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Pomés A, Arruda LK. Cockroach allergy: Understanding complex immune responses to develop novel therapies. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:157-169. [PMID: 36930991 PMCID: PMC10134214 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Cockroach allergy is associated with the development of asthma. The identification of cockroach allergens, which began in the 1990 s, is an ongoing process that has led to the current listing of 20 official allergen groups in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature database. The function and structure of some of these allergens has been determined and define their natural delivery into the environment and their allergenicity. Analysis of antigenic determinants by X-ray crystallography and rational design of site-directed mutagenesis led to the identification of IgE binding sites for the design of molecules with reduced IgE reactivity and T cell modulatory capacity. New developments in recent years include component analyses of B and T cell reactivity and a recent cockroach immunotherapy trial, CRITICAL, that will contribute to understand the immune response to cockroach and to define future directions for cockroach allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Director of Basic Research, InBio, 700 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
| | - L Karla Arruda
- Professor of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Wang Y, Tan LX, Xu ZQ, Jiao YX, Zhu DX, Yang YS, Wei JF, Sun JL, Tian M. Identification and characterization of natural PR-1 protein as major allergen from Humulus japonicus pollen. Mol Immunol 2023; 153:170-180. [PMID: 36525884 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Humulus japonicus pollen is one of the most common allergenic pollens in China. However, little is unveiled regarding the allergenic components in Humulus japonicus pollen. Our study aimed to purify and identify the pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) protein from Humulus japonicus pollen, and to characterize the molecular and immunochemical properties of this novel allergen. METHODS The natural PR-1 protein (named as Hum j PR-1) was purified from Humulus japonicus pollen extracts with a combined strategy of chromatography, and identified by mass spectrometry. The coding sequence of Hum j PR-1 was confirmed by cDNA cloning. The recombinant Hum j PR-1 was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. The allergenicity was assessed by immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), inhibition ELISA, and basophil activation test using Humulus japonicus allergic patients' whole blood. The physicochemical properties and 3-dimensional structure of it were comprehensively characterized by in silico methods. RESULTS The allergenicity analysis revealed that 76.6 % (23/30) of the Humulus japonicus pollen allergic patients displayed specific IgE recognition of the natural Hum j PR-1. The cDNA sequence of Hum j PR-1 had a 516-bp open reading frame encoding 171 amino acids. Physicochemical analysis indicated that Hum j PR-1 was a stable and relatively thermostable protein. Hum j PR-1 shared a similar 3-dimensional folding pattern with other homologous allergens, which was a unique αβα sandwich structure containing 4 α-helices and 6 antiparallel β-sheets, encompassing 4 conserved CAP domain. CONCLUSION The natural PR-1 was firstly purified and characterized as a major allergenic allergen in Humulus japonicus pollen. These findings would contribute to developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Humulus japonicus pollinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xu
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Xin Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Xuan Zhu
- Clinical Allergy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Shi Yang
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China; Clinical Allergy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jin-Lyu Sun
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Man Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Jeong KY, Park JW. Allergens of Regional Importance in Korea. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:652275. [PMID: 35386990 PMCID: PMC8974691 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.652275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen repertoire should reflect the region's climate, flora, and dining culture to allow for a better diagnosis. In Korea, tree pollens of oak and birch in the spring in conjunction with weed pollens of mugwort, ragweed, and Japanese hop are the main causes of seasonal allergic rhinitis. More specifically, the sawtooth oak in Korea and the Japanese hop in East Asia make a difference from western countries. Among food allergens, the sensitization to silkworm pupa and buckwheat is also common in Korean patients. Honey bee venom due to apitherapy in traditional medicine and Asian needle ant, Pachycondyla chinensis, are important causes of anaphylaxis in Korea. Climate change, frequent overseas traveling, and international product exchanges make situations more complicated. Ragweed, for example, was not native to Korea, but invaded the country in the early 1950s. Recently, Japanese hop and Asian needle ants have been recognized as important invasive ecosystem disturbing species in western countries. However, the molecular properties of the component allergens from these unique culprit allergens have been poorly characterized. The present review summarizes the molecular studies on the allergens of regional importance in Korea.
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Allergen Preparation in AIT, Now and in the Future. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-021-00281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kim JT, Kim H, Kim SH, Kim DJ, Shin Y, Kim JD, Song H, Jang SW, Lee DC, Park KH, Lee JH, Jeong KY, Park JW. Comparison of Allergenic Properties among Commercially Available House Dust Mite Allergen Extracts in Korea. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:86-90. [PMID: 33381938 PMCID: PMC7820445 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise allergy diagnosis and effective allergen specific immunotherapy are largely dependent on the quality of allergen extract. A new extract of Dermatophagoides farinae was commercially developed by Prolagen. The allergenic properties of the new extract were compared with those of other commercial products. The allergenic properties of the new extract were compared according to protein concentration, protein profiles, major allergen (Der f 1) contents, and allergenic potency to those for three commercially available extracts imported in Korea (Jubilant HollisterStier Allergy, Lofarma S.p.A., and Stallergenes Greer). Protein concentrations varied up to 2.62-fold (0.404 to 1.057 mg/mL), and Der f 1 contents varied up to 11.3-fold (3.597 to 40.688 μg/mL). Protein profiles of the extracts showed no major discrepancies, although there were some differences in SDS-PAGE band intensities, reflecting protein concentrations. Allergen potency ranged from 37038 to 60491 PAU/mL. The Prolagen product was highest in terms of protein concentration and allergen potency. The Lofarma product displayed Der f 1 content similar to that in Prolagen (19.4 μg/mg vs. 19.3 μg/mg). Endotoxin levels varied 8.9-fold (1020 to 8985 EU/mL). The newly developed house dust mite extract showed equal or better allergenic properties than available commercial extracts. This new product may be useful for better diagnostics and allergen-specific immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tae Kim
- Prolagen, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hangyeol Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Woo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medicine Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deug Chan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Prolagen, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung Won Park
- Prolagen, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Jeong KY, Yuk JE, Lee J, Jang SW, Park KH, Lee JH, Park JW. Stability of extracts from pollens of allergenic importance in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:222-230. [PMID: 31534112 PMCID: PMC6960046 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2018.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Accurate diagnosis and the effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy for pollinosis are greatly dependent on the potency and stability of the extract. This study aimed to examine factors, such as temperature and storage buffer composition, that affect the stability of allergen extracts from pollens of allergenic importance in Korea. METHODS We prepared four pollen allergen extracts from ragweed, mugwort, Japanese hop, and sawtooth oak, which are the most important causes of seasonal rhinitis in Korea. Changes of protein and major allergen concentration were measured over 1 year by Bradford assay, two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reconstitution of the lyophilized allergen extract in various buffers and stored at room temperature (RT, 18°C to 26°C) or refrigerated (4°C). RESULTS More than 90% of the original protein concentration in all four extracts examined was detected over 1 year when 50% glycerol was added and refrigerated, whereas 57.9% to 94.5% remained in the extracts at RT. The addition of 50% glycerol to the storage buffer was found to prevent protein degradation at RT. Amb a 1, a major allergen of ragweed, was almost completely degraded in 9 weeks at RT when reconstituted in a buffer without 50% glycerol. However, 55.6% to 92.8% of Amb a 1 content was detected after 1 year of incubation at 4°C in all buffer conditions except 0.3% phenol. CONCLUSION Addition of 50% glycerol as well as refrigeration was found to be important in increasing the shelf-life of allergen extracts from pollens of allergenic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Woo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to: Jung-Won Park, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: +82-2-2228-1961 Fax: +82-2-362-8647 E-mail:
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Guan K, Liu B, Wang M, Li Z, Chang C, Cui L, Wang RQ, Wen LP, Leung PSC, Wei JF, Sun JL. Principles of Allergen Immunotherapy and Its Clinical Application in China: Contrasts and Comparisons with the USA. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 57:128-143. [PMID: 31243705 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) for allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, and other allergic diseases has developed quickly. House dust mite (HDM), Artemisia (wormwood), Humulus japonicus (Japanese hop), Alternaria alternata, and Cladosporium herbarum are the five most common inhalant allergens in China. AIT has been performed in China for over 60 years. With the support of the Chinese Medical Association (CMA) and the Chinese Medical Doctors Association (CMDA), the Chinese College of Allergy and Asthma (CCAA) was established in 2016 as a specialized branch of CDMA and is the main certification authority for AIT. Chinese allergists and scientists have made tremendous progress in the development of AIT. There have been many publications by Chinese allergists and scientists worldwide encompassing original research studies, systematic reviews, case studies, and clinical trials. Currently, conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is the preferred AIT in China, but sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is beginning to gain recognition. An increasing number of clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the clinical efficacy and side effects of SLIT and SCIT. In China, HDM is the only commercial standardized allergen extracts in clinical use, whereas the others are crude allergen extracts. Besides standardized allergen extracts, other forms of hypoallergenic extracts are still being investigated and developed in China. Immunotherapy in China is similar to that in the USA in which allergen extracts can be mixed for SCIT. However, allergen extracts cannot be mixed for SCIT in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266001, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, 451 E Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Memorial Health Systems, Hollywood, FL, 33021, USA
| | - Le Cui
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qi Wang
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Wen
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, 451 E Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Lyu Sun
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Valenta R, Karaulov A, Niederberger V, Zhernov Y, Elisyutina O, Campana R, Focke-Tejkl M, Curin M, Namazova-Baranova L, Wang JY, Pawankar R, Khaitov M. Allergen Extracts for In Vivo Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergy: Is There a Future? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 6:1845-1855.e2. [PMID: 30297269 PMCID: PMC6390933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, in vivo allergy diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) are still based on allergen extracts obtained from natural allergen sources. Several studies analyzing the composition of natural allergen extracts have shown severe problems regarding their quality such as the presence of undefined nonallergenic materials, contaminants as well as high variabilities regarding contents and biological activity of individual allergens. Despite the increasing availability of sophisticated analytical technologies, these problems cannot be overcome because they are inherent to allergen sources and methods of extract production. For in vitro allergy diagnosis problems related to natural allergen extracts have been largely overcome by the implementation of recombinant allergen molecules that are defined regarding purity and biological activity. However, no such advances have been made for allergen preparations to be used in vivo for diagnosis and therapy. No clinical studies have been performed for allergen extracts available for in vivo allergy diagnosis that document safety, sensitivity, and specificity of the products. Only for very few therapeutic allergen extracts state-of-the-art clinical studies have been performed that provide evidence for safety and efficacy. In this article, we discuss problems related to the inconsistent quality of products based on natural allergen extracts and share our observations that most of the products available for in vivo diagnosis and AIT do not meet the international standards for medicinal products. We argue that a replacement of natural allergen extracts by defined recombinantly produced allergen molecules and/or mixtures thereof may be the only way to guarantee the supply of clinicians with state-of-the-art medicinal products for in vivo diagnosis and treatment of allergic patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Verena Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yury Zhernov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Raffaela Campana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirela Curin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leyla Namazova-Baranova
- Department of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Center for Allergy and Immunology Research (ACIR), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University (Hospital), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ruby Pawankar
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Allergy Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Allergy Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Khurana T, Bridgewater JL, Rabin RL. Allergenic extracts to diagnose and treat sensitivity to insect venoms and inhaled allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 118:531-536. [PMID: 28477785 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review allergenic extracts used to diagnose or treat insect allergies, including how the extracts are manufactured and their measurements of potency or concentration. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed articles derived from searching PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) about insect allergies and extract preparation. Encyclopedia of Life (http://www.eol.org/) and http://allergome.org/ were also referenced for background information on insects and associated allergens. STUDY SELECTIONS Search terms used for the PubMed searches included insect allergens and allergies, Apidae, Vespidae, fire ants, cockroach allergies, insect allergen extract preparation, and standardization. RESULTS Humans may be sensitized to insect allergens by inhalation or through stings. Cockroaches and moths are predominantly responsible for inhalation insect allergy and are a major indoor allergen in urban settings. Bees, fire ants, and wasps are responsible for sting allergy. In the United States, there are multiple insect allergen products commercially available that are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration. Of those extracts, honeybee venom and insect venom proteins are standardized with measurements of potency. The remaining insect allergen extracts are nonstandardized products that do not have potency measurements. CONCLUSION Sensitization to inhalational and stinging insect allergens is reported worldwide. Crude insect allergen extracts are used for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy. A variety of source materials are used by different manufacturers to prepare these extracts, which may result in qualitative differences that are not reflected in measurements of potency or protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Khurana
- Division of Vaccines and Related Products Applications, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Bridgewater
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
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Zimmer J, Vieths S, Kaul S. Standardization and Regulation of Allergen Products in the European Union. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:21. [PMID: 26874849 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Product-specific standardization is of prime importance to ensure persistent quality, safety, and efficacy of allergen products. The regulatory framework in the EU has induced great advancements in the field in the last years although national implementation still remains heterogeneous. Scores of methods for quantification of individual allergen molecules are developed each year and also the challenging characterization of chemically modified allergen products is progressing. However, despite the unquestionable increase in knowledge and the subsequent improvements in control of quality parameters of allergen products, an important aim has not been reached yet, namely cross-product comparability. Still, comparison of allergen product potency, either based on total allergenic activity or individual allergen molecule content, is not possible due to a lack of standard reference preparations in conjunction with validated standard methods. This review aims at presenting the most recent developments in product-specific standardization as well as activities to facilitate cross-product comparability in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zimmer
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kaul
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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Yeh CC, Tai HY, Chou H, Wu KG, Shen HD. Vacuolar Serine Protease Is a Major Allergen of Fusarium proliferatum and an IgE-Cross Reactive Pan-Fungal Allergen. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:438-44. [PMID: 27334782 PMCID: PMC4921698 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.5.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Fusarium species are among prevalent airborne fungi and causative agents of human respiratory atopic disorders. We previously identified a 36.5-kDa F. proliferatum component recognized by IgE antibodies in 9 (53%) of the 17 F. proliferatum-sensitized atopic serum samples. The purpose of this study is to characterize the 36.5-kDa allergen of F. proliferatum. Methods Characterization of allergens and determination of IgE cross-reactivity were performed by cDNA cloning/expression and immunoblot inhibition studies. Results Based on the finding that the 36.5-kDa IgE-binding component reacted with the mouse monoclonal antibody FUM20 against fungal vacuolar serine protease allergens, the cDNA of F. proliferatum vacuolar serine protease (Fus p 9.0101) was subsequently cloned. Nine serum samples from respiratory atopic patients with IgE binding to the vacuolar serine protease allergen of Penicillium chrysogenum (Pen ch 18) also showed IgE-immunoblot reactivity to rFus p 9.0101. The purified rFus p 9.0101 can inhibit IgE and FUM20 binding to the 36.5-kDa component of F. proliferatum. Thus, a novel and important Fus p 9.0101 was identified. The rPen ch 18 can inhibit IgE binding to Fus p 9.0101. It indicates that IgE cross-reactivity between Fus p 9.0101 and Pen ch 18 also exists. Furthermore, neither rFus p 9.0101 K88A nor rPen ch 18 K89A mutants inhibited IgE binding to rFus p 9.0101. Lys88 was considered a critical core amino acid in IgE binding to r Fus p 9.0101 and a residue responsible for IgE cross-reactivity between Fus p 9.0101 and Pen ch 18 allergens. Conclusions Results obtained from this study indicate that vacuolar serine protease may be a major allergen of F. proliferatum and an important IgE cross-reactive pan-fungal allergen, and provide important bases for clinical diagnosis of fungal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ching Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao Yun Tai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hong Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Keh Gong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Horng Der Shen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Jeong KY, Son M, Choi SY, Park KH, Park HJ, Hong CS, Lee JH, Park JW. Standardization of Weed Pollen Extracts, Japanese Hop and Mugwort, in Korea. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:399-406. [PMID: 26847293 PMCID: PMC4740533 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Japanese hop (Humulus spp.) and mugwort (Artemisia spp.) are notable causes of autumn pollinosis in East Asia. However, Japanese hop and mugwort pollen extracts, which are widely used for the diagnosis, have not been standardized. This study was performed to standardize Japanese hop and mugwort pollen extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allergen extracts were prepared in a standardized way using locally collected Humulus japonicus and purchased Artemisia vulgaris pollens. The immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivities of prepared extracts were compared with commercial extracts via IgE immunoblotting and inhibition analyses. Intradermal skin tests were performed to determine the bioequivalent allergy unit (BAU). RESULTS The IgE reactive components of the extracts via IgE immunoblotting were similar to those of commercial extracts. A 11-kDa allergen showed the strongest IgE reactivity in Japanese hop, as did a 28-kDa allergen in mugwort pollen extracts. Allergenic potencies of the investigatory Japanese hop and mugwort extracts were essentially indistinguishable from the commercial ones. Sums of erythema of 50 mm by the intradermal skin test (ΣED50) were calculated to be 14.4th and 13.6th three-fold dilutions for Japanese hop and mugwort extracts, respectively. Therefore, the allergenic activity of the prepared extracts was 90827.4 BAU/mg for Japanese hop and 34412 BAU/mg for mugwort. CONCLUSION We produced Japanese hop and mugwort pollen extracts using a standardized method. Standardized Japanese hop and mugwort pollen extracts will facilitate the production of improved diagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mina Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chein Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Jeong KY, Lee JY, Son M, Yi MH, Yong TS, Shin JU, Lee KH, Kim YJ, Park KH, Park HJ, Lee JH, Park JW. Profiles of IgE Sensitization to Der f 1, Der f 2, Der f 6, Der f 8, Der f 10, and Der f 20 in Korean House Dust Mite Allergy Patients. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:483-8. [PMID: 25749773 PMCID: PMC4509661 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.5.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement of IgE specific to purified house dust mite (HDM) allergens may improve allergy diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the sensitization profiles of Korean HDM allergic subjects suffering from respiratory allergy and atopic dermatitis (AD) to Der f 1, Der f 2, Der f 6, Der f 8, Der f 10, and Der f 20. METHODS Recombinant HDM allergens were produced in Pichia pastoris (Der f 1) or Escherichia coli (5 allergens). IgE reactivity to the individual recombinant allergens and total extract of mite was assessed by ELISA. RESULTS Der f 1 was recognized by 79.1%, Der f 2 by 79.1%, Der f 6 by 9.3%, Der f 8 by 6.2%, Der f 10 by 6.2%, and Der f 20 by 6.6% of the patients' sera tested, while the prevalence of IgE reactivity to total mite extract was 94.7%. Combination of Der f 1 and Der f 2 had a sensitivity of 87.6%. Specific IgE to Der f 2 alone was detected from 89.4% of HDM-sensitized respiratory allergy subjects and 92.3% to the combination of the 2 major allergens Der f 1 and Der f 2. However, sera from fewer patients with AD, namely 72.4% and 71.0%, recognized Der f 1 and Der f 2, respectively. The combination of 2 major allergens allowed diagnosis of 84.5% of the AD patients. No correlation between sensitization to specific allergens and HDM allergy entity was found. CONCLUSIONS Der f 2 was the most frequently sensitized allergen among the HDM-sensitized respiratory and AD patients in Korea, and the combination of the group 1 and 2 major allergens increased the diagnostic sensitivity. Minor allergens did not significantly improve diagnostic sensitivity. However, further studies are needed to analyze the relationship between sensitization to other HDM allergens and the disease entity of the HDM allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Yong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mina Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Hee Yi
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tai Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung U Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ju Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Jeong KY, Son M, Lee JH, Hong CS, Park JW. Allergenic characterization of a novel allergen, homologous to chymotrypsin, from german cockroach. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 7:283-9. [PMID: 25749759 PMCID: PMC4397369 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cockroach feces are known to be rich in IgE-reactive components. Various protease allergens were identified by proteomic analysis of German cockroach fecal extract in a previous study. In this study, we characterized a novel allergen, a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. Methods A cDNA sequence homologous to chymotrypsin was obtained by analysis of German cockroach expressed sequence tag (EST) clones. The recombinant chymotrypsins from the German cockroach and house dust mite (Der f 6) were expressed in Escherichia coli using the pEXP5NT/TOPO vector system, and their allergenicity was investigated by ELISA. Results The deduced amino acid sequence of German cockroach chymotrypsin showed 32.7 to 43.1% identity with mite group 3 (trypsin) and group 6 (chymotrypsin) allergens. Sera from 8 of 28 German cockroach allergy subjects (28.6%) showed IgE binding to the recombinant protein. IgE binding to the recombinant cockroach chymotrypsin was inhibited by house dust mite chymotrypsin Der f 6, while it minimally inhibited the German cockroach whole body extract. Conclusions A novel allergen homologous to chymotrypsin was identified from the German cockroach and was cross-reactive with Der f 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mina Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chein Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Han S, Feng S, Ren M, Ma E, Wang X, Xu L, Xu M. Glioma cell-derived placental growth factor induces regulatory B cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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