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Farbehi N, Neavin DR, Cuomo ASE, Studer L, MacArthur DG, Powell JE. Integrating population genetics, stem cell biology and cellular genomics to study complex human diseases. Nat Genet 2024; 56:758-766. [PMID: 38741017 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells can, in theory, be differentiated into any cell type, making them a powerful in vitro model for human biology. Recent technological advances have facilitated large-scale hPS cell studies that allow investigation of the genetic regulation of molecular phenotypes and their contribution to high-order phenotypes such as human disease. Integrating hPS cells with single-cell sequencing makes identifying context-dependent genetic effects during cell development or upon experimental manipulation possible. Here we discuss how the intersection of stem cell biology, population genetics and cellular genomics can help resolve the functional consequences of human genetic variation. We examine the critical challenges of integrating these fields and approaches to scaling them cost-effectively and practically. We highlight two areas of human biology that can particularly benefit from population-scale hPS cell studies, elucidating mechanisms underlying complex disease risk loci and evaluating relationships between common genetic variation and pharmacotherapeutic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Farbehi
- Garvan Weizmann Center for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Drew R Neavin
- Garvan Weizmann Center for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna S E Cuomo
- Garvan Weizmann Center for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Garvan Weizmann Center for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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2
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Jusop AS, Thanaskody K, Tye GJ, Dass SA, Wan Kamarul Zaman WS, Nordin F. Development of brain organoid technology derived from iPSC for the neurodegenerative disease modelling: a glance through. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1173433. [PMID: 37602192 PMCID: PMC10435272 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1173433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are adult-onset neurological conditions that are notoriously difficult to model for drug discovery and development because most models are unable to accurately recapitulate pathology in disease-relevant cells, making it extremely difficult to explore the potential mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, alternative models of human or animal cells have been developed to bridge the gap and allow the impact of new therapeutic strategies to be anticipated more accurately by trying to mimic neuronal and glial cell interactions and many more mechanisms. In tandem with the emergence of human-induced pluripotent stem cells which were first generated in 2007, the accessibility to human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) derived from patients can be differentiated into disease-relevant neurons, providing an unrivaled platform for in vitro modeling, drug testing, and therapeutic strategy development. The recent development of three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids derived from iPSCs as the best alternative models for the study of the pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the overview of current iPSC-based disease modeling and recent advances in the development of iPSC models that incorporate neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, a summary of the existing brain organoid-based disease modeling of Alzheimer's disease was presented. We have also discussed the current methodologies of regional specific brain organoids modeled, its potential applications, emphasizing brain organoids as a promising platform for the modeling of patient-specific diseases, the development of personalized therapies, and contributing to the design of ongoing or future clinical trials on organoid technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Syamimi Jusop
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalaiselvaan Thanaskody
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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3
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Illi B, Nasi S. Myc beyond Cancer: Regulation of Mammalian Tissue Regeneration. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:346-365. [PMID: 37606389 PMCID: PMC10443299 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myc is one of the most well-known oncogenes driving tumorigenesis in a wide variety of tissues. From the brain to blood, its deregulation derails physiological pathways that grant the correct functioning of the cell. Its action is carried out at the gene expression level, where Myc governs basically every aspect of transcription. Indeed, in addition to its role as a canonical, chromatin-bound transcription factor, Myc rules RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcriptional pause-release, elongation and termination and mRNA capping. For this reason, it is evident that minimal perturbations of Myc function mirror malignant cell behavior and, consistently, a large body of literature mainly focuses on Myc malfunctioning. In healthy cells, Myc controls molecular mechanisms involved in pivotal functions, such as cell cycle (and proliferation thereof), apoptosis, metabolism and cell size, angiogenesis, differentiation and stem cell self-renewal. In this latter regard, Myc has been found to also regulate tissue regeneration, a hot topic in the research fields of aging and regenerative medicine. Indeed, Myc appears to have a role in wound healing, in peripheral nerves and in liver, pancreas and even heart recovery. Herein, we discuss the state of the art of Myc's role in tissue regeneration, giving an overview of its potent action beyond cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Nasi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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4
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Development of vascular disease models to explore disease causation and pathomechanisms of rare vascular diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:259-268. [PMID: 35233690 PMCID: PMC8887661 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the field of medicine is striving forward heralded by a new era of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and integrated technologies such as bioprinting and biological material development, the utility of rare monogenetic vascular disease modeling in this landscape is starting to emerge. With their genetic simplicity and broader applicability, these patient-specific models are at the forefront of modern personalized medicine. As a collective, rare diseases are a significant burden on global healthcare systems, and rare vascular diseases make up a significant proportion of this. High costs are due to a lengthy diagnostic process, affecting all ages from infants to adults, as well as the severity and chronic nature of the disease. Their complex nature requires sophisticated disease models and integrated approaches involving multidisciplinary teams. Here, we review these emerging vascular disease models, how they contribute to our understanding of the pathomechanisms in rare vascular diseases and provide useful platforms for therapeutic discovery.
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5
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Silva MC, Haggarty SJ. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived models and drug screening in CNS precision medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1471:18-56. [PMID: 30875083 PMCID: PMC8193821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective therapeutics for neurological disorders has historically been challenging partly because of lack of accurate model systems in which to investigate disease etiology and test new therapeutics at the preclinical stage. Human stem cells, particularly patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon differentiation, have the ability to recapitulate aspects of disease pathophysiology and are increasingly recognized as robust scalable systems for drug discovery. We review advances in deriving cellular models of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders using iPSCs along with strategies for investigating disease-relevant phenotypes, translatable biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Given their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and leads, we focus on phenotype-based, small-molecule screens employing human stem cell-derived models. Integrated efforts to assemble patient iPSC-derived cell models with deeply annotated clinicopathological data, along with molecular and drug-response signatures, may aid in the stratification of patients, diagnostics, and clinical trial success, shifting translational science and precision medicine approaches. A number of remaining challenges, including the optimization of cost-effective, large-scale culture of iPSC-derived cell types, incorporation of aging into neuronal models, as well as robustness and automation of phenotypic assays to support quantitative drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism testing workflows, are covered. Continued advancement of the field is expected to help fully humanize the process of CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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6
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De Masi C, Spitalieri P, Murdocca M, Novelli G, Sangiuolo F. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 to human-induced pluripotent stem cells: from gene editing to drug discovery. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:25. [PMID: 32591003 PMCID: PMC7318728 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system represent two instruments of basic and translational research, which both allow to acquire deep insight about the molecular bases of many diseases but also to develop pharmacological research. This review is focused to draw up the latest technique of gene editing applied on hiPSCs, exploiting some of the genetic manipulation directed to the discovery of innovative therapeutic strategies. There are many expediencies provided by the use of hiPSCs, which can represent a disease model clinically relevant and predictive, with a great potential if associated to CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a gene editing tool powered by ease and precision never seen before. Here, we describe the possible applications of CRISPR/Cas9 to hiPSCs: from drug development to drug screening and from gene therapy to the induction of the immunological response to specific virus infection, such as HIV and SARS-Cov-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia De Masi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Spitalieri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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7
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Bratkovič T, Božič J, Rogelj B. Functional diversity of small nucleolar RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1627-1651. [PMID: 31828325 PMCID: PMC7038934 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are short non-protein-coding RNAs with a long-recognized role in tuning ribosomal and spliceosomal function by guiding ribose methylation and pseudouridylation at targeted nucleotide residues of ribosomal and small nuclear RNAs, respectively. SnoRNAs are increasingly being implicated in regulation of new types of post-transcriptional processes, for example rRNA acetylation, modulation of splicing patterns, control of mRNA abundance and translational efficiency, or they themselves are processed to shorter stable RNA species that seem to be the principal or alternative bioactive isoform. Intriguingly, some display unusual cellular localization under exogenous stimuli, or tissue-specific distribution. Here, we discuss the new and unforeseen roles attributed to snoRNAs, focusing on the presumed mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we review the experimental approaches to study snoRNA function, including high resolution RNA:protein and RNA:RNA interaction mapping, techniques for analyzing modifications on targeted RNAs, and cellular and animal models used in snoRNA biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Bratkovič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Božič
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Jamova cesta 39, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Biomedical Research Institute BRIS, Puhova ulica 10, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Rogelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Jamova cesta 39, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Biomedical Research Institute BRIS, Puhova ulica 10, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Famulari ES, Navarro-Tableros V, Herrera Sanchez MB, Bortolussi G, Gai M, Conti L, Silengo L, Tolosano E, Tetta C, Muro AF, Camussi G, Fagoonee S, Altruda F. Human liver stem cells express UGT1A1 and improve phenotype of immunocompromised Crigler Najjar syndrome type I mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:887. [PMID: 31965023 PMCID: PMC6972964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crigler Najjar Syndrome type I (CNSI) is a rare recessive disorder caused by mutations in the Ugt1a1 gene. There is no permanent cure except for liver transplantation, and current therapies present several shortcomings. Since stem cell-based therapy offers a promising alternative for the treatment of this disorder, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of human liver stem cells (HLSC) in immune-compromised NOD SCID Gamma (NSG)/Ugt1−/− mice, which closely mimic the pathological manifestations in CNSI patients. To assess whether HLSC expressed UGT1A1, decellularised mouse liver scaffolds were repopulated with these cells. After 15 days’ culture ex vivo, HLSC differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells showing UGT1A1 expression and activity. For the in vivo human cell engraftment and recovery experiments, DiI-labelled HLSC were injected into the liver of 5 days old NSG/Ugt1−/− pups which were analysed at postnatal Day 21. HLSC expressed UGT1A1 in vivo, induced a strong decrease in serum unconjugated bilirubin, thus significantly improving phenotype and survival compared to untreated controls. A striking recovery from brain damage was also observed in HLSC-injected mutant mice versus controls. Our proof-of-concept study shows that HLSC express UGT1A1 in vivo and improve the phenotype and survival of NSG/Ugt1−/− mice, and show promises for the treatment of CNSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Smeralda Famulari
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Victor Navarro-Tableros
- 2i3T - Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico dell'Università degli studi di Torino, Scarl and Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Beatriz Herrera Sanchez
- 2i3T - Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico dell'Università degli studi di Torino, Scarl and Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Bortolussi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Andrés Fernando Muro
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy.
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9
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Spitalieri P, Talarico RV, Murdocca M, Fontana L, Marcaurelio M, Campione E, Massa R, Meola G, Serafino A, Novelli G, Sangiuolo F, Botta A. Generation and Neuronal Differentiation of hiPSCs From Patients With Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2. Front Physiol 2018; 9:967. [PMID: 30100878 PMCID: PMC6074094 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-patient specific are an innovative tool to reproduce a model of disease in vitro and summarize the pathological phenotype and the disease etiopathology. Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is caused by an unstable (CCTG)n expansion in intron 1 of the CNBP gene, leading to a progressive multisystemic disease with muscle, heart and central nervous dysfunctions. The pathogenesis of CNS involvement in DM2 is poorly understood since no cellular or animal models fully recapitulate the molecular and clinical neurodegenerative phenotype of patients. In this study, we generated for the first time, two DM2 and two wild type hiPSC lines from dermal fibroblasts by polycistronic lentiviral vector (hSTEMCCA-loxP) expressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC genes and containing loxP-sites, excisable by Cre recombinase. Specific morphological, molecular and immunocytochemical markers have confirmed the stemness of DM2 and wild type-derived hiPSCs. These cells are able to differentiate into neuronal population (NP) expressing tissue specific markers. hiPSCs-derived NP cells maintain (CCTG)n repeat expansion and intranuclear RNA foci exhibiting sequestration of MBNL1 protein, which are pathognomonic of the disease. DM2 hiPSCs represent an important tool for the study of CNS pathogenesis in patients, opening new perspectives for the development of cell-based therapies in the field of personalized medicine and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Spitalieri
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa V Talarico
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Murdocca
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Fontana
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Marcaurelio
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Massa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Meola
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Policlinico San Donato (IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalucia Serafino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IRCCS), Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Botta
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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10
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Dinarelli S, Girasole M, Spitalieri P, Talarico RV, Murdocca M, Botta A, Novelli G, Mango R, Sangiuolo F, Longo G. AFM nano-mechanical study of the beating profile of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes beating bodies WT and DM1. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2725. [PMID: 29748973 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, characterized by a variety of multisystemic features and associated with cardiac anomalies. Among cardiac phenomena, conduction defects, ventricular arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy represent the main cause of sudden death in DM1 patients. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represent a powerful in vitro model for molecular, biochemical, and physiological studies of disease in the target cells. Here, we used an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to measure the beating profiles of a large number of cells, organized in CM clusters (Beating Bodies, BBs), obtained from wild type (WT) and DM1 patients. We monitored the evolution over time of the frequency and intensity of the beating. We determined the variations between different BBs and over various areas of a single BB, caused by morphological and biomechanical variations. We exploited the AFM tip to apply a controlled force over the BBs, to carefully assess the biomechanical reaction of the different cell clusters over time, both in terms of beating frequency and intensity. Our measurements demonstrated differences between the WT and DM1 clusters highlighting, for the DM1 samples, an instability which was not observed in WT cells. We measured differences in the cellular response to the applied mechanical stimulus in terms of beating synchronicity over time and cell tenacity, which are in good agreement with the cellular behavior in vivo. Overall, the combination of hiPSC-CMs with AFM characterization can become a new tool to study the collective movements of cell clusters in different conditions and can be extended to the characterization of the BB response to chemical and pharmacological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dinarelli
- Institute for the Structure of Matter, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - M Girasole
- Institute for the Structure of Matter, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - P Spitalieri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - R V Talarico
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - M Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Botta
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - G Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - R Mango
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - F Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - G Longo
- Institute for the Structure of Matter, CNR, Rome, Italy
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11
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Spitalieri P, Talarico RV, Caioli S, Murdocca M, Serafino A, Girasole M, Dinarelli S, Longo G, Pucci S, Botta A, Novelli G, Zona C, Mango R, Sangiuolo F. Modelling the pathogenesis of Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 cardiac phenotype through human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:95-109. [PMID: 29551391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic disease, autosomal dominant, caused by a CTG repeat expansion in DMPK gene. We assessed the appropriateness of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) as a model to recapitulate some aspects of the pathogenetic mechanism involving cardiac manifestations in DM1 patients. Once obtained in vitro, CMs have been characterized for their morphology and their functionality. CMs DM1 show intranuclear foci and transcript markers abnormally spliced respect to WT ones, as well as several irregularities in nuclear morphology, probably caused by an unbalanced lamin A/C ratio. Electrophysiological characterization evidences an abnormal profile only in CMs DM1 such that the administration of antiarrythmic drugs to these cells highlights even more the functional defect linked to the disease. Finally, Atomic Force Measurements reveal differences in the biomechanical behaviour of CMs DM1, in terms of frequencies and synchronicity of the beats. Altogether the complex phenotype described in this work, strongly reproduces some aspects of the human DM1 cardiac phenotype. Therefore, the present study provides an in vitro model suggesting novel insights into the mechanisms leading to the development of arrhythmogenesis and dilatative cardiomyopathy to consider when approaching to DM1 patients, especially for the risk assessment of sudden cardiac death (SCD). These data could be also useful in identifying novel biomarkers effective in clinical settings and patient-tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Spitalieri
- Dept of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa V Talarico
- Dept of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michela Murdocca
- Dept of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabina Pucci
- Dept of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Botta
- Dept of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Dept of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Zona
- I.R.C.C.S. S. Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dept of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Dept of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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12
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Watanabe N, Santostefano KE, Yachnis AT, Terada N. A pathologist's perspective on induced pluripotent stem cells. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1126-1132. [PMID: 28759008 PMCID: PMC5918271 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology was originally developed in 2006. Essentially, it converts somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells by transiently expressing a few transcriptional factors. Once generated, these iPSCs can differentiate into all the cell types of our body, theoretically, which has attracted great attention for clinical research including disease pathobiology studies. Could this technology then become an additional research or diagnostic tool widely available to practicing pathologists? Here we summarize progress in iPSC research toward disease pathobiology studies, its future potential, and remaining problems from a pathologist's perspective. A particular focus will be on introducing the effort to recapitulate disease-related morphological changes through three-dimensional culture of stem cells such as organoid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine E Santostefano
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA,Center for Cellular Reprogramming, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony T Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA,Center for Cellular Reprogramming, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Pette D. What Can be Learned from the Time Course of Changes in Low-Frequency Stimulated Muscle? Eur J Transl Myol 2017; 27:6723. [PMID: 28713537 PMCID: PMC5505094 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2017.6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Pette
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Collado MS, Cole BK, Figler RA, Lawson M, Manka D, Simmers MB, Hoang S, Serrano F, Blackman BR, Sinha S, Wamhoff BR. Exposure of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells in Coculture to Hemodynamics Induces Primary Vascular Cell-Like Phenotypes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017. [PMID: 28628273 PMCID: PMC5689791 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into vascular endothelial (iEC) and smooth muscle (iSMC) cells. However, because iECs and iSMCs are not derived from an intact blood vessel, they represent an immature phenotype. Hemodynamics and heterotypic cell:cell communication play important roles in vascular cell phenotypic modulation. Here we tested the hypothesis that hemodynamic exposure of iECs in coculture with iSMCs induces an in vivo‐like phenotype. iECs and iSMCs were cocultured under vascular region‐specific blood flow hemodynamics, and compared to hemodynamic cocultures of blood vessel‐derived endothelial (pEC) and smooth muscle (pSMC) cells. Hemodynamic flow‐induced gene expression positively correlated between pECs and iECs as well as pSMCs and iSMCs. While endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 protein was lower in iECs than pECs, iECs were functionally mature as seen by acetylated‐low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake. SMC contractile protein markers were also positively correlated between pSMCs and iSMCs. Exposure of iECs and pECs to atheroprone hemodynamics with oxidized‐LDL induced an inflammatory response in both. Dysfunction of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway is seen in several vascular diseases, and iECs and iSMCs exhibited a transcriptomic prolife similar to pECs and pSMCs, respectively, in their responses to LY2109761‐mediated transforming growth factor β receptor I/II (TGFβRI/II) inhibition. Although there are differences between ECs and SMCs derived from iPSCs versus blood vessels, hemodynamic coculture restores a high degree of similarity in their responses to pathological stimuli associated with vascular diseases. Thus, iPSC‐derived vascular cells exposed to hemodynamics may provide a viable system for modeling rare vascular diseases and testing new therapeutic approaches. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1673–1683
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Lawson
- HemoShear Therapeutics, LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David Manka
- HemoShear Therapeutics, LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Steve Hoang
- HemoShear Therapeutics, LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Felipe Serrano
- Department of Medicine and WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sanjay Sinha
- Department of Medicine and WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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A preliminary analysis of volatile metabolites of human induced pluripotent stem cells along the in vitro differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1621. [PMID: 28487523 PMCID: PMC5431616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism of stem cell biology is still an unexplored field. However, considering the amount of information carried by metabolomes, this is a promising field for a fast identification of stem cells itself and during the differentiation process. One of the goals of such application is the identification of residual pluripotent cells before cell transplantation to avoid the occurrence of teratomas. In this paper, we investigated in vitro the volatile compounds (VOCs) released during human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) reprogramming. In particular, we studied hiPSCs differentiation to floating and adherent embryoid bodies until early neural progenitor cells. A preliminary Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis, based on a single extraction method and chromatographic separation, indicated 17 volatile compounds whose relative abundance is altered in each step of the differentiation process. The pattern of VOCs shown by hiPSCs is well distinct and makes these cells sharply separated from the other steps of differentiations. Similar behaviour has also been observed with an array of metalloporphyrins based gas sensors. The use of electronic sensors to control the process of differentiation of pluripotent stem cells might suggest a novel perspective for a fast and on-line control of differentiation processes.
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16
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Tavian D, Missaglia S, Castagnetta M, Degiorgio D, Pennisi EM, Coleman RA, Dell'Era P, Mora C, Angelini C, Coviello DA. Generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as disease modelling of NLSDM. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:28-34. [PMID: 28391974 PMCID: PMC5434246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutral Lipid Storage Disease with Myopathy (NLSDM) is a rare defect of triacylglycerol metabolism, characterized by the abnormal storage of neutral lipid in organelles known as lipid droplets (LDs). The main clinical features are progressive myopathy and cardiomyopathy. The onset of NLSDM is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the PNPLA2 gene, which encodes adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Despite its name, this enzyme is present in a wide variety of cell types and catalyzes the first step in triacylglycerol lipolysis and the release of fatty acids. Here, we report the derivation of NLSDM-induced pluripotent stem cells (NLSDM-iPSCs) from fibroblasts of two patients carrying different PNPLA2 mutations. The first patient was homozygous for the c.541delAC, while the second was homozygous for the c.662G>C mutation in the PNPLA2 gene. We verified that the two types of NLSDM-iPSCs possessed properties of embryonic-like stem cells and could differentiate into the three germ layers in vitro. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that iPSCs had an abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in LDs, the hallmark of NLSDM. Furthermore, NLSDM-iPSCs were deficient in long chain fatty acid lipolysis, when subjected to a pulse chase experiment with oleic acid. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NLSDM-iPSCs are a promising in vitro model to investigate disease mechanisms and screen drug compounds for NLSDM, a rare disease with few therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tavian
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, pz Buonarroti 30, Milan 20145, Italy; Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, Milan 20123, Italy.
| | - S Missaglia
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, pz Buonarroti 30, Milan 20145, Italy; Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - M Castagnetta
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Via Volta 6, Genoa 16128, Italy
| | - D Degiorgio
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Via Volta 6, Genoa 16128, Italy; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, c/o Advanced Biotechnology Center, L.go R. Benzi, 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - E M Pennisi
- UOC Neurologia, San Filippo Neri Hospital, via Martinotti 20, Rome 00135, Italy
| | - R A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - P Dell'Era
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - C Mora
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - C Angelini
- IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale S. Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - D A Coviello
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Via Volta 6, Genoa 16128, Italy
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17
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from connective tissues are pluripotent and differentiate into phenotypes of connective tissue cell lineages (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes) in vitro and in vivo. They have been used to treat mouse models of connective tissue disease such as lumican-null (Lum) and mucopolysaccharidosis (Gusb) mice. Mesenchymal stem cells have unique immunosuppressive properties allowing evasion of host rejection; thus, they are valuable tools for cell therapy of congenital and acquired diseases involving immune dysfunction of multiple tissues including ocular surface tissues (cornea). We previously showed that human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) modulated host immune responses, enabling them to survive xenograft transplantation. In vitro, UMSCs modulated inflammatory cells by inhibiting adhesion and invasion, and inducing cell death. UMSCs also regulated M1/M2 macrophage polarization and induced T-regulatory cell maturation from naive intraperitoneal cavity lavage cells. UMSCs exposed to inflammatory cells synthesized a rich extracellular glycocalyx composed of hyaluronan (HA) bound to the heavy chains (HCs) of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (HC-HA), which contains tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) that catalyzes the transfer of HCs to HA, versican, and pentraxin-3. Our in vivo and in vitro results showed that the glycocalyx regulated inflammatory cells, allowing UMSCs to survive host immune rejection. Administration of antibodies against glycocalyx constituents or digestion with hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC abolished the UMSCs' ability to modulate immune responses. Treatment with anti-CD44 antibodies also diminished modulation of M2 macrophages by UMSCs, indicating that cell surface CD44 is required for correct UMSC glycocalyx assembly to modulate inflammatory cells.
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18
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Clinical potential of human-induced pluripotent stem cells : Perspectives of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:99-112. [PMID: 27900567 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent establishment of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells promises the development of autologous cell therapies for degenerative diseases, without the ethical concerns associated with human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Initially, iPS cells were generated by retroviral transduction of somatic cells with core reprogramming genes. To avoid potential genotoxic effects associated with retroviral transfection, more recently, alternative non-viral gene transfer approaches were developed. Before a potential clinical application of iPS cell-derived therapies can be planned, it must be ensured that the reprogramming to pluripotency is not associated with genome mutagenesis or epigenetic aberrations. This may include direct effects of the reprogramming method or "off-target" effects associated with the reprogramming or the culture conditions. Thus, a rigorous safety testing of iPS or iPS-derived cells is imperative, including long-term studies in model animals. This will include not only rodents but also larger mammalian model species to allow for assessing long-term stability of the transplanted cells, functional integration into the host tissue, and freedom from undifferentiated iPS cells. Determination of the necessary cell dose is also critical; it is assumed that a minimum of 1 billion transplantable cells is required to achieve a therapeutic effect. This will request medium to long-term in vitro cultivation and dozens of cell divisions, bearing the risk of accumulating replication errors. Here, we review the clinical potential of human iPS cells and evaluate which are the most suitable approaches to overcome or minimize risks associated with the application of iPS cell-derived cell therapies.
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19
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Naranjo JD, Scarritt ME, Huleihel L, Ravindra A, Torres CM, Badylak SF. Regenerative Medicine: lessons from Mother Nature. Regen Med 2016; 11:767-775. [PMID: 27885899 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine strategies for the restoration of functional tissue have evolved from the concept of ex vivo creation of engineered tissue toward the broader concept of in vivo induction of functional tissue reconstruction. Multidisciplinary approaches are being investigated to achieve this goal using evolutionarily conserved principles of stem cell biology, developmental biology and immunology, current methods of engineering and medicine. This evolution from ex vivo tissue engineering to the manipulation of fundamental in vivo tenets of development and regeneration has the potential to capitalize upon the incredibly complex and only partially understood ability of cells to adapt, proliferate, self-organize and differentiate into functional tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Naranjo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michelle E Scarritt
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Luai Huleihel
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anjani Ravindra
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy & Immunology, Children's Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Crisanto M Torres
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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