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Tamuli R, Nguyen T, Macdonald JR, Pierens GK, Fisher GM, Andrews KT, Adewoyin FB, Omisore NO, Odaibo AB, Feng Y. Isolation and In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker against Plasmodium Malaria Parasites. J Nat Prod 2023; 86:2661-2671. [PMID: 37972998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the antimalarial medicinal plant Clerodendrum polycephalum led to the isolation of five new diterpenoids, including ajugarins VII-X (1-4) and teuvincenone K (5), along with four known compounds, namely, 12,16-epoxy-6,11,14,17-tetrahydroxy-17(15 → 16)-abeo-5,8,11,13,15-abietapentaen-7-one (6), methyl pheophorbide A (7), loliolide (8), and acacetin (9). The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, as well as density functional theory calculations. All compounds were evaluated for in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 malaria parasites with methyl pheophorbide A (7) showing the strongest activity (IC50 4.49 μM). Subsequent in vivo testing in a Plasmodium berghei chemosuppression model showed that compound 7 significantly attenuated peripheral blood parasitemia, leading to 79% and 87% chemosuppression following oral doses at 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roktima Tamuli
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jacinta R Macdonald
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Gregory K Pierens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gillian M Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Francis B Adewoyin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State 220282, Nigeria
| | - Nusrat O Omisore
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State 220282, Nigeria
| | - Alexander B Odaibo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State 200005, Nigeria
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Korolchuk AM, Zolottsev VA, Misharin AY. Conjugates of Tetrapyrrolic Macrocycles as Potential Anticancer Target-Oriented Photosensitizers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:10. [PMID: 36826755 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment of tumors using photosensitizers, light, and reactive oxygen species, which can destroy cellular structures. With the development of photodynamic therapy, significant efforts have been made to create new efficient photosensitizers with improved delivery to cells, stability, and selectivity against cancer tissues. Naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, such as porphyrins and chlorins, are very attractive as photosensitizers, and their structural modification and conjugation with other biologically active molecules are promising approaches for creating new photosensitizers specifically targeting cancer cells. The present review aims to highlight recent developments in the design, preparation, and investigation of complex conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, which can potentially be used as sensitizers for target-oriented photodynamic therapy of cancer. In this review, we discuss the structure, photodynamic effect, and anticancer activity of the following conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles: (1) conjugates obtained by modifying peripheral substituents in porphyrins and chlorins; (2) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, and peptides; (3) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with anticancer drugs and some other biologically active molecules; (4) metal-containing conjugates. The question of how the conjugate structure affects its specificity, internalization, localization, and photoinduced toxicity within cancer cells is the focus of this review.
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Park S, Kim JY, Kwon HC, Jang DS, Song YJ. Antiviral Activities of Ethyl Pheophorbides a and b Isolated from Aster pseudoglehnii against Influenza Viruses. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010041. [PMID: 36615236 PMCID: PMC9822050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the antiviral and virucidal activities of ethanol extracts from plants endemic to the Republic of Korea revealed the inhibitory activity of a 70% ethanol extract of the whole plant of A. pseudoglehnii (APE) against influenza virus infection. Two chlorophyll derivatives, ethyl pheophorbides a and b, isolated as active components of APE, exerted virucidal effects with no evident cytotoxicity. These compounds were effective only under conditions of direct incubation with the virus, and exerted no effects on the influenza A virus (IAV) surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Interestingly, virucidal activities of ethyl pheophorbides a and b were observed against enveloped but not non-enveloped viruses, suggesting that these compounds act by affecting the integrity of the viral membrane and reducing infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (Y.-J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0719 (D.S.J.); +82-31-750-8731 (Y.-J.S.)
| | - Yoon-Jae Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (Y.-J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0719 (D.S.J.); +82-31-750-8731 (Y.-J.S.)
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Kubrak TP, Kołodziej P, Sawicki J, Mazur A, Koziorowska K, Aebisher D. Some Natural Photosensitizers and Their Medicinal Properties for Use in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:1192. [PMID: 35208984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in early diagnosis and treatment, cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapy for the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. This therapy uses a combination of a photosensitizer (PS), light irradiation of appropriate length and molecular oxygen. The photodynamic effect kills cancer cells through apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy of tumor cells. PDT is a promising approach for eliminating various cancers but is not yet as widely applied in therapy as conventional chemotherapy. Currently, natural compounds with photosensitizing properties are being discovered and identified. A reduced toxicity to healthy tissues and a lower incidence of side effects inspires scientists to seek natural PS for PDT. In this review, several groups of compounds with photoactive properties are presented. The use of natural products has been shown to be a fruitful approach in the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals. This review focused on the anticancer activity of furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, tolyporphins, curcumins, alkaloid and anthraquinones in relation to the light-absorbing properties. Attention will be paid to their phototoxic and anti-cancer effects on various types of cancer.
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Sobhani N, Samadani AA. Implications of photodynamic cancer therapy: an overview of PDT mechanisms basically and practically. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2021; 33:34. [PMID: 34778919 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-021-00093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor eradication is one of the most important challengeable categories in oncological studies. In this account, besides the molecular genetics methods including cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and general cancer therapy procedures like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, photodynamic adjuvant therapy is of great importance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a relatively noninvasive therapeutic method utilizes the irradiation of an appropriate wavelength which is absorbed by a photosensitizing agent in the presence of oxygen. In this procedure, a series of events lead to the direct death of malignant cells such as damage to the microvasculature and also the induction of a local inflammatory function. PDT has participated with other treatment modalities especially in the early stage of malignant tumors and has resulted in decreasing morbidity besides improving survival rate and quality of life. High spatial resolution of PDT has attracted considerable attention in the field of image-guided photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy of multidrug resistance cancers. Although PDT outcomes vary across the different tumor types, minimal natural tissue toxicity, minor systemic effects, significant reduction in long-term disease, lack of innate or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic effects, as well as limb function, make it a valuable treatment option for combination therapies. SHORT CONCLUSION In this review article, we tried to discuss the potential of PDT in the treatment of some dermatologic and solid tumors, particularly all its important mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Sobhani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. .,Clinical Research Development Unit of Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Nanashima A, Hiyoshi M, Imamura N, Yano K, Hamada T, Kai K. Recent Advances in Photodynamic Imaging and Therapy in Hepatobiliary Malignancies: Clinical and Experimental Aspects. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4067-79. [PMID: 34677263 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic and diagnostic modalities of light are well known, and derivative photodynamic reactions with photosensitizers (PSs), specific wavelengths of light exposure and the existence of tissue oxygen have been developed since the 20th century. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective local treatment for cancer-specific laser ablation in malignancies of some organs, including the bile duct. Although curability for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is expected with surgery alone, patients with unresectable or remnant biliary cancer need other effective palliative therapies, including PDT. The effectiveness of PDT for cholangiocarcinoma has been reported experimentally or clinically, but it is not the standard option now due to problems with accompanied photosensitivity, limited access routes of irradiation, tumor hypoxia, etc. Novel derivative treatments such as photoimmunotherapy have not been applied in the field hepatobiliary system. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) has been more widely applied in the clinical diagnoses of liver malignancies or liver vascularization. At present, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and indocyanine green (ICG) dyes are mainly used as PSs in PDD, and ICG has been applied for detecting liver malignancies or vascularization. However, no ideal tools for combining both PDD and PDT for solid tumors, including hepatobiliary malignancies, have been clinically developed. To proceed with experimental and clinical trials, it is necessary to clarify the effective photosensitive drugs that are feasible for photochemical diagnosis and local treatment.
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Szafraniec MJ, Fiedor L. One ring is not enough to rule them all. Albumin-dependent ABCG2-mediated transport of chlorophyll-derived photosensitizers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:106001. [PMID: 34517107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) is a member of the ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters. It is involved in the efflux of a broad range of xenobiotics of highly diverse structures. BCRP activity greatly influences drug distribution in vivo and is often associated with cancer multidrug resistance, which is observed in the case of both chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. The set of ABCG2 substrates includes porphyrins and chlorins such as heme, hemin, protoporphyrin IX, chlorin e6, pheophorbide a, and their derivatives. Here we provide an evidence that magnesium- and zinc-substituted derivatives of pheophorbide a, which are very promising photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy, are also recognized and transported by ABCG2. Interestingly, despite minor structural differences, they clearly differ in the transport rate, both between each other and compared to pheophorbide a. In addition, their transport rate, like those of other structurally similar compounds, is strictly dependent on the level of serum albumin in the extracellular environment. The results that we present here are crucial for the use of metal-substituted pheophorbides in clinical practice but also provide an important insight into the mechanism of porphyrin transport by ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena J Szafraniec
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Kim S, Lee EY, Hillman PF, Ko J, Yang I, Nam SJ. Chemical Structure and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Salicornia europaea L. Molecules 2021; 26:2252. [PMID: 33924656 PMCID: PMC8069253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicornia europaea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and muddy seashores, which is widely used both as traditional medicine and as an edible vegetable. This salt-tolerant plant is a source of diverse secondary metabolites with several therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the chemical structure and biological activities of secondary metabolites isolated from Salicornia europaea L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Kim
- Graduate School of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (E.-Y.L.); (P.F.H.)
| | - Prima F. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (E.-Y.L.); (P.F.H.)
| | - Jaeyoung Ko
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Yongin 17074, Korea;
| | - Inho Yang
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (E.-Y.L.); (P.F.H.)
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Yue GGL, Lau CBS, Leung PC. Medicinal Plants and Mushrooms with Immunomodulatory and Anticancer Properties-A Review on Hong Kong's Experience. Molecules 2021; 26:2173. [PMID: 33918834 PMCID: PMC8068888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune modulating effects of selected herbs deserve careful studies to gain evidence-based support for their further development. We have been working hard on many items of medicinal herbs to gain insight into their immunomodulatory effects relevant to cancer treatment in particular, while infection control is not excluded. Nine of them have been selected to give the results of our exploration on their biological, particularly immunomodulatory activities. Since Hong Kong people especially favor one medicinal mushroom, viz. Coriolus versicolor, a number of clinical trials using Coriolus for cancer-related studies are included in this review. While immune modulation platforms are being built for relevant studies, a brief account on the research targets and related procedures are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Gar-Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (G.G.-L.Y.); (C.B.-S.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (G.G.-L.Y.); (C.B.-S.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (G.G.-L.Y.); (C.B.-S.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Pavlíčková V, Jurášek M, Rimpelová S, Záruba K, Sedlák D, Šimková M, Kodr D, Staňková E, Fähnrich J, Rottnerová Z, Bartůněk P, Lapčík O, Drašar P, Ruml T. Oxime-based 19-nortestosterone-pheophorbide a conjugate: bimodal controlled release concept for PDT. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:5465-5477. [PMID: 31414695 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01301f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy has become a feasible direction for the treatment of both malignant and non-malignant diseases. It has been in the spotlight since FDA regulatory approval was granted to several photosensitizers worldwide. Nevertheless, there are still strong limitations in the targeting specificity that is vital to prevent systemic toxicity. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel bimodal oxime conjugate composed of a photosensitizing drug, red-emitting pheophorbide a, and nandrolone (NT), a steroid specifically binding the androgen receptor (AR) commonly overexpressed in various tumors. We characterized the physico-chemical properties of the NT-pheophorbide a conjugate (NT-Pba) and singlet oxygen generation. Because light-triggered therapies have the potential to provide important advances in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancer, the biological potential of this novel specifically-targeted photosensitizer was assessed in prostatic cancer cell lines in vitro using an AR-positive (LNCaP) and an AR-negative/positive cell line (PC-3). U-2 OS cells, both with and without stable AR expression, were used as a second cell line model. Interestingly, we found that the NT-Pba conjugate was not only photodynamically active and AR-specific, but also that its phototoxic effect was more pronounced compared to pristine pheophorbide a. We also examined the intracellular localization of NT-Pba. Live-cell fluorescence microscopy provided clear evidence that the NT-Pba conjugate localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Moreover, we performed a competitive localization study with the excess of nonfluorescent NT, which was able to displace fluorescent NT-Pba from the cell interior, thereby further confirming the binding specificity. The oxime ether bond degradation was assayed in living cells by both real-time microscopy and a steroid receptor reporter assay using AR U-2 OS cells. Thus, NT-Pba is a promising candidate for both the selective targeting and eradication of AR-positive malignant cells by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Pavlíčková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Clark NF, Taylor-Robinson AW. COVID-19 Therapy: Could a Chlorophyll Derivative Promote Cellular Accumulation of Zn 2+ Ions to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA Synthesis? Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1270. [PMID: 32922431 PMCID: PMC7457044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F. Clark
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Wang L, Chen W, Li M, Zhang F, Chen K, Chen W. A review of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control of Scutellaria barbata D. Don. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 254:112260. [PMID: 31577937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria barbata D. Don (S. barbata) is a well-known perennial herb that is used in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine. In China, it is known as Ban Zhi Lian, while in Korea, it is known as Banjiryun. In the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) system, S. barbata has heat-clearing and detoxifying properties (Qingre Jiedu in Chinese). AIM OF THE REVIEW To provide a systematic review on current multifaceted understanding of S. barbata, with particular emphasis on the correlation between its traditional applications and pharmacological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS All available S. barbata-related information from internet databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Internet, and Google Scholar (up to October 2018) were searched. Additional information was gathered from classical books on Chinese Herbals, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and so on. RESULTS In the TCM system, S. barbata is mainly prescribed for its heat-clearing and detoxifying effects. More than 203 compounds have been isolated and identified from this herb, with neo-clerodane diterpenoids and flavonoids as the main compounds. Most neo-clerodanes have been demonstrated to have cytotoxic effects against different cancer cell types in vitro. The S. barbata extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antitumor, and other pharmacological activities. To add, flavonoids, including wogonin, baicalein, apigenin, naringenin, and scutellarin, were identified as the key to quality control. CONCLUSIONS The heat-clearing effects of S. barbata could be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities, whereas its detoxifying effects might be due to the anti-microbial functions of neo-clerodane diterpenoids and flavones. S. barbata may display anti-tumor effects and through active ingredient analysis, neo-clerodane diterpenoids are suggested to be its representative compounds. Overall, many pre-clinical studies have been conducted but very little concrete evidences are available on its specific effects, which are of therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown products are usually studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The chlorophyll derivative Pheophorbide a (PPBa) is a photosensitizer that can induce significant anti-proliferative effects in several human cancer cell lines. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for about 9.6 million deaths, in 2018 alone. Hence, it is crucial to monitor emergent compounds that show significant anticancer activity and advance them into clinical trials. In this review, we analyze the anticancer activity of PPBa with or without photodynamic therapy and also conjugated with or without other chemotherapic drugs, highlighting the capacity of PPBa to overcome multidrug resistance. We also report other activities of PPBa and different pathways that it can activate, showing its possible applications for the treatment of human pathologies.
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Afagnigni AD, Nyegue MA, Djova SV, Etoa FX. LC-MS Analysis, 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibition, Cytotoxicity, and Genotoxicity of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana ( Melastomataceae) and Paullinia pinnata Linn ( Sapindaceae). J Trop Med 2020; 2020:5169847. [PMID: 32148525 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5169847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity activities of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana and Paullinia pinnata Linn used traditionally in Cameroon to treat infectious diseases. Phytochemical screening was carried out using the LC-MS procedure. The ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay was used to determine the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibitory activity of the plant samples. The tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay was performed using Vero cells. The Ames test was carried out using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains. LC-MS chromatogram of D. multiflora led to the identification of four known compounds, namely, 5-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-2H-tetrazol (2), 2,2'-{[2-(6-amino-9H-purine-9-yl)ethyl]imino}diethanol (14), 1,2,5-oxadiazolo [3,4-b]pyrazine, 5,6-di (3,5-dimethyl-1-piperidyl) (19), and nimbolinin D (20) while four compounds were also identified in P. pinnata known as 2-hydroxycarbamoyl-4-methyl-pentanoic acid (2), pheophorbide A (16), 1-[4-({2-[(1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)amino]-4-pyrimidinyl}oxy)-1-naphthyl]-3-[1-(4 methylphenyl)-3-(2-methyl-2-propanyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]urea (17), and nimbolinin D (18). D. multiflora and P. pinnata inhibited 15-LOX activity in concentration-dependent manner. The LC50 (concentration that kills 50% of cells) values of the extracts ranged from 0.13 ± 00 to 1 ± 00 mg/mL for P. pinnata and D. multiflora, respectively. P. pinnata was cytotoxic at concentrations tested while D. multiflora was not. The selectivity index (SI) values ranged from 0.16 to 10.30 on Vero cell lines. No genotoxic effect was observed against both strains tested. These extracts are sources of compounds which can be used to control infectious diseases and associated inflammation. However, caution should be taken while using P. pinnata for medicinal purposes.
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Pavlíčková V, Rimpelová S, Jurášek M, Záruba K, Fähnrich J, Křížová I, Bejček J, Rottnerová Z, Spiwok V, Drašar P, Ruml T. PEGylated Purpurin 18 with Improved Solubility: Potent Compounds for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:E4477. [PMID: 31817655 PMCID: PMC6943672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpurin 18 derivatives with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker were synthesized as novel photosensitizers (PSs) with the goal of using them in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. These compounds, derived from a second-generation PS, exhibit absorption at long wavelengths; considerable singlet oxygen generation and, in contrast to purpurin 18, have higher hydrophilicity due to decreased logP. Together, these properties make them potentially ideal PSs. To verify this, we screened the developed compounds for cell uptake, intracellular localization, antitumor activity and induced cell death type. All of the tested compounds were taken up into cancer cells of various origin and localized in organelles known to be important PDT targets, specifically, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. The incorporation of a zinc ion and PEGylation significantly enhanced the photosensitizing efficacy, decreasing IC50 (half maximal inhibitory compound concentration) in HeLa cells by up to 170 times compared with the parental purpurin 18. At effective PDT concentrations, the predominant type of induced cell death was apoptosis. Overall, our results show that the PEGylated derivatives presented have significant potential as novel PSs with substantially augmented phototoxicity for application in the PDT of cervical, prostate, pancreatic and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Pavlíčková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamil Záruba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Fähnrich
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Bejček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Zdeňka Rottnerová
- Central laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Pavel Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
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Wang YT, Yang CH, Huang TY, Tai MH, Sie RH, Shaw JF. Cytotoxic Effects of Chlorophyllides in Ethanol Crude Extracts from Plant Leaves. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019:9494328. [PMID: 31379971 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9494328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyllide (chlide) is a natural catabolic product of chlorophyll (Chl), produced through the activity of chlorophyllase (chlase). The growth inhibitory and antioxidant effects of chlide from different plant leaf extracts have not been reported. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that chlide in crude extracts from leaves has the potential to exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines. The potential inhibitory and antioxidant effects of chlide in crude extracts from 10 plant leaves on breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2), colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2), and glioblastoma cells (U-118 MG) were studied using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays. The results of the MTT assay showed that chlide in crude extracts from sweet potato were the most effective against all cancer cell lines tested. U-118 MG cells were the most sensitive, while Caco2 cells were the most resistant to the tested crude extracts. The cytotoxic effects of chlide and Chl in crude extracts from sweet potato and of commercial chlorophyllin (Cu-chlin), in descending order, were as follows: chlide > Chl > Cu-chlin. Notably, the IC50 of sweet potato in U-118 MG cells was 45.65 μg/mL while those of Chl and Cu-chlin exceeded 200 μg/mL. In the DPPH assay, low concentrations (100 μg/mL) of chlide and Cu-chlin from crude extracts of sweet potato presented very similar radical scavenging activity to vitamin B2. The concentration of chlide was negatively correlated with DPPH activity. The current study was the first to demonstrate that chlide in crude extracts from leaves have potential cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. Synergism between chlide and other compounds from leaf crude extracts may contribute to its cytotoxicity.
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Costa M, Rosa F, Ribeiro T, Hernandez-Bautista R, Bonaldo M, Gonçalves Silva N, Eiríksson F, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Ussar S, Urbatzka R. Identification of Cyanobacterial Strains with Potential for the Treatment of Obesity-Related Co-Morbidities by Bioactivity, Toxicity Evaluation and Metabolite Profiling. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E280. [PMID: 31083362 DOI: 10.3390/md17050280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease resulting in several metabolic co-morbidities and is increasing at epidemic rates. The marine environment is an interesting resource of novel compounds and in particular cyanobacteria are well known for their capacity to produce novel secondary metabolites. In this work, we explored the potential of cyanobacteria for the production of compounds with relevant activities towards metabolic diseases using a blend of target-based, phenotypic and zebrafish assays as whole small animal models. A total of 46 cyanobacterial strains were grown and biomass fractionated, yielding in total 263 fractions. Bioactivities related to metabolic function were tested in different in vitro and in vivo models. Studying adipogenic and thermogenic gene expression in brown adipocytes, lipid metabolism and glucose uptake in hepatocytes, as well as lipid metabolism in zebrafish larvae, we identified 66 (25%) active fractions. This together with metabolite profiling and the evaluation of toxicity allowed the identification of 18 (7%) fractions with promising bioactivity towards different aspects of metabolic disease. Among those, we identified several known compounds, such as eryloside T, leptosin F, pheophorbide A, phaeophytin A, chlorophyll A, present as minor peaks. Those compounds were previously not described to have bioactivities in metabolic regulation, and both known or unknown compounds could be responsible for such effects. In summary, we find that cyanobacteria hold a huge repertoire of molecules with specific bioactivities towards metabolic diseases, which needs to be explored in the future.
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Kobayashi T, Sugaya K, Onose JI, Abe N. Peppermint ( Mentha piperita L.) extract effectively inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) mRNA induction in rifampicin-treated HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1181-1192. [PMID: 31032736 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1608802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between foods and drugs is an important consideration in pharmaceutical therapy. Therefore, here, we examined the suppressive effects of the extracts from seven edible herbs on the induction of CYP3A4 gene expression in rifampicin-treated HepG2 cells. We evaluated the structure and suppressive activity of the most effective active compound isolated from dried peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). The structure of the compound was identified as that of pheophorbide a based on spectroscopic data. It suppressed the induction of CYP3A4 mRNA expression by rifampicin in a dose-dependent manner. Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography showed that 2 g of dry leaves 0.43 mg in one cup of peppermint tea. These findings demonstrate that pheophorbide a suppresses the induction of CYP3A4 mRNA expression in rifampicin-treated HepG2 cells. Pheophorbide is known to cause photosensitivity. However, the effective dose of pheophorbide a that had a suppressive effect was very low, indicating a high safety margin. Abbreviations: DAD: diode array detector; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PXR: pregnane X receptor; CAR: constitutive androstane receptor; AHR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; TLC: thin-layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kobayashi
- a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of pharmacology , St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Kouichi Sugaya
- a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Onose
- a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Tokyo , Japan
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Sang Eun H, Seong Min K, Ho Jeong L, Vetrivel P, Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Jeong Doo H, Eun Hee K, Sang Joon L, Gon Sup K. Scutellarein Induces Fas-Mediated Extrinsic Apoptosis and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in Hep3B Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020263. [PMID: 30682875 PMCID: PMC6412708 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellarein (SCU), a flavone found in the perennial herb Scutellaria baicalensis, is known for a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treatment with SCU flavonoids on inducing apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway in Hep3B cells. SCU treatment significantly inhibited Hep3B cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the expression level of the proteins Cdc25C, cdk1 and Cyclin B1. Allophycocyanin (APC)/Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double-staining showed upregulation of apoptotic cell death fraction. We further confirmed apoptosis by 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent staining and observed DNA fragmentation with agarose gel electrophoresis. Further, immunoblotting results showed that treatment with SCU showed no changes in Bax and Bcl-xL protein levels. In addition, SCU treatment did not affect the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in Hep3B cells. On the contrary, treatment with SCU increased the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), which activated cleaved caspase-8, caspase-3, and polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (PARP), whereas the expression level of death receptor 4 (DR4) decreased. We confirmed that the proteins expressed upon treatment with SCU were involved in the Fas-mediated pathway of apoptosis in Hep3B cells. Thus, our findings in the current study strongly imply that SCU can be a basic natural source for developing potent anti-cancer agents for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Sang Eun
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Kim Seong Min
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Lee Ho Jeong
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | | | - Heo Jeong Doo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Kim Eun Hee
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju 52833, Korea.
| | - Lee Sang Joon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Kim Gon Sup
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Loke C, Tan SA, Lim S, Law C, Yue C, Poh T, Saad W, Ismail S, Yusoff K. Antioxidative and Photocytotoxic Effects of Standardized Clinacanthus nutans and Strobilanthes crispus Extracts toward HepG2 Liver Cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_84_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in subcellular organelle-targeting theranostics is substantially increasing due to the significance of subcellular organelle-targeting drug delivery for maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing side effects, as well as the significance of theranostics for delivering therapeutics at the correct locations and doses for diseases throughout diagnosis. Among organelles, mitochondria have received substantial attention due to their significant controlling functions in cells. MAIN BODY With the necessity of subcellular organelle-targeting drug delivery and theranostics, examples of mitochondria-targeting moieties and types of mitochondria-targeting theranostics were introduced. In addition, the current studies of mitochondria-targeting theranostic chemicals, chemical conjugates, and nanosystems were summarized. CONCLUSION With the current issues of mitochondria-targeting theranostic chemicals, chemical conjugates, and nanosystems, their potentials and alternatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662 Republic of Korea
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22
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Moon S, Kim DK, Kim J. Apoptosis-related microRNA-145-5p enhances the effects of pheophorbide a-based photodynamic therapy in oral cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35184-35192. [PMID: 28456786 PMCID: PMC5471045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate key biological processes, and their aberrant expression has been related to cancer development. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as one of the most promising modalities for cancer treatment. However, the application of PDT has been limited to superficially localized human cancerous and precancerous lesions. To increase the usefulness of both PDT and miRNAs in cancer therapy, this study investigated whether apoptosis-related miRNA expression is influenced by PDT in oral cancer and whether miRNAs can enhance PDT efficacy. To achieve this goal, we performed a miRNA array-based comparison of apoptosis-related miRNA expression patterns following PDT using pheophorbide a (Pa) as a photosensitizer. After Pa-PDT, 13.1% of the miRNAs were down-regulated, and 16.7% of the miRNAs were up-regulated. Representative miRNAs were selected according to expression difference: miR-9-5p, miR-32-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-193a-5p, miR-204-5p, miR-212-3p, miR-338-3p, and miR-451a. Among them, only miR-145-5p showed the consistent reduction repeatedly in all cell lines after Pa-PDT. Further, the combined treatment of a miR-145-5p mimic and Pa-PDT increased phototoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptotic cell death, suggesting that miRNAs expression could be a useful marker for enhancing the therapeutic effect of Pa-PDT. This study will provide a promising strategy for introducing miRNA as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Moon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Nursing Healthcare, Sorabol College, Gyeongju 38063, Republic of Korea.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyeong Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Gheewala T, Skwor T, Munirathinam G. Photodynamic therapy using pheophorbide and 670 nm LEDs exhibits anti-cancer effects in-vitro in androgen dependent prostate cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:130-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Xu
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Pei Xie
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Liu
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ni Liang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Xing Song
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Shu Tang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
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Ruiz-González R, Milán P, Bresolí-Obach R, Stockert JC, Villanueva A, Cañete M, Nonell S. Photodynamic Synergistic Effect of Pheophorbide a and Doxorubicin in Combined Treatment against Tumoral Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020018. [PMID: 28218672 PMCID: PMC5332941 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of therapies to treat cancer malignancies is at the forefront of research with the aim to reduce drug doses (ultimately side effects) and diminish the possibility of resistance emergence given the multitarget strategy. With this goal in mind, in the present study, we report the combination between the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOXO) and the photosensitizing agent pheophorbide a (PhA) to inactivate HeLa cells. Photophysical studies revealed that DOXO can quench the excited states of PhA, detracting from its photosensitizing ability. DOXO can itself photosensitize the production of singlet oxygen; however, this is largely suppressed when bound to DNA. Photodynamic treatments of cells incubated with DOXO and PhA led to different outcomes depending on the concentrations and administration protocols, ranging from antagonistic to synergic for the same concentrations. Taken together, the results indicate that an appropriate combination of DOXO with PhA and red light may produce improved cytotoxicity with a smaller dose of the chemotherapeutic drug, as a result of the different subcellular localization, targets and mode of action of the two agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Ruiz-González
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paula Milán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Cantoblanco-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roger Bresolí-Obach
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Stockert
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Cantoblanco-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angeles Villanueva
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Cantoblanco-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Cañete
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Cantoblanco-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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Choi YS, Kwon K, Yoon K, Huh KM, Kang HC. Photosensitizer-mediated mitochondria-targeting nanosized drug carriers: Subcellular targeting, therapeutic, and imaging potentials. Int J Pharm 2017; 520:195-206. [PMID: 28179191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-targeting drug carriers have considerable potential because of the presence of many molecular drug targets in the mitochondria and their pivotal roles in cellular viability, metabolism, maintenance, and death. To compare the mitochondria-targeting abilities of triphenylphosphonium (TPP) and pheophorbide a (PhA) in nanoparticles (NPs), this study prepared mitochondria-targeting NPs using mixtures of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-(SS-PhA)2 [mPEG-(SS-PhA)2 or PPA] and TPP-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-TPP [TPP-b-PCL-b-TPP or TPCL], which were designated PPAn-TPCL4-n (0≤n≤4) NPs. With increasing TPCL content, the formed PPAn-TPCL4-n NPs decreased in size from 33nm to 18nm and increased in terms of positive zeta-potentials from -12mV to 33mV. Although the increased TPCL content caused some dark toxicity of the PPAn-TPCL4-n NPs due to the intrinsic positive character of TPCL, the NPs showed strong light-induced killing effects in tumor cells. In addition, the mitochondrial distribution of the PPAn-TPCL4-n NPs was analyzed and imaged by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively. Thus, the PhA-containing NPs specifically targeted the mitochondria, and light stimulation caused PhA-mediated therapeutic effects and imaging functions. Expanding the capabilities of these nanocarriers by incorporating other drugs should enable multiple potential applications (e.g., targeting, therapy, and imaging) for combination and synergistic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonhyeok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Singh DJ, Singh VK, Singh DK. Photomediated Larvicidal Activity of Pheophorbide a against Cercaria Larvae of Fasciola gigantica. Scientifica (Cairo) 2017; 2017:5219194. [PMID: 28127494 PMCID: PMC5239984 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5219194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by Fasciola gigantica. The freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata is the intermediate host of F. gigantica which cause endemic fasciolosis in the northern part of India. To investigate larvicidal activity of pure and laboratory extracted pheophorbide a (Pa) against cercaria larvae of F. gigantica, data were analyzed in different spectra of visible light, sunlight, and laboratory conditions. Photostimulation of chlorophyll derivative pheophorbide a (Pa) caused time and concentration dependent larvicidal activity against cercaria larvae of F. gigantica. Larvicidal activity of pure Pa under 650 nm and 400-650 nm (8 h LC50 0.006 mg/10 mL) was more pronounced than extracted Pa under same irradiations (650 nm LC50 0.12 mg/10 mL, 400-650 nm LC50 0.14 mg/10 mL). Lowest toxicity of pure (8 h LC50 0.14 mg/10 mL) and extracted Pa (8 h LC50 1.25 mg/10 mL) was noted under 400 nm. Pa was found to be toxic in laboratory conditions also. The results presented in this paper indicate that pheophorbide a possess potential larvicidal activity against Fasciola gigantica larvae in different wavelengths of visible light, sunlight, and laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jyoti Singh
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273 009, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Singh
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273 009, India
| | - D. K. Singh
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273 009, India
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Kim S, Lee MR, Yoon J, Ahn S. HOXC6 regulates the antitumor effects of pheophorbide a-based photodynamic therapy in multidrug-resistant oral cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2421-30. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li KT, Chen Q, Wang DW, Duan QQ, Tian S, He JW, Ou YS, Bai DQ. Mitochondrial pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress participate in the photosensitizing effectiveness of AE-PDT in MG63 cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3186-3193. [PMID: 27700017 PMCID: PMC5119974 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment in cancer therapy, with a photosensitizer activated by visible light. Aloe‐emodin (AE) is a promising photosensitive agent. In this study, the photosensitizing effects and possible mechanisms of AE‐PDT in MG63 cells were evaluated. The efficiency of AE‐PDT was analyzed by MTT assay. The mode of cell death was investigated by Hoechst 33,342 staining and flow cytometer. The intracellular distribution of AE was detected with confocal microscopy. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH‐DA. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by Rhodamine 123. The expression of proteins including cytochrome c, caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐12, CHOP and GRP78 was detected by western blot. Apoptosis is the primary mode of cell death in our study, which occurs in a manner of depending on AE concentration and irradiation dose. Confocal microscopy showed that AE was primarily localized on the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of MG63 cells. AE‐PDT resulted in rapid increases of intracellular ROS production, which reached a peak at 2 h, followed by declining of mitochondrial membrane potential, releasing of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and up‐regulation of caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐12, CHOP and GRP78. These results suggest that death of MG63 cells induced by AE‐PDT is triggered by ROS. Meanwhile, Mitochondria and ER serve as the subcellular targets, which are responsible for AE‐PDT‐induced death of MG63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Wu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin-Qin Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Longquan, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan-Wen He
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding-Qun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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You H, Yoon HE, Jeong PH, Ko H, Yoon JH, Kim YC. Pheophorbide-a conjugates with cancer-targeting moieties for targeted photodynamic cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1453-62. [PMID: 25753328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pheophorbide-a, a non-selective photosensitizer, was conjugated with cancer-targeting moieties, such as folic acid, the CRGDLASLC peptide, the cRGDfK peptide and leuprorelin, for the purpose of targeted photodynamic cancer therapy. The cellular uptake of pheophorbide-a conjugates in cancer cells overexpressing the corresponding receptors of the targeting moieties was largely enhanced compared with that in the receptor-negative cells. In the study of in vitro photodynamic activity and selectivity of pheophorbide-a conjugates in the receptor-positive and receptor-negative cells, a pheophorbide-a conjugate, (14) with an αvβ6 ligand (CRGDLASLC) exhibited the highest selectivity in the positive FaDu cells. Targeted PDT with 14 induced cell death through apoptosis and morphological apoptosis-like characteristics. These results suggest that pheophorbide-a conjugate 14 could be utilized in selective photodynamic therapy for oral cancers primarily expressing the αvβ6 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun You
- Department of Medical System Engineering (DMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Deajeon Dental Hospital, Wonkang University, 77, Dunsan-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeong-Hwa Jeong
- Department of Medical System Engineering (DMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Ko
- School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Deajeon Dental Hospital, Wonkang University, 77, Dunsan-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering (DMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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Jung KA, Choi BH, Kwak MK. The c-MET/PI3K signaling is associated with cancer resistance to doxorubicin and photodynamic therapy by elevating BCRP/ABCG2 expression. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:465-76. [PMID: 25534417 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of BCRP/ABCG2, a xenobiotic efflux transporter, is associated with anticancer drug resistance in tumors. Proto-oncogene c-MET induces cancer cell proliferation, motility, and survival, and its aberrant activation was found to be a prognostic factor in advanced ovarian cancers. In the present study, we investigated the potential crossresistance of doxorubicin-resistant ovarian cancer cells to the pheophorbide a (Pba)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT), and suggest c-MET and BCRP/ABCG2 overexpression as an underlying molecular mechanism. The doxorubicin-resistant A2780 cell line (A2780DR), which was established by incubating A2780 with stepwise increasing concentrations of doxorubicin, showed low levels of cellular Pba accumulation and reactive oxygen species generation, and was more resistant to PDT cytotoxicity than A2780. In a microarray analysis, BCRP/ABCG2 was found to be the only drug transporter whose expression was upregulated in A2780DR; this increase was confirmed by Western blot and immunocytochemical analyses. As functional evidence, the treatment with a BCRP/ABCG2-specific inhibitor reversed A2780DR resistance to both doxorubicin and PDT. We identified that c-MET increase is related to BCRP/ABCG2 activation. The c-MET downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling was activated in A2780DR and the inhibition of PI3K/AKT or c-MET repressed resistance to doxorubicin and PDT. Finally, we showed that the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of c-MET diminished levels of BCRP/ABCG2 in A2780DR. Moreover, c-MET inhibition could repress BCRP/ABCG2 expression in breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 and colon carcinoma HT29, resulting in sensitization to doxorubicin. Collectively, our results provide a novel link of c-MET overexpression to BCRP/ABCG2 activation, suggesting that this mechanism leads to crossresistance to both chemotherapy and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ah Jung
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-A.J., B.C., M.-K.K.)
| | - Bo-Hyun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-A.J., B.C., M.-K.K.)
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-A.J., B.C., M.-K.K.)
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Choi BH, Ryoo IG, Kang HC, Kwak MK. The sensitivity of cancer cells to pheophorbide a-based photodynamic therapy is enhanced by Nrf2 silencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107158. [PMID: 25226504 PMCID: PMC4165896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an effective treatment for various solid tumors. The transcription factor NRF2 is known to protect against oxidative and electrophilic stress; however, its constitutive activity in cancer confers resistance to anti-cancer drugs. In the present study, we investigated NRF2 signaling as a potential molecular determinant of pheophorbide a (Pba)-based PDT by using NRF2-knockdown breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells with stable NRF2 knockdown showed enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptotic/necrotic cell death following PDT along with increased levels of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS). A confocal microscopic visualization of fluorogenic Pba demonstrated that NRF2-knockdown cells accumulate more Pba than control cells. A subsequent analysis of the expression of membrane drug transporters showed that the basal expression of BCRP is NRF2-dependent. Among measured drug transporters, the basal expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2) was only diminished by NRF2-knockdown. Furthermore, after incubation with the BCRP specific inhibitor, differential cellular Pba accumulation and ROS in two cell lines were abolished. In addition, NRF2-knockdown cells express low level of peroxiredoxin 3 compared to the control, which implies that diminished mitochondrial ROS defense system can be contributing to PDT sensitization. The role of the NRF2-BCRP pathway in Pba-PDT response was further confirmed in colon carcinoma HT29 cells. Specifically, NRF2 knockdown resulted in enhanced cell death and increased singlet oxygen and ROS levels following PDT through the diminished expression of BCRP. Similarly, PDT-induced ROS generation was substantially increased by treatment with NRF2 shRNA in breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, colon carcinoma HCT116 cells, renal carcinoma A498 cells, and glioblastoma A172 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the manipulation of NRF2 can enhance Pba-PDT sensitivity in multiple cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-hyun Choi
- College of pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In-geun Ryoo
- College of pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- College of pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Nagai Y, Aizawa S, Iriuchishima T, Goto B, Nagaoka M, Tokuhashi Y, Saito A. Phototoxic effect of na-pheophorbide a toward osteosarcoma cells in vitro using a laser diode. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:481-9. [PMID: 25105597 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Na-pheophorbide A in anticancer treatment, using osteosarcoma cells in vitro. BACKGROUND DATA It has been reported that PDT with chlorophyll derivatives inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells. However, there have been no reports that have evaluated the effectiveness of PDT in suppressing osteosarcoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Uptake of Na-pheophorbide A into Hu09 cells (osteosarcoma cells) was assayed using fluorescence microscopy following incubation of the cells with 28 μmol/L of Na-pheophorbide A. The viability of Hu09 cells after PDT treatment was assessed using trypan blue dye staining and MTS assays. PDT-induced apoptosis was determined by evaluation of the activity of selected members of the caspase family and by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of cells. RESULTS Na-pheophorbide A uptake by cells was rapid, being observed after 60 min of treatment, and Na-pheophorbide A persisted in cells for >24 h. PDT treatment decreased cell viability compared with the control group, indicating high cytocidal activity of PDT. This cytocidal effect was dependent upon drug concentration, light dose, and the number of irradiation times. An increase in the number of cells positive for TUNEL staining and increases in the activity of caspases-3, -8 and -9 were observed in the first 2 h after PDT treatment. CONCLUSIONS A cytotoxic effect of PDT with Na-pheophorbide A on an osteosarcoma cell line in vitro was shown. Caspase activity assays suggested that PDT with Na-pheophorbide A induced an apoptotic change in HuO9 cells, mainly via activation of mitochondrial caspase -9 and -3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nagai
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital , Tokyo, Japan
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Zheng Z, Zhu L, Zhang X, Li L, Moon S, Roh MR, Jin Z. RUNX3 expression is associated with sensitivity to pheophorbide a-based photodynamic therapy in keloids. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:67-75. [PMID: 24957188 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) has recently been reported to be a possible predictor of sensitivity of cancer cells for photodynamic therapy (PDT), a promising therapeutic modality for keloids. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the implications of RUNX3 for keloid pathogenesis and sensitivity to pheophorbide a-based PDT (Pa-PDT). RUNX3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression were examined in 6 normal skin samples and 32 keloid tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. We found that RUNX3 expression was detected more often in keloid tissues than in dermis of normal skin. In keloid tissues, RUNX3 expression was significantly increased in patients presenting with symptoms of pain or pruritus, and was also significantly related to PCNA expression. The therapeutic effect of Pa-PDT was comparatively investigated in keloid fibroblasts (KFs) with and without RUNX3 expression. Significant differences were found after Pa-PDT between KFs with and without RUNX3 expression in cell viability, proliferative ability, type I collagen expression, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptotic cell death. In addition, RUNX3 expression was significantly decreased after Pa-PDT in KFs, and KFs with downregulation of RUNX3 showed significantly increased cell viability after Pa-PDT. Pa-PDT may be a potential therapeutic modality for keloids, and RUNX3, as a possible contributor to keloid pathogenesis, may improve sensitivity to Pa-PDT in KFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
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Zhang X, Choi EJ, Zheng Z, Zhu L, Cho SB, Kim K, Kim J, Cha I. Apoptotic effect of pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy on DMBA/TPA-induced mouse papillomas. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:51-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Qi H, Wu Q, Abe N, Saiki S, Zhu B, Murata Y, Nakamura Y. Ascorbic Acid Synergistically Potentiates Phloxine B-induced Photocytotoxicity in Human Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:167-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qi
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic University; Dalian 116034 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Naomi Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Shunya Saiki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology; Dalian Polytechnic University; Dalian 116034 People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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Yoon HE, Oh SH, Kim SA, Yoon JH, Ahn SG. Pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy induces autophagy and apoptosis via the activation of MAPKs in human skin cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:137-44. [PMID: 24253565 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheophorbide a (Pa), a chlorophyll derivative, is a photosensitizer that can induce significant antitumor effects in several types of tumor cells. The present study investigated the mechanism of Pa-mediated photodynamic therapy (Pa-PDT) in the human skin cancer cell lines A431 and G361. PDT significantly inhibited the cell growth in a Pa-concentration-dependent manner. We observed increased expression of Beclin-1, LC3B and ATG5, which are markers of autophagy, after PDT treatment in A431 cells but not in G361 cells. In G361 cells, Pa-PDT strongly induced PARP cleavage and subsequent apoptosis, which was confirmed using Annexin V/Propidium iodide double staining. Pa-PDT predominantly exhibited its antitumor effects via activation of ERK1/2 and p38 in A431 and G361 cells, respectively. An in vivo study using the CAM xenograft model demonstrated that Pa-PDT strongly induced autophagy and apoptosis in A431-transplanted tumors and/or apoptosis in G361-transplanted tumors. These results may provide a basis for understanding the underlying mechanisms of Pa-PDT and for developing Pa-PDT as a therapy for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Xu C, Zhang J, Mihai DM, Washington I. Light-harvesting chlorophyll pigments enable mammalian mitochondria to capture photonic energy and produce ATP. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:388-99. [PMID: 24198392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.134262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunlight is the most abundant energy source on this planet. However, the ability to convert sunlight into biological energy in the form of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is thought to be limited to chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. Here we show that mammalian mitochondria can also capture light and synthesize ATP when mixed with a light-capturing metabolite of chlorophyll. The same metabolite fed to the worm Caenorhabditis elegans leads to increase in ATP synthesis upon light exposure, along with an increase in life span. We further demonstrate the same potential to convert light into energy exists in mammals, as chlorophyll metabolites accumulate in mice, rats and swine when fed a chlorophyll-rich diet. Results suggest chlorophyll type molecules modulate mitochondrial ATP by catalyzing the reduction of coenzyme Q, a slow step in mitochondrial ATP synthesis. We propose that through consumption of plant chlorophyll pigments, animals, too, are able to derive energy directly from sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Columbia University Medical Center, Ophthalmology, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Lin KH, Hsu CY, Huang YP, Lai JY, Hsieh WB, Huang MY, Yang CM, Chao PY. Chlorophyll-related compounds inhibit cell adhesion and inflammation in human aortic cells. J Med Food 2013; 16:886-98. [PMID: 24066944 PMCID: PMC3806384 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of chlorophyll-related compounds (CRCs) and chlorophyll (Chl) a+b on inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells. Adhesion molecule expression and interleukin (IL)-8, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 protein, and NF-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 DNA binding were assessed. The effects of CRCs on inflammatory signaling pathways of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, respectively induced by IL-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, in human aortic smooth muscle cells cultured in vitro were also investigated. HAECs were pretreated with 10 μM of CRCs, Chl a+b, and aspirin (Asp) for 18 h followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (2 ng/mL) for 6 h, and U937 cell adhesion was determined. TNF-α-induced monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion was significantly inhibited by CRCs. Moreover, CRCs and Chl a+b significantly attenuated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and IL-8 expressions. Treatments also significantly decreased in NF-κB expression, DNA binding, and AP-1 DNA binding by CRCs and Asp. Thus, CRCs exert anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling. Ten micromoles of CRCs and Asp upregulated the expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Drosophila) (SMAD4) in the TGF-β receptor signaling pathway, and SMAD3/4 transcription activity was also increased. Ten micromoles of CRCs were able to potently inhibit STAT3-binding activity by repressing IL-6-induced STAT3 expression. Our results provide a potential mechanism that explains the anti-inflammatory activities of these CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science of Living, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-You Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yuan Huang
- Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Yang
- Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yu Chao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kwon JG, Song IS, Kim MS, Lee BH, Kim JH, Yoon I, Shim YK, Kim N, Han J, Youm JB. Pu-18- N-butylimide-NMGA-GNP conjugate is effective against hepatocellular carcinoma. Integr Med Res 2013; 2:106-111. [PMID: 28664061 PMCID: PMC5481715 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new modality in the treatment of cancer. This study thus aims to examine whether the PDT is effective against in vivo hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS In vivo efficacy of PDT on hepatocellular carcinoma was tested in xenografted mice with human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (Huh7) by utilizing a gold nanoparticles (GNPs) conjugate of new photosensitizer (PS), purpurin-18-N-butylimide-N-methyl-D-glucamine (Pu-18-N-butylimide-NMGA). The conjugate (PS-GNPs) was synthesized from the reaction between Pu-18-N-butylimide-NMGA and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4). Mice were arbitrarily assigned into one of three groups. First group received saline alone, second group received PS-GNPs alone, and the last group received both PS-GNPs and irradiation. PS-GNPs was injected directly into the tumor mass and irradiations were performed 24 hours after injection of PS-GNPs. RESULTS Tumor volume was significantly smaller in the group which received both PS-GNPs and irradiation compared with other two groups. Western blot and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay revealed that the group which received both PS-GNPs and irradiation showed larger amount of apoptotic protein and DNA fragmentation compared with other two groups. CONCLUSION This study suggests that Pu-18-N-butylimide-NMGA-GNP conjugate is an effective agent for PDT in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Geun Kwon
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - In-Sung Song
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano System Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kim
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano System Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Il Yoon
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano System Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Young Key Shim
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano System Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Boum Youm
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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Moon S, Bae JY, Son H, Lee DY, Park G, You H, Ko H, Kim Y, Kim J. RUNX3 confers sensitivity to pheophorbide a-photodynamic therapy in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:499-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cheung KKY, Chan JYW, Fung KP. Antiproliferative effect of pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy and its synergistic effect with doxorubicin on multiple drug-resistant uterine sarcoma cell MES-SA/Dx5. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 36:474-83. [PMID: 23560455 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.776584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged cancer chemotherapy is associated with the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), which is a major cause of treatment failure. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied as anticancer therapy and a means of circumventing MDR. The antiproliferative effect of pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy (Pa-PDT) has been demonstrated in several human cancer cell lines, including the uterine sarcoma cell line, MES-SA. This study set out to evaluate, first, the therapeutic potential of Pa-PDT on MES-SA/Dx5 uterine sarcoma cells and, subsequently, the effectiveness of combination therapy using Pa-PDT with doxorubicin (Dox). Our results showed that Pa-PDT was able to circumvent MDR in the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing human uterine sarcoma cell line, MES-SA/Dx5. Intracellular accumulation of Pa and Pa-PDT-induced cell death was not abrogated by MDR phenotype, when compared to the parental cell line, MES-SA. Combined therapy using Pa-PDT and Dox, a common chemotherapeutic drug, was found to be synergistic in the cell line, MES-SA/Dx5. Both activity and expression of MDR1 and P-gp were reduced by Pa-PDT treatment and such reductions were attenuated by α-tocopherol, the scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that the effect of Pa-PDT was mediated by the generation of intracellular ROS. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated the therapeutic potential of Pa-PDT alone or in combination with Dox in combating multidrug-resistant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ka-Yan Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Rapozzi V, Della Pietra E, Zorzet S, Zacchigna M, Bonavida B, Xodo LE. Nitric oxide-mediated activity in anti-cancer photodynamic therapy. Nitric Oxide 2013; 30:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality whose efficacy depends on several factors including type of photosensitizer, light fluence and cellular response. Cell recurrence is one of the problems still unsolved in PDT. In this work we found that in B78-H1 murine amelanotic melanoma cells there is a correlation between cell recurrence and the NF-κB/Snail/RKIP loop. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proliferation and migration of surviving cells were analyzed by MTT and wound-scratch assays. The levels of ROS/NO in B78-H1 melanoma cells treated with pheophorbide a (Pba) and light (Pba/PDT) were measured by FACS, while expression of NF-κB, Snail and RKIP were determined by Western blots. The mechanism of cell death was investigated by caspase and microscopy assays. RESULTS Our data show that after a low-dose Pba/PDT treatment, B78-H1 cells are able to recover. This correlates with a low level of NO production, which blocks apoptosis via NF-κB pathway. Western blot analyses showed that a low-dose Pba/PDT increases the expression of NF-κB and anti-apoptotic Snail, but reduces the expression of pro-apoptotic RKIP. The role played by NF-κB in the modulation of Snail and RKIP was investigated using DHMEQ: a NF-κB inhibitor which behaves as NO donor. DHMEQ caused a decrease of Snail and an increase of RKIP expression. When B78-H1 cells were treated with a low dose Pba/PDT and DHMEQ, the NO level strongly increased, with the result that Snail was down-regulated and RKIP was upregulated, as observed with a high-dose Pba/PDT. CONCLUSION One major problem in PDT is the cellular rescue occurring in tissue regions receiving a low-dose PDT. To minimize this problem and sensitize cancer cells to PDT we propose a combined treatment in which the photosensitizer is delivered with a donor of NO acting on the NF-κB/Snail/RKIP loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rapozzi
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, School of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy.
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Sherifa G, Saad Zaghloul MA, Elsayed OF, Rueck A, Steiner R, Abdelaziz AI, Abdel-Kader MH. Functional characterization of Fospeg, and its impact on cell cycle upon PDT of Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cell model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 10:87-94. [PMID: 23465377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several treatment options are available for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), their application is mostly restricted to early diagnosed cases or includes liver transplantation, which is rarely available due to donor scarcity. The attractiveness of PDT as a cancer treatment does not only come from its minimal invasiveness, but also from the high selectivity due to tumor localization that can be applied. Precise focusing of light on tumor lesions will result in tumor-specific PDT activation. Novel photosensitizers can be applied in such low concentrations that cells not subjected to irradiation remain healthy. The lethal effect and mechanism of death induction of the photosensitizer Fospeg has never been studied on hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of the present study is to functionally analyze the impact of PDT on Huh-7 HCC cell line, as well as to analyze its impact on cell cycle protein expression. METHODS Cellular viability, and proliferation assays were conducted via MTT and BrdU assay, respectively. Transfected cell models of Huh7 with different constructs harboring cell cycle genes and downstream reporter luciferase gene were generated. RESULTS Our results show a statistically significant decrease in both viability and proliferation of Huh-7 cells following PDT, while maintaining Fospeg and laser concentrations far below toxic levels. Proliferative cell cycle genes show a tendency of inhibition, while p53 levels show a significant increase following PDT. CONCLUSION Fospeg-mediated PDT is a promising strategy for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and needs to be further explored in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sherifa
- Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Song MK, Roufogalis BD, Huang TH. Reversal of the Caspase-Dependent Apoptotic Cytotoxicity Pathway by Taurine from Lycium barbarum (Goji Berry) in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Potential Benefit in Diabetic Retinopathy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012:323784. [PMID: 22567031 DOI: 10.1155/2012/323784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a preventable microvascular diabetic complication and a leading cause of vision loss. Retinal pigment epithelial cell apoptosis is an early event in diabetic retinopathy. Taurine is reportedly beneficial for diabetic retinopathy and is abundant in the fruit of Lycium barbarum (LB). We have investigated the effect of pure taurine and an extract of LB rich in taurine on a model of diabetic retinopathy, the retinal ARPE-19 cell line exposed to high glucose. We demonstrate for the first time that LB extract and the active ligand, taurine, dose dependently enhance cell viability following high glucose treatment in the ARPE-19 retinal epithelial cell line. This cytoprotective effect was associated with the attenuation of high glucose-induced apoptosis, which was shown by characteristic morphological staining and the dose-dependent decrease in the number of apoptotic cells, determined by flow cytometry. Moreover, we have shown that LB extract and taurine dose dependently downregulate caspase-3 protein expression and the enzymatic activity of caspase-3.
We conclude that taurine, a major component of LB, and the LB extract, have a cytoprotective effect against glucose exposure in a human retinal epithelial cell line and may provide useful approaches to delaying diabetic retinopathy progression.
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Hoi SWH, Wong HM, Chan JYW, Yue GGL, Tse GMK, Law BKB, Fong WP, Fung KP. Photodynamic therapy of Pheophorbide a inhibits the proliferation of human breast tumour via both caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways in in vitro and in vivo models. Phytother Res 2011; 26:734-42. [PMID: 22072524 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is conventionally treated by surgery and radiotherapy, with adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonotherapy as supplementary treatments. However, such treatments are associated with adverse side effects and drug resistance. In this study, Pheophorbide a (Pa), a photosensitizer isolated from Scutelleria barbata, was analysed for its antiproliferative effect on human breast tumour cells. The IC (inhibitory concentration)(50) of the combined treatment of Pa and photodynamic therapy (Pa-PDT) on human breast tumour MCF-7 cells was 0.5 µm. Mechanistic studies in MCF-7 cells demonstrated that Pa was localized in the mitochondria, and reactive oxygen species were found to be released after Pa-PDT. Apoptosis was the major mechanism responsible for the tumour cell death, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release highlighted the role of mitochondria in the apoptotic mechanism. Up-regulation of tumour suppressor protein p53, cleavage of caspase-9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase suggested that the caspase-dependent pathway was induced, while the release of apoptosis-inducing factors demonstrated that the apoptosis was also mediated by the caspase-independent mechanism. In vivo study using the mouse xenograft model showed a significant inhibition of MCF-7 tumour growth by Pa-PDT. Together, the results of this study provide a basis for understanding and developing Pa-PDT as a cure for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Wan-Heng Hoi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Kao TH, Chen CJ, Chen BH. An improved high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry method for determination of chlorophylls and their derivatives in freeze-dried and hot-air-dried Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz. Talanta 2011; 86:349-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Li L, Bae B, Tran TH, Yoon KH, Na K, Huh KM. Self-quenchable biofunctional nanoparticles of heparin–folate-photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2011; 86:708-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tang PM, Bui-Xuan NH, Wong CK, Fong WP, Fung KP. Pheophorbide a-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Triggers HLA Class I-Restricted Antigen Presentation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Transl Oncol. 2010;3:114-122. [PMID: 20360936 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been reported in several photosensitizers. Pheophorbide a (Pa), a chlorophyll derivative, shows antitumor effects on a number of human cancers in a PDT approach (Pa-PDT); however, the potential effect of Pa-PDT on the anticancer immunity has never been studied. In the present work, the underlying action mechanism of Pa-PDT was systemically investigated with a human hepatoma cell line HepG2. We found that Pa-PDT significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration/endoplasmic reticulum of 0.35 microM at 24 hours by the induction of apoptosis, as shown by externalization of phosphatidylserine, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and activation of the caspases cascade in the treated cells. Interestingly, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, a 57-kDa disulfide-isomerase-like ER resident protein (ERp57) that belongs to the HLA class I-restricted antigen-processing machinery was found to be mediated during the Pa-PDT treatment. This activation of antigen presentation was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. Furthermore, a cross-presentation of antigen with HLA class I proteins and 70-kDa heat shock protein was found in Pa-PDT-treated cells, as shown by the confocal microscopic observation and immunoprecipitation assay. Nevertheless, the immunogenicity of HepG2 cells was increased by Pa-PDT treatment that triggered phagocytic capture by human macrophages. Our findings provide the first evidence that Pa-PDT can trigger both apoptosis and cancer immunity in the tumor host.
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