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Wiśniewski P, Gajewska J, Zadernowska A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W. Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus spp. from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 38251234 PMCID: PMC10819113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), exfoliative toxins (eta-etd) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst-1) were investigated. Isolates positive for classical enterotoxin genes were then tested by SET-RPLA methods for toxin expression. Out of 75 Staphylococcus spp. (19 Staphylococcus aureus and 56 CoNS) isolates from raw milk (49/65.3%) and raw milk cheese samples (26/34.7%), the presence of enterotoxin genes was confirmed in 73 (97.3%) of them. Only one isolate from cheese sample (1.3%) was able to produce enterotoxin (SED). The presence of up to eight different genes encoding enterotoxins was determined simultaneously in the staphylococcal genome. The most common toxin gene combination was sek, eta present in fourteen isolates (18.7%). The tst-1 gene was present in each of the analyzed isolates from cheese samples (26/34.7%). Non-classical enterotoxins were much more frequently identified in the genome of staphylococcal isolates than classical SEs. The current research also showed that genes tagged in S. aureus were also identified in CoNS, and the total number of different genes detected in CoNS was seven times higher than in S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that, in many cases, the presence of a gene in Staphylococcus spp. is not synonymous with the ability of enterotoxins production. The differences in the number of isolates with genes encoding SEs and enterotoxin production may be mainly due to the limit of detection of the toxin production method used. This indicates the need to use high specificity and sensitivity methods for detecting enterotoxin in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.G.); (A.Z.); (W.C.-W.)
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Ramadan HA, El-Baz AM, Goda RM, El-Sokkary MMA, El-Morsi RM. Molecular characterization of enterotoxin genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from food poisoning outbreaks in Egypt. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:86. [PMID: 37641155 PMCID: PMC10463939 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a known disease-causing bacteria with many associated health hazards. Staphylococcal food poisoning can result from staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). METHODS In this study, 50 S. aureus isolates were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) clinical samples of patients with food poisoning in clinical laboratories at Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. For determination their antibiogram, these isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity against 12 antimicrobial agents using the agar disk diffusion test. After DNA extraction from the isolates, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect mecA and SEs genes. RESULTS As a result, all isolates were ampicillin and cefoxitin-resistant, while 86% (43 of 50) of the tested isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). In contrast, the highest sensitivity was confirmed against vancomycin, linezolid and quinolones, namely ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Although 100% of the isolates were mecA positive, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes set-A, set-B, set-C, set-G, set-M, and set-O genes were detected in 56%, 20%, 8%, 32%, 16%, and 24%, of the tested isolates, respectively. Finally, isolates encompassing SEs genes were used to validate a microarray chip, indicating its potential for a better methodological approach for detecting and identifying SEs in human samples. CONCLUSION The genotypic findings of this study may help explain the enterotoxigenic patterns in S. aureus among Egyptian patients with food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Baz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Reham M Goda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A El-Sokkary
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M El-Morsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
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Lim KL, Khor WC, Ong KH, Timothy L, Aung KT. Occurrence and Patterns of Enterotoxin Genes, spa Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Staphylococcus aureus in Food and Food Contact Surfaces in Singapore. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1785. [PMID: 37512957 PMCID: PMC10386305 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus contamination of food and food contact surfaces is a public health concern given its virulent and antimicrobial-resistant properties worldwide. In this study, a total of 181 MSSA isolates were analyzed for SE genes, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and spa types. Overall, 24.9% of isolates were positive for SE gene detection, with sea being the most prevalent classical SE (18.8%). The most predominant sample sources for SE gene contamination were hand swabs for sea (6/48), meat dishes for seb (3/14) and seafood dishes for sec (2/24). Antimicrobial resistance was also observed at relatively high frequencies for the clinically important antibiotics penicillin G and ampicillin (both 54.7%), followed by tetracycline (14.9%) and azithromycin (8.8%). In addition, characterization of spa types revealed spa type t5078 to be the most predominant (40.3%), with significant associations between spa types t127 and t5521 and the sea gene. This study offers insights into the enterotoxin gene and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus in cooked or ready-to-eat food to inform future surveillance and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ker Li Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Wei Ching Khor
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kar Hui Ong
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Lois Timothy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Dai J, Huang J, Wu S, Zhang F, Li Y, Rong D, Zhao M, Ye Q, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zhang J, Wu Q. Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm Formation and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Shrimp in China. Foods 2023; 12:2651. [PMID: 37509743 PMCID: PMC10378822 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 145 shrimp samples from 39 cities in China. The results show that 41 samples (28%) from 24 cities were positive, and most of the positive samples (39/41, 95.1%) were less than 110 MPN/g. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that only seven isolates were susceptible to all 24 antibiotics, whereas 65.1% were multidrug-resistant. Antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), trimethoprim, fosfomycin and streptothricin antibiotics were detected. All S. aureus isolates had the ability to produce biofilm and harbored most of the biofilm-related genes. Genes encoding one or more of the important virulence factors staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb and sec), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst-1) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) were detected in 47.6% (30/63) of the S. aureus isolates. Molecular typing showed that ST15-t085 (27.0%, 17/63), ST1-t127 (14.3%, 9/63) and ST188-t189 (11.1%, 7/63) were the dominant genetic types. The finding of this study provides the first comprehensive surveillance on the incidence of S. aureus in raw shrimp in China. Some retained genotypes found in this food have been linked to human infections around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Dai
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Pérez-Boto D, D'Arrigo M, García-Lafuente A, Bravo D, Pérez-Baltar A, Gaya P, Medina M, Arqués JL. Staphylococcus aureus in the Processing Environment of Cured Meat Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112161. [PMID: 37297406 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in six dry-cured meat-processing facilities was investigated. S. aureus was detected in 3.8% of surfaces from five facilities. The occurrence was clearly higher during processing (4.8%) than after cleaning and disinfection (1.4%). Thirty-eight isolates were typified by PFGE and MLST. Eleven sequence types (STs) were defined by MLST. ST30 (32%) and ST12 (24%) were the most abundant. Enterotoxin genes were detected in 53% of isolates. The enterotoxin A gene (sea) was present in all ST30 isolates, seb in one ST1 isolate, and sec in two ST45 isolates. Sixteen isolates harbored the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) with four variations in the sequence. The toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst) was detected in 82% of isolates. Regarding antimicrobial resistance, twelve strains were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested (31.6%). However, 15.8% were resistant to three or more antimicrobials and, therefore, multidrug-resistant. Our results showed that in general, efficient cleaning and disinfection procedures were applied. Nonetheless, the presence of S. aureus with virulence determinants and resistance to antimicrobials, particularly multidrug-resistant MRSA ST398 strains, might represent a potential health hazard for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Boto
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde D'Arrigo
- The Food Quality Centre, INIA-CSIC, Calle José Tudela S/N, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Ana García-Lafuente
- The Food Quality Centre, INIA-CSIC, Calle José Tudela S/N, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Daniel Bravo
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Pérez-Baltar
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gaya
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Medina
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan L Arqués
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Zhang F, Wu S, Dai J, Huang J, Zhang J, Zhao M, Rong D, Li Y, Wang J, Chen M, Xue L, Ding Y, Wu Q. The emergence of novel macrolide resistance island in Macrococcus caseolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus of food origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 386:110020. [PMID: 36427466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Food-derived Staphylococcaceae species with severe antimicrobial resistance, especially Staphylococcus aureus, is a major threat to public health. Macrococcus caseolyticus (M. caseolyticus) is a member of the Staphylococcaceae family which plays a vital role in fermented products and disease causation in animals. In our previous study, several Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-resistant island msr (SaRImsr) were found in multidrug-resistant S. aureus. In this study, novel SaRImsr, SaRImsr-III emerged from S. aureus. Another novel SaRImsr-like further emerged in M. caseolyticus from food. These isolates' prevalence and genetic environment were investigated and characterized to understand the distribution and transmission of these novel SaRImsr strains. All SaRImsr-positive S. aureus isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, within which a series of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFs) were identified. In addition, three SaRImsr types, SaRImsr-I (15.1 kb), SaRImsr-II (16-17 kb), and SaRImsr-III (18 kb) carrying mef(D)-msr(F), were identified in these isolates' chromosomes. SaRImsr-(I-III) contains a site-specific integrase gene int and operon mef(D)-msr(F). SaRImsr-III has an additional orf3-orf4-IS30 arrangement downstream of mef(D) and msr(F). Moreover, the SaRImsr-like and macrolide-resistant transposon Tn6776 forming a novel mosaic structure coexisted in one M. caseolyticus isolate. Within this mosaic structure, the macrolide-resistant genes mef(D)-msr(F) were absent in SaRImsr-like, whereas an operon, mef(F)-msr(G), was identified in Tn6776. The SaRImsr-(I-III) and SaRImsr-like structure were inserted into the rpsI gene encoding the 30S ribosomal protein S9 in the chromosome. Excision and cyclisation of SaRImsr-III, SaRImsr-like, operon mef(D)-msr(F), and orf3-orf4-IS30 arrangements were confirmed using two-step PCR. This study is the first to report MDR S. aureus harbouring novel SaRImsr-III and M. caseolyticus containing novel mosaic structures isolated from retail foods. Similar SaRImsr-type resistant islands' occurrence and propagation in Staphylococcaceae species require continuous monitoring and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510432, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qingping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China.
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Noli Truant S, Redolfi DM, Sarratea MB, Malchiodi EL, Fernández MM. Superantigens, a Paradox of the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110800. [PMID: 36422975 PMCID: PMC9692936 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are a wide family of bacterial exotoxins with the capacity to activate as much as 20% of the host T cells, which is why they were called superantigens. Superantigens (SAgs) can cause multiple diseases in humans and cattle, ranging from mild to life-threatening infections. Almost all S. aureus isolates encode at least one of these toxins, though there is no complete knowledge about how their production is triggered. One of the main problems with the available evidence for these toxins is that most studies have been conducted with a few superantigens; however, the resulting characteristics are attributed to the whole group. Although these toxins share homology and a two-domain structure organization, the similarity ratio varies from 20 to 89% among different SAgs, implying wide heterogeneity. Furthermore, every attempt to structurally classify these proteins has failed to answer differential biological functionalities. Taking these concerns into account, it might not be appropriate to extrapolate all the information that is currently available to every staphylococcal SAg. Here, we aimed to gather the available information about all staphylococcal SAgs, considering their functions and pathogenicity, their ability to interact with the immune system as well as their capacity to be used as immunotherapeutic agents, resembling the two faces of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
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Genomic analysis, antibiotic resistance, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus from food and food outbreaks: A potential public concern. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 377:109825. [PMID: 35834921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transmission and outbreaks of Staphylococcus aureus among retail food highlights the need to comprehensive analysis the molecular characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus in foods. However, the information about Staphylococcus aureus in north China is limited. In this study, 97 and 28 S. aureus strains were isolated for analysis from 4262 samples of retail food and 61 samples food outbreaks with prevalence rate 2.28 % and 45.9 %, respectively in Jilin, China from 2014 to 2018. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus isolates and characterize by antimicrobial resistance testing, virulence profiles, spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. 60 % (75/125) of the isolates contained at least enterotoxin genes including classic and new SEs genes as following: sea (40/125,32 %), see (36/125,28.8 %), sec (29/125,23.2 %), sell (29/125,23.2 %), seb (25/125,20 %), seh (22/125,17.6 %), sed (6/125,4.8 %), selq (6/125,4.8 %), and selk (6/125,4.8 %). In antimicrobial susceptibility tests, 59.2 % of the isolates (74/125) were considered as multi-drug-resistant isolates and four MRSA strains were all found with high multi-drug-resistance. Phenotype resistance to penicillin (94.4 %), erythromycin (84.2 %), clindamycin (63.9 %), and tetracycline (47.2 %) was observed which was corresponding with genotype resistance. The strains were classified to twenty-two sequence types (STs), fourteen clonal complexes (CCs), and forty-seven spa types. The predominant ST and spa types were ST1(22/125,17.6 %), ST25(20/125,16.00 %), ST398 (14/125,11.2 %) and t127 (20/125,16 %), t078 (14/125,11.2 %), t803 (7/125,5.6 %). The wgSNP analysis of these isolates in food represents showed close relatedness with food outbreaks which pose a potential health risk for consumers and warrants further attention.
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Pandemic Clones of CTX-M-15 Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15, ST147, and ST307 in Companion Parrots. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071412. [PMID: 35889131 PMCID: PMC9320316 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacine birds are commonly kept as companion birds and the maintenance of these birds in captivity may represent a zoonotic risk and contribute to the propagation of multidrug-resistant and β-lactamase extended-spectrum (ESBLs)-producing pathogens. This study aimed to identify and characterize strains of the Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolated from diseased psittacine birds, determining virulence and resistance profiles. K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 16 birds (16/46). All strains carried more than three virulence genes, with a high frequency of fimH and kpn (93.75%), uge (87.52%), and irp-2 (81.25%) genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility revealed that 3/16 strains were ESBL producers. Genomic analysis revealed that CTX-M-15-positive strains belonged to sequence types (STs) ST15, ST147, and ST307, characterized as international clones associated with outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) worldwide.
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Thwala T, Madoroba E, Maliehe TS, Magwedere K, Basson AK, Butaye P. Antimicrobial Resistance, Enterotoxin and mec Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Beef-Based Protein Sources from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061211. [PMID: 35744729 PMCID: PMC9228960 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, approximately 23,000 cases of food poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and characterize S. aureus on beef and beef products in South Africa. Organ meats (n = 169), raw processed meat (n = 110), raw intact (n = 53), and ready-to-eat meats (n = 68) were obtained from 25 retail outlets. S. aureus was isolated and enumerated according to the ISO 6888-1 method. Identification of the strains was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disc diffusion test. The presence of methicillin-resistance genes and the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR. Prevalence was low (13/400; CI 1.7–5) and all but one positive sample were from organ meats. Eight isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Two isolates carried the mecC gene. All the isolates tested positive for seg, seh, sei, and sep, whilst 53.8% were positive for sea. None of the isolates was positive for ser, sej, seb, sec, or sed. The prevalence of S. aureus was low, with organ meats being the most contaminated. The presence of mecC-positive MRSA and of enterotoxins warrants further investigation and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka Thwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Tsolanku S. Maliehe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Albert K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Correspondence:
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11
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Zhang F, Wu S, Lei T, Wu Q, Zhang J, Huang J, Dai J, Chen M, Ding Y, Wang J, Wei X, Zhang Y. Presence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-carrying the multidrug resistance genes cfr and lsa(E) in retail food in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109512. [PMID: 34971878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important food-related pathogen associated with bacterial poisoning that is difficult to treat due to its multidrug resistance. The cfr and lsa(E) genes both cause multiple drug resistance and have been identified in numerous Staphylococcus species, respectively. In this study, we found that a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain, 2868B2, which was isolated from a sample of frozen dumplings in Hangzhou in 2015, co-carried these two different multidrug resistance genes. Further analysis showed that this strain was resistant to more than 18 antibiotics and expressed high-level resistance to florfenicol, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tiamulin, erythromycin, ampicillin, cefepime, ceftazidime, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and linezolid (MIC = 8 μg/mL). Whole genome sequencing was performed to characterize the genetic environment of these resistance genes and other genomic features. The cfr gene was located on the single plasmid p2868B2 (39,159 bp), which demonstrated considerable similarity to many plasmids previously identified in humans and animals. p2868B2 contained the insertion sequence (IS) element IS21-558, which allowed the insertion of cfr into Tn558 and played an important role in the mobility of cfr. Additionally, a novel multidrug resistance region (36.9 kb) harbouring lsa(E) along with nine additional antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (aadD, aadE, aacA-aphD, spc, lnu(B), lsa(E), tetL, ermC and blaZ) was identified. The multidrug resistance region harboured four copies of IS257 that were active and can mediate the formation of four circular structures containing ARGs and ISs. In addition, genes encoding various virulence factors and affecting multiple cell adhesion properties were identified in the genome of MRSA 2868B2. This study confirmed that the cfr and lsa(E) genes coexist in one MRSA strain and the presence of plasmid and IS257 in the multi-ARG cluster can promote both ARG transfer and dissemination. Furthermore, the presence of so many ARGs and virulence genes in food-related pathogens may seriously compromise the effectiveness of clinical therapy and threaten public health, its occurrence should pay public attention and the traceability of these genes in food-related samples needs further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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12
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Féraudet Tarisse C, Goulard-Huet C, Nia Y, Devilliers K, Marcé D, Dambrune C, Lefebvre D, Hennekinne JA, Simon S. Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins SEA, SEG, SEH, and SEI by Immunoassay. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:130. [PMID: 33572449 PMCID: PMC7916246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide, resulting from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), primarily SE type A (SEA), which is produced in food by enterotoxigenic strains of staphylococci, mainly S. aureus. Since newly identified SEs have been shown to have emetic properties and the genes encoding them have been found in food involved in poisoning outbreaks, it is necessary to have reliable tools to prove the presence of the toxins themselves, to clarify the role played by these non-classical SEs, and to precisely document SFP outbreaks. We have produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against SE type G, H or I (SEG, SEH or SEI respectively) or SEA. With these antibodies, we have developed, for each of these four targets, highly sensitive, specific, and reliable 3-h sandwich enzyme immunoassays that we evaluated for their suitability for SE detection in different matrices (bacterial cultures of S. aureus, contaminated food, human samples) for different purposes (strain characterization, food safety, biological threat detection, diagnosis). We also initiated and described for the first time the development of monoplex and quintuplex (SEA, SE type B (SEB), SEG, SEH, and SEI) lateral flow immunoassays for these new staphylococcal enterotoxins. The detection limits in buffer were under 10 pg/mL (0.4 pM) by enzyme immunoassays and at least 300 pg/mL (11 pM) by immunochromatography for all target toxins with no cross-reactivity observed. Spiking studies and/or bacterial supernatant analysis demonstrated the applicability of the developed methods, which could become reliable detection tools for the routine investigation of SEG, SEH, and SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Féraudet Tarisse
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Céline Goulard-Huet
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Dominique Marcé
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Chloé Dambrune
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Donatien Lefebvre
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
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13
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G. Abril A, G. Villa T, Barros-Velázquez J, Cañas B, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P, Carrera M. Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins and Their Detection in the Dairy Industry and Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090537. [PMID: 32825515 PMCID: PMC7551672 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins. S. aureus expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition, S. aureus exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from S. aureus infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of S. aureus toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Tomás G. Villa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Benito Cañas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angeles Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marine Research Institute (IIM), 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
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14
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Kingsbury JM, Soboleva TK. Evaluation of culture-based and molecular detection methods for Campylobacter in New Zealand raw cows' milk. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:478-492. [PMID: 32725959 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the performance of a commercial molecular detection method (mericon Campylobacter triple kit real-time/quantitative (q)PCR) and a selective plating medium (R&F Campylobacter jejuni/Campylobacter coli Chromogenic Plating Medium (CCPM)) against a culture-based reference method (ISO 10272-1:2017 detection procedure B) for the detection of Campylobacter from raw milk enrichment broths. METHODS AND RESULTS New Zealand raw cows' milk and Ultra-High Temperature-processed milk samples were inoculated with 50, 125 and 500 colony forming units of C. jejuni and C. coli cocktail per analytical unit. Samples were tested for Campylobacter after 0, 24- and 48 h refrigeration. ISO 10272-1:2017 proved to be a sensitive detection method (77/80 positive samples); detection only failed for some milk samples tested 48 h postinoculation. CCPM was as effective as Cefoperazone Charcoal Deoxycholate Agar for selective plating of Campylobacter raw milk enrichments (78/80 positive samples). However, the qPCR detected Campylobacter in only 42/80 samples and qPCR reaction inhibition was observed. CONCLUSIONS The ISO 10272-1:2017 method was a more sensitive method for Campylobacter detection from raw milk than the mericon Campylobacter triple kit qPCR, and CCPM was a useful complementary medium to mCCDA where one of these media is required by the standard. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In regions where testing is required or recommended, optimized methods for Campylobacter detection from raw milk will reduce risk to the raw milk consumer. Although molecular methods are generally touted as a rapid alternative to culture, issues with inhibition due to matrix components mean that culture-based methods might provide the most sensitive option for Campylobacter detection in raw milk. Findings also emphasize the importance of minimizing the time between milk collection and testing for Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - T K Soboleva
- New Zealand Food Safety, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Hwang H, Lee HJ, Lee MA, Sohn H, Chang YH, Han SG, Jeong JY, Lee SH, Hong SW. Selection and Characterization of Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis WiKim0113 Isolated from Kimchi as a Starter Culture for the Production of Natural Pre-converted Nitrite. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:512-526. [PMID: 32734260 PMCID: PMC7372994 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nitrite is considered an undesirable preservative for meat products;
thus, controlling synthetic nitrite concentrations is important from the
standpoint of food safety. We investigated 1,000 species of microorganisms from
various kimchi preparations for their potential use as a starter culture for the
production of nitrites. We used 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to select a
starter culture with excellent nitrite and nitric oxide productivity, which we
subsequently identified as Staphylococcus hominis subspecies
hominis WiKim0113. That starter culture was grown in NaCl
(up to 9%; w/v) at 10°C–40°C; its optimum growth was
observed at 30°C at pH 4.0–10.0. It exhibited nonproteolytic
activity and antibacterial activity against Clostridium
perfringens, a bacterium that causes food poisoning symptoms.
Analysis of Staphylococcus hominis subspecies
hominis WiKim0113 with an API ZYM system did not reveal the
presence of β-glucuronidase, and tests of the starter culture on
5% (v/v) sheep blood agar showed no hemolytic activity. Our results
demonstrated the remarkable stability of coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus hominis subspecies hominis
WiKim0113, especially in strain negative for staphylococcal enterotoxins and
sensitive to clinically relevant antibiotics. Moreover, Staphylococcus
hominis subspecies hominis WiKim0113 exhibited a
45.5% conversion rate of nitrate to nitrite, with nitrate levels reduced
to 25% after 36 h of culturing in the minimal medium supplemented with
nitrate (200 ppm). The results clearly demonstrated the safety and utility of
Staphylococcus hominis subspecies hominis
WiKim0113, and therefore its suitability as a starter culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ho Jae Lee
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Mi-Ai Lee
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Hyejin Sohn
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - You Hyun Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jong Youn Jeong
- School of Food Biotechnology and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Korea
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Merialdi G, Feltrin F, Gaetarelli B, Lombardi G, Iurescia M, Alba P, Luppi A, Martinelli N, Ramini M, Carfora V, Franco A, Battisti A. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) spa type t127, Sequence Type (ST)1, quickly spreads and persists among young pigs. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5524362. [PMID: 31247637 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) clones other than Clonal Complex (CC)398, as CC1, have been isolated in pigs in some countries, and appeared to be prevalent in Italy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of Sequence Type (ST)1, CC1, LA-MRSA clone to colonize and to be transmitted among piglets. Eighteen caesarean-derived/colostrum-deprived piglets of 35 days of age were assigned randomly to three groups: four seeder piglets were contaminated with a spa type t127, ST1, SCCmec V, MRSA (Group A), 10 MRSA-negative piglets were exposed to Group A after 2 days post-contamination, dpc (Group B) and 4 piglets were used as control group (Group C). Piglets were evaluated until 44 dpc (Group A) or at 42 days post-exposure, dpe (Group B) and then euthanized and necropsied. All nasal and skin cultures of Group A resulted MRSA-positive throughout the experiment starting from two dpc, while Group C tested always MRSA-negative. At first sampling, all Group B piglets became positive and remained positive throughout the experiment. This is the first colonization/transmission study with a CC1 LA-MRSA in pigs. The results add further knowledge on the ability of CC1 LA-MRSA to colonize pigs, and on colonization/transmission patterns, both suggesting good host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Merialdi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Bologna Unit, Via Pietro Fiorini, 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiola Feltrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Gaetarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Centrale di Brescia, Department of Laboratory Animals, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Guerino Lombardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Centrale di Brescia, Department of Laboratory Animals, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Iurescia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma Unit, Strada dei Mercati, 13A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Centrale di Brescia, Department of Laboratory Animals, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Ramini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Bologna Unit, Via Pietro Fiorini, 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Virginia Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
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Macori G, Bellio A, Bianchi DM, Chiesa F, Gallina S, Romano A, Zuccon F, Cabrera-Rubio R, Cauquil A, Merda D, Auvray F, Decastelli L. Genome-Wide Profiling of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus Strains Used for the Production of Naturally Contaminated Cheeses. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:E33. [PMID: 31892220 PMCID: PMC7016664 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen and an important cause of livestock infections. More than 20 staphylococcal enterotoxins with emetic activity can be produced by specific strains responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning, one of the most common food-borne diseases. Whole genome sequencing provides a comprehensive view of the genome structure and gene content that have largely been applied in outbreak investigations and genomic comparisons. In this study, six enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains were characterised using a combination of molecular, phenotypical and computational methods. The genomes were analysed for the presence of virulence factors (VFs), where we identified 110 genes and classified them into five categories: adherence (n = 31), exoenzymes (n = 28), genes involved in host immune system evasion (n = 7); iron uptake regulatory system (n = 8); secretion machinery factors and toxins' genes (n = 36), and 39 genes coding for transcriptional regulators related to staphylococcal VFs. Each group of VFs revealed correlations among the six enterotoxigenic strains, and further analysis revealed their accessory genomic content, including mobile genetic elements. The plasmids pLUH02 and pSK67 were detected in the strain ProNaCC1 and ProNaCC7, respectively, carrying out the genes sed, ser, and selj. The genes carried out by prophages were detected in the strain ProNaCC2 (see), ProNaCC4, and ProNaCC7 (both positive for sea). The strain ProNaCC5 resulted positive for the genes seg, sei, sem, sen, seo grouped in an exotoxin gene cluster, and the strain ProNaCC6 resulted positive for seh, a transposon-associated gene. The six strains were used for the production of naturally contaminated cheeses which were tested with the European Screening Method for staphylococcal enterotoxins. The results obtained from the analysis of toxins produced in cheese, combined with the genomic features represent a portrait of the strains that can be used for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin-positive cheese as reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerrino Macori
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.B.); (S.G.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Alberto Bellio
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.B.); (S.G.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Daniela Manila Bianchi
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.B.); (S.G.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Silvia Gallina
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.B.); (S.G.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Angelo Romano
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.B.); (S.G.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Fabio Zuccon
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.B.); (S.G.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (L.D.)
| | - Raúl Cabrera-Rubio
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Ireland-APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Alexandra Cauquil
- European Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.C.); (D.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Déborah Merda
- European Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.C.); (D.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Fréderic Auvray
- European Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.C.); (D.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.B.); (S.G.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (L.D.)
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High prevalence of methicillin resistant and enterotoxin gene-positive Staphylococcus aureus among nasally colonized food handlers in central Iran. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:87-92. [PMID: 30353486 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study defined the prevalence of enterotoxin gene-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains among food handlers and non-food processing healthy nasal S. aureus carriers in central Iran. Meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were diagnosed by cefoxitin disk diffusion. PCR was used to detect the mecA, Sa442, and enterotoxin genes. Out of the 1113 food handlers, 224 (20.1%) were nasal carriers of S. aureus and 157 (70.1%) of these isolates were positive for one or more enterotoxin genes. The most prevalent enterotoxin gene was sei (40.2%), followed by seg (35.3%), sea (23.5%), seb (15.2%), sec (5.5%), and seh (2.7%). See and sed genes were not found. Sixty seven (42.7%) of enterotoxin gene-positive isolates possessed a single enterotoxin gene, and 64 (40.8%), 23 (14.7%), and 3 (1.9%) contained two, three, or four enterotoxin genes, respectively. The most frequently detected gene combination was sei/seg (n = 35, 22.3%). Thirty seven (16.5%) isolates were diagnosed as MRSA, and 27 (73%) of these strains were positive for at least one enterotoxin gene. Out of 546 healthy controls, 100 individuals were identified as S. aureus nasal carriers; among the strains, 39 (39%) were positive for at least one enterotoxin gene. Only one (1%) CA-MRSA was identified among the strains from the volunteers. A high prevalence of meticillin resistant and enterotoxin-positive S. aureus were documented in food handlers. We suggest that this may be due to the frequent handling of contaminated foodstuffs and that this is possibly related to the elevated frequencies of acquired staphylococcal food poisoning in this population.
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He C, Xu S, Zhao H, Hu F, Xu X, Jin S, Yang H, Gong F, Liu Q. Leukotoxin and pyrogenic toxin Superantigen gene backgrounds in bloodstream and wound Staphylococcus aureus isolates from eastern region of China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:395. [PMID: 30103694 PMCID: PMC6090790 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bicomponent leukotoxins and the pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) are important virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus. It is necessary to survey the prevalence and expression of these toxin-encoding genes for understanding the possible pathogenic capacity of S. aureus to cause disease. Methods Five leukotoxin genes and thirteen PTSAg determinants were detected for 177 S. aureus isolates from blood (n = 88) and wound (n = 89) infections by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The expression of leukotoxin ED (lukED) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The genetic backgrounds of isolates were analyzed by Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing (for methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates), Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), accessory gene regulator (agr) typing and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST, for representative isolates based on PFGE type) methods. Results 99.4% (176/177) isolates contained at least one of leukotoxin genes. Among them, 94.9% (168/177), 81.4% (144/177) and 67.8% (120/177) isolates harbored hlgBC, lukED and lukAB, respectively. Compared to leukotoxin genes, there was a relatively lower overall prevalence of PTSAg genes [99.4% versus 72.9% (129/177), P < 0.001], and they were organized in 59 patterns, with the most common combination of the egc cluster with or without other PTSAg genes. Genetic analysis showed the distributions of certain toxin genes were associated with the genetic backgrounds of isolates. The egc cluster was a common feature of CC5 isolates, among which ST5 and ST764 isolates harbored more PTSAg genes. The lukED was not present in ST398 isolates, and its expression was quite different among isolates. No significant correlations were observed between the lukED expression levels of strains and the ST or agr types. Conclusions The present study elucidated the distribution of leukotoxin and PTSAg genes and the expression of lukED in blood and wound isolates, and analyzed the relationship between them with genetic characteristics of isolates. These data improve the current understanding of the possible pathogenicity of S. aureus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3297-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Su Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Huanqiang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fupin Hu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu Jin
- Experimental Research Center, Shanghai People's Hospital of Putuo District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fang Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 226000, China
| | - Qingzhong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Wu S, Huang J, Wu Q, Zhang F, Zhang J, Lei T, Chen M, Ding Y, Xue L. Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Retail Vegetables in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1263. [PMID: 29963025 PMCID: PMC6011812 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen associated with serious community and hospital-acquired diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus from retail vegetables in China and then characterized S. aureus isolates by antibiotic resistance, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, spa-typing and multi-locus sequence typing. Of 419 retail vegetable samples from 39 cities in China during 2011-2016, 24 (5.73%) samples were positive for S. aureus and the geometric mean was 3.85 MPN/g. The prevalence of S. aureus was highest in lettuce (13/84, 15.48%) followed by tomato (7/110, 6.36%), caraway (2/87, 2.30%), and cucumber (2/128, 1.56%), whereas other vegetables were free of S. aureus. A total of 30 isolates were analyzed. For antibiotics susceptibility test, most isolates (93.3%) were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, whereas all isolates were susceptible to linezolid, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole 1:19, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin, and teicoplanin. All isolates (30/30, 100%) were resistant or intermediate resistant to more than three tested antibiotics, including 9 isolates (30%) were resisted more than 10 antibiotics. Five isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and carried mecA genes which confirmed as MRSA. Of the 18 investigated SE genes, the sem gene was the most frequently detected (86.7%) followed by the sec (83.3%), sep (70.0%), seg (56.7%), sel (53.3%), seh (50.0%), seq (50.0%), sej (46.7%), seb (36.7%), sen (36.7%), and ser (33.3%) genes were harbored by more than one third of the isolates, whereas the seo and seu were detected in only 6.75% of the isolates. MLST and spa typing observed high genetic diversity in S. aureus isolated from retail vegetable in China. ST59-t437 was the predominant types (3/5, 60%) of MRSA isolates, whereas ST188-t189 was the predominant types (7/25, 28%) of MSSA isolates. Our study reflects that the retail vegetable in China could be contaminated with S. aureus but the levels of S. aureus were not very excessive. In addition, these isolates had virulence potential, most of them were enterotoxigenic and multiple antimicrobial resistance, should be draw public attention. These data have signification implications for epidemiological and public health studies of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Fisher EL, Otto M, Cheung GYC. Basis of Virulence in Enterotoxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:436. [PMID: 29662470 PMCID: PMC5890119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are a superfamily of secreted virulence factors that share structural and functional similarities and possess potent superantigenic activity causing disruptions in adaptive immunity. The enterotoxins can be separated into two groups; the classical (SEA-SEE) and the newer (SEG-SElY and counting) enterotoxin groups. Many members from both these groups contribute to the pathogenesis of several serious human diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and sepsis-related infections. Additionally, many members demonstrate emetic activity and are frequently responsible for food poisoning outbreaks. Due to their robust tolerance to denaturing, the enterotoxins retain activity in food contaminated previously with S. aureus. The genes encoding the enterotoxins are found mostly on a variety of different mobile genetic elements. Therefore, the presence of enterotoxins can vary widely among different S. aureus isolates. Additionally, the enterotoxins are regulated by multiple, and often overlapping, regulatory pathways, which are influenced by environmental factors. In this review, we also will focus on the newer enterotoxins (SEG-SElY), which matter for the role of S. aureus as an enteropathogen, and summarize our current knowledge on their prevalence in recent food poisoning outbreaks. Finally, we will review the current literature regarding the key elements that govern the complex regulation of enterotoxins, the molecular mechanisms underlying their enterotoxigenic, superantigenic, and immunomodulatory functions, and discuss how these activities may collectively contribute to the overall manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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22
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Zhou Z, Zhang M, Li H, Yang H, Li X, Song X, Wang Z. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goats in Chongqing, China. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:352. [PMID: 29178873 PMCID: PMC5702051 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is an important zoonotic pathogen which not only causes significant economic loss in livestock production but also poses a potential threat to public health. Compared with bovine and swine, the information on the colonization of S. aureus in goats is very limited. To understand the prevalence and characteristics of S. aureus in goats, we used the nasal swabs collected from apparently healthy goats to isolate S. aureus, and tested their antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene carrying levels, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS In 74 nasal swabs of apparently healthy goats, 32 (43.24%) S. aureus strains were isolated and identified, most of which were susceptible to many antibiotics, except for trimethoprim, furazolidone, amoxicillin, lincomycin and roxithromycin, and the resistance incidence of which were 50%, 40.63%, 37.5%, 28.13%, and 21.88% respectively. All the isolates were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and mecA-negative. Enterotoxin genes were found in 53.13% of the strains. Of which, sej was the most prevalent (21.88%), followed by seb, sec, and see with the same level (18.75%). The most prevalent combination were seb + see and seb + tst. None of the S. aureus isolates harbored sea, sed, seh, eta and etb. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 6 new alleles (aroe-552, aroe-553, glpf-500, pta-440, yqil-482 and yqil-496) and 5 new sequence types (STs) (3431,3440,3444,3445 and 3461). Using eBURST, the 5 STs were assigned to clonal complex 522 (CC522) and a further CC with no predicted ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis of seven concatenated MLST alleles revealed that the 5 STs were grouped into cluster I composed of S. aureus mainly from goats and sheep. CONCLUSION We provide the data for prevalence of S. aureus in goats in Chongqing municipality and their characterization which will help in tracking evolution of epidemic strains and their control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyong Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Mengsi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hexian Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Haoyue Yang
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xinyue Song
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China
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23
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Mansour AS, Wagih GES, Morgan SD, Elhariri M, El-Shabrawy MA, Abuelnaga ASM, Elgabry EA. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigenic strains in bovine raw milk by reversed passive latex agglutination and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2017; 10:843-847. [PMID: 28919671 PMCID: PMC5591466 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.843-847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This review gives an outline of the assessment of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus tainting levels in raw milk from different sources in Egypt and characterization of enterotoxigenic strains utilizing a technique in light of PCR to identify genes coding for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE). The obtained data were compared with results from the application of the reversed passive latex. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiplex PCR and reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) were used. A total of 141 samples of raw milk (cow's milk=33, buffalo's milk=58, and bulk tank milk=50) were investigated for S. aureus contamination and tested for enterotoxin genes presence and toxin production. RESULTS S. aureus was detected in 23 (16.3%) samples phenotypically and genotypically by amplification of nuc gene. The S. aureus isolates were investigated for SEs genes (sea to see) by multiplex PCR and the toxin production by these isolates was screened by RPLA. SEs genes were detected in six isolates (26.1%) molecularly; see was the most observed gene where detected in all isolates, two isolates harbored seb, and two isolates harbored sec. According to RPLA, three isolates produced SEB and SEC. CONCLUSION The study revealed the widespread of S. aureus strains caring genes coding for toxins. The real significance of the presence of these strains or its toxins in raw milk and their possible impact a potential hazard for staphylococcal food poisoning by raw milk consumption. Therefore, detection of enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains in raw milk is necessary for consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Samy Mansour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gad El-Said Wagih
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sabry D Morgan
- Department of Milk Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elhariri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Shabrawy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza S M Abuelnaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - E A Elgabry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Umeda K, Nakamura H, Yamamoto K, Nishina N, Yasufuku K, Hirai Y, Hirayama T, Goto K, Hase A, Ogasawara J. Molecular and epidemiological characterization of staphylococcal foodborne outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus harboring seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and selu genes without production of classical enterotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 256:30-35. [PMID: 28582663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is the result of consumption of food contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. To date, 23 SEs and SE-like enterotoxins (SEls) have been described in the literature. They are divided into classical SEs (SEA-SEE) and new SE/SEls (SEG-SElX). Some have proved to be foodborne-inducible, but others remain unidentified. In May 2016, at an elderly group home in Osaka city, Japan, an outbreak from foodborne pathogens occurred among lunch party participants. Within 2h 30min to 4h 40min, 15 of 53 participants presented gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea. A subsequent laboratory investigation detected S. aureus from most stool samples from patients, several left-over food items, a kitchen swab, and hand swabs from two food handlers. Classical SEs was not detected from S. aureus isolates or left-over food items. From examination for the presence of SE/SEl genes of 20 kinds by PCR, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and selu genes were detected in almost all isolates. These isolates exhibited identical or closely related types by coagulase type (type VII), Sma I digested pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST-CC45 lineage). These results suggest that the foodborne outbreak was caused by S. aureus harboring seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and selu genes without production of classical SEs. Additionally, some S. aureus isolates from human nasal swabs and healthy human feces harboring seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and selu genes without production of classical SEs were classified into CC45 lineage using MLST. These findings suggest new SE/SEls as a potential cause of foodborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Umeda
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamamoto
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Nobuko Nishina
- Osaka City Public Health Center, Southeast Living and Health Inspection Office, 1-2-7, Asahi-cho, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-0051, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasufuku
- Osaka City Public Health Center, Southeast Living and Health Inspection Office, 1-2-7, Asahi-cho, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-0051, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirai
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Teruo Hirayama
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hase
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Jun Ogasawara
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
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25
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Zhao Y, Zhu A, Tang J, Tang C, Chen J, Liu J. Identification and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like protein I (SEll) secretion from Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 121:539-46. [PMID: 27187155 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) produces a wide variety of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) proteins, which are the most causative agents of staphylococcal food poisoning. In contrast to classical SEs (SEA to SEE), the relationship between the novel SEs/SEls (SEG to SElX) and staphylococcal food poisoning is not elucidated. This study is aimed to establish a system to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin-like protein I (SElI) for analysis of staphylococcal food poisoning. METHODS AND RESULTS SElI was characterized in a Staph. aureus clinical isolate associated with food poisoning; there was an amino acid substitution Thr145Ala compared to previously identified SEI from Staph. aureus 04-02981. Subsequently, SElI was expressed, purified, and the poly- and monoclonal antibodies against it were prepared. Using these antibodies, a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that specifically detected and measured SElI secretion from the Staph. aureus clinical isolate in LB medium, milk and bloodstream was developed. CONCLUSIONS The ELISA system has been successfully applied for analysing SElI secretion in vivo and in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The highly sensitive ELISA should make it attractive for quantifying SElI in food hygiene supervision and clinical diagnosis in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - A Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - C Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
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26
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Oliveira MGX, Pressinotti LN, Carvalho GS, Oliveira MCV, Moreno LZ, Matajira CEC, Bergamo AS, Aleixo VM, Veiga AC, de Souza Corsino E, Christ APG, Sato MIZ, Moreno AM, Knöbl T. Arcobacter spp. in fecal samples from Brazilian farmed caimans (Caiman yacare, Daudin 1802). Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:777-782. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Cheng J, Wang Y, Cao Y, Yan W, Niu X, Zhou L, Chen J, Sun Y, Li C, Zhang X, Wu Y. The Distribution of 18 Enterotoxin and Enterotoxin-Like Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Different Sources in East China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 13:171-6. [PMID: 27074376 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of 18 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) or SE-like (SEl) genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains from different sources in east China was investigated. Among all 496 S. aureus strains, 291 strains carried one or more SE genes. The more frequently occurred genes were sea, seb, seg, selk, sell, selm, selo, and seq; the less frequent occurred genes were sec, selj, and ser. The classic SE genes and the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) (seg, sei, selm, seln, selo, and/or selu) accounted for 25.67% and 61.68% of all detected genes, respectively. There were three gene clusters (egc, sea-sek-seq, and sed-sej-ser), of which the egc cluster was the important one that could generate novel complexes, and the sea-sek-seq cluster was a close relative to the hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The SE gene distributions were different among strains of different sources and formed diverse toxin gene profiles. The human- and foodborne-origin strains harbored classic and novel SE and SEl genes, whereas animal-origin strains harbored egc and other novel SE and SEl genes mainly. The foodborne- and human-origin strains were the main dangerous factors of classic staphylococcal foodborne poisoning, whereas the strains (especially from animals) that carried egc and other novel genes mainly should be new potential dangerous factors for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Cheng
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 2 Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenguang Yan
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosai Niu
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- 2 Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Chen
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Sun
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- 1 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
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28
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Tarekgne EK, Skjerdal T, Skeie S, Rudi K, Porcellato D, Félix B, Narvhus JA. Enterotoxin Gene Profile and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Bulk Milk and Milk Products of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1387-95. [PMID: 27497126 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is an important foodborne disease worldwide, and milk and milk products are commonly associated with SFP outbreaks. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution of staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) genes in Staphylococcus aureus from raw cow's milk and milk products and to assess their genetic background with the spa typing method. Of the 549 samples (297 bulk milk and 162 milk product samples) collected from Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 160 (29.1%) were positive for S. aureus, of which 82 (51%) were found to harbor se genes by a modified multiplex PCR. Nine se genes were identified: sea (n = 12), seb (n = 3), sec (n = 3), sed(n = 4), seg (n = 49), seh (n = 2), sei (n = 40), sej (n = 1), and tsst-1 (n = 24). The classical type of genes accounted for 27%. Of the 82 enterotoxigenic isolates, 41.5 and 12.4% harbored two or more se genes, respectively. The highest gene association was observed between sei and seg, whereas sea and seb were always found together with the new types of se genes. Altogether, 18 genotypes of toxin genes were identified, and 33% of the samples contained > 5 log CFU ml(-1) S. aureus. spa typing identified 22 spa types and three novel spa sequences, which showed the high genetic diversity of the isolates. No apparent relationship was observed between spa type and se genes. Of the 25 spa types, 13 (52%) were from raw milk, 3 (12%) from milk products, and 9 (36%) from both types of sample. Types t314 (20.7%,n = 17), t458 (18.3%, n = 15), and t6218 (9.8%, n= 8) were the most common spa types identified and were widely distributed in three of the eight studied localities. This is the first study from the Tigray region to report the high distribution of enterotoxigenic S. aureus with a diversified genetic background from dairy food. The study may provide valuable data for microbial food safety risk assessment, molecular epidemiology, and phylogenetic studies of S. aureus in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enquebaher K Tarekgne
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1118, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
| | - Taran Skjerdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Ullevålsveien, 68, Pb 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv Skeie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Benjamin Félix
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France
| | - Judith A Narvhus
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Ahanotu E, Alvelo-Ceron D, Ravita T, Gaunt E. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B as a Biological Weapon: Recognition, Management, and Surveillance of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600601100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ed Gaunt
- Constella Health Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia
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30
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Shin E, Hong H, Park J, Oh Y, Jung J, Lee Y. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus faecal isolates associated with food-borne disease in Korea. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:277-86. [PMID: 26991816 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize Staphylococcus aureus faecal isolates from people suspected to be infected with food poisoning by using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 340 Staph. aureus isolates from 6226 people suspected to be infected with food poisoning were identified and characterized by biochemical methods, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR. Samples were obtained from January 2006 to December 2008 from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System at the Research Institute of Public Health and Environment in Seoul Metropolitan, Korea. All strains carried at least one of the eight staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) genes tested and a total of 27 se profiles were produced; the most frequent se profile was seg-sei and the next was sea. Among the total isolates, 36 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSAs) isolates were further analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR detection for pvl. ST72-SCCmec type IV was the most predominant clone (27 isolates, 75%) followed by ST1-SCCmec type IV (five isolates, 13·8%), ST20-SCCmec type IV (one isolate, 2·8%), ST493-SCCmec type IV (one isolate, 2·8%), ST903-SCCmec type IV (one isolate, 2·8%) and ST5-SCCmec type II (one isolate, 2·8%). By PFGE typing, MRSAs isolated during the same period were grouped together although they were isolated from different regions. None of MRSAs had PVL gene and nine MRSAs were multidrug resistant. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of MRSAs by MLST, SCCmec typing, PFGE and pvl detection showed that the majority of strain associated with food-borne diseases belonged to a Korean community-acquired (CA) MRSA clone with ST72-SCCmec type IV-PVL negative-SEG/SEI and its variations while one strain was hospital-acquired (HA) MRSA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY CA-MRSA clone which possessed ST72-SCCmec type IV-PVL negative-SEG/SEI was spread most commonly among MRSAs that were associated with food-borne diseases. This is the first report of ST903 strain in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shin
- Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology, and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Hong
- Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology, and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Park
- Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology, and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Oh
- Epidemiology Team, Biomedical Research Division, Research Institute of Public Health & Environment, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Gwachon, Korea
| | - J Jung
- Epidemiology Team, Biomedical Research Division, Research Institute of Public Health & Environment, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Gwachon, Korea
| | - Y Lee
- Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology, and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Rasooly R, Do P, Hernlem B. Sensitive, Rapid, Quantitative and in Vitro Method for the Detection of Biologically Active Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type E. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050150. [PMID: 27187474 PMCID: PMC4885065 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial cause of clinical infections and foodborne illnesses through its production of a group of enterotoxins (SEs) which cause gastroenteritis and also function as superantigens to massively activate T cells. In the present study, we tested Staphylococcal enterotoxin type E (SEE), which was detected in 17 of the 38 suspected staphylococcal food poisoning incidents in a British study and was the causative agent in outbreaks in France, UK and USA. The current method for detection of enterotoxin activity is an in vivo monkey or kitten bioassay; however, this expensive procedure has low sensitivity and poor reproducibility, requires many animals, is impractical to test on a large number of samples, and raises ethical concerns with regard to the use of experimental animals. The purpose of this study is to develop rapid sensitive and quantitative bioassays for detection of active SEE. We apply a genetically engineered T cell-line expressing the luciferase reporter gene under the regulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells response element (NFAT-RE), combined with a Raji B-cell line that presents the SEE-MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class II to the engineered T cell line. Exposure of the above mixed culture to SEE induces differential expression of the luciferase gene and bioluminescence is read out in a dose dependent manner over a 6-log range. The limit of detection of biologically active SEE is 1 fg/mL which is 109 times more sensitive than the monkey and kitten bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Paula Do
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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32
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Casaes Nunes RS, Pires de Souza C, Pereira KS, Del Aguila EM, Flosi Paschoalin VM. Identification and molecular phylogeny of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from Minas Frescal cheese in southeastern Brazil: Superantigenic toxin production and antibiotic resistance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2641-2653. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Crotta M, Rizzi R, Varisco G, Daminelli P, Cunico EC, Luini M, Graber HU, Paterlini F, Guitian J. Multiple-Strain Approach and Probabilistic Modeling of Consumer Habits in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment: A Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Raw Milk. J Food Prot 2016; 79:432-41. [PMID: 26939653 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models are extensively applied to inform management of a broad range of food safety risks. Inevitably, QMRA modeling involves an element of simplification of the biological process of interest. Two features that are frequently simplified or disregarded are the pathogenicity of multiple strains of a single pathogen and consumer behavior at the household level. In this study, we developed a QMRA model with a multiple-strain approach and a consumer phase module (CPM) based on uncertainty distributions fitted from field data. We modeled exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin A in raw milk in Lombardy; a specific enterotoxin production module was thus included. The model is adaptable and could be used to assess the risk related to other pathogens in raw milk as well as other staphylococcal enterotoxins. The multiplestrain approach, implemented as a multinomial process, allowed the inclusion of variability and uncertainty with regard to pathogenicity at the bacterial level. Data from 301 questionnaires submitted to raw milk consumers were used to obtain uncertainty distributions for the CPM. The distributions were modeled to be easily updatable with further data or evidence. The sources of uncertainty due to the multiple-strain approach and the CPM were identified, and their impact on the output was assessed by comparing specific scenarios to the baseline. When the distributions reflecting the uncertainty in consumer behavior were fixed to the 95th percentile, the risk of exposure increased up to 160 times. This reflects the importance of taking into consideration the diversity of consumers' habits at the household level and the impact that the lack of knowledge about variables in the CPM can have on the final QMRA estimates. The multiple-strain approach lends itself to use in other food matrices besides raw milk and allows the model to better capture the complexity of the real world and to be capable of geographical specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Crotta
- Department DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Rizzi
- Department DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani Cunico
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Luini
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Paterlini
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Rovelli 53, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, Hatfield, UK
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Puah SM, Chua KH, Tan JAMA. Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Ready-to-Eat Foods: Detection of S. aureus Contamination and a High Prevalence of Virulence Genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:199. [PMID: 26861367 PMCID: PMC4772219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of food poisoning. Its pathogenicity results from the possession of virulence genes that produce different toxins which result in self-limiting to severe illness often requiring hospitalization. In this study of 200 sushi and sashimi samples, S. aureus contamination was confirmed in 26% of the food samples. The S. aureus isolates were further characterized for virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility. A high incidence of virulence genes was identified in 96.2% of the isolates and 20 different virulence gene profiles were confirmed. DNA amplification showed that 30.8% (16/52) of the S. aureus carried at least one SE gene which causes staphylococcal food poisoning. The most common enterotoxin gene was seg (11.5%) and the egc cluster was detected in 5.8% of the isolates. A combination of hla and hld was the most prevalent coexistence virulence genes and accounted for 59.6% of all isolates. Antibiotic resistance studies showed tetracycline resistance to be the most common at 28.8% while multi-drug resistance was found to be low at 3.8%. In conclusion, the high rate of S. aureus in the sampled sushi and sashimi indicates the need for food safety guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Moi Puah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Jin Ai Mary Anne Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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35
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Al-Ashmawy MA, Sallam KI, Abd-Elghany SM, Elhadidy M, Tamura T. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:156-62. [PMID: 26836943 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was undertaken to study the prevalence, molecular characterization, virulence factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw milk and dairy products in Mansoura City, Egypt. MRSA was detected in 53% (106/200) among all milk and dairy products with prevalence rates of 75%, 65%, 40%, 50%, and 35% in raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream, and yogurt samples, respectively. The mean S. aureus counts were 3.49, 3.71, 2.93, 3.40, and 3.23 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g among tested raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream and yogurt, respectively, with an overall count of 3.41 log10 CFU/g. Interestingly, all recovered S. aureus isolates were genetically verified as MRSA strains by molecular detection of the mecA gene. Furthermore, genes encoding α-hemolysin (hla) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec) were detected in all isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of recovered MRSA isolates against 13 tested antimicrobials revealed that the least effective drugs were penicillin G, cloxacillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin with bacterial resistance percentages of 87.9%, 75.9%, 65.2%, and 55.6%, respectively. These findings suggested that milk and dairy products represent a potential infection risk threat of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic S. aureus in Egypt due to neglected hygienic practices during production, retail, or storage stages. These findings highlighted the crucial importance of applying more restrictive hygienic measures in dairy production in Egypt for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdou Al-Ashmawy
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- 2 Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- 3 Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Sapporo, Japan
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36
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Safety Evaluation of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Microbiota of Salami: Superantigenic Toxin Production and Antimicrobial Resistance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:483548. [PMID: 26697486 PMCID: PMC4677167 DOI: 10.1155/2015/483548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The risks of contracting staphylococci food poisoning by the consumption of improperly manufactured salami and the possibility of this food being reservoirs for antibiotic resistance were evaluated. Nineteen coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains were found in commercial and artisanal salami. The species in commercial salami were S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, S. xylosus, and S. carnosus. Artisanal salami showed S. succinus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis but no S. carnosus. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the strains into three major staphylococcal species groups, comprised of 4 refined clusters with similarities superior to 90%. Fifteen strains harbored multiple enterotoxin genes, with high incidence of seb/sec and sea, 57% and 50%, respectively, intermediate incidence of sed/seh/selm and sei/seln/tst-H, 33% and 27%, correspondingly, and low incidence of see/selj/selo and seg, of respectively 13% and 1%. Real time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays confirmed the enterotoxigenicity of the strains, which expressed and produced enterotoxins in vitro. The CNS strains showed multiresistance to several antimicrobials of therapeutic importance in both human and veterinarian medicine, such as β-lactams, vancomycin, and linezolid. The effective control of undue staphylococci in fermented meat products should be adopted to prevent or limit the risk of food poisoning and the spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains.
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37
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da Silva SDSP, Cidral TA, Soares MJDS, de Melo MCN. Enterotoxin-Encoding Genes in Staphylococcus spp. from Food Handlers in a University Restaurant. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:921-5. [PMID: 26352253 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food handlers carrying enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus are a potential source of food poisoning. The aim of this study was to analyze genes encoding enterotoxins in coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolated from the anterior nostrils and hands of food handlers at a university restaurant in the city of Natal, Northeast Brazil. Thirty food handlers were screened for the study. The isolates were subjected to Gram staining, a bacitracin sensitivity test, mannitol fermentation, and catalase and coagulase tests. CoNS and CoPS strains were subsequently identified by a Vitek 2 System (BioMerieux, France) and various biochemical tests. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect genes for enterotoxins A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, and sei) and a disc-diffusion method was used to determine susceptibility to several classes of antimicrobials. All food handlers presented staphylococci on their hands and/or noses. The study found 58 Staphylococcus spp., of which 20.7% were CoPS and 79.3% were CoNS. S. epidermidis was the most prevalent species. Twenty-nine staphylococci (50%) were positive for one or more enterotoxin genes, and the most prevalent genes were seg and sei, each with a frequency of 29.3%. Indeed, CoNS encoded a high percentage of enterotoxin genes (43.5%). However, S. aureus encoded even more enterotoxin genes (75%). Most isolates showed sensitivity to the antibiotics used for testing, except for penicillin (only 35% sensitive). The results from this study reinforce that coagulase-negative as well as coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from food handlers are capable of genotypic enterotoxigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago André Cidral
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Celeste Nunes de Melo
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, RN, Brazil
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38
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Kavaz Yüksel A, Yüksel M. Determination of Certain Microbiological Quality Characteristics of Ice Cream, Detection of S
almonella
by Conventional and Immunomagnetic Separation Methods and Antibiotic Susceptibility of S
almonella
spp. Isolates. J Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Kavaz Yüksel
- Department of Food Engineering; Engineering Faculty; Adıyaman University; Adıyaman 02040 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yüksel
- Department of Food Engineering; Faculty of Agricultural; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
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39
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Chao G, Bao G, Cao Y, Yan W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhou L, Wu Y. Prevalence and diversity of enterotoxin genes with genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different origins in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26210294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) induce toxin-mediated diseases, such as food poisoning. In the present study, 568 isolates from different sources were tested for the prevalence of 18 SE genes and performed spa typing. In addition, we characterized the relationships between the distribution of SE genes and molecular clones based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing in selected 250 isolates. Approximately 54.40% of the isolates from different sources harbored one or more SE genes forming 120 distinct gene profiles. Seven genes, sea, seb, seg, seo, sem, seq, and sel were more frequently detected. The distributions of the SE genes among the isolates from human, animals, and foodborne origins were highly different with isolates from environments (P<0.01). The classic SE genes in both foodborne and human origin isolates were significantly higher than that in animal origin isolates (P<0.01), whereas the prevalence of genes of egc cluster and the other genes was similar in human, animal, and foodborne origin isolates (P>0.05). We identified two important gene clusters, sea-sek-seq, which is closely related to hospital-acquired (HA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-III, and the egc cluster, which accounts for nearly half of all genes. Approximately 71% isolates could be typed by spa, yielding 103 spa types, of which 18 spa types were primary types. In clonal complex (CC) 239, an important Asian HA-MRSA-III clone from humans, nearly all isolates harbored complete or partial sea-sek-seq cluster; the main spa types were t030 and t037. In CC630, an important new community-associated (CA) MRSA-V CC in China, only sporadic SE genes, three main spa types, t4549, t2196, and t377 were observed. The egc cluster coexisting with other genes was present in isolates of CC5, CC9, CC1281, CC1301, CC30 and sequence type (ST) 25, but completely absent in isolates of CC239, CC59, CC7, and CC88. The results illustrate the genetic clonal diversity and the identity of S. aureus isolates from different sources with respect to SE genes and highlight a correlation between SE genes or gene clusters and CCs, spa, and MRSA clones. The foodborne and human origin isolates were the main potential causes of classic staphylococcal foodborne poisonings, whereas isolates harboring novel genes were new potential hazards to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Guangyu Bao
- Yangzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenguang Yan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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40
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Liu Y, Chen W, Ali T, Alkasir R, Yin J, Liu G, Han B. Staphylococcal enterotoxin H induced apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3552-67. [PMID: 25533519 PMCID: PMC4280547 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are powerful superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). They can cause food poisoning and toxic shock. However, their impact on bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is still unknown. In this study, the distribution of SE genes was evaluated in 116 S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis, and the most prevalent genes were seh (36.2%), followed by sei (12.1%), seg (11.2%), ser (4.3%), sec (3.4%), sea (2.6%) and sed (1.7%). To better understand the effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH) on bMECs, the seh gene was cloned and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector, pET28a, and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin H (rSEH) was expressed and purified as soluble protein. Bioactivity analysis showed that rSEH possessed the activity of stimulating lymphocytes proliferation. The XTT assay showed that 100 μg/mL of rSEH produced the cytotoxic effect on bMECs, and fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis revealed that a certain dose of rSEH is effective at inducing bMECs apoptosis in vitro. This indicates that SEs can directly lead to cellular apoptosis of bMECs in bovine mastitis associated with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tariq Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rashad Alkasir
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinhua Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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41
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Kim DH, Chon JW, Kim H, Kim HS, Choi D, Kim YJ, Yim JH, Moon JS, Seo KH. Comparison of Culture, Conventional and Real-time PCR Methods for Listeria monocytogenes in Foods. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:665-73. [PMID: 26761501 PMCID: PMC4662229 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.5.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared standard culture methods as well as conventional PCR and real-time PCR for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) in milk, cheese, fresh-cut vegetables, and raw beef that have different levels of background microflora. No statistical differences were observed in sensitivity between the two selective media in all foods. In total, real-time PCR assay exhibited statistically excellent detection sensitivity (p<0.05) and was less time consuming and laborious as compared with standard culture methods. Conventional culture methods showed poor performance in detecting L. monocytogenes in food with high levels of background microflora, generating numerous false negative results. While the detection of L. monocytogenes in fresh cut vegetable by culture methods was hindered only by L. innocua, various background microflora, such as L. innocua, L. welshimeri, L. grayi, and Enterococcus faecalis appeared on the two selective media as presumptive positive colonies in raw beef indicating the necessity of improvement of current selective media. It appears that real-time PCR is an effective and sensitive presumptive screening tool for L. monocytogenes in various types of foods, especially foods samples with high levels of background microflora, thus complementing standard culture methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung-Whan Chon
- Corresponding author: Jung-Whan Chon, KU Center for Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. Tel: +82-2-450-4121, Fax: +82-2-3436-4128, E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin-San Moon
- Livestock Product Standard and Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
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42
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Fusco V, Quero GM. Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Nucleic-Acid-Based Methods Used in the Microbial Safety Assessment of Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:493-537. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
| | - Grazia Marina Quero
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
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43
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Martins IM, Kabuki DY, Miya NTN, Pereira JL. Occurrence and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Potential of S
taphylococcus
Isolated from Dairy Products. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Mateus Martins
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Norma Teruko Nago Miya
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pereira
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
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44
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Silveira-Filho VM, Luz IS, Campos APF, Silva WM, Barros MPS, Medeiros ES, Freitas MFL, Mota RA, Sena MJ, Leal-Balbino TC. Antibiotic resistance and molecular analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow's milk and dairy products in northeast Brazil. J Food Prot 2014; 77:583-91. [PMID: 24680069 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to assess the clonal distribution among 94 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow's milk, raw cheese, and a milking machine in 12 dairy farms in northeast Brazil, by analyzing different typing methods and detecting resistance and toxigenic profiles. For the first time, isolates of this region were assessed simultaneously by the polymorphism of the 3'-end coa gene and 16S-23S rDNA, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, antibiotic resistance phenotyping, and toxigenic arsenal. Although pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns showed a wider variation (discriminatory index 0.83) than the PCR-based methods, the internal transcribed spacer-PCR proved to be a useful and inexpensive procedure for conducting epidemiological surveys of S. aureus on a regional scale. Each dairy farm had its own resistance profile, and in two herds, 63% of the strains were multiresistant, probably due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in bovine mastitis treatment. No methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were detected in this study; however, 93.6% of S. aureus strains harbored variable profiles of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes seg, seh, sei, and sej. Transcriptional analysis revealed that 53.3% of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes actually transcribed, pointing out the food poisoning risk of these dairy products to consumers in the region. Based on the detection of the most prevalent clones in a herd or region, appropriate antibiotic therapy and specific immunization can be used for the treatment and control of staphylococcal mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle S Luz
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Campos
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM/Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Wellington M Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Paloma S Barros
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM/Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S Medeiros
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Manuela F L Freitas
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo A Mota
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Maria J Sena
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
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45
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Kadariya J, Smith TC, Thapaliya D. Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: an ongoing challenge in public health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:827965. [PMID: 24804250 PMCID: PMC3988705 DOI: 10.1155/2014/827965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food-borne disease (SFD) is one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide resulting from the contamination of food by preformed S. aureus enterotoxins. It is one of the most common causes of reported food-borne diseases in the United States. Although several Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been identified, SEA, a highly heat-stable SE, is the most common cause of SFD worldwide. Outbreak investigations have found that improper food handling practices in the retail industry account for the majority of SFD outbreaks. However, several studies have documented prevalence of S. aureus in many food products including raw retail meat indicating that consumers are at potential risk of S. aureus colonization and subsequent infection. Presence of pathogens in food products imposes potential hazard for consumers and causes grave economic loss and loss in human productivity via food-borne disease. Symptoms of SFD include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps with or without diarrhea. Preventive measures include safe food handling and processing practice, maintaining cold chain, adequate cleaning and disinfection of equipment, prevention of cross-contamination in home and kitchen, and prevention of contamination from farm to fork. This paper provides a brief overview of SFD, contributing factors, risk that it imposes to the consumers, current research gaps, and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhalka Kadariya
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, College of Public Health, 750 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Tara C. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, College of Public Health, 750 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Dipendra Thapaliya
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, College of Public Health, 750 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
As the manufacture of cheese relies in part on the select outgrowth of microorganisms, such conditions can also allow for the multiplication of unwanted contaminants. Milk ultimately becomes contaminated with microorganisms originating from infection, the farm environment, and feedstuffs, as well as milking and processing equipment. Thus, poor sanitation, improper milk handling, and animal health issues can result in not only decreased yield and poor quality but also sporadic cases and outbreaks of dairy-related disease. The entry, establishment, and persistence of food-borne pathogens in dairy processing environments also present a considerable risk to products postprocessing. Food safety management systems coupled with regulatory policies and microbiological standards for milk and milk products currently implemented in various nations work to reduce risk while improving the quality and safety of cheese and other dairy products. With that, cheese has enjoyed an excellent food safety record with relatively few outbreaks of food-borne disease considering the amount of cheese produced and consumed worldwide. However, as cheese production and consumption continue to grow, we must remain vigilant in ensuring the continued production of safe, high-quality cheese.
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47
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Nagaraj S, Ramlal S, Sripathy MH, Batra HV. Development and evaluation of a novel combinatorial selective enrichment and multiplex PCR technique for molecular detection of major virulence-associated genes of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in food samples. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:435-46. [PMID: 24119042 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a multiplex PCR assay coupled with selective enrichment step to detect major virulence-associated genes of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and evaluate the same directly on contaminated food samples. METHODS AND RESULTS The most important virulence-associated genes of Staph. aureus, which are commonly related to food safety issues, are targeted in this study. They include five major enterotoxigenic genes-sea, seb, sec, seg and sei, tst-which encodes TSST-1, mecA-which confer methicillin resistance and coa-for the enzyme coagulase along with an internal amplification control (IAC) to rule out false-negative result. A modified mannitol salt broth (MSB) supplemented with sodium pyruvate was used for selective enrichment of Staph. aureus from food samples prior to PCR. Evaluation of efficiency of different media revealed that enrichment of samples in modified MSB followed by PCR resulted in specific, sensitive and effective amplification of the targeted genes in comparison with other enrichment media. Incorporation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as PCR enhancer improved the intensity of amplicons. The standardized multiplex PCR (mPCR) format was able to detect all the target genes at a bacterial load of 10(6) CFU ml(-1) in any sample. The PCR results were unequivocally correlated with the conventional methods when the mPCR format was assessed on a total of 91 Staph. aureus isolates. The entire assay was found to be effectual when evaluated on naturally contaminated food samples. CONCLUSIONS The combinatorial approach involving selective enrichment followed by mPCR developed in this study was found to be effective for the detection of toxigenic Staph. aureus directly from various food sources. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The developed format would find a promising application in early detection of food contaminations as well as in the diagnosis of food poisoning due to Staph. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagaraj
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - S Ramlal
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - M H Sripathy
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - H V Batra
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
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48
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Sasaki T, Terano Y, Shibata T, Kawamoto H, Kuzuguchi T, Kohyama E, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Gemba M. Establishment of Highly Specific and Quantitative Immunoassay Systems for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A, B, and C Using Newly-Developed Monoclonal Antibodies. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:589-97. [PMID: 16034201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) activities remain after boiling or treating with proteases. The main symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, are caused by the ingestion of SEs. Among SEs, SEA has been reported to be the major and most toxic protein. A highly specific and simple assay system is required to diagnose staphylococcal food poisoning. Therefore, the development of a suitable assay system is strongly anticipated. In this study, we have established a highly specific and sensitive avidin-biotin sandwich ELISA (ABS-ELISA) system for SEA, SEB, and SEC1 using newly-developed monoclonal antibodies. The linearity of these systems obtained was in the range of 0.78-25 ng/ml for each SE, and furthermore, the lower concentrations of SEs could also be detected. The recoveries of SEs from murine serum, skim milk solution, and raw milk were found to be over 90%, suggesting that our systems could detect SEs without any interventions, such as these from milk or serum proteins. We were also able to quantify SEs in 22 specimens of culture supernatants of S. aureus isolated in past occurrences. Our established system should be very useful not only in the clinical field but also in various fields of investigation because of its quantifi-cation and simplicity in detecting SEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Sasaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
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49
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Viçosa GN, Le Loir A, Le Loir Y, de Carvalho AF, Nero LA. egc characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:227-30. [PMID: 23800734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are carried by mobile genetic elements, and enterotoxin gene clusters (egc) are pathogenicity island-borne structures comprising several SE genes, which are frequently found among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and the genetic variability of egc loci in S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk and soft cheese in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ninety-two isolates were submitted to PCR detection of individual egc-borne SE genes (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, seu), and egc loci were typed using PCR-RFLP. PCR products of egc positive isolates were sequenced. Ninety-one isolates harbored at least one SE gene, which generated 14 different genotypes. The sei gene was the most widely distributed (97.8%), and was found in combination with seg in 49 isolates (53.3%). Altogether, a complete set of individual egc genes was detected in 37 isolates (40%). However, egc loci were detected by PCR-RFLP in only 4 isolates, and classified as egc1 (n=2), egc3 (n=1), and egc4 (n=1). This investigation demonstrated the low occurrence of the egc in S. aureus isolated from dairy products. However, the frequency of complete sets of individual egc-borne genes reflects either the presence of these SE genes outside egc or the existence of new egc types in these strains.
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50
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Dores MTD, Dias RS, Arcuri EF, Nobrega JED, Ferreira CLDLF. Enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Artisan Minas cheese from the Serra da Canastra - MG, Brazil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612013005000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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