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Crow R, Satav A, Potdar V, Satav S, Dani V, Simões EAF. Risk factors for the development of severe or very severe respiratory syncytial virus-related lower respiratory tract infection in Indian infants: A cohort study in Melghat, India. Trop Med Int Health 2024. [PMID: 38741367 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is undoubtedly the single most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) globally. While new prevention measures in young infants have become available, their use in developing countries is likely many years away. While risk factors for severe or very severe RSV LRTI in impoverished rural areas likely differ to urban areas, there are very few studies, especially those conducted in India, the major country contributing to the global burden of disease. METHODS Active surveillance for acute LRTI in enrolled infants and children <2 years of age, was conducted through weekly home visits in 93 villages of Melghat, India, from August 2016 to December 2020. Local hospitals and primary health centres were surveyed for admissions of enrolled subjects. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children with severe, or very severe LRTIs and all who died, with RSV testing using nucleic acid tests at ICMR, National Institute of Virology Pune. Risk factors for both RSV associated and non-RSV associated, severe and very severe LRTI were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS There were 483 severe or very severe RSV LRTI cases and 2807 non-RSV severe or very severe LRTI infections in a cohort of 13,318 children. Weight for age z-score ≤-2, the use of kerosene or wood for cooking, obtaining drinking water from a public tap and low gestational age significantly increased the risk of RSV LRTI. A higher wealth score index and water purification were protective. Comparison with non-RSV LRTI showed male sex as an additional risk factor. The analysis highlighted the risk of kerosene use [OR = 17.8 (3.0-104.4) (p ≤ 0.001)] and [OR = 3.4 (0.8-14.4) (p ≤ 0.05)] for RSV and non-RSV LRTIs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional status and environmental air quality are predisposing factors for developing an RSV LRI in young children, factors which are amenable to environmental and behavioural interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Crow
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashish Satav
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Amravati, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pune, India
| | - Shilpa Satav
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Amravati, India
| | - Vibhawari Dani
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Amravati, India
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Kanungo S, Bhattacharjee U, Prabhakaran AO, Kumar R, Rajkumar P, Bhardwaj SD, Chakrabarti AK, Kumar C. P. G, Potdar V, Manna B, Amarchand R, Choudekar A, Gopal G, Sarda K, Lafond KE, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Saha S, Dar L, Krishnan A. Adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized with pneumonia at age 60 or more: A prospective multi-centric hospital-based study in India. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297452. [PMID: 38696397 PMCID: PMC11065220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exists regarding risk factors for adverse outcomes in older adults hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in low- and middle-income countries such as India. This multisite study aimed to assess outcomes and associated risk factors among adults aged ≥60 years hospitalized with pneumonia. METHODS Between December 2018 and March 2020, we enrolled ≥60-year-old adults admitted within 48 hours for CAP treatment across 16 public and private facilities in four sites. Clinical data and nasal/oropharyngeal specimens were collected by trained nurses and tested for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) using the qPCR. Participants were evaluated regularly until discharge, as well as on the 7th and 30th days post-discharge. Outcomes included ICU admission and in-hospital or 30-day post-discharge mortality. A hierarchical framework for multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models identified risk factors (e.g., demographics, clinical features, etiologic agents) associated with critical care or death. FINDINGS Of 1,090 CAP patients, the median age was 69 years; 38.4% were female. Influenza viruses were detected in 12.3%, RSV in 2.2%, and ORV in 6.3% of participants. Critical care was required for 39.4%, with 9.9% in-hospital mortality and 5% 30-day post-discharge mortality. Only 41% of influenza CAP patients received antiviral treatment. Admission factors independently associated with ICU admission included respiratory rate >30/min, blood urea nitrogen>19mg/dl, altered sensorium, anemia, oxygen saturation <90%, prior cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and private hospital admission. Diabetes, anemia, low oxygen saturation at admission, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation were associated with 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION High ICU admission and 30-day mortality rates were observed among older adults with pneumonia, with a significant proportion linked to influenza and RSV infections. Comprehensive guidelines for CAP prevention and management in older adults are needed, especially with the co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kanungo
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Byomkesh Manna
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritvik Amarchand
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Choudekar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Giridara Gopal
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Sarda
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kathryn E. Lafond
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha Saha
- Influenza program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Albutti A, Mahdi HA, Alwashmi AS, Alfelali M, Barasheed O, Barnes EH, Shaban RZ, Booy R, Rashid H. The relationship between hand hygiene and rates of acute respiratory infections among Umrah pilgrims: A pilot randomised controlled trial. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17 Suppl 1:34-41. [PMID: 37055268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the role of hand hygiene in preventing and containing acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in mass gatherings. In this pilot RCT, we assessed the feasibility of establishing a large-scale trial to explore the relationship between practising hand hygiene and rates of ARI in Umrah pilgrimage amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A parallel RCT was conducted in hotels in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, between April and July 2021. Domestic adult pilgrims who consented to participate were randomised 1:1 to the intervention group who received alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) and instructions, or to the control group who did not receive ABHR or instructions but were free to use their own supplies. Pilgrims in both groups were then followed up for seven days for ARI symptoms. The primary outcome was the difference in the proportions of syndromic ARIs among pilgrims between the randomised groups. RESULTS A total of 507 (control: intervention = 267: 240) participants aged between 18 and 75 (median 34) years were randomised; 61 participants were lost to follow-up or withdrew leaving 446 participants (control: intervention = 237:209) for the primary outcome analysis; of whom 10 (2.2 %) had developed at least one respiratory symptom, three (0.7 %) had 'possible ILI' and two (0.4 %) had 'possible COVID-19'. The analysis of the primary outcome found no evidence of difference in the proportions of ARIs between the randomised groups (odds ratio 1.1 [0.3-4.0] for intervention relative to control). CONCLUSION This pilot trial suggests that conducting a future definitive RCT to assess the role of hand hygiene in the prevention of ARIs is feasible in Umrah setting amidst such a pandemic; however, outcomes from this trial are inconclusive, and such a study would need to be very large given the low rates of outcomes observed here. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (ACTRN12622001287729), the full protocol can be accessed there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqel Albutti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hashim A Mahdi
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah 23442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ameen S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Alfelali
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25732, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osamah Barasheed
- The Executive Administration of Research and Innovation, King Abdullah Medical City in Holy Capital (KAMC-HC), Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Elizabeth H Barnes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ramon Z Shaban
- New South Wales Biocontainment Centre, New South Wales Ministry of Health, Westmead, NSW 2151, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Susan Wakil School of Nursing, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Public Health Unit, Centre for Population Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, North Parramatta, NSW 2151, Australia; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Robert Booy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Harunor Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Mahdi HA, Alluhidan M, Almohammed AB, Alfelali M, Shaban RZ, Booy R, Rashid H. Epidemiological Differences in Hajj-Acquired Airborne Infections in Pilgrims Arriving from Low and Middle-Income versus High-Income Countries: A Systematised Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:418. [PMID: 37624356 PMCID: PMC10459586 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematised review aims to compare the epidemiological patterns of Hajj-acquired airborne infections among pilgrims from low and middle-income countries (LMIC) versus those from high-income countries (HIC). A PubMed search was carried out for all published articles before February 2023, using a combination of MeSH terms and text words. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess data quality. From a total of 453 titles identified, 58 studies were included in the review (LMIC = 32, and HIC = 26). In the pooled sample, there were 27,799 pilgrims aged 2 days to 105 years (male: female = 1.3:1) from LMIC and 70,865 pilgrims aged 2 months to 95 years (male: female = 1:1) from HIC. Pilgrims from both HIC and LMIC had viral and bacterial infections, but pilgrims from HIC tended to have higher attack rates of viral infections than their LMIC counterparts. However, the attack rates of bacterial infections were variable: for instance, pilgrims from LMIC seemed to have higher rates of meningococcal infections (0.015-82% in LMIC vs. 0.002-40% in HIC) based on the study population, but not Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0.7-20.3% in LMIC vs. 38% in HIC). Targeted measures are needed to prevent the spread of airborne infections at Hajj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim A. Mahdi
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah 23442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alluhidan
- General Directorate for National Health Economics and Policy, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh 13315, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Alfelali
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25732, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramon Z. Shaban
- New South Wales Biocontainment Centre, New South Wales Ministry of Health, Westmead, NSW 2151, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Susan Wakil School of Nursing, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Public Health Unit, Centre for Population Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, North Parramatta, NSW 2151, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Negsso A, Arega B, Abdissa F, Zewdu B, Teshome A, Minda A, Agunie A. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of acute diarrheal disease and pneumonia among under 5 children in Ethiopia- A database study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0000304. [PMID: 37315030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has had a devastating impact on preventable and treatable pediatric diseases in Ethiopia. This study looks at the impact of COVID-19 on pneumonia and acute diarrheal diseases in the country, as well as the differences between administrative regions. In Ethiopia, we conducted a retrospective pre-post study to assess the impact of COVID-19 on children under the age of five who had acute diarrhea and pneumonia and were treated in health facilities during the pre-COVID-19 era (March 2019 to February 2020) and the COVID-19 era (March 2020 to February 2021). From the National Health Management District Health Information System (DHIS2, HMIS), we retrieved data on total acute diarrheal disease and pneumonia, along with their regional and monthly distribution. We calculated incidence rate ratios comparing the rates of acute diarrhea and pneumonia during the pre-and post-COVID-19 eras and adjusted for the year, using Poisson regression. The number of under-five children treated for acute pneumonia decreased from 2,448,882 before COVID-19 to 2,089,542 ((14.7% reduction (95%CI;8.72-21.28), p<0.001)) during COVID-19. Similarly, the number of under-five children treated for acute diarrheal disease decreased from 3,287,850 in pre-COVID-19 to, 2,961,771((9.91% reduction (95%CI;6.3-17.6%),p<0.001)) during COVID-19. In the majority of the administrative regions studied, pneumonia and acute diarrhea diseases decreased during COVID-19, but they increased in Gambella, Somalia, and Afar. During the COVID-19 period, the greatest reduction of children with pneumonia (54%) and diarrhea disease (37.3%) was found in Addis Ababa (p<0.001). The majority of administrative regions included in this study have seen a decrease in pneumonia and acute diarrheal diseases among children under the age of five, while three regions namely, Somalia, Gambela, and Afar saw an increase in cases during the pandemic. This emphasizes the importance of using tailored approaches in mitigating the impact of infectious diseases such as diarrhea and pneumonia during situations of a pandemic such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balew Arega
- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Abdissa
- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Brook Zewdu
- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abrham Minda
- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asnake Agunie
- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Joshi MS, Sukirti V, Chavan NA, Walimbe AM, Potdar VA, Vipat VC, Lavania M, Gopalkrishna V. Enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Western India. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:105454. [PMID: 37257799 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are the viral agents responsible for a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases. HAdVs are the most important etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and are identified as the major contributor to the deaths of diarrheal children globally. The significant rise in HAdV infections in rotavirus-vaccinated children documented in multiple studies demands continuous monitoring of HAdV strains. After the inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in the immunization schedule of India, public health research regarding prevalence, etiology, and risk factors is highly necessary for evidence-based policies and their implementation to sustain diarrhea prevention programs. In the present study, children admitted for AGE between 2013 and 2016 in seven different hospitals in Maharashtra and Gujrat states of Western India were subjected for investigation. HAdVs were found in 5.2% of the fecal specimens with the dominance of species-F (52.4%) strains, followed by the occurrence of non-enteric adenoviruses of species A (17.4%), C (11.4%), B (8.2%), and D (3.2%). The species-F strains were predominant in Ahmadabad (78.5%), Mumbai (61.5%), and Surat (57.1%) cities, followed by species-A strains. In Pune city, species B strains were detected in all HAdV patients, with none of the species A strains. Clinically, patients infected with enteric and non-enteric HAdV strains were indistinguishable. However, a high viral load was observed in species-F specimens as compared to non-species-F. The present study on fecal specimens collected in the pre-rotavirus vaccination era from hospitalized AGE patients will be important for future comparative analysis to know the exact impact of vaccination in children of Western India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri S Joshi
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.
| | - Vedula Sukirti
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nutan A Chavan
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Varsha A Potdar
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Veena C Vipat
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Mallika Lavania
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Chadha M, Prabhakaran AO, Choudhary ML, Biswas D, Koul P, Kaveri K, Dar L, Mamta CS, Jadhav S, Bhardwaj SD, Laserson K, Saha S, Potdar V. Multisite surveillance for influenza and other respiratory viruses in India: 2016-2018. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001001. [PMID: 36962617 PMCID: PMC10022084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is limited surveillance and laboratory capacity for non-influenza respiratory viruses in India. We leveraged the influenza sentinel surveillance of India to detect other respiratory viruses among patients with acute respiratory infection. Six centers representing different geographic areas of India weekly enrolled a convenience sample of 5-10 patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) between September 2016-December 2018. Staff collected nasal and throat specimens in viral transport medium and tested for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), human meta-pneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (AdV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis of influenza and RSV was done. We enrolled 16,338 including 8,947 ARI and 7,391 SARI cases during the study period. Median age was 14.6 years (IQR:4-32) in ARI cases and 13 years (IQR:1.3-55) in SARI cases. We detected respiratory viruses in 33.3% (2,981) of ARI and 33.4% (2,468) of SARI cases. Multiple viruses were co-detected in 2.8% (458/16,338) specimens. Among ARI cases influenza (15.4%) were the most frequently detected viruses followed by HRV (6.2%), RSV (5%), HMPV (3.4%), PIV (3.3%) and AdV (3.1%),. Similarly among SARI cases, influenza (12.7%) were most frequently detected followed by RSV (8.2%), HRV (6.1%), PIV (4%), HMPV (2.6%) and AdV (2.1%). Our study demonstrated the feasibility of expanding influenza surveillance systems for surveillance of other respiratory viruses in India. Influenza was the most detected virus among ARI and SARI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Chadha
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Dipankar Biswas
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Parvaiz Koul
- Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - K. Kaveri
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chawla Sarkar Mamta
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kayla Laserson
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (India Office), New Delhi, India
| | - Siddhartha Saha
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (India Office), New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections: An Indian Perspective. Cureus 2022; 14:e30062. [PMID: 36381846 PMCID: PMC9637451 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral infections pose a constant threat, especially in healthcare settings. Viral infections can be thought of as an ecological system, like a forest or a pond, with different species competing for resources. Pandemics tend to occur when there is a disruption to this ecosystem, such as introducing a strain of virus into humans or animals that they have no immunity against. Around 60% of human infectious diseases and 75% of emerging infections are zoonotic, with two-thirds originating in wildlife. There is an ongoing risk of viral diseases as the human population continues to grow and the rate of urbanization increases. The emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases are influenced by a variety of virologic and environmental factors. These factors can be roughly categorized as affecting humans, the environment and/or ecology, and viruses. The spread of zoonotic diseases among humans can be prevented by reducing the transmission risk associated with wildlife and exotic pets through education, legislation, and behavioral change programs that target individuals at risk for exposure.
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Bhardwaj S, Choudhary ML, Jadhav S, Vipat V, Ghuge R, Salvi S, Kulkarni R, Kinikar A, Padbidri V, Bafna S, Bavdekare A, D'costa P, Gujar N, Potdar V. A retrospective analysis of respiratory virus transmission before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pune the western region of India. Front Public Health 2022; 10:936634. [PMID: 36159243 PMCID: PMC9494283 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.936634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in China in December 2019 and quickly spread across the world. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are the key to control the transmission of respiratory viruses. To stop the spread, NPI is widely recommended and is still followed by most countries. Methods At the National Influenza Center of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), the surveillance of severe acute respiratory illness and acute respiratory illness cases for influenza and other respiratory viruses is in place. In this study, we analyzed surveillance data on respiratory viruses and/or SARS-CoV-2 testing from January 2017 to December 2021. Multiplex real-time PCR was used to detect the respiratory viruses. Results Our findings indicate that during the pandemic, the positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human coronavirus declined significantly. Conclusion The annual distinct seasonal outbreaks of influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses as observed during the pre-COVID-19 period were not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic in years 2020 and 21. Social distancing, lock-downs, and non-pharmaceutical interventions may play an important role in the reduction of respiratory viruses. Understanding the seasonal respiratory virus decline could help public health experts prepare for future respiratory virus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhardwaj
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | | | - Sheetal Jadhav
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | - Veena Vipat
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | - Rohan Ghuge
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | - Sonali Salvi
- B. J. Medical College and Sassoon Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | - Aarti Kinikar
- B. J. Medical College and Sassoon Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Varsha Potdar
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India,*Correspondence: Varsha Potdar
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Mahdi HA, Qashqari FS, Hariri SH, Bamerdah S, Altayyar SA, Almalki HM, Alwadani FA, Alabbasi RA, Alqahtani MH, Alfelali M, Shaban RZ, Booy R, Rashid H. Low Prevalence of Syndromic Respiratory Tract Infections among Returning Hajj Pilgrims Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Post-Hajj Survey. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080182. [PMID: 36006274 PMCID: PMC9413585 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study estimates the point prevalence of symptomatic respiratory tract infections (RTIs) among returned Hajj pilgrims and their contacts in 2021. Using the computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) technique, domestic pilgrims were invited to participate in this cross-sectional survey two weeks after their home return from Hajj. Of 600 pilgrims approached, 79.3% agreed to participate and completed the survey. Syndromic definitions were used to clinically diagnose possible influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and COVID-19. Median with range was applied to summarise the continuous data, and frequencies and proportions were used to present the categorical variables. Simple logistic regression was carried out to assess the correlations of potential factors with the prevalence of RTIs. The majority of pilgrims (88.7%) reported receiving at least two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine before Hajj. Eleven (2.3%) pilgrims reported respiratory symptoms with the estimated prevalence of possible ILI being 0.2%, and of possible COVID-19 being 0.4%. Among those who were symptomatic, five (45.5%) reported that one or more of their close contacts had developed similar RTI symptoms after the pilgrims’ home return. The prevalence of RTIs among pilgrims who returned home after attending the Hajj 2021 was lower compared with those reported in the pre-pandemic studies; however, the risk of spread of infection among contacts following Hajj is still a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim A. Mahdi
- Public Health Department, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah 23442, Saudi Arabia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Fadi S. Qashqari
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumyya H. Hariri
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Bamerdah
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hazim M. Almalki
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez A. Alwadani
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renan A. Alabbasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Alfelali
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25732, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramon Z. Shaban
- New South Wales Biocontainment Centre, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Centre for Population Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, North Parramatta, NSW 2151, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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11
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Viswanathan R, Bafna S, Choudhary ML, Reddy M, Katendra S, Maheshwari S, Jadhav S. Looking beyond Pertussis in Prolonged Cough Illness of Young Children. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1191. [PMID: 36016079 PMCID: PMC9414653 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, is one of the most poorly controlled vaccine-preventable diseases in the world. South-East Asia is estimated to contribute the most to childhood disease burden while this remains largely unexplored in India. The clinical diagnosis of pertussis in young children is a challenge as the classical four-stage presentation with paroxysmal cough or whoop may be absent. It is also difficult to differentiate from other respiratory infections which can cause pertussis-like illness. Children below two years with prolonged cough illness attending an urban pediatric center in western India, were evaluated for pertussis and viral infections by molecular methods. Bordetella pertussis and B. holmesii were confirmed in three each of 45 suspected cases, and RSV-A and hMPV were the most common viruses that were detected. These organisms can mimic mild cases of pertussis and need to be considered in differential diagnosis of prolonged cough illness in young children. The accurate etiology of prolonged cough illness needs to be detected and documented to ensure appropriate management and accurate estimates of disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
- Bacteriology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (S.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sanjay Bafna
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Jehangir Hospital, 32, Sassoon Road, Pune 411001, India; (S.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Manohar Lal Choudhary
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India; (M.L.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Monika Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Jehangir Hospital, 32, Sassoon Road, Pune 411001, India; (S.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Savita Katendra
- Bacteriology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (S.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Shradha Maheshwari
- Bacteriology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (S.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sheetal Jadhav
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India; (M.L.C.); (S.J.)
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12
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Muruganandam N, Roy A, Sivanandan N, Vins A, Beniwal N, Kaur H, Potdar V, Parvez R. Respiratory viruses among ethnic Nicobarese during COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:463. [PMID: 35568797 PMCID: PMC9107012 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) are public health burdens globally. The percentage of non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses among patients having ARI and SARI who visit Car Nicobar's hospital settings is undocumented. Changes in the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses during COVID19 pandemic is being reported worldwide. Methods Inpatient and outpatient settings at BJR hospital, Car Nicobar Island, India, were used to conduct prospective monitoring for ARI and SARI among Nicobarese tribal members. The patients with ARI and SARI were enlisted in BJR hospital from June 2019 to May 2021. At the ICMR-NIV in Pune, duplex RT-PCR assays were used to test the presence of respiratory viruses. The prevalence of non- SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses was measured by comparing here between pandemic and pre-pandemic periods. Results During the COVID19 pandemic, Influenza A (H3N2) and rhinovirus were predominantly reported non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses while Human metapneumovirusand influenza A (H1N1)pdm09were most commonly reported in the prepandemic period. This result indicates the altered circulation of non-SARS CoV-2 during pandemic. Conclusions A considerable proportion of respiratory infection was correlated with respiratory viruses. Prevalence of non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses was high at the time of infection when compared with pre-pandemic period, at Car Nicobar Island. This study enlightened the change in circulation of other respiratory viruses among the indigenous Nicobarese tribes. Clinicians and allied medical staff should be more prudent of these respiratory infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07435-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Muruganandam
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744103, India
| | - Avijit Roy
- Directorate of Health Services, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744101, India
| | - Nimisha Sivanandan
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744103, India
| | - Alwin Vins
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744103, India
| | - Nisha Beniwal
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744103, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Rehnuma Parvez
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744103, India.
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13
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Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Khani F, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Shadab A, Mokhtari-Azad T, Yavarian J. Prevalence and Genotypes of Human Rhinoviruses among Iranian Hajj Pilgrims with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection. TANAFFOS 2022; 21:448-454. [PMID: 37583781 PMCID: PMC10423871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Hajj is one of the main challenges of public health and infection control. Hajj-associated respiratory tract infections are very common during the pilgrimage. Studies have shown that human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the most common causes of respiratory illnesses among pilgrims. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of HRV among Iranian pilgrims with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) during the 2017 Hajj season. Materials and Methods Throat swabs or washes were collected from 104 pilgrims with SARI and transported to the National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Specimens were screened for HRV by Nested PCR with primers for 5'UTR, and virus genotypes were determined using PCR with VP4-VP2 primers and sequencing method. Results Twenty-one cases were positive for HRV (20.19 %). The HRV species and types of 8 positive samples were: HRV-A21 (1/8, 12.5%), followed by HRV-B91 (3/8, 37.5%) and HRV-C (4/8, 50%) un-typed. Conclusion This study showed that HRV has a high prevalence in Iranian Hajj pilgrims. As there is no vaccine or antiviral therapy for HRV, prevention methods are the best way for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fariba Khani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azadeh Shadab
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Epidemiology of Human Bocavirus in the Middle East and North Africa: Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111456. [PMID: 34832613 PMCID: PMC8620978 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of studying newly emerging viruses that cause respiratory illnesses. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is one of the relatively newly discovered viruses that has been detected worldwide and causes respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, mainly in pediatric patients. However, little is known about the pathogenicity and evolution of HBoV. This systematic review was initiated to clarify the prevalence and circulating genotypes of HBoV in both respiratory and stool samples from patients of all age groups in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) from 2005 to February 2021. We performed an electronic search through Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Mendeley and Cochrane Library databases. We included all studies reporting the detection rate of HBoV in the MENA region. Data were extracted, and the quality of the included articles was assessed. We included articles containing data on HBoV only or with other respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infections. Review articles, case studies, and animal and environmental studies were excluded. The final number of articles included in this study was 65 articles. The results showed that the HBoV prevalence in children was the lowest in Iran (0%) and the highest in Egypt (56.8%). In adults, the lowest and the highest prevalence were reported in Iran, with values of 0% and 6.6%, respectively. Regarding the respiratory cases, our findings revealed no significant difference between HBoV prevalence among the tested categories (p-value = 0.998). The present study has shown that HBoV is common in children and adults in the MENA region. This systematic review highlights the need for more data on the role of coinfection of HBoV and other viruses, for instance, SARS-CoV-2 in children with acute bronchiolitis.
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15
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Satav A, Crow R, Potdar V, Dani V, Satav S, Chadha M, Hessong D, Carosone-Link P, Palaskar S, Simões EAF. The Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children Under 2 Years of Age in a Rural Community in Maharashtra, India. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S238-S247. [PMID: 34472575 PMCID: PMC8411254 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of acute lower tract infection (LRTI) in children younger than 2 years of age, but there are scant population-based studies on the burden of RSV illness in rural communities and no community studies in preterm infants. METHODS Active surveillance of LRTI was performed in the community and hospital setting for the population of 93 tribal villages in Melghat, Central India, over 4 respiratory seasons. A nasopharyngeal swab was obtained from cases presenting as a severe LRTI for molecular analysis of respiratory pathogens including RSVA and B. RESULTS High rates of RSV-associated LRTI were found in preterm and term infants beyond 6 months of age, extending into the second year of life. Community severe RSV LRTI rates for 0-11 months of age was 22.4 (18.6-27.0)/1000 child-years (CY) and the hospital-associated rate was 14.1 (11.1-17.8)/1000 CY. For preterm infants, these rates were 26.2 (17.8-38.5)/1000 CY and 12.6 (7.2-22.0)/1000 CY. Comparable rates in the first 6 months were 15.9 (11.8-21.4)/1000 CY and 12.9 (9.3-18.0)/1000 CY in term infants and 26.3 (15.4-45.0)/1000 CY and 10.1 (4.2-24.2)/1000 CY for preterms. The single RSV B season had higher incidences of RSV LRTI in every age group than the 2 RSV A seasons in both preterm and term infants. There were 11 deaths, all term infants. CONCLUSIONS Studies restricted to the healthcare settings significantly underestimate the burden of RSV LRTI and preterm and term infants have comparable burdens of disease in this rural community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Satav
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Rowena Crow
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Varsha Potdar
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Counsel of Medical Research, Pune, India
| | - Vibhawari Dani
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Shilpa Satav
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Mandeep Chadha
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Counsel of Medical Research, Pune, India
| | - Danielle Hessong
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Phyllis Carosone-Link
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sameer Palaskar
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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16
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Simões EAF, Dani V, Potdar V, Crow R, Satav S, Chadha MS, Hessong D, Carosone-Link P, Palaskar S, Satav A. Mortality From Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children Under 2 Years of Age: A Prospective Community Cohort Study in Rural Maharashtra, India. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S193-S202. [PMID: 34472578 PMCID: PMC8411248 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral cause of lower respiratory tract infection deaths in infants, there are few data on infant community deaths caused by RSV. METHODS This was an active surveillance of children younger than 2 years of age in 93 villages, 5 primary health centers, and 3 hospitals serving these villages. Village health workers and counselors at the health facilities monitored all lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in consented subjects. Children with severe, or very severe LRTIs and all who died, had nasopharyngeal swabs collected for detection of RSV by molecular methods. RESULTS In the 12 134 subjects, there were 2064 episodes of severe LRTIs and 1732 of very severe LRTIs, of which 271 and 195, respectively, had RSV. Fifteen of 16 (94%) children with RSV died of LRTIs, 14 in the community and 1 in the hospital. The case fatality ratios for severe RSV LRTIs in the first 6 months of life were 3/52 (7.1%) and 1/36 (2.8%) in the community and hospital, respectively. Of those with very severe LRTIs in the community, 17.6% died. There were no very severe RSV LRTI hospital deaths. The adjusted RSV LRTI mortality rates ranged from 1.0 to 3.0/1000 child-years (CY) overall, and 2.0 to 6.1/1000 CY, accounting for 20% of the LRTI deaths and 10% of the postneonatal infant mortality. CONCLUSIONS Community deaths from RSV account for the majority of RSV LRTI deaths, and efforts at prevention should be preferentially directed at populations where access to care is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A F Simões
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Epidemiology,Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vibhawari Dani
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Counsel of Medical Research, Pune, India
| | - Rowena Crow
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shilpa Satav
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Mandeep S Chadha
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Counsel of Medical Research, Pune, India
| | - Danielle Hessong
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Phyllis Carosone-Link
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sameer Palaskar
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Ashish Satav
- MAHAN Trust Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmgram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
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Novel Respiratory Viruses in the Context of Mass-Gathering Events: A Systematic Review to Inform Event Planning from a Health Perspective. Prehosp Disaster Med 2021; 36:599-610. [PMID: 34261546 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x21000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass-gathering events (MGEs) occur regularly throughout the world. As people congregate at MGEs, there is an increased risk of transmission of communicable diseases. Novel respiratory viruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Influenza A Virus Subtype H1N1 Strain 2009 (H1N1pdm09), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), or Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), may require specific infection prevention and control strategies to minimize the risk of transmission when planning MGEs. This literature review aimed to identify and analyze papers relating to novel respiratory viruses with pandemic potential and to inform MGE planning. METHOD This paper used a systematic literature review method. Various health care databases were searched using keywords relating to MGEs and novel respiratory viruses. Information was extracted from identified papers into various tables for analysis. The analysis identified infection prevention and control strategies used at MGEs to inform planning before, during, and following events. RESULTS In total, 27 papers met the criteria for inclusion. No papers were identified regarding SARS-CoV-1, while the remainder reported on H1N1pdm09 (n = 9), MERS-CoV (n = 15), and SARS-CoV-2 (n = 3). Various before, during, and after event mitigation strategies were identified that can be implemented for future events. CONCLUSIONS This literature review provided an overview of the novel respiratory virus epidemiology at MGEs alongside related public health mitigation strategies that have been implemented at these events. This paper also discusses the health security of event participants and host communities in the context of cancelling, postponing, and modifying events due to a novel respiratory virus. In particular, ways to recommence events incorporating various mitigation strategies are outlined.
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18
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Dubey AP, Hazarika RD, Abitbol V, Kolhapure S, Agrawal S. Mass gatherings: a review of the scope for meningococcal vaccination in the Indian context. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2216-2224. [PMID: 33605845 PMCID: PMC8189129 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1871572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of meningococcal transmission is increased with crowding and prolonged close proximity between people. There have been numerous invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) outbreaks associated with mass gatherings and other overcrowded situations, including cramped accommodation, such as student and military housing, and refugee camps. In these conditions, IMD outbreaks predominantly affect adolescents and young adults. In this narrative review, we examine the situation in India, where the burden of IMD-related complications is significant but the reported background incidence of IMD is low. However, active surveillance for meningococcal disease is suboptimal and laboratory confirmation of meningococcal strain is near absent, especially in non-outbreak periods. IMD risk factors are prevalent, including frequent mass gatherings and overcrowding combined with a demographically young population. Since overcrowded situations are generally unavoidable, the way forward relies on preventive measures. More widespread meningococcal vaccination and strengthened disease surveillance are likely to be key to this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand P Dubey
- Pediatrics, ESI-PGIMSR & Model Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashna Dass Hazarika
- Pediatrics, Nemcare Superspeciality Hospital, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, and RIGPA Children's Clinic, Guwahati, India
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19
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Changes in respiratory diseases in Chongqing Health Center for women and children during COVID-19. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41:100856. [PMID: 33680475 PMCID: PMC7912356 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By comparing the outpatient volume of paediatric patients and the outpatient volume of respiratory tract infections in Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children in China from 2017 to June 2020, the changes in the outpatient volume of paediatric patients and the outpatient volume of respiratory tract infections during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were summarized and analysed to provide a basis for disease prevention.
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Pattern of Respiratory Viruses among Pilgrims during 2019 Hajj Season Who Sought Healthcare Due to Severe Respiratory Symptoms. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030315. [PMID: 33800223 PMCID: PMC8001913 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to define the spectrum of viral infections in pilgrims with acute respiratory tract illnesses presenting to healthcare facilities around the holy places in Makkah, Saudi Arabia during the 2019 Hajj pilgrimage. During the five days of Hajj, a total of 185 pilgrims were enrolled in the study. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs) of 126/185 patients (68.11%) tested positive for one or more respiratory viruses by PCR. Among the 126 pilgrims whose NPS were PCR positive: (a) there were 93/126 (74%) with a single virus infection, (b) 33/126 (26%) with coinfection with more than one virus (up to four viruses): of these, 25/33 cases had coinfection with two viruses; 6/33 were infected with three viruses, while the remaining 2/33 patients had infection with four viruses. Human rhinovirus (HRV) was the most common detected viruses with 53 cases (42.06%), followed by 27 (21.43%) cases of influenza A (H1N1), and 23 (18.25%) cases of influenza A other than H1N1. Twenty-five cases of CoV-229E (19.84%) were detected more than other coronavirus members (5 CoV-OC43 (3.97%), 4 CoV-HKU1 (3.17%), and 1 CoV-NL63 (0.79%)). PIV-3 was detected in 8 cases (6.35%). A single case (0.79%) of PIV-1 and PIV-4 were found. HMPV represented 5 (3.97%), RSV and influenza B 4 (3.17%) for each, and Parechovirus 1 (0.79%). Enterovirus, Bocavirus, and M. pneumoniae were not detected. Whether identification of viral nucleic acid represents nasopharyngeal carriage or specific causal etiology of RTI remains to be defined. Large controlled cohort studies (pre-Hajj, during Hajj, and post-Hajj) are required to define the carriage rates and the specific etiology and causal roles of specific individual viruses or combination of viruses in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections in pilgrims participating in the annual Hajj. Studies of the specific microbial etiology of respiratory track infections (RTIs) at mass gathering religious events remain a priority, especially in light of the novel SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Fteiha B, Rub TA, Schwartz E, Lachish T. Morbidity among Arab-Israeli and Palestinian Hajj Pilgrims: A Prospective Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1596-1601. [PMID: 33534767 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of Palestinian and Arab-Israeli pilgrims travel to Mecca each year to complete their pilgrimage. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have characterized the infectious and noninfectious morbidity among Arab-Israeli or Palestinian Hajj pilgrims. Thus, we designed and conducted an observational questionnaire-based study to prospectively investigate the occurrence of health problems among these Hajjis who traveled to complete their Pilgrimage during 2019 Hajj season. For the purpose of the study, questionnaires were distributed to Hajj pilgrims at three different time occasions-before travel, inquiring on demographics and medical comorbidities; and 1 and 4 weeks after returning recording any health problems encountered during or after travel. Initial recruitment included 111 Hajjis. The mean age of responders was 49.5 (±9.1) years, with an M:F ratio of 1.3:1. The mean travel duration was 18.7 (13-36) days. Altogether, 66.3% of the pilgrims reported at least one health problem during and after the trip, of which 38.6% sought medical attention. Five (4.8%) hajjis were hospitalized, including life-threatening conditions. Cough was the most common complaint (53.8%), and 11.5% also reported fever. Pretravel counseling was associated with reduced outpatient and emergency room visits. We therefore concluded that a high rate of morbidity was reported among this cohort of Hajj pilgrims with a morbidity spectrum similar to pilgrims from other countries. Pretravel consultation with the purpose of educating the pilgrims on the health risks of Hajj may help reduce the morbidity for future Hajj seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Fteiha
- 1Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tawfiq Abul Rub
- 2The Internal Medicine Ward, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- 3The Center for Travel and Tropical Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Lachish
- 4The Infectious Diseases Unit, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, and the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Noorimotlagh Z, Mirzaee SA, Jaafarzadeh N, Maleki M, Kalvandi G, Karami C. A systematic review of emerging human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak: focus on disinfection methods, environmental survival, and control and prevention strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1-15. [PMID: 33009614 PMCID: PMC7531810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an outbreak of a novel human coronavirus which is referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) was identified in Wuhan, China. To help combat the pandemic, a systematic review (SR) was performed to collect all available studies concerning inactivation methods, environmental survival, and control and prevention strategies. A comprehensive literature survey yielded 42 eligible studies which included in the SR. The results confirmed that the WHO recommended two alcohol-based hand rub formulations (ethanol 70-95% and 2-propanol 70-100%) had an efficient virucidal activity in less than 60 s by more and equal 4 log10 (≥ 99.99) approximately and could be used for disinfection in public health and health-care facilities. The findings indicated that SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 can survive under different environmental conditions between 4 and 72 h approximately. The results also demonstrate that temperature and relative humidity are important factors in the survival of SARS-CoV-2. The main strategies recommended by the WHO to avoid contracting SARS-CoV-2 are hand washing several times in the day and maintaining social distancing with others. It is important to note that the more studies require addressing, the more possible airborne transmission due to the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols for 3 h approximately. We hope that the results of the present SR can help researchers, health decision-makers, policy-makers, and people for understanding and taking the proper behavior to control and prevent further spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Noorimotlagh
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Seyyed Abbas Mirzaee
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Kalvandi
- Department of Pediatrics Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardebil, Iran
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23
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da Silva JG, Silva CS, Alexandre B, Morgado P. Health Literacy of the Inland Population in Mitigation Phase 3.2 of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020. [PMCID: PMC7801966 DOI: 10.1159/000511216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a respiratory disease transmitted through respiratory droplets and has a high transmission rate. There is still no effective and approved antiretroviral treatment or vaccine, so preventative measures remain the key to contain this pandemic. Portugal is now in phase 3.2 of the mitigation of COVID-19, with it being imperative to understand the health literacy of our country and prevent a lack of information through community empowerment. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study with a sample from a primary care facility was conducted. We collected demographic and epidemiological data and carried out a questionnaire by phone call. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were used to assess associations between the independent variables and the level of health literacy. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Our sample included 222 subjects (median age 62 years), mostly females (n = 131), undergraduates (n = 193), and with at least 1 risk factor for COVID-19 (n = 144). Overall, younger individuals, females, graduates and the nonrisk group appeared to have higher levels of health literacy, with some exceptions. Conclusions We observed a well-informed population. However, it being a pandemic situation, our intention was to identify and correct outliers/misconceptions. This work allowed a perspective of the current state/pattern of health literacy as well as its possible predictors. Furthermore, it raised awareness of the relevance of specific communication approaches. Further studies to understand the predictors of health literacy are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gomes da Silva
- Centro de Saúde Mirandela II, Unidade Local de Saúde do Nordeste, Mirandela, Portugal
- *Joana Gomes da Silva, Centro de Saúde Mirandela II, Unidade Local de Saúde do Nordeste, Rua Santa Catarina, PT–5370-359 Mirandela (Portugal),
| | - Carla Sofia Silva
- Alumni Department of Mathematics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Alexandre
- Centro de Saúde Mirandela II, Unidade Local de Saúde do Nordeste, Mirandela, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Potdar V, Choudhary ML, Bhardwaj S, Ghuge R, Sugunan AP, Gurav Y, Yadav PD, Shete A, Tomar S, Anukumar B, Kaushal H, Sapkal G, Basu A, Cherian S, Abraham P. Respiratory virus detection among the overseas returnees during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic in India. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:486-489. [PMID: 32474556 PMCID: PMC7530434 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_638_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Potdar
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manohar L Choudhary
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Bhardwaj
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rohan Ghuge
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Kerala Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Alappuzha 688 005, Kerala, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Tomar
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - B Anukumar
- Kerala Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Alappuzha 688 005, Kerala, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Atanu Basu
- Electron Microscopy & Histopathology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bio-informatics & Data Management Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
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Dhar R, Ghoshal AG, Guleria R, Sharma S, Kulkarni T, Swarnakar R, Samaria JK, Chaudhary S, Gaur SN, Christopher DJ, Singh V, Abraham G, Sarkar A, Mukhopadhyay A, Panda J, Swaminathan S, Nene A, Krishnan S, Shahi PK, Sarangdhar N, Mishra N, Chowdury SR, Halder I, Katiyar SK, Jain VK, Chawla R, Koul PA. Clinical practice guidelines 2019: Indian consensus-based recommendations on influenza vaccination in adults. Lung India 2020; 37:S4-S18. [PMID: 32830789 PMCID: PMC7703812 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_270_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza, a common cause of acute respiratory infections, is an important health problem worldwide, including in India. Influenza is associated with several complications; people with comorbidities and the elderly are at a higher risk for such complications. Moreover, the influenza virus constantly changes genetically, thereby worsening therapeutic outcomes. Vaccination is an effective measure for the prevention of influenza. Despite the availability of global guidelines on influenza vaccination in adults, country-specific guidelines based on regional variation in disease burden are required for better disease management in India. With this aim, the Indian Chest Society and National College of Chest Physicians of India jointly conducted an expert meeting in January 2019. The discussion was aimed at delineating evidence-based recommendations on adult influenza vaccination in India. The present article discusses expert recommendations on clinical practice guidelines to be followed in India for adult influenza vaccination, for better management of the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Dhar
- Department of Pulmonology, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Aloke Gopal Ghoshal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Allergy Asthma Bronchitis Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tarang Kulkarni
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajesh Swarnakar
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Getwell Hospital and Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - J K Samaria
- Department of TB and Chest Diseases, Centre for Research and Treatment of Allergy, Asthma and Bronchitis, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir Chaudhary
- Department of Pulmonology, Kulwanti Hospitals and Research Center, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S N Gaur
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - D J Christopher
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Shastri Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Georgi Abraham
- Department of Nephrology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anirban Sarkar
- Department of Pulmonology, Zenith Superspeciality Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ansuman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pulmonology, National Allergy Asthma Bronchitis Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayant Panda
- Department of Medicine, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Amita Nene
- Department of Chest Medicine, Bombay Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shyam Krishnan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Shahi
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nikhil Sarangdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Clinica, Andheri West Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Narayan Mishra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | | | - Indranil Halder
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, College Of Medicine & JNM Hospital, Kalyani, Nadia, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S K Katiyar
- Chest Care Center, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V K Jain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Chawla
- Dr Rakesh Chawla's Chest, Asthma Allergy and Sleep Clinic, Delhi, India
| | - Parvaiz A Koul
- Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Ullas P, Bhardwaj SD, Sahay RR, Chadha MS, Shete AM, Jadhav S, Gupta N, Gangakhedkar RR, Khasnobis P, Singh SK. Emerging/re-emerging viral diseases & new viruses on the Indian horizon. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:447-467. [PMID: 31411169 PMCID: PMC6676836 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1239_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain as the major causes of human and animal morbidity and mortality leading to significant healthcare expenditure in India. The country has experienced the outbreaks and epidemics of many infectious diseases. However, enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as malaria, plague, leprosy and cholera, in the past. The country's vast terrains of extreme geo-climatic differences and uneven population distribution present unique patterns of distribution of viral diseases. Dynamic interplays of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. In this article, the major emerging and re-emerging viral infections of public health importance have been reviewed that have already been included in the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P.T. Ullas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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