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Al-Qerem W, Eberhardt J, Jarab A, Al Bawab AQ, Hammad A, Alasmari F, Alazab B, Husein DA, Alazab J, Al-Beool S. Exploring knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards artificial intelligence among health professions' students in Jordan. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:288. [PMID: 38098095 PMCID: PMC10722664 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical education and practice is a significant development. This study examined the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of health professions' students in Jordan concerning AI, providing insights into their preparedness and perceptions. METHODS An online questionnaire was distributed to 483 Jordanian health professions' students via social media. Demographic data, AI-related KAP, and barriers were collected. Quantile regression models analyzed associations between variables and KAP scores. RESULTS Moderate AI knowledge was observed among participants, with specific understanding of data requirements and barriers. Attitudes varied, combining skepticism about AI replacing human teachers with recognition of its value. While AI tools were used for specific tasks, broader integration in medical education and practice was limited. Barriers included lack of knowledge, access, time constraints, and curriculum gaps. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need to enhance medical education with AI topics and address barriers. Students need to be better prepared for AI integration, in order to enable medical education to harness AI's potential for improved patient care and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Al-Qerem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, 11733, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Judith Eberhardt
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Department of Psychology, Teesside University, TS1 3BX, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Anan Jarab
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, 64141, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 22110, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdel Qader Al Bawab
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, 11733, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, 11733, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badi'ah Alazab
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, 11733, Amman, Jordan
| | - Daoud Abu Husein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, 11733, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jumana Alazab
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, 11910, Amman, Jordan
| | - Saed Al-Beool
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, 11910, Amman, Jordan
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Yadav N, Sodani PR, Vishwakarma G. Two Parallel Roads Impacting the Functional Preparedness of Accredited Hospitals: The Indian Healthcare Quality Standards and Disaster Management Act 2005. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:595-600. [PMID: 37662141 PMCID: PMC10470559 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_448_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quality management of healthcare service providers and disaster preparedness are two important aspects that affect patient safety and the overall outcome of care delivery. Accreditation standards and legal framework for disaster management are intertwined and pave the way for achieving the optimum level of safety in healthcare system. Aims The aim of the study is to evaluate the functional preparedness of hospital staff for managing disaster situations. Materials and Methods It was a quantitative, cross-sectional, ex-post-facto study to understand the functional elements by deeply studying the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) scores of various level hospital staff. Results Knowledge scores of the participants showed positive correlation with attitude scores (r = 0.424, P < 0.001) and practice scores (r = 0.446, P < 0.001). The study showed a significant difference between mean KAP score of males (14.96 ± 3.5) and female (16.38 ± 2.6). Similarly, the staff who obtained excellent scores in the KAP study belonged to a higher age group while those who obtained poor were in the lowest age group (F (2, 715) =10.739; P < 0.001). The performance of staff significantly increased (P < 0.01) with increase in age as number of years of experience and on-the-job training enriched their understanding. Inspite, of the same level of inputs in terms of training and sensitization inputs, the staff of Administration departments showed higher knowledge than other staff (χ2 =97.37, P < 0.001). Analysis of educational qualification of participants elicits that it has a statistically significant effect on their performance in KAP study (F (5, 709) = 12.82; P < 0.001). Conclusion The KAP scores are direct indicator of effectiveness of quality standards in preparing the hospital for disaster management. The study shows that variables like age, gender, department, educational qualification are correlated with performance and affect the attitude and practice during a disaster event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Yadav
- International Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR), Delhi, India
| | - Parshu Ram Sodani
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR) University, Jaipur, India
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Huang IC, Wu HC, Lin CL, Wang HH. Development and Validation of the Osteoporosis Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviors Questionnaire for Female Osteoporosis Patients in Taiwan: A Mediation Model. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11071023. [PMID: 37046950 PMCID: PMC10094534 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11071023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This research develops the Osteoporosis Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviors Questionnaire (OKABQ) with the intent to evaluate the levels of osteoporosis knowledge, attitude and behavior change by developing and validating the OKABQ while establishing a mediation model of the research. A quantitative, descriptive and instrumental study was conducted in two phases: Phase I—development of the scale through Delphi Method by osteoporosis experts; and Phase II—evaluation of the validity and reliability of the scale and construction of a mediation model using SmartPLS. In Phase I, the content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire was higher than 0.96 and the inter-rater reliability (IRR) kappa was 1.00. In Phase II, exploratory factor analysis showed that two predominating factors of attitude as a mediation were addressed by the 26-item OKABQ. The indirect effect results from the estimated model indicate that attitude mediates the relationship between knowledge and behaviors (β = 0.114, t = 2.627, p < 0.001), which is positive and statistically significant. We concluded that the OKABQ is a valid measure of osteoporosis knowledge, attitudes and behaviors for women with osteoporosis. These assessment results could assist healthcare providers in mitigating insufficiency in health education and help patients better adapt to a more active bone-healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chin Huang
- College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Wu
- College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hung Wang
- College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Islam F, Alam MR, Mamun SAA, Hossain MS. Occupational safety practice among metal workers in Bangladesh: a community-level study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2022; 17:23. [PMID: 36510280 PMCID: PMC9745989 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-022-00366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall information on occupational health and safety (OHS)-related knowledge and workplace practices are scarce in Bangladesh. This study aimed to (i) examine the prevalence of occupational injuries, (ii) explore the level of OHS-related knowledge and practice among workers and associated factors, and (iii) investigate the socioeconomic factors and OHS-related knowledge and practice scores as determinants of injury among metal workers at a community setting in Bangladesh. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted on all the functional metal workshops in a community of a town. The sociodemographic characteristics, history of injury and its consequences, and the state of knowledge and practice were measured using descriptive statistics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to measure the association between practice scores and sociodemographic factors and knowledge. Logistic regression was conducted to get the odds ratio of getting injured. RESULTS A high annual rate (82.9%) of occupational injuries was documented in a one-year timeframe and the majority (81.1%) of injured workers lost more than three working days (median 20 days). Workers working in workshops with more than three workers were 3.3 times more likely to be injured [AOR = 3.33, 95% CI = 1.16, 9.58] compared to the workers in factories with one to three workers. Most of the workers had the basic knowledge related to OHS but the mean practice score was very low, 1.86 (SD 1.17). Higher education, lower monthly family income, and being an owner significantly led to higher practice scores. CONCLUSIONS The OHS-related knowledge was not properly translated into good workplace practices in small informal metal workshops because of the absence of implementation of OHS policies and monitoring by the relevant authority. Government should support the informal metal working sector to increase awareness and skills for the prevention and proper management of injuries and risks, and to ensure access to safety equipment and a safe environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhin Islam
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, House- 22, 6th Floor, Road- 08, Sector- 09, Uttara, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - M R Alam
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, House- 22, 6th Floor, Road- 08, Sector- 09, Uttara, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Sm Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, House- 22, 6th Floor, Road- 08, Sector- 09, Uttara, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sorowar Hossain
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, House- 22, 6th Floor, Road- 08, Sector- 09, Uttara, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh.
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Etwaroo DH, Goburdhun D, Ruggoo A. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding Food Additives of Food SMEs in Mauritius. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Ong SC, Low JZ, Ooi GS. Application of health belief model in the assessment of factors affecting exercise behaviours in preventing osteoporosis. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jphsr/rmac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder associated with weak and brittle bones, and more susceptible to fracture. Osteo-protective behaviours, such as exercise, may prevent osteoporosis. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the factors influencing the exercise behaviour in Malaysian adults and to assess their health beliefs and self-regulation in preventing osteoporosis.
Methods
A cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire was conducted throughout Malaysia through a web-based or physical-based survey. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: demographic data, ten questions regarding social and family history related to osteoporosis and 38 questions with seven subdomains (i.e. susceptibility, seriousness, barriers, benefits, health motivation, self-efficacy and self-regulation) which measured the health belief scores and self-regulation using 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive, inferential analysis and linear regression were used to analyse the data.
Key findings
A total of 679 participants completed the questionnaire. The mean health belief score was 63.7%, which was moderate. Most participants (64.4%) perceived low susceptibility to osteoporosis [mean score = 47.0%, standard deviation (SD) = 16.2]. Participants with age 18–27 years (44.8%), single (45.0%) and monthly income <RM 1000 (45.2%), perceived significant lower susceptibility to osteoporosis. Participants’ perception scores were high on the benefits of exercise (75.7%, SD = 16.4), health motivation (74.9%, SD = 17.1) and perceived low barriers to exercise (71.7%, SD = 14.9). Respondents who were at risk of osteoporosis and with family and friends diagnosed with osteoporosis obtained a higher score than those who did not.
Conclusions
The health belief score in the Malaysian population was moderate. However, the majority of participants were unaware of the susceptibility and seriousness of osteoporosis. Efforts need to be taken to break the barriers associated with exercise in preventing osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Chin Ong
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
| | - Joo Zheng Low
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Sultan Ismail Petra , Kelantan , Malaysia
| | - Guat See Ooi
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
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Davitt C, Traub R, Batsukh B, Battur B, Pfeffer M, Wiethoelter AK. Knowledge of Mongolian veterinarians towards canine vector-borne diseases. One Health 2022; 15:100458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents. Sports Med 2021; 52:933-948. [PMID: 34687439 PMCID: PMC8536915 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March–June 2020). Results Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for “general fitness and health maintenance” during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. Conclusions COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to “maintain” training and the greatest opposition to “not training” during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered “coaching by correspondence” as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes’ physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes’ mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z.
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Huey YW, Zulkipli AS, Tajarudin HA, Salleh RM. Physicochemical properties of pre‐treated cuttlebone powder and its potential as an alternative calcium source. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wen Huey
- Food Technology Division School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Ayu Shazwani Zulkipli
- Food Technology Division School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Husnul Azan Tajarudin
- Bioprocess Technology Division School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Rabeta Mohd Salleh
- Food Technology Division School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
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Alotaibi NH, Alzarea AI, Alotaibi AM, Khan YH, Mallhi TH, Alharbi KS, Alruwaili NK, Alanazi AS, Hassan A, Alotaib BS. Exploring satisfaction level among outpatients regarding pharmacy facilities and services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; a large regional analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247912. [PMID: 33793604 PMCID: PMC8016244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of patients`satisfaction towards pharmacy services is of utmost importance to ensure the quality of care. It helps in identifying domains requiring improvements to provide high quality pharmacy services to ensure the provision of enhanced pharmaceutical care. The current study aims to ascertain the extent of satisfaction towards pharmacy services among patients attending outpatient pharmacies in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 746 patients attending outpatient pharmacies of various public hospitals was conducted from 01 January to 15 February 2020. Information on socio-demographic profile of the study subjects along with their satisfaction towards outpatient pharmacy was extracted by using a 23-items questionnaire. These questions were divided into two domains including 7 questions related to the pharmacy facilities (questions from 1F to 7F) and 8 questions for pharmacy services (questions from 1S to 8S), where F and S denotes facilities and services, respectively. The cumulative satisfaction score was estimated by a 5-item Likert scale with a maximum score of 5 for each item. The relationship between demographics and satisfaction scores was evaluated by using appropriate statistics. Results There were 746 patients with male preponderance (58.8%). The overall satisfaction score was 2.97 ± 0.65. Satisfaction towards pharmacy services scored lower (mean score: 3.91 ± 0.77) than pharmacy facilities (mean score: 4.03 ± 0.66). Items related to patient`s counseling (3F, 2S, 3S, 6S) scored least during the analysis. Older patients (p = 0.006), male gender (p<0.001), Saudi nationality (0.035), patients attending primary care centers (p = 0.02), and patients with chronic illnesses were significantly associated with lower satisfaction score. Conclusion This study reported that the satisfaction level of patients attending outpatient pharmacies was low and differed among various socio-demographic groups. Approximately one-half of the patients were not satisfied with outpatient pharmacy services. These findings underscore the dire need for managerial interventions including the hiring of trained professionals, onsite training of pharmacy staff, initiation of clinical or patient centered pharmacy services, evaluation of patient`s response towards the services and appropriate controlling measures, irrespective to the type of hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hadal Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (THM); (NHA)
| | - Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mohammed Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (THM); (NHA)
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil K. Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Health Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Badriyah Shadid Alotaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdualrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Ayyadhi N, Refaat LAE, Ibrahim MM, Abd ElGalil HM. Screening for Bone Mineral Density and Assessment Knowledge Level of Low Peak Bone Risk Factors and Preventive Practices Among Kuwaiti Future Mothers. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:1983-1991. [PMID: 33376338 PMCID: PMC7755344 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s280261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attaining greater peak bone mass (PBM) prior to the onset of bone loss is getting increasing public health attention as healthy strong bones are essential to maintain our life. Females are more susceptible to bone loss. Knowledge and awareness about low peak bone mass and its related risk factors are important contributors to its preventive behavior. Objective To screen apparently healthy young Kuwaiti future mothers for low bone mineral density (BMD) and to assess their knowledge level about determinants of PBM and preventive practices. Methods A cross-sectional comparative study on 445 eligible women aged 18–35 years (either students or employees from Kuwait University) was performed. Data on socio-demographic and lifestyle variables were obtained by a semi-structured questionnaire. Their knowledge was assessed using the modified Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT). Bone mineral Density (BMD) was measured using Quantitative Ultrasonography (QUS). Results More than half (59.3%) of females had poor knowledge. A statistically significant relation was noted between the overall knowledge score and age, college, occupation, and socioeconomic class (P<0.05 for each). Only 13.9% have low Z-score by QUS. By logistic regression, less carbonated beverages and coffee consumption positively affect BMD, while inadequate exercises level, indoor exposure to sunlight, and less frequency of brisk walking negatively affect BMD. Conclusion Unacceptable knowledge score significantly associated with BMD Z-score status. More attention should be devoted to education programs targeting adolescents and young females to promote knowledge about PBM and practice towards accrual and maintenance of bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Al-Ayyadhi
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Laila Abd ElRaheem Refaat
- Community and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahasen Mohamed Ibrahim
- Community and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Mohamed Abd ElGalil
- Community and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lambert C, Beck BR, Watson SL, Harding AT, Weeks BK. Enjoyment and acceptability of different exercise modalities to improve bone health in young adult women. Health Promot J Austr 2020; 31:369-380. [PMID: 31943497 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Osteoporosis presents a serious public health issue and physical activity is recognised as the most effective modifiable risk factor for the condition. The reasons behind physical activity participation, however, are complex. We therefore aimed to explore the experiences related to a bone-targeted exercise intervention, determine enjoyment and acceptability of each exercise mode, and identify barriers and facilitators to osteogenic exercise for young adult women. METHODS The present study was conducted within the Osteoporosis Prevention Through Impact and Muscle-loading Approaches to Exercise (OPTIMA-Ex) trial, a three-arm RCT comparing musculoskeletal outcomes from two supervised, high-intensity, exercise programs (impact and resistance training) with an unsupervised low-intensity exercise control. A mixed-methods approach was used, including quality of life and physical activity enjoyment questionnaires and qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews. RESULTS All groups had improvements in the 'mental health' domain of the quality of life measure; however, the two supervised exercise groups had greater levels of physical activity enjoyment. The qualitative analysis revealed that overall the trial activities were positively, yet the two supervised groups had 'richer' exercise experiences. Motivations for participation, barriers to physical activity and desired continuation of participation differed between all three groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that bone-targeted exercise interventions for young adult women must address perceived time demands and environmental barriers to participation in order to maximise compliance and adherence. SO WHAT?: As physical activity is the most effective lifestyle strategy to improve bone health and young adulthood an important window for its augmentation, increasing convenience, accessibility and understanding of osteoporosis preventative behaviours in this demographic is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Lambert
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda R Beck
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven L Watson
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy T Harding
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Weeks
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Zahari Z, Dellemin N, Ahmad Hassali M, Abdul Rashid S. Development and validation of a questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and perception towards allergic reactions of paracetamol. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:428-435. [PMID: 33679089 PMCID: PMC7909056 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_247_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency, Ministry of Health Malaysia has received 1018 adverse drug reaction reports related to paracetamol with 1972 adverse events from the year 2000 to February 2015. Serious skin reactions including Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis may develop as a result of allergic reactions of paracetamol. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire regarding Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception towards Allergic Reactions of Paracetamol (KAP-ARP) among the general population. Materials and Methods: Content and face validity of the KAP-ARP were determined by four experts and 20 respondents, respectively. A questionnaire with 36 items, consisting of 16 Knowledge, 9 Attitude, and 11 Perception items, was distributed to 177 respondents. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed for construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Results: EFA constructed 13 Knowledge, 8 Attitude, and 8 Perception items. The final KAP-ARP questionnaire is reliable based on its internal consistency reliability (Knowledge: α = 0.78; Attitude: α = 0.63; Perception: α = 0.70). Conclusion: A valid and reliable questionnaire that is useful for measuring KAP-ARP among the general population has been developed.
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Basir NABA, Rahman NAA, Haque M. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Pertussis among a Public University Students in Malaysia. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mainul Haque
- National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia
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15
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Chan CY, Subramaniam S, Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Muhammad N, Fairus A, Ng PY, Jamil NA, Abd Aziz N, Mohamed N. Levels of Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices Regarding Osteoporosis and the Associations with Bone Mineral Density among Populations More Than 40 Years Old in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4115. [PMID: 31731507 PMCID: PMC6861980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder commonly found among the elderly, in which the bones become weak, brittle, and more susceptible to fracture. Adequate knowledge and positive attitude towards the disease and osteoprotective activities may prevent osteoporosis, but comprehensive studies to verify this hypothesis are limited in Malaysia. This study aims to bridge the research gap by determining the levels of knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding osteoporosis and their associations with bone mineral density (BMD) among men and women ≥ 40 years in Klang Valley, Malaysia. In this cross-sectional study, 786 Malaysians (382 men, 404 women) completed a questionnaire on knowledge, beliefs, and osteoprotective practices, and underwent BMD scan using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry device. The current study found moderate levels of knowledge and beliefs regarding osteoporosis but poor osteoprotective practices. Osteoporosis knowledge, beliefs, and practices were significantly different based on subjects' demographic characteristics (p < 0.05). Osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs were correlated significantly with osteoprotective practices (p < 0.05). Bone health status of the subjects was associated positively with calcium supplement intake, and negatively with exercise barriers and smoking status of the subjects (p < 0.05). However, no significant correlation was noted between osteoporosis knowledge and bone health (p > 0.05). Conclusively, despite some correlations between individual components, the detachment between bone health knowledge and beliefs, and osteoprotective practices among Malaysians is apparent. Integrating all three components into a comprehensive osteoporosis prevention program is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Yi Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Shaanthana Subramaniam
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Norliza Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Ahmad Fairus
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Aini Jamil
- Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Noorazah Abd Aziz
- Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
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Knowledge, Beliefs, Dietary, and Lifestyle Practices Related to Bone Health among Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese in Klang Valley, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101787. [PMID: 31137586 PMCID: PMC6572024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a growing health problem in Asian countries with a rapidly expanding aging population. Adequate knowledge and positive health beliefs regarding osteoporosis will encourage individuals to adopt measures to protect bone health. This study aimed to investigate the association between knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding osteoporosis and bone health among Malaysians Chinese aged 40 years and above. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 367 Malaysians Chinese (182 men, 185 women) aged ≥ 40 years in Klang Valley, Malaysia. They completed a questionnaire on knowledge, beliefs, and practices of osteoporosis and underwent bone mineral density scan using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry device. The subjects showed moderate knowledge and high level of health beliefs regarding osteoporosis, but poor osteoprotective practices. Osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs were significantly different based on subjects’ demographic characteristics (p < 0.05). Additionally, osteoporosis knowledge was correlated positively with beliefs, coffee or tea intake (p < 0.05) but not with other lifestyle practices. Osteoporosis health beliefs was associated positively with physical activity, dairy and calcium intake (p < 0.05). However, bone health was not associated with knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding osteoporosis (p > 0.05). The present findings highlight the need of formulating osteoporosis prevention program targeting Malaysians Chinese, especially men, to improve their knowledge, health beliefs, and practice.
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Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Tanveer N, Bukhsh A, Khan AH, Aftab RA, Khan OH, Khan TM. Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5481. [PMID: 30186686 PMCID: PMC6119596 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) declares Chikungunya (CHIK) infection to be endemic in South Asia. Despite its first outbreak in Pakistan, no documented evidence exists which reveals the knowledge or awareness of healthcare students and workers (HCSW) regarding CHIK, its spread, symptoms, treatment and prevention. Since CHIK is an emergent infection in Pakistan, poor disease knowledge may result in a significant delay in diagnosis and treatment. The current study was aimed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of CHIK among HCSW. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among HCSW from teaching institutes and hospitals in seven provinces of Pakistan. We collected information on socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and their knowledge by using a 30-item questionnaire. The cumulative knowledge score (CKS) was calculated by correct answers with maximum score of 22. The relationship between demographics and knowledge score was evaluated by using appropriate statistical methods. Results There were 563 respondents; mean age 25.2 ± 5.9 years with female preponderance (62.5%). Of these, 319 (56.7%) were aware of CHIK infection before administering the survey. The average knowledge score was 12.8 ± 4.1 (% knowledge score: 58.2%). Only 31% respondents had good disease knowledge while others had fair (36.4%) and poor (32.6%) knowledge. Out of five knowledge domains, domain III (vector, disease spread and transmission) and V (prevention and treatment) scored lowest among all i.e. percent score 44.5% and 54.1%, respectively. We found that socio-demographic characteristics had no influence on knowledge score of the study participants. Conclusion Approximately one-half of participants were not aware of CHIK infection and those who were aware had insufficient disease knowledge. Findings of the current study underscore the dire need of educational interventions not only for health care workers but also for students, irrespective to the discipline of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Allah Bukhsh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amer Hayat Khan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Raja Ahsan Aftab
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Omaid Hayat Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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A Review of Knowledge, Belief and Practice Regarding Osteoporosis among Adolescents and Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081727. [PMID: 30103534 PMCID: PMC6121391 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Increasing knowledge, correcting health belief and promoting osteoprotective practices are effective measures for building and maintaining strong bone throughout ones’ life-span. This review aims to summarize the contemporary evidence on the knowledge, beliefs and practice of adolescents and young adults on bone health. We performed literature searches using the PubMed and Scopus databases to identify original studies from 2008 to May 2018 using the search terms “(knowledge OR beliefs OR attitude OR practice OR behaviours OR physical activity OR exercise OR diet OR nutrition) AND (young OR youth OR adolescents OR children OR young adults OR students OR teenager) AND (osteoporosis OR bone health)”. Of the 3206 articles found, 34 met the inclusion criteria. Studies showed that most adolescents and young adults had poor knowledge and expressed disinterest in osteoporosis. They believed that other diseases were more serious than osteoporosis, contributing to low perceived susceptibility and seriousness towards this disease. Popular media emerged as a platform to obtain information regarding osteoporosis. The lack of knowledge and misconceptions about osteoporosis led to poor osteoprotective practices. As a conclusion, the current evidence revealed a lack of awareness about osteoporosis among adolescents and young adults. Educational interventions may be useful to improve the awareness of osteoporosis among this population.
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Senosy SA, Elareed HR. Impact of educational intervention on osteoporosis knowledge among university students in Beni-Suef, Egypt. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-017-0847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Alobuia WM, Missikpode C, Aung M, Jolly PE. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Vector-borne Diseases in Western Jamaica. Ann Glob Health 2017; 81:654-63. [PMID: 27036722 PMCID: PMC4818946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreaks of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as dengue and malaria can overwhelm health systems in resource-poor countries. Environmental management strategies that reduce or eliminate vector breeding sites combined with improved personal prevention strategies can help to significantly reduce transmission of these infections. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of residents in western Jamaica regarding control of mosquito vectors and protection from mosquito bites. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and August 2010 among patients or family members of patients waiting to be seen at hospitals in western Jamaica. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire on sociodemographic factors and KAPs regarding VBDs. KAP scores were calculated and categorized as high or low based on the number of correct or positive responses. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of KAP and linear regression analysis conducted to determine if knowledge and attitude scores predicted practice scores. Findings In all, 361 (85 men and 276 women) people participated in the study. Most participants (87%) scored low on knowledge and practice items (78%). Conversely, 78% scored high on attitude items. By multivariate logistic regression, housewives were 82% less likely than laborers to have high attitude scores; homeowners were 65% less likely than renters to have high attitude scores. Participants from households with 1 to 2 children were 3.4 times more likely to have high attitude scores compared with those from households with no children. Participants from households with at least 5 people were 65% less likely than those from households with fewer than 5 people to have high practice scores. By multivariable linear regression knowledge and attitude scores were significant predictors of practice score. Conclusion The study revealed poor knowledge of VBDs and poor prevention practices among participants. It identified specific groups that can be targeted with vector control and personal protection interventions to decrease transmission of the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson M Alobuia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Celestin Missikpode
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Maung Aung
- Epidemiology Unit Western Regional Health Authority, Montego Bay, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Pauline E Jolly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
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Toh LS, Lai PSM, Wu DBC, Wong KT, Low BY, Anderson C. The Development and Validation of the Osteoporosis Prevention and Awareness Tool (OPAAT) in Malaysia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124553. [PMID: 25938494 PMCID: PMC4418569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and validate Osteoporosis Prevention and Awareness Tool (OPAAT) in Malaysia. METHODS The OPAAT was modified from the Malaysian Osteoporosis Knowledge Tool and developed from an exploratory study on patients. Face and content validity was established by an expert panel. The OPAAT consists of 30 items, categorized into three domains. A higher score indicates higher knowledge level. English speaking non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women ≥ 50 years of age and pharmacists were included in the study. RESULTS A total of 203 patients and 31 pharmacists were recruited. Factor analysis extracted three domains. Flesch reading ease was 59.2. The mean ± SD accuracy rate was 0.60 ± 0.22 (range: 0.26-0.94). The Cronbach's α for each domain ranged from 0.286-0.748. All items were highly correlated (Spearman's rho: 0.761-0.990, p < 0.05), with no significant change in the overall test-retest scores, indicating that OPAAT has achieved stable reliability. Pharmacists had higher knowledge score than patients (80.9 ± 8.7 vs 63.6 ± 17.4, p < 0.001), indicating that the OPAAT was able to discriminate between the knowledge levels of pharmacists and patients. CONCLUSION The OPAAT was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing patient's knowledge about osteoporosis and its prevention in Malaysia. The OPAAT can be used to identify individuals in need of osteoporosis educational intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shean Toh
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pauline Siew Mei Lai
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, University of Malaya Primary Care Research Group (UMPCRG), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kok Thong Wong
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bee Yean Low
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Claire Anderson
- Division of Social Research in Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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