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Adegbite G, Edeki S, Isewon I, Emmanuel J, Dokunmu T, Rotimi S, Oyelade J, Adebiyi E. Mathematical modeling of malaria transmission dynamics in humans with mobility and control states. Infect Dis Model 2023; 8:1015-1031. [PMID: 37649792 PMCID: PMC10463202 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria importation is one of the hypothetical drivers of malaria transmission dynamics across the globe. Several studies on malaria importation focused on the effect of the use of conventional malaria control strategies as approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) on malaria transmission dynamics but did not capture the effect of the use of traditional malaria control strategies by vigilant humans. In order to handle the aforementioned situation, a novel system of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) was developed comprising the human and the malaria vector compartments. Analysis of the system was carried out to assess its quantitative properties. The novel computational algorithm used to solve the developed system of ODEs was implemented and benchmarked with the existing Runge-Kutta numerical solution method. Furthermore, simulations of different vigilant conditions useful to control malaria were carried out. The novel system of malaria models was well-posed and epidemiologically meaningful based on its quantitative properties. The novel algorithm performed relatively better in terms of model simulation accuracy than Runge-Kutta. At the best model-fit condition of 98% vigilance to the use of conventional and traditional malaria control strategies, this study revealed that malaria importation has a persistent impact on malaria transmission dynamics. In lieu of this, this study opined that total vigilance to the use of the WHO-approved and traditional malaria management tools would be the most effective control strategy against malaria importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbenga Adegbite
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Edeki
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Itunuoluwa Isewon
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communications-African Centre of Excellence, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Jerry Emmanuel
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communications-African Centre of Excellence, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Titilope Dokunmu
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communications-African Centre of Excellence, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Rotimi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communications-African Centre of Excellence, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Jelili Oyelade
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communications-African Centre of Excellence, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communications-African Centre of Excellence, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Passah M, Nengnong CB, Wilson ML, Carlton JM, Kharbamon L, Albert S. Implementation and acceptance of government-sponsored malaria control interventions in Meghalaya, India. Malar J 2022; 21:200. [PMID: 35739533 PMCID: PMC9223263 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India has made considerable progress in malaria reduction over the past two decades, with government-sponsored indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated bed net (ITN) or long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) distribution being the main vector-related prevention efforts. Few investigations have used non-participant observational methods to assess malaria control measures while they were being implemented, nor documented people’s perceptions and acceptance of IRS or LLINs in India, and none have done so in the northeast region. This study evaluated household (HH)-level operation of IRS and distribution of LLINs by India’s National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) in 50 villages of Meghalaya state, and documented their acceptance and use. Methods Study field teams accompanied the government health system teams during August-October, 2019 and 2020 to observe deployment of LLINs, and record HH-level data on LLIN numbers and use. In addition, NVBDCP spray teams were followed during 2019–2021 to observe IRS preparation and administration. HH members were interviewed to better understand reasons for acceptance or refusal of spraying. Results A total of 8386 LLINs were distributed to 2727 HHs in 24 villages from five Primary Health Centres, representing 99.5% of planned coverage. Interviews with 80 HH residents indicated that they appreciated the LLIN dissemination programme, and generally made regular and appropriate use of LLINs, except during overnight travel or when working in agricultural fields. However, HH-level IRS application, which was observed at 632 HHs, did not always follow standard insecticide preparation and safety protocols. Of 1,079 occupied HHs visited by the spray team, 632 (58.6%) refused to allow any spraying. Only 198 (18.4%) HHs agreed to be sprayed, comprising 152 (14.1%) that were only partly sprayed, and 46 (4.3%) that were fully sprayed. Reasons for refusal included: inadequate time to rearrange HH items, young children were present, annoying smell, staining of walls, and threat to bee-keeping or Eri silk moth cultivation. Conclusions These findings are among the first in India that independently evaluate people's perceptions and acceptance of ongoing government-sponsored IRS and LLIN programmes for malaria prevention. They represent important insights for achieving India's goal of malaria elimination by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattimi Passah
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India. .,Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793006, India.
| | - Carinthia Balabet Nengnong
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India.,Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793006, India
| | - Mark L Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Larry Kharbamon
- Department of Health, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sandra Albert
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India. .,Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793006, India.
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Chipoya MN, Shimaponda-Mataa NM. Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria cases in North-Western Province, Zambia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2020; 19:430. [PMID: 33228684 PMCID: PMC7686676 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imported malaria is a major challenge for countries that are in malaria elimination stage such as Zambia. Legitimate cross-border activities add to the risk of transmission, necessitating determination of prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 103 consented child and adult patients with clinical malaria symptoms, from selected health facilities in north-western Zambia. Patient demographic data and blood samples for malaria microscopy and full blood count were obtained. Chi-square and penalized logistic regression were performed to describe the characteristics and assess the risk factors of imported and local malaria in North-Western Province. RESULTS Overall, malaria prevalence was 78.6% with 93.8% Plasmodium falciparum and 6.2% other species. The local cases were 72 (88.9%) while the imported were 9 (11.1%) out of the 81 positive participants. About 98.6% of the local cases were P. falciparum compared to 55.6% (χ2 = 52.4; p < 0.01) P. falciparum among the imported cases. Among the imported cases, 44% were species other than P. falciparum (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01) while among the local cases only 1.4% were. Gametocytes were present in 44% of the imported malaria cases and only in 2.8% of the local cases (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01). About 48.6% of local participants had severe anaemia compared to 33.3% of participants from the two neighbouring countries who had (χ2 = 4.9; p = 0.03). In the final model, only country of residence related positively to presence of species other than P. falciparum (OR = 39.0, CI [5.9, 445.9]; p < 0.01) and presence of gametocytes (OR = 23.1, CI [4.2, 161.6]; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Malaria prevalence in North-Western Province is high, with P. falciparum as the predominant species although importation of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae is happening as well. Country of residence of patients is a major risk factor for malaria species and gametocyte presence. The need for enhanced malaria control with specific focus on border controls to detect and treat, for specific diagnosis and treatment according to species obtaining, for further research in the role of species and gametocytaemia in imported malaria, cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen N Chipoya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nzooma M Shimaponda-Mataa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Miller JM, Eisele TP, Fraser MS, Lewis MT, Slutsker L, Chizema Kawesha E. Moving from Malaria Burden Reduction toward Elimination: An Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration in Southern Province, Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:3-6. [PMID: 32618265 PMCID: PMC7416971 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
From December 2014 to February 2016, a cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in 60 health facility catchment areas along Lake Kariba in Zambia's Southern Province. The trial sought to evaluate the impact of four rounds of a mass drug administration (MDA) intervention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHAP) or focal MDA with DHAP at the household level compared with a control population that received the standard of care. This study was the first randomized controlled trial with DHAP for MDA in sub-Saharan Africa and was conducted through a collaboration between the National Malaria Elimination Programme in the Zambian Ministry of Health, the PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa, and the Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation at Tulane University. This article serves as an introduction to a collection of articles designed to explore different aspects of the intervention. By describing the recent history of malaria control in Zambia leading up to the trial-from the scale-up of point-of-care diagnosis and treatment, vector control, and indoor residual spraying early in the twenty-first century, to the efforts made to sustain the gains achieved with that approach-it provides a rationale for the implementation of a trial that has informed a new national strategic plan and solidified malaria elimination as Zambia's national goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thomas P Eisele
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Fraser M, Miller JM, Silumbe K, Hainsworth M, Mudenda M, Hamainza B, Moonga H, Chizema Kawesha E, Mercer LD, Bennett A, Schneider K, Slater HC, Eisele TP, Guinovart C. Evaluating the Impact of Programmatic Mass Drug Administration for Malaria in Zambia Using Routine Incidence Data. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:1415-1423. [PMID: 32691047 PMCID: PMC9016426 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 2016, the Zambian National Malaria Elimination Centre started programmatic mass drug administration (pMDA) campaigns with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine as a malaria elimination tool in Southern Province. Two rounds were administered, 2 months apart (coverage 70% and 57%, respectively). We evaluated the impact of 1 year of pMDA on malaria incidence using routine data. Methods We conducted an interrupted time series with comparison group analysis on monthly incidence data collected at the health facility catchment area (HFCA) level, with a negative binomial model using generalized estimating equations. Programmatic mass drug administration was conducted in HFCAs with greater than 50 cases/1000 people per year. Ten HFCAs with incidence rates marginally above this threshold (pMDA group) were compared with 20 HFCAs marginally below (comparison group). Results The pMDA HFCAs saw a 46% greater decrease in incidence at the time of intervention than the comparison areas (incidence rate ratio = 0.536; confidence interval = 0.337–0.852); however, incidence increased toward the end of the season. No HFCAs saw a transmission interruption. Conclusions Programmatic mass drug administration, implemented during 1 year with imperfect coverage in low transmission areas with suboptimal vector control coverage, significantly reduced incidence. However, elimination will require additional tools. Routine data are important resources for programmatic impact evaluations and should be considered for future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fraser
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Hainsworth
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mutinta Mudenda
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Busiku Hamainza
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hawela Moonga
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Laina D Mercer
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Bennett
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kammerle Schneider
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hannah C Slater
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas P Eisele
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Caterina Guinovart
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, Washington, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Steketee RW, Miller JM, Chizema Kawesha E. Implications of the MDA Trial in Southern Province, Zambia, for Malaria Control and Elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:98-101. [PMID: 32618248 PMCID: PMC7416969 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Steketee
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John M Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Elizabeth Chizema Kawesha
- National Malaria Control Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka, Zambia
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