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Kar B, Kundu CN, Singh MK, Dehury B, Pati S, Bhattacharya D. Identification of potential inhibitor against CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-15 proteins: an in silico and in vitro study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:177-193. [PMID: 36995090 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2192811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae infection is a serious global threat. ESBLs target 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics, the most commonly prescribed medicine for gram-negative bacterial infections. As bacteria are prone to develop resistance against market-available ESBL inhibitors, finding a novel and effective inhibitor has become mandatory. Among ESBL, the worldwide reported two enzymes, CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-3, are selected for the present study. CTX-M-3 protein was modeled, and two thousand phyto-compounds were virtually screened against both proteins. After filtering through docking and pharmacokinetic properties, four phyto-compounds (catechin gallate, silibinin, luteolin, uvaol) were further selected for intermolecular contact analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD trajectory analysis results were compared, revealing that both catechin gallate and silibinin had a stabilizing effect against both proteins. Silibinin having the lowest docking score, also displayed the lowest MIC (128 µg/mL) against the bacterial strains. Silibinin was also reported to have synergistic activity with cefotaxime and proved to have bactericidal effect. Nitrocefin assay confirmed that silibinin could inhibit beta-lactamase enzyme only in living cells, unlike clavulanic acid. Thus the present study validated the CTX-M inhibitory activity of silibinin both in silico and in vitro and suggested its promotion for further studies as a potential lead. The present study adopted a protocol through the culmination of bioinformatics and microbiological analyses, which will help future researchers identify more potential leads and design new effective drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasa Kar
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahender Kumar Singh
- Data Science Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Yang TY, Hung WC, Tsai TH, Lu PL, Wang SF, Wang LC, Lin YT, Tseng SP. Potentials of organic tellurium-containing compound AS101 to overcome carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:1016-1025. [PMID: 37516546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The issue of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli was aggravated yearly. The previous studies reported the varied but critical epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant E. coli among which the carbapenemase-producing strains were regarded as one of the most notorious issues. AS101, an organic tellurium-containing compound undergoing clinical trials, was revealed with antibacterial activities. However, little is known about the antibacterial effect of AS101 against carbapenemase-producing E. coli (CPEC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AS101 against the 15 isolates was examined using a broth microdilution method. The scanning electron microscopy, pharmaceutical manipulations, reactive oxygen species level, and DNA fragmentation assay were carried out to investigate the antibacterial mechanism. The sepsis mouse model was employed to assess the in vivo treatment effect. RESULTS The blaNDM (33.3%) was revealed as the dominant carbapenemase gene among the 15 CPEC isolates, followed by the blaKPC gene (26.7%). The MICs of AS101 against the 15 isolates ranged from 0.5 to 32 μg/ml, and 99.9% of bacterial eradication was observed at 8 h, 4 h, and 2 h for 1×, 2×, and 4 × MIC, respectively. The mechanistic investigations suggest that AS101 would enter the bacterial cell, and induce ROS generation, leading to DNA fragmentation. The in vivo study exhibited that AS101 possessed a steady treatment effect in a sepsis mouse model, with an up to 83.3% of survival rate. CONCLUSION The in vitro activities, mechanisms, and in vivo study of AS101 against CPEC were unveiled. Our finding provided further evidence for the antibiotic development of AS101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ying Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Future Innovation Institute, Waseda University, Japan; Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan; School of Education, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Wei-Chun Hung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chun Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Taha R, Kader O, Shawky S, Rezk S. Ceftazidime-Avibactam plus aztreonam synergistic combination tested against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales characterized phenotypically and genotypically: a glimmer of hope. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:21. [PMID: 36945002 PMCID: PMC10029209 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) show rapid global dissemination and pose a significant therapeutic challenge. This study aimed to characterize carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli (E. coli) phenotypically and genotypically and evaluate the effect of ceftazidime/ avibactam plus aztreonam combination. METHODS A total of 219 Klebsiella species and 390 E. coli strains were isolated from clinical samples, in which 80 Klebsiella spp. and 20 E coli isolates were resistant to tested carbapenems (imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem) by disk diffusion/broth dilution method and Vitek-2 compact system. MASTDISCS Combi Carba plus discs and real time PCR were used to determine type of carbapenemase phenotypically and genotypically, respectively. Interestingly, the synergistic effect between ceftazidime-avibactam (E-test) and aztreonam (disc) was tested against the CPE isolates. RESULTS Out of the carbapenem-resistant isolates, 76.25% Klebsiella spp. isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) while 18.75% were pan drug-resistant (PDR), and 5% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Regarding E. coli, 5% were PDR, 20% were MDR and 75% were XDR. More than one carbapenemase gene was detected in 99% of the isolates. In comparison between MAST-Carba plus discs and PCR results, sensitivity and specificity were (85.42-97.92%) in Klebsiella spp., and (69.64-100%) in E. coli, respectively. Moreover, a strong association was detected between both test results among Klebsiella spp. (p < 0.001) and E. coli (p = 0.012) isolates. Finally, ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam combination showed a synergistic effect in 98.8% of Klebsiella spp. and 95% of E coli. All 16 PDR isolates showed synergy. CONCLUSION This synergistic effect spots the light on new therapeutics for XDR and PDR CPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Taha
- Lecturer of Molecular and Diagnostic Microbiology, Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
- Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ola Kader
- Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherine Shawky
- Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shahinda Rezk
- Lecturer of Molecular and Diagnostic Microbiology, Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Kundu J, Rathore S, Kanaujia R, Kansal S, Gupta A, Kaur R, Angrup A, Biswal M, Ray P. Comparative evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic methods for the rapid and cost-effective detection of carbapenemases in extensively drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 42:65-70. [PMID: 36229350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbapenemases are the enzymes that can hydrolyze carbapenems and other β-lactam antibiotics. These enzymes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics and act as a stumbling block in the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, rapid and specific detection of these enzymes is crucial for deciding the course of treatment and better clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted to compare various phenotypic and PCR based methods for the detection of carbapenemases in carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. One hundred clinical isolates of extensively resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were included in the study. Phenotypic detection for carbapenemases was performed by Rapidec® Carba NP (Biomerieux), modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), imipenem-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disk synergy (EDS), double disk synergy test using mercaptopropionic acid (DDST-MPA), and combined disk method (CD) and for colistin by microbroth dilution method. Genotypic detection for carbapenemases and colistin resistance was performed by targeted PCR. RESULTS The sensitivity of Carba NP test and mCIM were positive in 95% and 96% respectively and specificity was 100% for both methods. The sensitivity of EDS, DDST-MPA, and CD were 55.6%, 88.9% and 54.5% respectively. Among the carbapenem resistance genes, blaOXA-48 (82%) genes were the most prevalent. Among metallo-beta lactamases, blaVIM (56%) was most common followed by blaNDM (54%) and blaIMP (20%). The mcr-1 gene for colistin resistance was not detected in any isolate. CONCLUSION Among the five phenotypic assays analyzed, the mCIM is the most simple, inexpensive, accurate and reproducible method for carbapenemase detection in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The DDST-MPA test provides the best sensitivity for the detection of carbapenemases, although specificity is low. These tests, when applied in a clinical laboratory and assessed by the microbiologist, can help in guiding the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kundu
- Department of Medical Microbiology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivali Rathore
- Department of Medical Microbiology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Alka Gupta
- Department of Medical Microbiology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajdeep Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Archana Angrup
- Department of Medical Microbiology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Manisha Biswal
- Department of Medical Microbiology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Phenotypic and genotypic distribution of ESBL, AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in community acquired (CA-UTI) and hospital acquired urinary tract infections (HA-UTI) in Sri Lanka. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 30:115-122. [PMID: 35667644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although Sri Lanka belongs to a region with a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, data regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is limited. We studied the prevalence and diversity of β-lactamases produced by Enterobacteriaceae urinary pathogens from two hospitals in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. METHODS ESBL, AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenemase production was detected by phenotypic testing followed by genotyping. RESULTS The species responsible for urinary tract infections (UTI) were Escherichia coli (69%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%) and Enterobacter sp (6%). The prevalence of ESBL (50%), AmpC β-lactamase (19%) and carbapenemase (11%) phenotypes was high, and greater in hospital acquired (HA-UTI) (75%) than community acquired UTI (CA-UTI) (42%). Identification of CA-UTI caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (5%) is alarming. Only one ESBL gene, blaCTX- M-15, was detected. AmpC β-lactamase genes found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were blaCMY-2, blaCMY-42 and blaDHA-1while Enterobacter sp. carried blaACT-1. Carbapenemase genes were blaNDM-1, blaNDM-4, blaOXA-181 and blaOXA-232 while blaKPC, blaIMP and blaVIM were absent. Co-occurrence of multiple bla genes, with some isolates harbouring 6 different bla genes, was common. Carbapenem resistant isolates without carbapenemase genes displayed mutations in the outer membrane porin genes, ompF of E. coli and omp36 of K. pneumoniae. Factors associated with UTI with β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were age ≥50 years, previous hospitalization, presence of an indwelling urinary catheter, history of diabetes mellitus or other chronic illness and recurrent urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the currently scarce data on AMR in Sri Lanka.
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Paul D, Anto N, Bhardwaj M, Prendiville A, Elangovan R, Bachmann TT, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Antimicrobial resistance in patients with suspected urinary tract infections in primary care in Assam, India. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab164. [PMID: 34917941 PMCID: PMC8669238 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated the prevalence and diversity of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from urine samples of community-onset urinary tract infection (UTI) patients in southern Assam, India. Methods Freshly voided midstream urine samples were collected from patients attending primary healthcare centres, with the patients’ epidemiological data also recorded. Species identification was confirmed using a VITEK 2 compact automated system. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs was performed using the combined disc diffusion method (CLSI 2017) and carbapenemase production was phenotypically characterized using a modified Hodge test. Common ESBLs and carbapenem-resistance mechanisms were determined in Escherichia coli isolates using PCR assays. Incompatibility typing of the conjugable plasmids was determined by PCR-based replicon typing; the phylotypes and MLSTs were also analysed. Results A total of 301 (59.7%) samples showed significant bacteriuria along with symptoms of UTI and among them 103 isolates were identified as E. coli of multiple STs (ST3268, ST3430, ST4671 and others). Among them, 26.2% (27/103) were phenotypically ESBL producers whereas 12.6% (13/103) were carbapenemase producers. This study describes the occurrence of diverse ESBL genes—blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-148, blaPER-1 and blaTEM—and two E. coli isolates carrying the blaNDM-1 carbapenemase gene. ESBL genes were located within transconjugable plasmids of IncP and IncF type whereas blaNDM-1 was carried in an IncFrepB type plasmid. Conclusions This study illustrates the high rate of MDR in E. coli causing UTI in primary care in rural Assam. UTIs caused by ESBL- or MBL-producing bacteria are very difficult to treat and can often lead to treatment failure. Thus, future research should focus on rapid diagnostics to enable targeted treatment options and reduce the treatment failure likely to occur with commonly prescribed antibiotics, which will help to combat antimicrobial resistance and the burden of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Nimmy Anto
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DBEB), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DBEB), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DBEB), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Till T Bachmann
- Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Joji RM, Al-Mahameed AE, Jishi TA, Fatani DI, Saeed NK, Jaradat A, Ezzat H, Bindayna KM. Molecular detection of plasmid-derived AmpC β-lactamase among clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae in Bahrain. Ann Thorac Med 2021; 16:287-293. [PMID: 34484445 PMCID: PMC8388573 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_523_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterobacteriaceae with AmpC β-lactamase are multidrug-resistant organisms and represent a significant challenge to patient care. This study aims to determine the prevalence of plasmid-derived AmpC β-lactamase among extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains in Bahrain. METHODS It was a cross-sectional study. A total of 185 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from clinically significant specimens from January 2018 to December 2019. The samples underwent initial screen for cefoxitin resistance by disc diffusion test and subsequent phenotypic confirmation of AmpC production with phenyl boronic acid assays as well as genotypic analysis by multiplex polymerase chain reactions for AmpC subtypes. Drug-resistant features of these clinical isolates were also examined. RESULTS Twenty-nine ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were cefoxitin resistant. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses confirmed that 8 and 12 cefoxitin-resistant isolates are AmpC positive, respectively. These AmpC producers are multidrug resistant, and Escherichia coli is the dominant strain among them. CONCLUSIONS Plasmid-mediated spread of AmpC is present in clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae species in Bahrain. Rational antimicrobial therapy against these multidrug-resistant organisms and continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among the clinical isolates are recommended for optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Mol Joji
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ali Ebrahim Al-Mahameed
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Thamer Al Jishi
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Dania Ismail Fatani
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Nermin K Saeed
- Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ahmed Jaradat
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Hicham Ezzat
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Khalid Mubarak Bindayna
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Gupta V, Singh M, Datta P, Goel A, Singh S, Prasad K, Chander J. Detection of various beta-Lactamases in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp.: A study from Tertiary Care Centre of North India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:390-396. [PMID: 33154252 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species is a global threat. We aimed to compare two phenotypic methods and evaluate the genotypic method for the detection of beta-lactamases produced by E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Materials and Methods One hundred and twenty-six E. coli and Klebsiella isolates were examined for phenotypic production of beta-lactamases by using disc diffusion, combined disc test (CDT) and modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM). All strains were also studied for the presence of various genes by polymerase chain reaction. Results Out of 126 isolates, 96% of the isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers based on the presence of various ESBL genes. CDT method showed higher number of total (89%) carbapenemases in comparison to mCIM (81%). Among carbapenemases none of the isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producer by CDT, while 69% isolates were metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producers. Another method, mCIM/ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid mCIM showed 100% agreement for MBL detection. As regards, AmpC and class D carbapenemases; 0.04% and 16% positivity was detected, respectively, based on CDT method. Molecular analysis revealed 91% of the isolates harbouring carbapenemase genes. blaNDMwas the most common gene detected followed byblaOXA-48. Nine of the blaNDM-positive isolates also possessed blaOXA-48gene. Conclusion Our finding shows high percentages of ESBL and carbapenemases in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Among phenotypic methods, CDT seems to be a better choice as prevalence of carbapenemases shows lots of variation in our country. For Class B enzymes, both CDT and mCIM/eCIM can be used in the routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Priya Datta
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital; Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anku Goel
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kashinath Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdish Chander
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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