1
|
Héja L, Simon Á, Kardos J. Simulation of gap junction formation reveals critical role of Cys disulfide redox state in connexin hemichannel docking. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:185. [PMID: 38500186 PMCID: PMC10949817 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Héja
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Simon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zefferino R, Conese M. A Vaccine against Cancer: Can There Be a Possible Strategy to Face the Challenge? Possible Targets and Paradoxical Effects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1701. [PMID: 38006033 PMCID: PMC10674257 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Is it possible to have an available vaccine that eradicates cancer? Starting from this question, this article tries to verify the state of the art, proposing a different approach to the issue. The variety of cancers and different and often unknown causes of cancer impede, except in some cited cases, the creation of a classical vaccine directed at the causative agent. The efforts of the scientific community are oriented toward stimulating the immune systems of patients, thereby preventing immune evasion, and heightening chemotherapeutic agents effects against cancer. However, the results are not decisive, because without any warning signs, metastasis often occurs. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on a vaccine that must be administered to a patient in order to prevent metastasis; metastasis is an event that leads to death, and thus, preventing it could transform cancer into a chronic disease. We underline the fact that the field has not been studied in depth, and that the complexity of metastatic processes should not be underestimated. Then, with the aim of identifying the target of a cancer vaccine, we draw attention to the presence of the paradoxical actions of different mechanisms, pathways, molecules, and immune and non-immune cells characteristic of the tumor microenvironment at the primary site and pre-metastatic niche in order to exclude possible vaccine candidates that have opposite effects/behaviors; after a meticulous evaluation, we propose possible targets to develop a metastasis-targeting vaccine. We conclude that a change in the current concept of a cancer vaccine is needed, and the efforts of the scientific community should be redirected toward a metastasis-targeting vaccine, with the increasing hope of eradicating cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Zefferino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El-Sayed AFM, Khaled AA, Hamdan AM, Makled SO, Hafez EE, Saleh AA. The role of antifreeze genes in the tolerance of cold stress in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:476. [PMID: 37612592 PMCID: PMC10464439 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tilapia is one of the most essential farmed fishes in the world. It is a tropical and subtropical freshwater fish well adapted to warm water but sensitive to cold weather. Extreme cold weather could cause severe stress and mass mortalities in tilapia. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of cold stress on the up-regulation of antifreeze protein (AFP) genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two treatment groups of fish were investigated (5 replicates of 15 fish for each group in fibreglass tanks/70 L each): 1) a control group; the fish were acclimated to lab conditions for two weeks and the water temperature was maintained at 25 °C during the whole experimental period with feeding on a commercial diet (30% crude protein). 2) Cold stress group; the same conditions as the control group except for the temperature. Initially, the temperature was decreased by one degree every 12 h. The fish started showing death symptoms when the water temperature reached 6-8 °C. In this stage the tissue (muscle) samples were taken from both groups. The immune response of fish exposed to cold stress was detected and characterized using Differential Display-PCR (DD-PCR). RESULTS The results indicated that nine different up-regulation genes were detected in the cold-stressed fish compared to the control group. These genes are Integrin-alpha-2 (ITGA-2), Gap junction gamma-1 protein-like (GJC1), WD repeat-containing protein 59 isoform X2 (WDRP59), NUAK family SNF1-like kinase, G-protein coupled receptor-176 (GPR-176), Actin cytoskeleton-regulatory complex protein pan1-like (PAN-1), Whirlin protein (WHRN), Suppressor of tumorigenicity 7 protein isoform X2 (ST7P) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1-like isoform X2 (ABCA1). The antifreeze gene type-II amplification using a specific PCR product of 600 bp, followed by cloning and sequencing analysis revealed that the identified gene is antifreeze type-II, with similarity ranging from 70 to 95%. The in-vitro transcribed gene induced an antifreeze protein with a molecular size of 22 kDa. The antifreeze gene, ITGA-2 and the WD repeat protein belong to the lectin family (sugar-protein). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, under cold stress, Nile tilapia express many defence genes, an antifreeze gene consisting of one open reading frame of approximately 0.6 kbp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa A Khaled
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria City, 21531, Egypt
| | - Amira M Hamdan
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria City, Egypt
| | - Sara O Makled
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria City, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Saleh
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria City, 11865, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kutova OM, Pospelov AD, Balalaeva IV. The Multifaceted Role of Connexins in Tumor Microenvironment Initiation and Maintenance. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36829482 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Today's research on the processes of carcinogenesis and the vital activity of tumor tissues implies more attention be paid to constituents of the tumor microenvironment and their interactions. These interactions between cells in the tumor microenvironment can be mediated via different types of protein junctions. Connexins are one of the major contributors to intercellular communication. They form the gap junctions responsible for the transfer of ions, metabolites, peptides, miRNA, etc., between neighboring tumor cells as well as between tumor and stromal cells. Connexin hemichannels mediate purinergic signaling and bidirectional molecular transport with the extracellular environment. Additionally, connexins have been reported to localize in tumor-derived exosomes and facilitate the release of their cargo. A large body of evidence implies that the role of connexins in cancer is multifaceted. The pro- or anti-tumorigenic properties of connexins are determined by their abundance, localization, and functionality as well as their channel assembly and non-channel functions. In this review, we have summarized the data on the contribution of connexins to the formation of the tumor microenvironment and to cancer initiation and progression.
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Z, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Liu L, Huang C. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition: The history, regulatory mechanism, and cancer therapeutic opportunities. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e144. [PMID: 35601657 PMCID: PMC9115588 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a program wherein epithelial cells lose their junctions and polarity while acquiring mesenchymal properties and invasive ability. Originally defined as an embryogenesis event, EMT has been recognized as a crucial process in tumor progression. During EMT, cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix attachments are disrupted, and the cytoskeleton is remodeled to enhance mobility of cells. This transition of phenotype is largely driven by a group of key transcription factors, typically Snail, Twist, and ZEB, through epigenetic repression of epithelial markers, transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinases, and reorganization of cytoskeleton. Mechanistically, EMT is orchestrated by multiple pathways, especially those involved in embryogenesis such as TGFβ, Wnt, Hedgehog, and Hippo, suggesting EMT as an intrinsic link between embryonic development and cancer progression. In addition, redox signaling has also emerged as critical EMT modulator. EMT confers cancer cells with increased metastatic potential and drug resistant capacity, which accounts for tumor recurrence in most clinic cases. Thus, targeting EMT can be a therapeutic option providing a chance of cure for cancer patients. Here, we introduce a brief history of EMT and summarize recent advances in understanding EMT mechanisms, as well as highlighting the therapeutic opportunities by targeting EMT in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Chengwei Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bernardazzi C, Castelo-Branco MTL, Pêgo B, Ribeiro BE, Rosas SLB, Santana PT, Machado JC, Leal C, Thompson F, Coutinho-Silva R, de Souza HSP. The P2X7 Receptor Promotes Colorectal Inflammation and Tumorigenesis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and the Inflammasome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094616. [PMID: 35563010 PMCID: PMC9099551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Given the role of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), we investigated its role in the development and progression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC). Methods: CA-CRC was induced in P2X7R+/+ and P2X7R−/− mice with azoxymethane (AOM) combined with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). In a therapeutic protocol, P2X7R+/+ mice were treated with a P2X7R-selective inhibitor (A740003). Mice were evaluated with follow-up video endoscopy with endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy. Colon tissue was analyzed for histological changes, densities of immune cells, expression of transcription factors, cytokines, genes, DNA methylation, and microbiome composition of fecal samples by sequencing for 16S rRNA. Results: The P2X7R+/+ mice displayed more ulcers, tumors, and greater wall thickness, than the P2X7R−/− and the P2X7R+/+ mice treated with A740003. The P2X7R+/+ mice showed increased accumulation of immune cells, production of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of intracellular signaling pathways, and upregulation of NLRP3 and NLRP12 genes, stabilized after the P2X7R-blockade. Microbial changes were observed in the P2X7R−/− and P2X7R+/+-induced mice, partially reversed by the A740003 treatment. Conclusions: Regulatory mechanisms activated downstream of the P2X7R in combination with signals from a dysbiotic microbiota result in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways and the inflammasome, amplifying the inflammatory response and promoting CA-CRC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bernardazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (M.T.L.C.-B.); (B.P.); (B.E.R.); (S.L.B.R.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Morgana Teixeira Lima Castelo-Branco
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (M.T.L.C.-B.); (B.P.); (B.E.R.); (S.L.B.R.); (P.T.S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Pêgo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (M.T.L.C.-B.); (B.P.); (B.E.R.); (S.L.B.R.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Beatriz Elias Ribeiro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (M.T.L.C.-B.); (B.P.); (B.E.R.); (S.L.B.R.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Siane Lopes Bittencourt Rosas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (M.T.L.C.-B.); (B.P.); (B.E.R.); (S.L.B.R.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Patrícia Teixeira Santana
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (M.T.L.C.-B.); (B.P.); (B.E.R.); (S.L.B.R.); (P.T.S.)
| | - João Carlos Machado
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Camille Leal
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil; (C.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabiano Thompson
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil; (C.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil;
| | - Heitor Siffert Pereira de Souza
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (M.T.L.C.-B.); (B.P.); (B.E.R.); (S.L.B.R.); (P.T.S.)
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-39382669
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Jiang L, Zhang Z, Deng M, Wei W, Tang H, Guo S, Ye Y, Yao K, Liu Z, Zhou F. Long noncoding RNAs to predict postoperative recurrence in bladder cancer and to develop a new molecular classification system. Cancer Med 2021; 11:539-552. [PMID: 34816620 PMCID: PMC8729057 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable molecular markers are much needed for early prediction of recurrence in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. We aimed to build a long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) signature to improve recurrence prediction and lncRNA-based molecular classification of MIBC. METHODS LncRNAs of 320 MIBC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analyzed, and a nomogram was established. A molecular classification system was created, and immunotherapy and chemotherapy response predictions, immune score analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and mutational data analysis were conducted. Survival analysis validation was also performed. RESULTS An eight-lncRNA signature classifed the patients into high- and low-risk subgroups, and these groups had significantly different (disease-free survival) DFS. The ability of the eight-lncRNA signature to make an accurate prognosis was tested using a validation dataset from our samples. The nomogram achieved a C-index of 0.719 (95% CI, 0.674-0.764). Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis indicated the superior prognostic accuracy of nomograms for DFS prediction (0.76, 95% CI, 0.697-0.807). Further, the four clusters (median DFS = 11.8, 15.3, 17.9, and 18.9 months, respectively) showed a high frequency of TTN (cluster 1), fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (cluster 2), TP53 (cluster 3), and TP53 mutations (cluster 4), respectively. They were enriched with M2 macrophages (cluster 1), CD8+ T cells (cluster 2), M0 macrophages (cluster 3), and M0 macrophages (cluster 4), respectively. Clusters 2 and 3 demonstrated potential sensitivity to immunotherapy and insensitivity to chemotherapy, whereas cluster 4 showed potential insensitivity to immunotherapy and sensitivity to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The eight-lncRNA signature risk model may be a reliable prognostic signature for MIBC, which provides new insights into prediction of recurrence of MIBC. The model may help clinical decision and eventually benefit patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wensu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huancheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nalewajska M, Marchelek-Myśliwiec M, Opara-Bajerowicz M, Dziedziejko V, Pawlik A. Connexins-Therapeutic Targets in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9119. [PMID: 33266154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cx) are members of a protein family that forms intercellular channels localised in gap junction (GJ) plaques and single transmembrane channels called hemichannels. They participate in intercellular communication or communication between the intracellular and extracellular environments. Connexins affect cell homeostasis, growth and differentiation by enabling the exchange of metabolites or by interfering with various signalling pathways. Alterations in the functionality and the expression of connexins have been linked to the occurrence of many diseases. Connexins have been already linked to cancers, cardiac and brain disorders, chronic lung and kidney conditions and wound healing processes. Connexins have been shown either to suppress cancer tumour growth or to increase tumorigenicity by promoting cancer cell growth, migration and invasiveness. A better understanding of the complexity of cancer biology related to connexins and intercellular communication could result in the design of novel therapeutic strategies. The modulation of connexin expression may be an effective therapeutic approach in some types of cancers. Therefore, one important challenge is the search for mechanisms and new drugs, selectively modulating the expression of various connexin isoforms. We performed a systematic literature search up to February 2020 in the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE. Our search terms were as follows: connexins, hemichannels, cancer and cancer treatment. This review aims to provide information about the role of connexins and gap junctions in cancer, as well as to discuss possible therapeutic options that are currently being studied.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tuoya AD, Wang DX, Xing YS, Liu RJ, Hu YX, Zhang MD, Bai TY, Lv XL, Li J, Chang FH. Relationship between Methylation of FHIT and CDH13 Gene Promoter Region and Liver Cancer. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:502-509. [PMID: 32474857 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to demonstrate the relationship between methylation of fragile histidine triad (FHIT) and T-cadherin/H-cadherin (CDH13) genes and liver cancer, the methylation status of FHIT and CDH13 was detected in healthy individuals and in Mongolian and Han patients with liver cancer. The phenol-chloroform method was used to extract genomic DNA. The methylation specific polymerase chain reaction method was applied to detect the methylation status of FHIT and CDH13. The relationship between smoking and alcohol consumption and gene (FHIT and CDH13) methylation was analyzed. There was significant difference in methylation rate of FHIT (72.67%, 34.67%) and CDH13 (72.0%, 28.0%) between liver cancer patients and healthy individuals of Mongolian descent (P<0.05), as well as that of FHIT (68%, 30.67%) and CDH13 (64%, 26%) between liver cancer patients and healthy individuals of Han individuals (P<0.05). There was also a relationship between smoking and drinking and the methylation of FHIT and CDH13 (P<0.05). Thus, the methylation of FHIT and CDH13 had a relationship with liver cancer incidence. Smoking and alcohol ingestion may promote the methylation of FHIT and CDH13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Dun Tuoya
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Dong-Xue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Pharmaceutical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yu-Shu Xing
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China.,Inner Mongolia Research Center for Drug Screening, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Rui-Jun Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yu-Xia Hu
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China.,Inner Mongolia Research Center for Drug Screening, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Meng-di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Pharmaceutical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China.,Inner Mongolia Research Center for Drug Screening, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Tu-Ya Bai
- Department of Pharmacology of Pharmaceutical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China.,Inner Mongolia Research Center for Drug Screening, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lv
- Department of Pharmacology of Pharmaceutical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China.,Inner Mongolia Research Center for Drug Screening, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inner Mongolia Research Center for Drug Screening, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Fu-Hou Chang
- Department of Pharmacology of Pharmaceutical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China. .,The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China. .,Inner Mongolia Research Center for Drug Screening, Hohhot, 010110, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jothi J, Janardhanam VA, Rama K. Connexin 30 mediated rewiring of glucose metabolism in rat C6 xenograft and grades of glioma. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 470:157-164. [PMID: 32462383 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Connexin 30 (Cx30), a tumour-suppressive gap junctional protein, impacts on insulin-like growth factor receptor 1-mediated progression and stemness of glioma. Of late, metabolic reprogramming, a recently adjudged hall mark of malignancy, could reasonably associated with the changes in gap junctional communication in glioma. This newly recognized hallmark of reprogramming of metabolism to maintain the rapid proliferation necessitates further probing to establish the stronger hall marks. Hence, the current study attempted to link the association between the expression of Cx30 with glucose uptake and glucose metabolism in glioma. We have transfected Cx30 in C6 glioma cells, characterized by a low level of intercellular communication and developed xenografts to study the status of glucose transporters (GLUTs), hexokinase 2 and Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK 1) along with human glioma tissues by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. The results showed a significant increase in the levels of GLUTs, hexokinase 2 and PDK 1 in C6-implanted rat xenografts and high grades compared to their respective controls, whereas Cx30-transfected C6-implanted rat xenograft and low grades show no significant change compared to that of controls supporting the association between Gap junctional communications and glucose metabolism. We strongly speculate the impact of Cx30 over the glucose metabolism that might provide therapeutic prospects and challenges for anti-glycolytic cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Jothi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600025, India
| | | | - K Rama
- Department of Neuropathology, Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600003, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Son HJ, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Tight Junction-Related CLDN5 and CLDN6 Genes, and Gap Junction-Related GJB6 and GJB7 Genes Are Somatically Mutated in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:1983-7. [PMID: 32170581 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tight junction and gap junction are major cell junctions that play important roles in cellular communication and structural integrity. Alterations of these junctions are known to be involved in cancer pathogenesis. Claudins and connexins are major tight and gap junction proteins, but genetic alterations of these genes have not been reported in gastric (GC) and colorectal cancers (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI). Claudin genes CLDN5 and CKDN6, and connexin genes GJB6 and GJB7 have mononucleotide repeats in the coding sequences that might be mutation targets in the cancers with MSI. We analyzed 79 GCs and 145 CRCs, and found CLDN5 frameshift mutations in 3 (3%) CRCs and 1 (2.9%) GC, CLDN6 frameshift mutations in 6 (6%) CRCs, GJB6 frameshift mutations in 5 (5%) CRCs and GJB7 frameshift mutation in one CRC (1%) with high MSI (MSI-H). We also analyzed intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of the frameshift mutations in 16 CRCs and found that CLDN6 and GJB6 frameshift mutations showed regional ITH in 2 (12.5%) and 2 (12.5%) cases, respectively. Our results show that CLDN5, CLDN6, GJB6 and GJB7 genes harbor not only frameshift mutations but also mutational ITH, which together may be features of GC and CRC with MSI-H. Based on the roles of cellular junctions in cancers, frameshift mutations of tight junction and gap junction genes might contribute to tumorigenesis by altering their functions in GC and CRC.
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu R, Xu Q, Huang G, Yin X, Zhu J, Peng Y, Song J. Combined Analysis of the Aberrant Epigenetic Alteration of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:9379864. [PMID: 31956659 PMCID: PMC6949667 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9379864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most fatal malignancies due to its high morbidity and mortality. DNA methylation exerts a vital part in the development of PDAC. However, a mechanistic role of mutual interactions between DNA methylation and mRNA as epigenetic regulators on transcriptomic alterations and its correlation with clinical outcomes such as survival have remained largely uncovered in cancer. Therefore, elucidation of aberrant epigenetic alteration in the development of PDAC is an urgent problem to be solved. In this work, we conduct an integrative epigenetic analysis of PDAC to identify aberrant DNA methylation-driven cancer genes during the occurrence of cancer. METHODS DNA methylation matrix and mRNA profile were obtained from the TCGA database. The integration of methylation and gene expression datasets was analyzed using an R package MethylMix. The genes with hypomethylation/hypermethylation were further validated in the Kaplan-Meier analysis. The correlation analysis of gene expression and aberrant DNA methylation was also conducted. We performed a pathway analysis on aberrant DNG methylation genes identified by MethylMix criteria using ConsensusPathDB. RESULTS 188 patients with both methylation data and mRNA data were considered eligible. A mixture model was constructed, and differential methylation genes in normal and tumor groups using the Wilcoxon rank test was performed. With the inclusion criteria, 95 differential methylation genes were detected. Among these genes, 74 hypermethylation and 21 hypomethylation genes were found. The pathway analysis revealed an increase in hypermethylation of genes involved in ATP-sensitive potassium channels, Robo4, and VEGF signaling pathways crosstalk, and generic transcription pathway. CONCLUSION Integrated analysis of the aberrant epigenetic alteration in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma indicated that differentially methylated genes could play a vital role in the occurrence of PDAC by bioinformatics analysis. The present work can help clinicians to elaborate on the function of differentially methylated expressed genes and pathways in PDAC. CDO1, GJD2, ID4, NOL4, PAX6, TRIM58, and ZNF382 might act as aberrantly DNA-methylated biomarkers for early screening and therapy of PDAC in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Guanglei Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinhai Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yikun Peng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aasen T, Leithe E, Graham SV, Kameritsch P, Mayán MD, Mesnil M, Pogoda K, Tabernero A. Connexins in cancer: bridging the gap to the clinic. Oncogene 2019; 38:4429-4451. [PMID: 30814684 PMCID: PMC6555763 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions comprise arrays of intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins and provide for the direct communication between adjacent cells. This type of intercellular communication permits the coordination of cellular activities and plays key roles in the control of cell growth and differentiation and in the maintenance of tissue homoeostasis. After more than 50 years, deciphering the links among connexins, gap junctions and cancer, researchers are now beginning to translate this knowledge to the clinic. The emergence of new strategies for connexin targeting, combined with an improved understanding of the molecular bases underlying the dysregulation of connexins during cancer development, offers novel opportunities for clinical applications. However, different connexin isoforms have diverse channel-dependent and -independent functions that are tissue and stage specific. This can elicit both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects that engender significant challenges in the path towards personalised medicine. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of connexins and gap junctions in cancer, with particular focus on the recent progress made in determining their prognostic and therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Aasen
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Edward Leithe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital and K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Petra Kameritsch
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Munich University Hospital, München, Germany
| | - María D Mayán
- CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marc Mesnil
- STIM Laboratory, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Kristin Pogoda
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Munich University Hospital, München, Germany
| | - Arantxa Tabernero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Yang X, Yang J, Wang H, Wei W. An 11-gene-based prognostic signature for uveal melanoma metastasis based on gene expression and DNA methylation profile. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8630-8639. [PMID: 30556166 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor worldwide. We proposed to identify a vital gene signature that has prognostic value for UM metastasis. For this purpose, we obtained a published DNA methylation and gene expression data set associated with UM from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The genes whose aberrant expression significantly associated with UM patients' metastasis-free survival (MFS) were identified by applying a univariate Cox proportional hazards model to the gene expression data set followed by a robust likelihood-based survival analysis to screen the optimal prognostic gene signatures (PGS). A formula for calculating the risk score that represents UM metastasis risk was constructed by including the PGSs' expression values weighted by their regression coefficients, which were obtained by a multivariate Cox regression analysis. As a result, aberrant expression of 2884 genes were found to be significantly associated with UM patients' MFS, which were referred to as MFSGs, and 11 out of those MFSGs, GJC1, TCEA1, MFSD3, FAF2, TLCD1, GPAA1, CYC1, ASAP1, JPH1, LDB3, and KDELR3, were identified as PGSs through which we could accurately separate UM samples with shorter MFS from those with longer MFS. By combining the DNA methylation data set and MFSGs, we further identified 265 MFSGs, which contained CpG sites that significantly hyper- or hypo-methylated in UM samples compared with control samples. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway crosstalk analysis of those genes indicated significant enrichment of cancer-related pathways. In conclusion, we identified an 11-gene-based prognostic signature and several gene biomarkers for UM metastasis, which should be helpful for selecting an appropriate treatment method for specific patients with UM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyan Yang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Graham SV, Jiang JX, Mesnil M. Connexins and Pannexins: Important Players in Tumorigenesis, Metastasis and Potential Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1645. [PMID: 29865195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their characterization more than five decades ago, gap junctions and their structural proteins-the connexins-have been associated with cancer cell growth. During that period, the accumulation of data and molecular knowledge about this association revealed an apparent contradictory relationship between them and cancer. It appeared that if gap junctions or connexins can down regulate cancer cell growth they can be also implied in the migration, invasion and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Interestingly, in all these situations, connexins seem to be involved through various mechanisms in which they can act either as gap-junctional intercellular communication mediators, modulators of signalling pathways through their interactome, or as hemichannels, which mediate autocrine/paracrine communication. This complex involvement of connexins in cancer progression is even more complicated by the fact that their hemichannel function may overlap with other gap junction-related proteins, the pannexins. Despite this complexity, the possible involvements of connexins and pannexins in cancer progression and the elucidation of the mechanisms they control may lead to use them as new targets to control cancer progression. In this review, the involvements of connexins and pannexins in these different topics (cancer cell growth, invasion/metastasis process, possible cancer therapeutic targets) are discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Aasen T, Johnstone S, Vidal-Brime L, Lynn KS, Koval M. Connexins: Synthesis, Post-Translational Modifications, and Trafficking in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051296. [PMID: 29701678 PMCID: PMC5983588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins are tetraspan transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions and facilitate direct intercellular communication, a critical feature for the development, function, and homeostasis of tissues and organs. In addition, a growing number of gap junction-independent functions are being ascribed to these proteins. The connexin gene family is under extensive regulation at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, and undergoes numerous modifications at the protein level, including phosphorylation, which ultimately affects their trafficking, stability, and function. Here, we summarize these key regulatory events, with emphasis on how these affect connexin multifunctionality in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Aasen
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Scott Johnstone
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VI 22908, USA.
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK.
| | - Laia Vidal-Brime
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - K Sabrina Lynn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ke Q, Li L, Yao X, Lai X, Cai B, Chen H, Chen R, Zhai Z, Huang L, Li K, Hu A, Mao FF, Xiang AP, Tao L, Li W. Enhanced generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by ectopic expression of Connexin 45. Sci Rep 2017; 7:458. [PMID: 28352086 PMCID: PMC5428559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells can be successfully reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells by the ectopic expression of defined transcriptional factors. However, improved efficiency and better understanding the molecular mechanism underlying reprogramming are still required. In the present study, a scrape loading/dye transfer assay showed that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) contained functional gap junctions partially contributed by Connexin 45 (CX45). We then found CX45 was expressed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) derived hiPSCs. Then we showed that CX45 was dramatically upregulated during the reprogramming process. Most importantly, the ectopic expression of CX45 significantly enhanced the reprogramming efficiency together with the Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC - OSKM), whereas knockdown of endogenous CX45 expression significantly blocked cellular reprogramming and reduced the efficiency. Our further study demonstrated that CX45 overexpression or knockdown modulated the cell proliferation rate which was associated with the reprogramming efficiency. In conclusion, our data highlighted the critical role of CX45 in reprogramming and may increase the cell division rate and result in an accelerated kinetics of iPSCs production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ke
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Xin Yao
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xingqiang Lai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bing Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Zhichen Zhai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Anbin Hu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Frank Fuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhong Shan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510623, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun JH, Zhu XY, Dong TN, Zhang XH, Liu QQ, Li SQ, Du QX. An “up, no change, or down” system: Time-dependent expression of mRNAs in contused skeletal muscle of rats used for wound age estimation. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 272:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Fifty years ago, tumour cells were found to lack electrical coupling, leading to the hypothesis that loss of direct intercellular communication is commonly associated with cancer onset and progression. Subsequent studies linked this phenomenon to gap junctions composed of connexin proteins. Although many studies support the notion that connexins are tumour suppressors, recent evidence suggests that, in some tumour types, they may facilitate specific stages of tumour progression through both junctional and non-junctional signalling pathways. This Timeline article highlights the milestones connecting gap junctions to cancer, and underscores important unanswered questions, controversies and therapeutic opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Aasen
- (Co-corresponding authors) Correspondence to
T.A. () and D.W.L.
()
| | - Marc Mesnil
- STIM Laboratory ERL 7368 CNRS - Faculté des Sciences
Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers,
France
| | - Christian C. Naus
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life
Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul D. Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Dale W. Laird
- (Co-corresponding authors) Correspondence to
T.A. () and D.W.L.
()
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Control of cell-cell coordination and communication is regulated by several factors, including paracrine and autocrine release of biomolecules, and direct exchange of soluble factors between cells through gap junction channels. Additionally, hemichannels also participate in cell-cell coordination through the release of signaling molecules, such as ATP and glutamate. A family of transmembrane proteins named connexins forms both gap junction channels and hemichannels. Because of their importance in cell and tissue coordination, connexins are controlled both by post-translational and post-transcriptional modifications. In recent years, non-coding RNAs have garnered research interest due to their ability to exert post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. One of the most recent, well-documented control mechanisms of protein synthesis is found through the action of small, single-stranded RNA, called micro RNAs (miRNAs or miRs). Put simply, miRNAs are negative regulators of the expression of a myriad proteins involved in many physiological and pathological processes. This mini review will briefly summarize what is currently known about the action of miRNAs over Cxs expression/function in different organs under some relevant physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Calderón
- Facultad de Medicina, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leithe E. Regulation of connexins by the ubiquitin system: Implications for intercellular communication and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:133-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Vinken M. Regulation of connexin signaling by the epigenetic machinery. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1859:262-8. [PMID: 26566120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Connexins and their channels are involved in the control of all aspects of the cellular life cycle, ranging from cell growth to cell death, by mediating extracellular, intercellular and intracellular communication. These multifaceted aspects of connexin-related cellular signaling obviously require strict regulation. While connexin channel activity is mainly directed by posttranslational modifications, connexin expression as such is managed by classical cis/trans mechanisms. Over the past few years, it has become clear that connexin production is equally dictated by epigenetic actions. This paper provides an overview of the role of major determinants of the epigenome, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation and microRNA species, in connexin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Building G, Room G226, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maes M, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexin and pannexin signaling in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Transl Res 2015; 166:332-43. [PMID: 26051630 PMCID: PMC4570182 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions, which mediate intercellular communication, are key players in digestive homeostasis. They are also frequently involved in gastrointestinal and liver pathology. This equally holds true for connexin (Cx) hemichannels, the structural precursors of gap junctions, and pannexin (Panx) channels, Cx-like proteins assembled in a hemichannel configuration. Both Cx hemichannels and Panx channels facilitate extracellular communication and drive a number of deteriorative processes, such as cell death and inflammation. Cxs, Panxs, and their channels underlie a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal and liver diseases, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory intestinal conditions, acute liver failure, cholestasis, hepatitis and steatosis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, infectious gastrointestinal pathologies, and gastrointestinal and liver cancer. This could open promising perspectives for the characterization of new targets and biomarkers for therapeutic and diagnostic clinical purposes in the area of gastroenterology and hepatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maes M, Cogliati B, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Vinken M. Roles of connexins and pannexins in digestive homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2809-21. [PMID: 26084872 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Connexin proteins are abundantly present in the digestive system. They primarily form gap junctions, which control the intercellular exchange of critical homeostasis regulators. By doing so, gap junctions drive a plethora of gastrointestinal and hepatic functional features, including gastric and gut motility, gastric acid secretion, intestinal innate immune defense, xenobiotic biotransformation, glycogenolysis, bile secretion, ammonia detoxification and plasma protein synthesis. In the last decade, it has become clear that connexin hemichannels, which are the structural precursors of gap junctions, also provide a pathway for cellular communication, namely between the cytosol and the extracellular environment. Although merely pathological functions have been described, some physiological roles have been attributed to connexin hemichannels, in particular in the modulation of colonic motility. This equally holds true for cellular channels composed of pannexins, connexin-like proteins recently identified in the intestine and the liver, which have become acknowledged key players in inflammatory processes and that have been proposed to control colonic motility, secretion and blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim YH, Lee WK, Park JY, Kim DS. Prognostic value of hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 3 (HRP-3) methylation in non-small cell lung cancer. Genes Genomics 2015; 37:479-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
In humans, connexins (Cxs) and pannexins (Panxs) are the building blocks of hemichannels. These proteins are frequently altered in neoplastic cells and have traditionally been considered as tumor suppressors. Alteration of Cxs and Panxs in cancer cells can be due to genetic, epigenetic and post-transcriptional/post-translational events. Activated hemichannels mediate the diffusional membrane transport of ions and small signaling molecules. In the last decade hemichannels have been shown to participate in diverse cell processes including the modulation of cell proliferation and survival. However, their possible role in tumor growth and expansion remains largely unexplored. Herein, we hypothesize about the possible role of hemichannels in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. To support this theory, we summarize the evidence regarding the involvement of hemichannels in cell proliferation and migration, as well as their possible role in the anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, we discuss the evidence linking hemichannels with cancer in diverse models and comment on the current technical limitations for their study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Schalper
- Servicio Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile ; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Mauricio P Oyarzo
- Servicio Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sirnes S, Lind GE, Bruun J, Fykerud TA, Mesnil M, Lothe RA, Rivedal E, Kolberg M, Leithe E. Connexins in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:1-11. [PMID: 24752574 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The connexins constitute a family of integral membrane proteins that form channels between adjacent cells. These channels are assembled in plasma membrane domains known as gap junctions and enable cells to directly exchange ions and small molecules. Intercellular communication via gap junctions plays important roles in regulating cell growth and differentiation and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This type of cell communication is often impaired during cancer development, and several members of the connexin protein family have been shown to act as tumor suppressors. Emerging evidence suggests that the connexin protein family has important roles in colorectal cancer development. In the normal colonic epithelial tissue, three connexin isoforms, connexin 26 (Cx26), Cx32 and Cx43, have been shown to be expressed at the protein level. Colorectal cancer development is associated with loss of connexin expression or relocalization of connexins from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments. Downregulation of connexins in colorectal carcinomas at the transcriptional level involves cancer-specific promoter hypermethylation. Recent studies suggest that Cx43 may constrain growth of colon cancer cells by interfering with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. There is also increasing evidence that the connexins may have potential as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer. This review discusses the role of connexins in colorectal cancer pathogenesis, as well as their potential as prognostic markers and targets in the prevention and treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Sirnes
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Gap junctions are essential to the function of multicellular animals, which require a high degree of coordination between cells. In vertebrates, gap junctions comprise connexins and currently 21 connexins are known in humans. The functions of gap junctions are highly diverse and include exchange of metabolites and electrical signals between cells, as well as functions, which are apparently unrelated to intercellular communication. Given the diversity of gap junction physiology, regulation of gap junction activity is complex. The structure of the various connexins is known to some extent; and structural rearrangements and intramolecular interactions are important for regulation of channel function. Intercellular coupling is further regulated by the number and activity of channels present in gap junctional plaques. The number of connexins in cell-cell channels is regulated by controlling transcription, translation, trafficking, and degradation; and all of these processes are under strict control. Once in the membrane, channel activity is determined by the conductive properties of the connexin involved, which can be regulated by voltage and chemical gating, as well as a large number of posttranslational modifications. The aim of the present article is to review our current knowledge on the structure, regulation, function, and pharmacology of gap junctions. This will be supported by examples of how different connexins and their regulation act in concert to achieve appropriate physiological control, and how disturbances of connexin function can lead to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Schak Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khanaree C, Chairatvit K, Roytrakul S, Wongnoppavich A. Reactive center loop moiety is essential for the maspin activity on cellular invasion and ubiquitin-proteasome level. Oncol Res 2013; 20:427-35. [PMID: 23924927 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13657689383175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maspin, a tumor suppressor (SERPINB5), inhibits cancer migration, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. The tumor-suppressing effects of maspin depend in part on its ability to enhance cell adhesion to extracellular matrix. Although the molecular mechanism of maspin's action is still unclear, its functional domain is believed to be located at the reactive center loop (RCL). We have elucidated the role of maspin RCL on adhesion, migration, and invasion by transfecting the highly invasive human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell line with pcDNA3.1-His/FLAG containing wild-type maspin, ovalbumin, or maspin/ovalbumin RCL chimeric mutants in which maspin RCL is replaced by ovalbumin (MOM) and vice versa (OMO). MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with maspin- or OMO-containing recombinant expression plasmid manifested significant increase in adhesion to fibronectin and reduction in in vitro migration and invasion through Matrigel compared with mock transfection or cells transfected with ovalbumin or MOM. Proteomics analysis of maspin- or OMO-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells revealed reduction in contents of proteins known to promote cancer metastasis and those of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, while those with tumor-suppressing properties were increased. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 cells containing maspin or OMO transgene have significantly higher levels of ubiquitin and ubiquitinated conjugates, but reduced 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity. These results clearly demonstrate that the tumor-suppressive properties of maspin reside in its RCL domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chakkrit Khanaree
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Falck E, Klinga-Levan K. Expression patterns of Phf5a/PHF5A and Gja1/GJA1 in rat and human endometrial cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:43. [PMID: 23675859 PMCID: PMC3660210 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed cancer of the female genital tract in the western world. Studies of complex diseases can be difficult to perform on human tumor samples due to the high genetic heterogeneity in human. The use of rat models is preferable since rat has similarities in pathogenesis and histopathological properties to that of human. A genomic region including the highly conserved Phf5a gene associated to development of EAC has previously been identified in an association study. PHF5A has been suggested to acts as a transcription factor or cofactor in the up regulation of expression of Gja1 gene in the presence of estrogen. It has earlier been shown that the Phf5a gene is down regulated in rat EAC derived cell lines by means of expression microarrays. We analyzed the expression of Phf5a and Gja1 by qPCR, and potential relations between the two genes in EAC tumors and non-malignant cell lines derived from the BDII rat model. In addition, the expression pattern of these genes was compared in rat and human EAC tumor samples. Changes in expression for Phf5a/PHF5A were found in tumors from both rat and human even though the observed pattern was not completely consistent between the two species. By separating rat EAC cell lines according to the genetic background, a significant lower expression of Phf5a in one of the two cross backgrounds was revealed, but not for the other. In contrast to other studies, Phf5a/PHF5A regulation of Gja1/GJA1 was not revealed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Falck
- Systems Biology Research Centre - Tumor biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde SE-54128, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oyamada M, Takebe K, Oyamada Y. Regulation of connexin expression by transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1828:118-33. [PMID: 22244842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions are specialized cell-cell junctions that directly link the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. They mediate the direct transfer of metabolites and ions from one cell to another. Discoveries of human genetic disorders due to mutations in gap junction protein (connexin [Cx]) genes and experimental data on connexin knockout mice provide direct evidence that gap junctional intercellular communication is essential for tissue functions and organ development, and that its dysfunction causes diseases. Connexin-related signaling also involves extracellular signaling (hemichannels) and non-channel intracellular signaling. Thus far, 21 human genes and 20 mouse genes for connexins have been identified. Each connexin shows tissue- or cell-type-specific expression, and most organs and many cell types express more than one connexin. Connexin expression can be regulated at many of the steps in the pathway from DNA to RNA to protein. In recent years, it has become clear that epigenetic processes are also essentially involved in connexin gene expression. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on regulation of connexin expression by transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The communicating junctions, roles and dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Oyamada
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Fuji Women's University, Ishikarishi, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sirnes S, Bruun J, Kolberg M, Kjenseth A, Lind GE, Svindland A, Brech A, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA, Leithe E, Rivedal E. Connexin43 acts as a colorectal cancer tumor suppressor and predicts disease outcome. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:570-81. [PMID: 21866551 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article is the first to show that loss of connexin43 (Cx43) expression in colorectal tumors is correlated with significantly shorter relapse-free and overall survival. Cx43 was further found to negatively regulate growth of colon cancer cells, in part by enhancing apoptosis. In addition, Cx43 was found to colocalize with β-catenin and reduce Wnt signaling. The study represents the first evidence that Cx43 acts as a colorectal cancer tumor suppressor and that loss of Cx43 expression during colorectal cancer development is associated with reduced patient survival. The study has important implications for the assessment of Cx43 as a prognostic marker and target in colorectal cancer prevention and therapy. Gap junctions consist of intercellular channels that permit direct transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. The gap junction channel protein Cx43 plays important roles in cell growth control and differentiation and is frequently dysregulated in human cancers. However, the functional importance and clinical relevance of Cx43 in cancer development has remained elusive. Here, we show that Cx43 is downregulated or aberrantly localized in colon cancer cell lines and colorectal carcinomas, which is associated with loss of gap junction intercellular communication. The in situ protein expression of Cx43 was analyzed in colorectal tumors in a cohort of 674 patients and related to established clinicopathological variables and survival. A subgroup of the patients had weak or no expression of Cx43 in tumors. Loss of Cx43 expression was significantly correlated with shorter relapse-free and overall survival. Loss of Cx43 further identified a high-risk subgroup among stage I and stage II patients with reduced relapse-free and overall survival. Ectopic expression of Cx43 in the colon cancer cell line HT29 was associated with reduced growth in monolayer and soft agar cultures and in tumor xenografts. Cx43 was found to colocalize with β-catenin and negatively regulate the Wnt signaling pathway, and expression of Cx43 was associated with increased levels of apoptosis. Altogether, these data indicate that Cx43 is a colorectal cancer tumor suppressor protein that predicts clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Sirnes
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
We have previously shown that the gap junction protein γ 1 (GJC1) gene, encoding the connexin-45 protein, is inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. This was confirmed in a recent Endocrine-Related Cancer publication analyzing a limited number of samples. The aim of this study was to analyze GJC1 in a larger clinical cohort (n=485) and to assess whether or not the promoter hypermethylation was associated with clinical or pathological features. The methylation of GJC1 was confirmed to be tumor specific and was observed in 33% of colorectal cancers and 12% of adenomas. The methylation was strongly associated with BRAF mutations (P=5.64×10(-13)) as well as with proximal tumor location (P=1.42×10(-3)), features compatible with a CpG island methylator phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeqa Ahmed
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|