita Grgurevic
- Institute of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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Patil SB, S H V, B V P, Santoshkumar J, Binjawadgi AS, Kanaki AR. Self-medication practice and perceptions among undergraduate medical students: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:HC20-3. [PMID: 25653969 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/10579.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication practice is widespread in many countries and the irrational use of drugs is a cause of concern.It assumes a special significance among medical students as they are exposed to knowledge about diseases and drugs. AIM To assess practice and perception of self medication among undergraduate medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS It is a cross-sectional study in which study population consisted of undergraduate medical students of Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. This study was conducted from March to April 2014. Total 448 students were taken. Out of which 8 incomplete questionnaires were excluded and 440 were analysed. The students who took self-medication during last six months were included. Written informed consent was obtained from each volunteer prior to the study. Students were given a questionnaire that include both open and close ended questions about self-medication practice. Ethical Approval: Ethics Committee approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga, India, prior to the commencement of the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data was analysed and presented as counts and percentages. RESULTS It was found that 388 (88.18%) students practiced self medication. The principal morbidity for seeking self medication was cold and cough as reported by 304 (78.35%) students. Antibiotics were most commonly self medicated as reported by 248 (63.91%) students, out of which only 92 (37.1%) students completed the full course of antibiotic regimen. Only 176 (40%) students opined that self medication is part of self care. CONCLUSION Self-medication is widely practiced among undergraduate medical students. In this situation, we should educate the students about advantages and disadvantages of self medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaraj B Patil
- Post Graduate Resident, Department of Pharmacology, M.R. Medical College , Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Vardhamane S H
- Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, M.R. Medical College , Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Patil B V
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, M.R. Medical College , Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeevangi Santoshkumar
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, M.R. Medical College , Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok S Binjawadgi
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, M.R. Medical College , Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand R Kanaki
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, M.R. Medical College , Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
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ALBashtawy M, Batiha AM, Tawalbeh L, Tubaishat A, AlAzzam M. Self-Medication Among School Students. J Sch Nurs 2014; 31:110-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1059840514554837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication, usually with over-the-counter (OTC) medication, is reported as a community health problem that affects many people worldwide. Most self-medication practice usually begins with the onset of adolescence. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan, using a simple random sampling method to select 6 public schools from a total of 34 schools. The total sample consisted of 422 school students from Grades 7 through 12. Measures of central tendency and χ2 were used to compare the difference between the categorical variables. The prevalence of self-medication among the participants was 87.0%. Nearly 75% of self-medication was used for pain relief. The prevalence of self-medication among school students is very high and increases with age. School nurses and other local health-care workers must coordinate with school principals to disseminate health education campaigns about safe use of medication to provide awareness and education to school students, parents, and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed ALBashtawy
- Faculty of Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Abdul-Monim Batiha
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Loai Tawalbeh
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Tubaishat
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Manar AlAzzam
- Faculty of Nursing, Mental Health Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
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Zaghloul AA, Elsergany M, El-Enein NA, Alsuwaidi H, Ayoub M. Over-the-counter medication patterns in households in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2013; 7:19-24. [PMID: 24403846 PMCID: PMC3883161 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s55752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication and acquisition of over-the-counter (OTC) medications are emerging community health issues. Besides being a cheap alternative for treating common illnesses, the behavior entails serious ramifications, such as medication wastage, increasing pathogen resistance, and adverse drug reactions. The present study was conducted to explore the extent of OTC medications in households in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), including native UAE and expatriate families. Methods The study employed a population-based, cross-sectional, analytical study design. The study population included native and expatriate households residing in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. The snowball sampling technique was used, and the sample included a total of 335 households. Results Expatriate households acquired more OTC medications than did native households (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.7). The demographic determinants for expatriate households were number of family members (aOR=1.6), age of children in the family (aOR=1.8), and annual income (aOR=0.5). Expatriate households purchased more OTC medication practices than did native households (aOR=2.2). In the statistical sense, expatriate household practices were buying medication upon relatives’ advice (aOR=0.3), storage condition of medication (aOR=2.4), and disposal of expired medication (aOR=0.6). The highest percentages of OTC medications in native and expatriate households were those related to gastric and ear, nose, and throat illnesses. Conclusion The presence of OTC medications in expatriate households was two-fold more common than in native households in Sharjah, UAE. There were significant associations for behaviors related to the reasons why OTC medications were purchased and stored within the household for both native and expatriate families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ahmad Zaghloul
- Health Administration and Behavioral Sciences Department, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Moetaz Elsergany
- e-School Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohamed eUniversity, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nagwa Abou El-Enein
- Health Administration and Behavioral Sciences Department, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hamda Alsuwaidi
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Ayoub
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Kumar N, Kanchan T, Unnikrishnan B, Rekha T, Mithra P, Kulkarni V, Papanna MK, Holla R, Uppal S. Perceptions and practices of self-medication among medical students in coastal South India. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72247. [PMID: 24015223 PMCID: PMC3756058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-medication is a common practice worldwide and the irrational use of drugs is a cause of concern. This study assessed the prevalence of self-medication among the medical students in South India. The data was analysed using SPSS version 11.5. A total of 440 students were included in the study. The prevalence of self-medication was 78.6%. A larger number of females were self-medicating (81.2%) than males (75.3%). The majority of the students self-medicated because of the illness being too trivial for consultation (70.5%). Antipyretics were most commonly self-medicated by the participants (74.8%). Only 47% of the participants opined that self-medication was a part of self-care and it needs to be encouraged. 39.3% of the participants perceived that the supply of medicine without prescription by the pharmacist can prevent the growing trend of self-medication. Easy availability and accessibility to health care facilities remains the cornerstone for reducing the practice of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T. Rekha
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaman Kulkarni
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Kumar Papanna
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Surabhi Uppal
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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