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Sudhakar S, Gupta N, Ghambir N, Singh R, Singh D. Comparative Evaluation of Intracanal Smear Layer Removal by Different Root Canal Irrigants: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023; 16:633-638. [PMID: 37731794 PMCID: PMC10507302 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of the study is to compare and evaluate the efficacy of different root canal irrigants-100, 75, 50, and 25% neem extract, 100, 75, 50, and 25% apple cider vinegar (ACV), a combination of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and saline on smear layer removal using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and methods A total of 80 freshly extracted single-rooted teeth were collected and divided into 10 groups-group I: normal saline (negative control), group II: NaOCl with EDTA (positive control), group III: 100% neem extract, group IV: 75% neem extract, group V: 50% neem extract, group VI: 25% neem extract, group VII: 100% ACV, group VIII: 75% ACV, group IX: 50% ACV, and group X: 25% ACV. The samples were irrigated with a specific group of irrigants, then split in a longitudinal axis and processed for analysis in an SEM. Microphotographs were obtained and scored according to Torabinejad et al. Results Microphotographs were assessed and showed that 100% neem extract was similar to NaOCl with EDTA, followed by 75% neem extract and 100% ACV. Conclusion This study showed that 100% neem extract removed the smear layer, similar to the NaOCl with EDTA. How to cite this article Sudhakar S, Gupta N, Ghambir N, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Intracanal Smear Layer Removal by Different Root Canal Irrigants: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(4):633-638.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudhakar
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Santosh Dental College, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Santosh Dental College, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Natasha Ghambir
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Santosh Dental College, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashi Singh
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Santosh Dental College, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Santosh Dental College, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Silver Nanoparticles Phytofabricated through Azadirachta indica: Anticancer, Apoptotic, and Wound-Healing Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010121. [PMID: 36671322 PMCID: PMC9855199 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have unlocked numerous novel disciplines in nanobiotechnological protocols due to their larger surface area-to-volume ratios, which are attributed to the marked reactivity of nanosilver, and due to their extremely small size, which enables AgNPs to enter cells, interact with organelles, and yield distinct biological effects. AgNPs are capable of bypassing immune cells, staying in the system for longer periods and with a higher distribution, reaching target tissues at higher concentrations, avoiding diffusion to adjacent tissues, releasing therapeutic agents or drugs for specific stimuli to achieve a longer duration at a specific rate, and yielding desired effects. The phytofabrication of AgNPs is a cost-effective, one-step, environmentally friendly, and easy method that harnesses sustainable resources and naturally available components of plant extracts (PEs). In addition, it processes various catalytic activities for the degradation of various organic pollutants. For the phytofabrication of AgNPs, plant products can be used in a multifunctional manner as a reducing agent, a stabilizing agent, and a functionalizing agent. In addition, they can be used to curtail the requirements for any additional stabilizing agents and to help the reaction stages subside. Azadirachta indica, a very common and prominent medicinal plant grown throughout the Indian subcontinent, possesses free radical scavenging and other pharmaceutical properties via the regulation of proinflammatory enzymes, such as COX and TOX. It also demonstrates anticancer activities through cell-signaling pathways, modulating tumor-suppressing genes such as p53 and pTEN, transcriptional factors, angiogenesis, and apoptosis via bcl2 and bax. In addition, it possesses antibacterial activities. Phytofabricated AgNPs have been applied in the areas of drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, cancer treatment, cosmetics, and cell biology. Such pharmaceutical and biological activities of phytofabricated AgNPs are attributed to more than 300 phytochemicals found in Azadirachta indica, and are especially abundant in flavonoids, polyphenols, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, limonoids, tannins, coumarin, nimbolide, azadirachtin, azadirone, azadiradione, and gedunin. Parts of Azadirachta indica, including the leaves in various forms, have been used for wound healing or as a repellent. This study was aimed at examining previously biosynthesized (from Azadirachta indica) AgNPs for anticancer, wound-healing, and antimicrobial actions (through MTT reduction assay, scratch assay, and microbroth dilution methods, respectively). Additionally, apoptosis in cancer cells and the antibiofilm capabilities of AgNPs were examined through caspase-3 expression, dentine block, and crystal violet methods. We found that biogenic silver nanoparticles are capable of inducing cytotoxicity in HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells (IC50 of 744.23 µg/mL, R2: 0.94), but are ineffective against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 >> 1000 µg/mL, R2: 0.86). AgNPs (IC50 value) induced a significant increase in caspase-3 expression (a 1.5-fold increase) in HCT-116, as compared with control cells. FITC-MFI was 1936 in HCT-116-treated cells, as compared to being 4551 in cisplatin and 1297 in untreated cells. AgNPs (6.26 µg/mL and 62.5 µg/mL) induced the cellular migration (40.2% and 33.23%, respectively) of V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts; however, the improvement in wound healing was not significant as it was for the controls. AgNPs (MIC of 10 µg/mL) were very effective against MDR Enterococcus faecalis in the planktonic mode as well as in the biofilm mode. AgNPs (10 µg/mL and 320 µg/mL) reduced the E. faecalis biofilm by >50% and >80%, respectively. Natural products, such as Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil (MIC of 312.5 µg/mL) and eugenol (MIC of 625 µg/mL), showed significant antimicrobial effects against A. indica. Our findings indicate that A. indica-functionalized AgNPs are effective against cancer cells and can induce apoptosis in HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells; however, the anticancer properties of AgNPs can also be upgraded through active targeting (functionalized with enzymes, antibiotics, photosensitizers, or antibodies) in immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy. Our findings also suggest that functionalized AgNPs could be pivotal in the development of a novel, non-cytotoxic, biocompatible therapeutic agent for infected chronic wounds, ulcers, and skin lesions involving MDR pathogens via their incorporation into scaffolds, composites, patches, microgels, or formulations for microneedles, dressings, bandages, gels, or other drug-delivery systems.
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Tanvir Z, Jabin Z, Agarwal N, Anand A, Waikhom N. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver solution, Azadirachta indica, sodium hypochlorite, and normal saline as root canal irrigants in primary teeth. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2023; 41:76-82. [PMID: 37282416 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_74_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microorganisms are the main cause of pulpal and periapical diseases. Hence, the elimination of such potential microbes is achieved by endodontic treatment. Mechanical preparation is the main mechanism to reduce the bacterial load in canals which is enhanced by intracanal irrigants. Despite these procedures, some bacteria might persist within the canals. It is important to disinfect the pulp space and dentinal tubules thoroughly with an effective endodontic irrigant to prevent reinfection of a treated root canal. Aim This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver (NS) Solution, Azadirachta indica, sodium hypochlorite, and normal saline when used as irrigants in infected root canals of primary teeth. Settings and Design The study was a prospective randomized control trial which was conducted as per the consort statement. Materials and Methods Eighty pulpally involved primary teeth requiring endodontic treatment of children aged 5-12 years were selected for this study. The subjects were randomly allocated to 4 groups (3 irrigant and control groups) consisting of 20 children each where Group I = NS solution, Group II = A. indica, Group III = Sodium hypochlorite (2.5%), and Group IV = Control group. Microbiological samples were collected at the baseline (before irrigation) and postirrigation after biomechanical preparation using the selected irrigant. The samples were subjected to an anaerobic bacterial culture test. Microbial colonies were identified and expressed as colony forming units per milliliter. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Paired t-test, and Post hoc Bonferroni test. Results NS solution showed the highest mean of 4.384 × 103 ± 1.019 followed by Sodium hypochlorite with a mean of 3.500 × 103 ± 1.193 and A. indica of 2.590 × 103 ± 0.778. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, NS solution can be used as an alternative to other root canal irrigating solutions in primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Tanvir
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zohra Jabin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Agarwal
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Anand
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nandita Waikhom
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Patntirapong S, Aupaphong V, Pipatboonyarit P, Kritsuttsikun K, Phubai T. Dose-dependent effects of neem crude extract on human dental pulp cell and murine osteoblast viability and mineralization. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:56-64. [PMID: 36477965 PMCID: PMC9733376 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202205207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neem has been used as a medicine due to its beneficial properties such as anti-microbial effects. Neem products for oral application are on the rise. Before recommendation for therapeutic use in human, its effects on cellular activities need to be examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effects of the ethanolic neem crude extract on dental pulp cells and osteoblasts in terms of cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions. The ethanolic neem extract derived from dry neem leaves was subjected to chemical identification using GC-MS. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3) were treated with various concentrations of the neem crude extract. Cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions were investigated by MTT assay, real-time PCR, and alizarin red S assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett test. GC-MS detected several substance groups such as sesquiterpene. Low to moderate doses of the neem crude extract (4 - 16 µg/ml) did not affect hDPSC and MC3T3 viability, while 62.5 µg/ml of the neem extract decreased MC3T3 viability. High doses of the neem crude extract (250 - 1,000 µg/ml) significantly reduced viability of both cells. The neem crude extract at 1,000 µg/ml also decreased viability of differentiated hDPSC and MC3T3 and their mineralization. Furthermore, 4 µg/ml of neem inhibited viability of differentiated hDPSC. There is no statistical difference in gene expressions related to cell differentiation. In conclusion, the neem crude extract affected cell viability and mineralization. Cell viability altered differently depending on the doses, cell types, and cell stages. The neem crude extract did not affect cell differentiation. Screening of its effect in various aspects should be examined before the application for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somying Patntirapong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Wylie MR, Windham IH, Blum FC, Wu H, Merrell DS. In vitro antibacterial activity of nimbolide against Helicobacter pylori. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114828. [PMID: 34763046 PMCID: PMC8714693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nimbolide is one of hundreds of phytochemicals that have been identified within the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). As an evergreen tree native to the Indian subcontinent, components of the neem tree have been used for millennia in traditional medicine to treat dental, gastrointestinal, urinary tract, and blood-related ailments, ulcers, headaches, heartburn, and diabetes. In modern times, natural oils and extracts from the neem tree have been found to have activities against a variety of microorganisms, including human pathogens. AIM OF THE STUDY Helicobacter pylori, a prevalent gastric pathogen, shows increasing levels of antibiotic resistance. Thus, there is an increasing demand for novel therapeutics to treat chronic infections. The in vitro activity of neem oil extract against H. pylori was previously characterized and found to be bactericidal. Given the numerous phytochemicals found in neem oil extract, the present study was designed to define and characterize specific compounds showing bactericidal activity against H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS Azadirachtin, gedunin, and nimbolide, which are all common in neem extracts, were tested for antimicrobial activity; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for nine strains of H. pylori. The specific properties of nimbolide were further characterized against H. pylori strain G27. Bactericidal kinetics, reversibility, effectiveness at low pH, and activity under bacteriostatic conditions were examined. The hemolytic activity of nimbolide was also measured. Finally, neem oil extract and nimbolide effectiveness against H. pylori biofilms were examined in comparison to common antibiotics used to treat H. pylori infection. RESULTS Nimbolide, but not azadirachtin or gedunin, was effective against H. pylori; MICs and MBCs against the nine tested strains ranged between 1.25-5 μg/mL and 2.5-10 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, neem oil extract and nimbolide were both effective against H. pylori biofilms. Nimbolide exhibited no significant hemolytic activity at biologically relevant concentrations. The bactericidal activity of nimbolide was time- and dose-dependent, independent of active H. pylori growth, and synergistic with low pH. Furthermore, nimbolide-mediated H. pylori cell death was irreversible after exposure to high nimbolide concentrations (80 μg/mL, after 2 h of exposure time and 40 μg/mL after 8 h of exposure). CONCLUSIONS Nimbolide has significant bactericidal activity against H. pylori, killing both free living bacterial cells as well as cells within a biofilm. Furthermore, the lack of hemolytic activity, synergistic activity at low pH and bactericidal properties even against bacteria in a state of growth arrest are all ideal pharmacological and biologically relevant properties for a potential new agent. This study underscores the potential of neem oil extract or nimbolide to be used as a future treatment for H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Wylie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - Ian H Windham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - Faith C Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - Hannah Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States.
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Rafey A, Amin A, Kamran M, Haroon U, Farooq K, Foubert K, Pieters L. Analysis of Plant Origin Antibiotics against Oral Bacterial Infections Using In Vitro and In Silico Techniques and Characterization of Active Constituents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121504. [PMID: 34943716 PMCID: PMC8699006 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pervasiveness of oral bacterial infections in diabetic patients is a serious health concern that may produce severe complications. We investigated 26 Ayurvedic medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of the oral bacterial infections with the aim to look for new promising drug leads that can be further employed for herbal formulation design. The plants were grouped into three categories based on traditional usage. All plant extracts were examined for antibacterial, antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing properties. The plants with significant activities including Juglans regia, Syzygium aromaticum, Eruca sativa, Myristica fragrans, Punica granatum and Azadirachta indica were further analyzed using HPLC-DAD-QToF and GC-MS. In silico and in vitro activity was evaluated for selected constituents. Finally, it could be concluded that eugenol and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate are major contributors towards inhibition of bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rafey
- NPRL, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.R.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Adnan Amin
- NPRL, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.R.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- NPRL, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.R.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Uzma Haroon
- Department of Dentistry, D.H.Q Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Kainat Farooq
- Sardar Begum Dental College, Ghandhara University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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Islas JF, Acosta E, G-Buentello Z, Delgado-Gallegos JL, Moreno-Treviño MG, Escalante B, Moreno-Cuevas JE. An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health. J Funct Foods 2020; 74:104171. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Parvekar P, Palaskar J, Metgud S, Maria R, Dutta S. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus. Biomater Investig Dent 2020; 7:105-109. [PMID: 32939454 PMCID: PMC7470068 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2020.1796674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).Methodology: The antimicrobial efficacy of the silver nanoparticles was determined by the standard methods of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Different concentrations of silver nanoparticles were prepared, and MIC was calculated by tube macro-dilution method. The MBC was determined by the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the initial bacterial population. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS software. RESULTS The MIC and MBC of silver nanoparticles against S. aureus was found to be 0.625 mg/ml. CONCLUSION The result obtained from this study shows that silver nanoparticles have potential bactericidal effects against S. aureus at a concentration of 0.625 mg/ml. Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated in the root canal medicaments, sealers and irrigants as it possess potent antimicrobial efficacy against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashik Parvekar
- Pacific Academy of Higher Education, Research University, Udaipur, India
| | - Jayant Palaskar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sinhagad Dental College, Pune, India
| | - Sandeep Metgud
- Department of Endodontics, Pacific Dental College, Udaipur, India
| | - Rahul Maria
- Department of Endodontics, Bhabha College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Smita Dutta
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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