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Zorgetto-Pinheiro VA, Kuff HM, Machado GT, Guimarães RCA, Pott A, Campos RP, Nascimento VA, Bogo D. Biotechnological and socio-environmental potential of Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae): an interdisciplinary review. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e273473. [PMID: 38126629 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.273473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Guavira (Campomanesia adamantium, Myrtaceae) is a native fruit from the Brazilian Cerrado savanna and is socio-economically important for the indigenous and traditional people living in the Central-West. This is a bibliographic review of the biological properties of guavira and its derivatives, and, after discussing experimental studies, an interdisciplinary approach is conducted highlighting the im-portance of Agroforestry Systems as an ecological restoration tool to leverage the production chain of guavira while providing ecosystem services. Many research groups studied effects of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds and biological properties of this fruit and other plant parts such as antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diarrheic and antitumoral activities, cardiovascular and hepatic protection and action against neuropathic pain. Besides, guavira by-products benefit poultry intestinal health, similarly to antibiotics added to their feed. Furthermore, several biotechnological products were found, like pulp flour, seasoning from the peel, sunscreen, and seed oil similar to olive oil with pharmaceutical and industrial potential. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of guavira for restoration and preservation of the threatened Brazilian Cerrado, and for the socio-environmental development of family agriculture. The same approach and study are welcome and necessary in other regions and domains worldwide having their native flora as means for a restorative end.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Zorgetto-Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Medicina - FAMED, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste - PPGSD, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - H M Kuff
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Medicina - FAMED, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste - PPGSD, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - G T Machado
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição - FACFAN, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - R C A Guimarães
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Medicina - FAMED, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste - PPGSD, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - A Pott
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Instituto de Biociências - INBIO, Laboratório de Botânica, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - R P Campos
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição - FACFAN, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - V A Nascimento
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Medicina - FAMED, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste - PPGSD, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - D Bogo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Medicina - FAMED, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste - PPGSD, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Mariott M, Mariano LNB, Boeing T, Cechinel Zanchett CC, Salamanca E, Bella Cruz A, Giménez A, Cechinel Filho V, da Silva LM. Preparations from Campomanesia reitziana reduce the gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced diarrhea in a non-opioid and non-dopaminergic pathway in mice and display antimicrobial activity in vitro. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14277. [PMID: 34662472 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the antidiarrheal potential of the aqueous extract (AECR) and hydroalcoholic extract of Campomanesia reitziana leaves (HECR), its ethyl acetate (EAF) and dichloromethane fractions (DCMF), and myricitrin isolated from EAF. METHODS The total phenols and flavonoids were measured, followed by chromatography and myricitrin isolation. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenger activity, the cytotoxicity, and the effects on LPS-induced nitrite production in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were quantified. The effect of HECR, EAF, DCMF, and AECR on intestinal motility (IT), gastric emptying (GE), and castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice was determined, as well as its antimicrobial activity. KEY RESULTS The administration of AECR 10% (10 ml/kg, p.o), but not HECR (300 mg/kg), reduced the GE and IT by 52 and 51%. The EAF and DCMF at 300 mg/kg also reduced IT but did not change GE. Moreover, AECR and EAF, but not DCMF, inhibited the castor oil-induced diarrhea and naloxone or metoclopramide pretreatment did not change these effects. Myricitrin did not change IT and the evacuation index of mice. Finally, the dry residue of AECR inhibited bacterial growth and EAF showed bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhimurium and antifungal for C. albicans. However, none of the preparations alter the viability of Giardia spp. trophozoites. CONCLUSIONS The AECR and EAF can be effective to treat diarrhea acting through opioid- or dopaminergic type 2 receptor-independent mechanisms and by its antimicrobial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihá Mariott
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações QuímicoFarmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Luísa Nathália Bolda Mariano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações QuímicoFarmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Thaise Boeing
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações QuímicoFarmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Camile Cecconi Cechinel Zanchett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações QuímicoFarmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Efrain Salamanca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas (IIFB), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés - UMSA, La Paz, Bolívia
| | - Alexandre Bella Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações QuímicoFarmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Alberto Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas (IIFB), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés - UMSA, La Paz, Bolívia
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações QuímicoFarmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Luisa Mota da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações QuímicoFarmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Medicinal Plants from Brazilian Cerrado: Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential and Protection against Chemotherapy Toxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3685264. [PMID: 31534620 PMCID: PMC6732650 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3685264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural antioxidants in cancer therapy has increased: first, due to the potential of natural antioxidants to kill tumour cells and second, because of their capacity to protect healthy cells from the damage caused by chemotherapy. This review article discusses the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from medicinal plants from the Brazilian Cerrado and the cell death profile induced by each of these extracts in malignant cells. Next, we describe the capacity of other medicinal plants from the Cerrado to protect against chemotherapy-induced cell toxicity. Finally, we focus on recent insights into the cell death profile induced by extracts from Cerrado plants and perspectives for future therapeutic approaches.
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Wang Z, Li Y, Wang C, Xia H, Liang Y, Li Z. Oral administration of Urtica macrorrhiza Hand.-Mazz. polysaccharides to protect against cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal immunosuppression. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2178-2186. [PMID: 31410170 PMCID: PMC6676156 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a strategy to prevent the well-known immunosuppressant effects of cyclophosphamide (CY), the immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharide isolated from Urtica macrorrhiza Hand.-Mazz. (UMHMPS) was investigated in the present study. The chemical properties of UMHMPS, including total carbohydrates, uronic acid, protein contents, monosaccharide compositions, molecular weight and structural confirmation, were investigated. The immunomodulatory activity of UMHMPS was evaluated using a CY-induced immunosuppression mouse model. The results revealed that UMHMPS, which is composed of rhamnose, gluconic acid, galactose acid, galactose and xylose, exhibited potent immunomodulatory activity and low toxicity in mice. It increased the secretions of secretory immunoglobulin A, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4, and maintained the balance of the ratios of IFN-γ/IL-4 and cluster of differentiation (CD)3+/CD19+ cells in Peyer's patches. Furthermore, it increased the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, indicating that TLR4 may be one of the receptors of UMHMPS. Therefore, the present study provides evidence for the potential use of UMHMPS as an immune enhancement drug in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, P.R. China
| | - Chongjing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, P.R. China
| | - Yueqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, P.R. China
| | - Zhongkun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, P.R. China
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Sun NX, Liu HP, Liu XH, Zhang Y, Liu XQ, Wang S, Xu XX, Tian WT. Immunological activities of polysaccharide extracted fromElaeagnus angustifolia L. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2018.1516240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na-xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu-hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang-xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-tan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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Lima E Silva MCB, Bogo D, Alexandrino CAF, Perdomo RT, Figueiredo PDO, do Prado PR, Garcez FR, Kadri MCT, Ximenes TVN, Guimarães RDCA, Sarmento UC, Macedo MLR. Antiproliferative Activity of Extracts of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg and Isolated Compound Dimethylchalcone Against B16-F10 Murine Melanoma. J Med Food 2018; 21:1024-1034. [PMID: 29715052 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campomanesia adamantium, a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado, is characterized as a natural source of phenolic compounds and has known potential anticancer activities. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of dichloromethane extracts of pulp (DEGPU) and peel (DEGPE) from the fruits of C. adamantium and to identify compounds with antiproliferative effects in vitro against melanoma cells by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, apoptosis induction assay, caspase-3 activation assay, nitric oxide (NO) release in coculture of B16-F10 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages. The chemical profiles of DEGPU and DEGPE were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and mass spectrometer using the electrospray ionization interface (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Thirteen compounds were identified in both extracts and the chromatographic study of the most active extract in SRB assay DEGPU (GI50 of 16.17 μg/mL) resulted in the isolation of seven compounds. The isolated compound dimethylchalcone (DMC) had the highest antiproliferative activity against B16-F10 with a GI50 of 7.11 μg/mL. DEGPU extract activated caspase-3 in 29% of cells at 25 μg/mL and caused a 50% decrease in NO release in coculture. DEGPU can be characterized as a source of bioactive compounds such as DMC, as seen from its antiproliferative effect in vitro by inducing B16-F10 cells to undergo apoptosis, essential feature in the search for new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalli C B Lima E Silva
- 1 Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bogo
- 1 Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Caroline A F Alexandrino
- 1 Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Renata T Perdomo
- 1 Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de O Figueiredo
- 2 Laboratory of Pronabio (Bioactive Natural Products)-Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Pamela R do Prado
- 2 Laboratory of Pronabio (Bioactive Natural Products)-Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Garcez
- 2 Laboratory of Pronabio (Bioactive Natural Products)-Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Monica C T Kadri
- 3 Biophysiopharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Thalita V N Ximenes
- 3 Biophysiopharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cassia A Guimarães
- 4 Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Foods, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Ulana C Sarmento
- 4 Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Foods, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Maria Lígia R Macedo
- 5 Laboratory of Purification of Proteins and their Biological Functions (LPPFB), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande, Brazil
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Zhou Y, Chen X, Yi R, Li G, Sun P, Qian Y, Zhao X. Immunomodulatory Effect of Tremella Polysaccharides against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020239. [PMID: 29370108 PMCID: PMC6017040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are closely associated with immune regulation, but there are different polysaccharide effects from different sources. In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of tremella polysaccharides (TP) in cyclophosphamide-induced immunodeficient mice. We observed the thymus and spleen index, liver and spleen pathological changes, and the levels of IL-2, IL-12, INF-γ, TGF-β and Ig G in serum, and we also noted the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-12 and TGF-β in liver and spleen. Besides, we also measured the best effects of different doses of TP (Low-TP was 20 mg/kg·BW, Middle-TP was 40 mg/kg·BW, and High-TP was 80 mg/kg·BW) on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. The results were remarkable, and suggested that TP had a significant effect for enhancing immunity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression, and the immune enhancement of High-TP had the best results in TP-treated mice. It could significantly increase the thymus and spleen index, alleviate pathological features of immunosuppression such as the arrangement of liver sinusoid and hepatic plates was disordered, massive inflammatory cells infiltrated and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes in liver, and red pulp and white pulp were intermixed, splenic corpuscles demolished and disappeared, splenic sinusoid extended, and lymphocytes of spleen were reduced in spleen. Besides, it could also up-regulate serum levels of IL-2, IL-12, INF-γ and Ig G, reduce the level of TGF-β in serum, markedly promote mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-12 in liver and spleen, and suppress mRNA expression of TGF-β. Above all, TP showed preventive effect for cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Zhou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Guijie Li
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
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