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Maphossa V, Langa JC, Simbine S, Maússe FE, Kenga D, Relvas V, Chicamba V, Manjate A, Sacarlal J. Environmental bacterial and fungal contamination in high touch surfaces and indoor air of a paediatric intensive care unit in Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique in 2018. Infect Prev Pract 2022; 4:100250. [PMID: 36204713 PMCID: PMC9530480 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2022.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hospital environment serves as a reservoir of microorganisms which may be associated with healthcare-associated infections (HCAI). The study of environmental contamination with microorganisms is a method for the assessment of hospital environmental hygiene. We sought to evaluate the environmental colonisation of a national reference hospital unit, using the total aerobic colony count (ACC) and the isolated microorganisms, as assessment tools. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the Hospital Central de Maputo during a four-week period in 2018. Surfaces and air were sampled before and after room cleaning, using swabs and passive air method. Those samples were processed at the microbiology laboratory where total ACC levels were evaluated, and microorganisms were isolated, identified and assessed for antibiotic susceptibility. Discussion Comparison of the total median ACC of the indoor air (287 cfu/m3 before and 195 cfu/m3 after) and surfaces (0.38 cfu/cm2 before and 0.33 cfu/cm2 after) before and after room cleaning did not show significant differences (P>0.05). Microorganisms of epidemiological importance, including coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia odorifera were isolated and all of these three were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Conclusion The results showed controlled contamination levels on high touch surfaces in the patient environment and a high level of contamination of the indoor air suggesting deficiencies in the PICU environmental decontamination process. There was evidence of the presence of fungi and MDR species of epidemiological importance in the context of HCAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Maphossa
- Centro de Treino de Polana Caniço, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Mozambique
| | - José Carlos Langa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Samuel Simbine
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Fabião Edmundo Maússe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Darlene Kenga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ventura Relvas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Valéria Chicamba
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Central de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alice Manjate
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
- Corresponding author.
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Moshi AA, Kyara EC, Mabula PL, Uroki EC, Kajeguka DC, Mkumbaye SI. Proportions of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Door Locks and Working Benches in Clinical Laboratory: A Laboratory Based Study. East Afr Health Res J 2022; 6:106-112. [PMID: 37928867 PMCID: PMC10624217 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj.v6i1.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have revealed the association of the door handle and contamination of pathogenic bacteria. Door handles of clinical and research laboratories have higher chances of contamination with pathogenic bacteria during closing and opening with contaminated gloves on, or sometimes after visiting the toilets without the use of disinfectant materials. There is limited epidemiological data regarding bacteria cross contamination of door locks of the Clinical laboratory at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. This study aimed at providing the proportions of bacteria contaminating medical laboratory doors. Methods A cross section laboratory-based study was conducted and it involved collection of swab samples from doors and working benches in the clinical laboratory. Results Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeroginosa and coliforms were (26%, 22%, 18%, 8%, 4% and 4% respectively. Conclusion This study has reported high proportion of pathogenic bacteria. The results entails that, internal and external environments are responsible for laboratory door contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abias Anthon Moshi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Ester Colnel Kyara
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Lucas Mabula
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel Charles Uroki
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Debora Charles Kajeguka
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Sixbert Isdory Mkumbaye
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
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Appiah EO, Appiah S, Menlah A, Baidoo M, Awuah DB, Isaac NB. Experiences of infection prevention and control in clinical practice of nursing students in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana: An exploratory qualitative study. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211054588. [PMID: 34721873 PMCID: PMC8552381 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211054588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, infections acquired from hospitals pose a major obstacle to patients' safety. Health care workers, especially, nursing students are at high risk for Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) as they are always in contact with clients. Therefore, this study aims to explore experiences of infection prevention and control in the clinical practice of nursing students in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Methods The study utilized a qualitative exploratory design to interview 42 participants (7 focus groups, comprising of 6 members each). A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the participants, who were engaged in 50-90 min' focus group discussions. Data collection lasted for 3 months and was analyzed using content analysis. NVivo version 12 Software was used to identify recurrent themes from the transcribed data. Results The results revealed two main themes: preventive practices against hospital-acquired infections and barriers toward infection prevention practices. The subthemes under the preventive practices were as follows: views on HAIs preventive practices, barrier nursing, hand washing and use of sanitizers, aseptic techniques, and sterilization. Increased workload, lack of superior support, and inadequate resources emerged under the barriers toward infection prevention practices. Conclusion It was concluded from the study that most of the student nurses had adequate information about HAIs and wish to adhere to the Infection prevention protocols. However, the participants observed poor infection prevention practices among the staff they were learning from. It is therefore recommended that more attention is focused on infection prevention and control in clinical practice among nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Osei Appiah
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Valley View University, Oyibi, Ghana
| | - Stella Appiah
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Valley View University, Oyibi, Ghana
| | - Awube Menlah
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Valley View University, Oyibi, Ghana
| | | | - Dorothy Baffour Awuah
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Valley View University, Oyibi, Ghana
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Asfaw T, Genetu D. High Rate of Bacterial Contamination on Healthcare Worker's Mobile Phone and Potential Role in Dissemination of Healthcare-Associated Infection at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2601-2608. [PMID: 34188571 PMCID: PMC8232955 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s313387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile Phone (MP) handling by healthcare workers (HCWs) in hospital is an open breeding place for the transmission of bacteria and healthcare-associated infection (HCAI). This HCAI is a huge problem to the healthcare system worldwide. METHODS A laboratory-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 2020 to January 2021 in Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. A total of 65 swab samples were collected from HCWs mobiles phone. Other important data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The collected samples were processed for bacteriological identification and drug susceptibility testing. Data obtained were entered and cleaned into MS Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS version 21. RESULTS From the total of 65 swab sample, 84 bacterial isolates were detected. Of these bacterial isolates, 46.4% were Gram-positive bacteria while 53.6% were Gram-negative bacteria. The overall MDR prevalence was found to be 42.9%. The proportion of MP contamination was higher in males (67.9%) and the age groups of 20-35 years (50%). All the MP carried by HCWs was contaminated with at least one bacterial pathogen. The high rate of MP contamination was observed in the intensive care unit (ICU) (22.6%) followed by surgical ward (17.8) and laboratory rooms (17.8%). The rate of bacterial contamination of MP was higher among HCWs working in ICU, who did not disinfect or clean their phone regularly and who did not wash their hands regularly. CONCLUSION Healthcare worker's MP was contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Since MP could serve as a vehicle and a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria, HCWs should be aware of the public health risks of HCAI, and appropriate intervention mechanisms should be practiced to reduce the burden and cross-transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegahun Asfaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Deribew Genetu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Burnard D, Gore L, Henderson A, Ranasinghe A, Bergh H, Cottrell K, Sarovich DS, Price EP, Paterson DL, Harris PNA. Comparative Genomics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Elizabethkingia Isolates Reveal Nosocomial Transmission and In Vitro Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e00730-20. [PMID: 32580952 PMCID: PMC7448627 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00730-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Elizabethkingia genus has gained global attention in recent years as containing sporadic, worldwide, nosocomial pathogens. Elizabethkingia spp. are intrinsically multidrug resistant, primarily infect immunocompromised individuals, and are associated with high mortality (∼20 to 40%). As yet, gaps remain in our understanding of transmission, global strain relatedness, antimicrobial resistance, and effective therapy. Over a 16-year period, 22 clinical and 6 hospital environmental isolates were collected from Queensland, Australia. Identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (Vitek MS) and whole-genome sequencing was compared with a global strain data set. Phylogenomic reconstruction robustly identified 22 Elizabethkingia anophelis, 3 Elizabethkingia miricola, 2 Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, and 1 Elizabethkingia bruuniana isolates, most of which branched as unique lineages. Global analysis revealed that some Australian E. anophelis isolates are genetically closely related to strains from the United States, England, and Asia. Comparative genomics of clinical and environmental strains identified evidence of nosocomial transmission in patients, indicating probable infection from a hospital reservoir. Furthermore, broth microdilution against 39 antimicrobials revealed almost ubiquitous resistance to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, and penicillins. Like other international strains, our isolates expressed susceptibility to minocycline and levofloxacin and the less common trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Our study demonstrates important new insights into the genetic diversity, environmental persistence, and transmission of and potential effective therapy for Australian Elizabethkingia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney Burnard
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Letitia Gore
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Henderson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ama Ranasinghe
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Haakon Bergh
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyra Cottrell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek S Sarovich
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erin P Price
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick N A Harris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Guridi A, Sevillano E, de la Fuente I, Mateo E, Eraso E, Quindós G. Disinfectant Activity of A Portable Ultraviolet C Equipment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234747. [PMID: 31783593 PMCID: PMC6926820 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) can be caused by microorganisms present in common practice instruments generating major health problems in the hospital environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the disinfection capacity of a portable ultraviolet C equipment (UV Sanitizer Corvent® -UVSC-) developed to disinfect different objects. For this purpose, six pathogens causing HAIs: Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, were inoculated on slides and discs of different biomaterials (borosilicate, polycarbonate, polyurethane, silicone, Teflon and titanium) and exposed to ultraviolet C radiation. UVSC disinfection was compared with ethanol and chlorhexidine antimicrobial activities following the standards EN14561 and EN14562. Disinfection, established as a reduction of five logarithms from the initial inoculum, was achieved with the UVSC at 120 s of exposure time, with and without the presence of organic matter. The disinfectant effect was observed against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis and C. albicans (reduction >99.999%). Disinfection was also achieved with 70% ethanol and 2% chlorhexidine. As conclusion, UVSC was effective disinfecting the most contaminated surfaces assayed, being a promising alternative for disinfecting hospital materials and inanimate objects that cannot be immersed in liquid biocides, reducing the risk of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guridi
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Elena Sevillano
- UFI 11/25 «Microbios y Salud», Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (I.d.l.F.); (E.M.); (E.E.); (G.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-94-601-5589
| | - Iñigo de la Fuente
- UFI 11/25 «Microbios y Salud», Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (I.d.l.F.); (E.M.); (E.E.); (G.Q.)
| | - Estibaliz Mateo
- UFI 11/25 «Microbios y Salud», Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (I.d.l.F.); (E.M.); (E.E.); (G.Q.)
| | - Elena Eraso
- UFI 11/25 «Microbios y Salud», Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (I.d.l.F.); (E.M.); (E.E.); (G.Q.)
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- UFI 11/25 «Microbios y Salud», Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Apartado 699, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (I.d.l.F.); (E.M.); (E.E.); (G.Q.)
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Oppong TB, Yang H, Amponsem-Boateng C, Duan G. Hand Hygiene Habits of Ghanaian Youths in Accra. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111964. [PMID: 31163599 PMCID: PMC6603880 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human palm has been identified as one of the richest habitats for human microbial accommodation making hand hygiene essential to primary prevention of infection. Since the hand is in constant contact with fomites which have been proven to be mostly contaminated, building hand hygiene habits is essential for the prevention of infection. This research was conducted to assess the hand hygiene habits of Ghanaian youths in Accra. This study used a survey as a quantitative method of research. The findings of the study revealed that out of the 254 participants who fully answered the questionnaire, 22% had the habit of washing their hands after outings while only 51.6% had the habit of washing their hands after using the bathroom. However, about 60% of the participants said they sometimes ate with their hands while 28.9% had the habit of eating with the hand very often, a situation that put them at risk of infection from their hands since some participants had poor handwashing habits; prompting the need for continuous education on hand hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Oppong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Cecilia Amponsem-Boateng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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Abiola I, Abass A, Duodu S, Mosi L. Characterization of culturable airborne bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of indoor and immediate-outdoor environments of a research institute in Ghana. AAS Open Res 2018; 1:17. [PMID: 32259019 PMCID: PMC7118738 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12863.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study was conducted to determine the bacterial composition and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of a research institute at the University of Ghana where workers and students spend about 70-85% of their lives in indoor and immediate-outdoor environments. This is imperative as one-third of the recognized infectious diseases are transmitted through airborne-route. Furthermore, the increasing rate of bacterial antimicrobial resistance associated with such environments poses serious public health challenges. Methods: A total of 42 airborne samples were collected from eight major sites at the Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology (BCMB), using passive bacterial sampling techniques. Standard phenotypic microbiological procedures were used to characterize the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined using standard disk diffusion method and guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Four groups of bacterial isolates were identified from the total samples collected with Gram positive bacilli as the most common. All the isolates showed resistance to beta lactam and sulfonamide classes of antibiotics with full resistance (100%) to ampicillin and penicillin. In total, seven different anti-biotypes were observed with the highest susceptibility displayed towards tetracycline and gentamycin. Significantly, the various air sampling sites of the institute indicated the presence of bacteria with the majority showing multiple antibiotics resistance. Conclusions: Although the recovery of bacteria from supposed sterile environments calls for attention, the observed low contamination rate as compared to the WHO standard suggests a minimum risk of exposure of students and workers to airborne microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isawumi Abiola
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) , University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54 , Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
| | - Adiza Abass
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) , University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54 , Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
| | - Samuel Duodu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) , University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54 , Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
| | - Lydia Mosi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) , University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54 , Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, LG 54, Ghana
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9
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Abiola I, Abass A, Duodu S, Mosi L. Characterization of culturable airborne bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of indoor and immediate-outdoor environments of a research institute. AAS Open Res 2018. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12863.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:The study was conducted to determine the bacterial composition and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of a research institute at the University of Ghana where workers and students spend about 70-85% of their lives in indoor and immediate-outdoor environments. This is imperative as one-third of the recognized infectious diseases are transmitted through airborne-route. Furthermore, the increasing rate of bacterial antimicrobial resistance associated with such environments poses serious public health challenges.Methods:A total of 42 airborne samples were collected from eight major sites at the Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology (BCMB), using passive bacterial sampling techniques. Standard phenotypic microbiological procedures were used to characterize the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined using standard disk diffusion method and guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results:Four groups of bacterial isolates were identified from the total samples collected with Gram positive bacilli as the most common. All the isolates showed resistance to beta lactam and sulfonamide classes of antibiotics with full resistance (100%) to ampicillin and penicillin. In total, seven different anti-biotypes were observed with the highest susceptibility displayed towards tetracycline and gentamycin. Significantly, the various air sampling sites of the institute indicated the presence of bacteria with the majority showing multiple antibiotics resistance.Conclusions:Although the recovery of bacteria from supposed sterile environments calls for attention, the observed low contamination rate as compared to the WHO standard suggests a minimum risk of exposure of students and workers to airborne microbial contamination.
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Amissah NA, van Dam L, Ablordey A, Ampomah OW, Prah I, Tetteh CS, van der Werf TS, Friedrich AW, Rossen JW, van Dijl JM, Stienstra Y. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a burn unit of a tertiary care center in Ghana. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181072. [PMID: 28704546 PMCID: PMC5509299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, hospitalized burn victims are at high risk of nosocomial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Risk factors include poor infection control practices, prolonged hospitalisation and limited capacity for laboratory microbiological analyses. These problems are compounded by widespread use of antibiotics that drives the spread of multi-drug resistant bacteria. METHODS During the study period (November 2014-June 2015), nasal and invasive S. aureus isolates were collected consecutively from patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) within the burn unit of the Reconstructive Plastic Surgery and Burn Center of Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana. Antibiotic prescription, antibiotic susceptibility and bacterial typing were used to assess antibiotic pressure, antibiotic resistance, and possible transmission events among patients and HCWs. RESULTS Eighty S. aureus isolates were obtained from 37 of the 62 included burn patients and 13 of the 29 HCWs. At admission, 50% of patients carried or were infected with S. aureus including methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Antibiotic use per 100 days of hospitalization was high (91.2 days), indicating high selective pressure for resistant pathogens. MRSA isolates obtained from 11 patients and one HCW belonged to the same spa-type t928 and multi-locus sequence type 250, implying possible transmission events. A mortality rate of 24% was recorded over the time of admission in the burn unit. CONCLUSION This study revealed a high potential for MRSA outbreaks and emergence of resistant pathogens amongst burn patients due to lack of patient screening and extended empirical use of antibiotics. Our observations underscore the need to implement a system of antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention where microbiological diagnostics results are made available to physicians for timely and appropriate patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ama Amissah
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lieke van Dam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Opoku-Ware Ampomah
- The Reconstructive Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle Bu, Ghana
| | - Isaac Prah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Caitlin S. Tetteh
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Tjip S. van der Werf
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander W. Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John W. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ymkje Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ocran I, Tagoe DNA. Knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers and patients on healthcare associated infections in a regional hospital in Ghana. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014; 4:135-139. [PMID: 38620187 PMCID: PMC4032042 DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients on healthcare associated infections (HAIs) in the central regional hospital in Ghana. Methods The purposive random sampling method was used to administer questionnaires over a period of 6 months to HCWs and patients visiting the hospital. Results A total of 210 patients and 71 HCWs were sampled. One hundred and three (53.8%) patients had some knowledge of HAIs with 52 (28.4%) being informed by a HCW compared with 63 (88.7%) of HCWs who were well informed about HAIs. Ninety-seven (46.2%) responding patient always washed their hands while 65 (31%) and 48 (22.9%) respectively sometimes or never washed their hands within or after leaving the hospital. Out of those who washed their hands, 64 (39.5%) always washed with soap while 46 (28.4%) did sometimes. This positively and significantly correlated (r=0.440, P<0.001) with knowledge on HAIs which was however insignificant in HCWs (r=0.025, P=0.835). As many as 48 (67.6%) of HCWs believed that authorities in the hospital had done little to prevent HAIs with the main reason being that the hospital was unclean. Whereas, 112 (53.3%) of patients considered the hospital clean. Twenty-seven (38%) of HCWs had had confirmed HAIs of which cholera made up 12 (16.9%) while 94 (44.8%) of patients believed they had had unconfirmed HAIs. Conclusions Although knowledge on HAIs is adequate, low compliance on preventive techniques resulting in high HAIs indicates attitudinal change is the best means of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ocran
- Department of Laboratory Technology, College of Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Medical Laboratory Section, College of Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Daniel Nii Aryee Tagoe
- Department of Laboratory Technology, College of Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Medical Laboratory Section, College of Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Tagoe DN, Desbordes KK. Investigating potential sources of transmission of healthcare-associated infections in a regional hospital, Ghana. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2013; 2:20-4. [PMID: 23776803 PMCID: PMC3657994 DOI: 10.4103/2229-516x.96796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent research has shown that healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are on the increase despite education. Aims: The aims of this study were to isolate, quantify, and determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria on formites at the Central Regional Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana. Settings and Design: Purposive sampling of likely areas of contamination and contact by patients and healthcare workers was undertaken. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 swabs were taken from door handles, working surfaces, beds and taps from the various wards, consulting rooms, OPDs, laboratory, and surgical theatre. Serial dilution was used in quantifying bacteria, MacConkey and blood agars were used in isolation, and the Kirby Bauer method applied in antibiotic sensitivity testing. Statistical analysis: Data were statistically analyzed using Statview from SAS Version 5.0. The means were separated using double-tailed paired means comparison. Results: Mean bacterial count ranges from least in wards (9.67 × 1011), working surfaces (1.64 × 1012), door handles (1.71 × 1012), and highest in taps (2.08 × 1012). Door handles had the highest isolation (23) and highest number of differential isolates were from working surfaces (7). Of the total bacterial isolates, 46.14% were pathogenic, with S. aureus being the highest (14.42%), while 53.86% were nonpathogenic made up of 45.2% of Bacillus spp. Gentamicin was 100% effective, while 6 of the total 12 antibiotics tested (50%) were 100% resistant in either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: There was a high potential of bacterial transmission from the studied surfaces requiring hospital management to monitor and enforce cleaning regimen to prevent HAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Na Tagoe
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Medical Laboratory Section, College of Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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