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Singh P, Jaime R, Puckett RD, Lake J, Papagelis A, Gabri VM, Michailides TJ. Ochratoxin A Contamination of California Pistachios and Identification of Causal Agents. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS06231233RE. [PMID: 38115568 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1233-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., which contaminates many crops, including pistachios. Pistachios contaminated with OTA may be subjected to border rejections resulting in significant economic losses to the United States agricultural revenues. The current study examined prevalence of OTA in California-grown pistachios and identified its causal agents. OTA was detected in 20% of samples from 2018 to 2021 (n = 809), with 18% of samples exceeding the European Union regulatory limit of 5 μg/kg. Fungi potentially responsible for OTA contamination were isolated from leaves, nuts, and soil collected from 14 pistachio orchards across California. A total of 1,882 isolates of Aspergillus section Nigri and 85 isolates of section Circumdati were recovered. Within section Nigri, 216 (11.5%) isolates were identified as potential OTA producers using a boscalid-resistance assay. Phylogenetic analyses of partial gene sequences for β-tubulin and calmodulin genes resolved section Circumdati into four species: A. ochraceus (33%), A. melleus (28%), A. bridgeri (21%), and A. westerdijkiae (19%). A. westerdijkiae produced the highest levels of OTA in inoculated pistachios (47 μg/g), followed by A. ochraceus (9.6 μg/g) and A. melleus (3.3 μg/g). A. bridgeri did not produce OTA. OTA production by section Circumdati was optimal from 20 to 30°C. All 216 boscalid-resistant isolates from section Nigri were identified as A. tubingensis, and representative isolates (n = 130) produced 3.8 μg/kg OTA in inoculated pistachios. This is the first detailed report on OTA contamination and causal fungi in California pistachios and will be helpful in devising effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pummi Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Ramon Jaime
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Ryan D Puckett
- University of California Agricultural and Natural Resources, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - John Lake
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Apostolos Papagelis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Victor M Gabri
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Palumbo JD, Sarreal SBL, Kim JH. Simultaneous detection of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species of sections Circumdati and Flavi using multiplex digital PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad142. [PMID: 38111225 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Populations of ochratoxin-producing Aspergillus section Circumdati species and aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus section Flavi species frequently coexist in soil and are the main sources of mycotoxin contamination of tree nuts. Identification of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species in these sections is difficult using traditional isolation and culture methods. We developed a multiplex digital PCR (dPCR) assay to detect and quantify Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and Aspergillus steynii (section Circumdati), as well as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (section Flavi), in environmental samples based on species-specific calmodulin gene sequences. Relative quantification of each species by dPCR of mixed-species templates correlated with corresponding DNA input ratios. Target species could be detected in soil inoculated with conidia from each species. Non-target species of sections Circumdati, Flavi, and Nigri were generally not detectable using this dPCR method. Detected non-target species (Aspergillus fresenii, Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus sclerotiorum, and Aspergillus subramanianii) were discernible from A. ochraceus in dual-template dPCR reactions based on differential fluorescence intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Siov Bouy L Sarreal
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, United States
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Mannani N, El Boujamaai M, Sifou A, Bennani M, El Adlouni C, Abdennebi EH, Zinedine A. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in dried fruits from Morocco: Monitoring, regulatory aspects, and exposure assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105503. [PMID: 37778435 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the presence of Aflatoxins (AF) in 180 samples dried fruits and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 210 samples dried fruits and grape juices collected in Morocco. Mycotoxins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity columns (IAC) cleanup. Contamination levels were compared with the maximum regulatory limits (MRL) recently adopted in the country, and mycotoxin exposure of adult consumers was assessed. Results showed that 13.8% of samples were contaminated with AF, with incidences of 23.3, 23.3, 20, 13.8, and 3.3%, in raisins, figs, nuts, peanuts and pistachio, respectively. There were 12 samples (6.6%) that exceeded the MRL of 2-12 ng/g set for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). While OTA was detected in 17.1% of samples, with incidences of 3.3, 3.3, 30, 30, and 53.3% in walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, raisins and figs, respectively, and a maximum value of 99.1 in dried raisins, that exceeded the MRL (10 ng/g) set for OTA. The co-occurrence of OTA and AF was observed in 4.7% of total samples. Dietary intake showed that the OTA exposure level was lower than safety guidelines set by The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) at 100 ng/kg b.w./week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nysrine Mannani
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco.
| | - Mounir El Boujamaai
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - Aicha Sifou
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, P.O. Box 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennani
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry and Toxicology, Institut Pasteur (IPM), 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Chakib El Adlouni
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - El Hassane Abdennebi
- Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary (IAV Hassan II), Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 6202, Rabat-Institutes, 10101, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
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Gerin D, Garrapa F, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F, Pollastro S. Functional Role of Aspergillus carbonariusAcOTAbZIP Gene, a bZIP Transcription Factor within the OTA Gene Cluster. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:111. [PMID: 33540740 PMCID: PMC7913050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is the principal fungal species responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and derived products in the main viticultural regions worldwide. In recent years, co-expressed genes representing a putative-OTA gene cluster were identified, and the deletion of a few of them allowed the partial elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway in the fungus. In the putative OTA-gene cluster is additionally present a bZIP transcription factor (AcOTAbZIP), and with this work, A. carbonarius ΔAcOTAbZIP strains were generated to study its functional role. According to phylogenetic analysis, the gene is conserved in the OTA-producing fungi. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor binding motif (TFBM) homolog, associated with bZIP transcription factors was present in the A. carbonarius OTA-gene cluster no-coding regions. AcOTAbZIP deletion results in the loss of OTA and the intermediates OTB and OTβ. Additionally, in ΔAcOTAbZIP strains, a down-regulation of AcOTApks, AcOTAnrps, AcOTAp450, and AcOTAhal genes was observed compared to wild type (WT). These results provide evidence of the direct involvement of the AcOTAbZIP gene in the OTA biosynthetic pathway by regulating the involved genes. The loss of OTA biosynthesis ability does not affect fungal development as demonstrated by the comparison of ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains in terms of vegetative growth and asexual sporulation on three different media. Finally, no statistically significant differences in virulence were observed among ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains on artificially inoculated grape berries, demonstrating that OTA is not required by A. carbonarius for the pathogenicity process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Garrapa
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Mikušová P, Caboň M, Melichárková A, Urík M, Ritieni A, Slovák M. Genetic Diversity, Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin Profiles of Strains of Aspergillus Section Nigri Isolated from Dried Vine Fruits. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090592. [PMID: 32937759 PMCID: PMC7551007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in raisin samples purchased from Slovak markets and determined the diversity of black-spored aspergilli as potential OTA and fumonisin (FB1 and FB2) producers. The taxonomic identification was performed using sequences of the nuclear ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region, the calmodulin and beta-tubulin genes. We obtained 239 isolates from eight fungal genera, of which 197 belonged to Aspergillus (82%) and 42 strains (18%) to other fungal genera. OTA contamination was evidenced in 75% of the samples and its level ranged from 0.8 to 10.6 µg/kg. The combination of all three markers used enabled unambiguous identification of A. carbonarius, A. luchuensis, A. niger, A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae. The dominant coloniser, simultaneously having the highest within-species diversity isolated from our raisin samples, was A. tubingensis. Out of all analysed strains, only A. carbonarius was found to produce OTA, but in relatively high quantity (2477–4382 µg/kg). The production of FB1 and FB2 was evidenced in A. niger strains only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mikušová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslav Caboň
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Melichárková
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Urík
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia;
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Staff of Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, 801 31 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Marek Slovák
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Chebil S, Rjiba-Bahri W, Oueslati S, Ben Ismail H, Ben-Amar A, Natskoulis P. Ochratoxigenic fungi and Ochratoxin A determination in dried grapes marketed in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
With the present work, we aimed to assess the occurrence of ochratoxigenic fungi and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in dried grapes from Tunisia.
Methods
Dried grapes samples (n = 90) were investigated for the presence of ochratoxigenic fungi, which were further characterized at the species level through amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product sequencing. Fungal isolates were tested for their ochratoxigenic potential by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), as well as dried grapes samples after an immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up procedure.
Results
Black Aspergilli isolates were the dominant genre among the filamentous fungi found in dried grapes samples and were the only OTA-producing fungi encountered. Aspergillus niger aggregate were the most frequently found isolates reaching 70%, 80%, and 85% in dried grapes samples from regions of Kelibia, Sfax, and Rafraf, respectively, while covered 100% of the relevant mycobiota found in imported samples. Aspergillus carbonarius isolates were found only in Sfax’s and Kelibia’s samples, while uniseriate Aspergilli were found between 7 and 20% in dried grapes from Kelibia, Sfax, and the imported samples. The in vitro OTA production test showed that 88.9% of OTA-producing isolates belonged to A. carbonarius with OTA levels varying from 0.06 to 1.32 μg/g of Czapek Yeast Agar (CYA). The remaining OTA-producing fungi (11.1 %) belonged to A. niger aggregate group having a maximum OTA potential of 2.88 μg/g CYA, and no uniseriate Aspergilli isolate was able to produce OTA. All dried grapes samples were free of OTA presence.
Conclusion
According to the present study’s findings, no OTA contamination was recorded in the investigated samples from Tunisian market. Nevertheless, the presence of strong OTA producers A. carbonarius in samples originated from the two out of three studied Tunisian regions, as well the high incidences of Aspergillus niger aggregate group with an attested potential for OTA production in all samples, necessitates further research on Tunisian dried grapes. Additionally, a continuous analysis of staple food of the Mediterranean diet is imperative to insure the best quality for the consumers and prevent potential health problems.
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Costa CLDA, Cerqueira MBR, Garda-Buffon J. Kresoxim-methyl and famoxadone as activators of toxigenic potential of Aspergillus carbonarius. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1860-1870. [PMID: 31599694 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1670869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by filamentous fungi species belonging to the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. The contamination of grapes by ochratoxigenic species occurs worldwide in regions of tropical and temperate climates. Better control of fungal growth is achieved through good cultural practice and proper selection of fungicides. Kresoxim-methyl and famoxadone are the most common fungicides used in vineyards. This study aimed at analysing the OTA production and toxigenic potential of Aspergillus carbonarius under fungicide treatment with famoxadone and kresoxim-methyl. The growth rate of A. carbonarius was evaluated by measuring the glucosamine content and the diameter of the fungal colonies. OTA production was quantified by HPLC analysis. The treatment with fungicides, kresoxim-methyl and famoxadone, significantly reduced the fungal growth, by 76% and 60%, respectively. However, the mycotoxin production was greater in the fungicide-treated groups than the control group, showing that even though the fungicides were effective in controlling fungal growth, they were ineffective against mycotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Luiza De Azevedo Costa
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maristela Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Clinostat Rotation Affects Metabolite Transportation and Increases Organic Acid Production by Aspergillus carbonarius, as Revealed by Differential Metabolomic Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01023-19. [PMID: 31300399 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01023-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination by fungi may pose a threat to the long-term operation of the International Space Station because fungi produce organic acids that corrode equipment and mycotoxins that harm human health. Microgravity is an unavoidable and special condition in the space station. However, the influence of microgravity on fungal metabolism has not been well studied. Clinostat rotation is widely used to simulate the microgravity condition in studies carried out on Earth. Here, we used metabolomics differential analysis to study the influence of clinostat rotation on the accumulation of organic acids and related biosynthetic pathways in ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing Aspergillus carbonarius As a result, clinostat rotation did not affect fungal cell growth or colony appearance but significantly increased the accumulation of organic acids, particularly isocitric acid, citric acid, and oxalic acid, and OTA both inside cells and in the medium, as well as resulted in a much higher level of accumulation of some products inside than outside cells, indicating that the transport of these metabolites from the cell to the medium was inhibited. This finding corresponded to the change in the fatty acid composition of cell membranes and the reduced thickness of the cell walls and cell membranes. Amino acid and energy metabolic pathways, particularly the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were influenced the most during clinostat rotation compared to the effects of normal gravity on these pathways.IMPORTANCE Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have the ability to corrode various materials by producing metabolites. Research on how the space station environment, especially microgravity, affects fungal metabolism is helpful to understand the role of fungi in the space station. This work provides insights into the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of the corrosive fungus Aspergillus carbonarius under simulated microgravity conditions. Our findings have significance not only for preventing material corrosion but also for ensuring food safety, especially in the space environment.
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are chemical compounds produced mainly by mounds of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium on various grains and agricultural commodities at different stages in the field, before harvest, post-harvest, during processing, packaging, distribution, and storage. The production of mycotoxins depends on several environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. This chapter gives an overview about the major mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and Fusarium toxins), masked mycotoxins, and emerging mycotoxins. The toxicity of these mycotoxins and their negative economic impact was also discussed together with the effect of climate change on their production. A section on mycotoxins regulations by international agencies and organisms (WHO, FAO, EU, etc.) was discussed. Finally, the different strategies to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxins in contaminated foods and feeds by using chemical, physical, and biological/biotechnological methods or innovative approaches were explained.
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Fodil S, Delgado J, Varvaro L, Yaseen T, Rodríguez A. Effect of potassium sorbate (E-202) and the antifungal PgAFP protein on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production in raisin simulating media. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5785-5794. [PMID: 29756353 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi. The presence of OTA in raisins is mainly related to black Aspergillus spp. contamination. This toxin poses risks to human and animal health due to its high toxicity and carcinogenicity. New strategies to avoid the risk associated with OTA are therefore necessary. RESULTS A comparison was made between the effects of the antifungal protein PgAFP and potassium sorbate (E-202) on the growth of Aspergillus carbonarius, biosynthetic- and stress-related gene expression and its OTA production at two water activity (aw ) levels, 0.95 and 0.93 aw . The results showed that PgAFP successfully controlled OTA production, whereas E-202, despite being able to reduce Aspergillus carbonarius growth, caused a significant increase in OTA production by the fungus. CONCLUSION PgAFP protein, a biological compound with an antifungal activity, is safer to use than E-202 and may be proposed as a food preservative and a useful strategy to control ochratoxigenic A. carbonarius in raisins. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Fodil
- Agronomic Mediterranean Institute of Bari (CIHEAM IAM Bari), Valenzano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestale (DAFNE), Universitá degli Studi della Tuscia di Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Josué Delgado
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- UGC Corazón. Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Leonardo Varvaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestale (DAFNE), Universitá degli Studi della Tuscia di Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Thaer Yaseen
- Agronomic Mediterranean Institute of Bari (CIHEAM IAM Bari), Valenzano, Italy
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Farbo MG, Urgeghe PP, Fiori S, Marcello A, Oggiano S, Balmas V, Hassan ZU, Jaoua S, Migheli Q. Effect of yeast volatile organic compounds on ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus carbonarius and A. ochraceus. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 284:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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The application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the rapid diagnosis of food-borne mycotoxigenic fungi. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CRL 778 at different water activity values. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 51:164-169. [PMID: 30144992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by filamentous fungi with high impact in food safety due to its toxicity. In the last decade, the presence of OTA was widely reported in different foods. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum CRL 778 to control growth and OTA production by Aspergillus (A.) niger 13D strain, at different water activity (aw) values (0.955, 0.964, 0.971, 0.982, and 0.995) was determined in vitro. Both parameters were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the lactobacilli and the effect depended on aw. Greatest growth rate inhibition (46.9%) was obtained at aw=0.995, which is the most suitable value for growth and production of antifungal metabolites (lactic acid, acetic acid, phenyllactic and hydroxyl-phenyllactic acids) by L. plantarum CRL 778. Besides, morphological changes and inhibition of melanin synthesis were observed in colonies of A. niger 13D in presence of L. plantarum CRL 778 at aw ranged between 0.971 and 0.995. In addition, maximum reduction (90%) of OTA production took place at aw=0.971, while inhibition of fungi growth was more evident at aw=0.995. These findings suggest that L. plantarum CRL 778 could be used for control of ochratoxigenic fungal growth and OTA contamination in different fermented foods with aw values between 0.971 and 0.995.
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Gerin D, González-Candelas L, Ballester AR, Pollastro S, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F. Functional Characterization of the alb1 Orthologue Gene in the Ochratoxigenic Fungus Aspergillus carbonarius (AC49 strain). Toxins (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29534508 PMCID: PMC5869408 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius, belonging to the group Nigri, is the main species responsible for contamination by ochratoxin A (OTA) in grapes and derivative products. OTA can accumulate in the mycelium and in black conidia of the fungus and released into the matrix. Here, we have deleted in A. carbonarius the alb1 orthologue gene of A. fumigatus, involved in melanin biosynthesis. Three A. carbonarius Δalb1 mutants were characterized for morphologic traits and OTA production on different media and temperatures. Δalb1 mutants showed a fawn color of conidia associated with a significant reduction of the conidiogenesis and a statistically significant increase (p ≤ 0.01) of total OTA production as compared to the wild type (WT) strain. The alb1 gene somehow affected OTA partitioning since in Δalb1 mutants OTA amount was lower in conidia and was more abundantly secreted into the medium as compared to the WT. On grape berries the Δalb1 mutants and the WT caused lesions with similar sizes but OTA amount in berry tissues was higher for the mutants. These results demonstrate that A. carbonarius conidia pigmentation is largely dependent on polyketide biosynthesis. The gene is not directly involved in virulence and its deletion affects morphological features and OTA production in the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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18
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Fanelli F, Cozzi G, Raiola A, Dini I, Mulè G, Logrieco AF, Ritieni A. Raisins and Currants as Conventional Nutraceuticals in Italian Market: Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2306-2312. [PMID: 28892149 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The healthy consumers make a strong pressure to natural products that can prevent the chronic diseases and improve the general health status, and therefore an important aspect that have to be considered is the safe level of the nutraceuticals. This study reports the occurrence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and associated fungal contamination in 35 samples of dried vine fruits imported in the European community potentially used for the development of new nutraceutical supplements. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis identified 18 samples as contaminated by OTA with an average level of 2.6 μg/kg. OTA was measured in 4 samples of currants (mean value of 6.6 μg/kg) and 13 samples of raisins (mean value of 1.4 μg/kg). In one sample of currants and one of raisins from Turkey OTA exceeded the limits set by European Commission of 10 μg/kg, being contaminated with 12.61 and 15.99 μg/kg, respectively. All the positive samples were confirmed by Orbitrap Q Exactive through their molecular weight and the corresponding fragmentation. The worldwide consumption of dried vine fruits contributed to OTA exposure in several group of consumers. In particular, considering the potential nutraceutical approach, this consumption may be represent a severe risk for healthy consumers that consider these products like healthy and salutistic for their contents in antioxidants, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Data reported in this study confirmed the need to regularly monitor mycotoxin levels in these food products and optimize the process of fruits drying in order to reduce the development of toxigenic molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cozzi
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Assunta Raiola
- Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples "Federico II," Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Dini
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80141, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80141, Italy
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Phoku J, Barnard T, Potgieter N, Dutton M. Mycotoxigenic potentials of the genera: Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium isolated from houseflies (Musca domestica L.). Acta Trop 2017; 168:29-36. [PMID: 28042000 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study on the potential of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) to spread fungal spores in Gauteng Province, South Africa proved that houseflies are vectors for fungal spores. Therefore, there is a need to determine the toxigenic potentials and to identify the mycotoxins produced by fungal isolates derived from this study. In total 377 potentially toxigenic isolates of Aspergillus (186), Fusarium (85) and Penicillium (106) species (spp.) were isolated. These isolates were further tested for their ability to produce aflatoxins (AFs) [aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2], deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. Strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus belonging to the genera of Aspergillus were found to be the main producers of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, while A. carbonarius, A. niger and A. ochraceus produced OTA. Fumonisin B1 was produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum with concentrations ranging from 20 to 1834μg/kg and 79 to 262μg/kg respectively. Deoxynivalenol produced mainly by F. culmorum (2-6μg/kg), F. graminearum (1-4μg/kg), F. poae (1-3μg/kg), and F. sporotrichioides (2-3μg/kg) species was the least detected toxin in this study. The high mycotoxins levels produced in isolates from houseflies in this study are regarded as unsafe, especially when international legislated tolerance levels for mycotoxins are considered. Thus, possible human exposure to mycotoxins may pose concerns with respect to human health and demands constant and consistent investigation.
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Amin HIM, Amin AA, Tosi S, Mellerio GG, Hussain FHS, Picco AM, Vidari G. Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Flowers, Leaves, Rhizomes, and Bulbs of the Wild Iraqi Kurdish Plant Iris Persica. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of different parts of Iris persica L. were investigated for the first time by GC-FID and GC-MS; moreover, their antifungal activities were determined. 34, 32, 27, and 17 compounds were identified in the oils from air-dried flowers, leaves, rhizomes and fresh bulbs, respectively, representing ≥ 98% each oil. The major constituents of the flower essential oil were phenylethanol (24.8%) and furfural (13.8%), which, as the main component, constituted also 39.0% and 22.2% of the leaf and rhizome volatile fractions, respectively. Phenylacetaldehyde (37.1%) was the main constituent of the bulb volatile fraction. In in vitro tests, moderate antifungal activity was detected for the oils against strains of the human pathogenic fungal species Candida albicans, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the plant-fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae, and the fungal food contaminant Aspergillus carbonarius,. The highest activity was exhibited by the essential oils from leaves and flowers, suggesting that they could be considered natural antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Anwar Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Salahaddin, Erbil-Iraq
| | - Solveig Tosi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences – Mycology Laboratory, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centre CEMEC, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giacomo Mellerio
- Centre CEMEC, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Faiq H. S. Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, Erbil-Iraq
| | - Anna Maria Picco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences – Mycology Laboratory, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Centre CEMEC, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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21
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Yang L, Lübeck M, Lübeck PS. Aspergillus as a versatile cell factory for organic acid production. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Multiplex Detection of Aspergillus Species. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27924544 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provides a fast and accurate DNA-based tool for the simultaneous amplification of more than one target sequence in a single reaction. Here a duplex real-time PCR assay is described for the simultaneous detection of Aspergillus carbonarius and members of the Aspergillus niger aggregate, which are the main responsible species for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grapes. This single tube reaction targets the beta-ketosynthase and the acyl transferase domains of the polyketide synthase of A. carbonarius and the A. niger aggregate, respectively.Besides, a rapid and efficient fungi DNA extraction procedure is described suitable to be applied in wine grapes. It includes a pulsifier equipment to remove conidia from grapes which prevents releasing of PCR inhibitors.
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Abstract
In traditional raisin production process in Turkey, one of the major raisin producers in the world, grapes undergo an alkali treatment prior to drying. This procedure involves dipping grapes in a potassium carbonate solution for 10-15 seconds to remove the wax layer on the surface to accelerate the drying process. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of alkali treatment on ochratoxin A (OTA), an important risk factor for grapes and grape-derived products. First, the stability of the OTA was examined under variable pH (4-12), ion type (Na+, K+), ionic strength (0.1-10%) and temperature (4-60 °C). Then, Aspergillus ochraceus contaminated grapes were treated with an alkaline solution and a subsequent OTA analysis was performed through a high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. OTA started to decompose at pH values exceeding 10.0. The degradation followed a first order kinetics. Although both sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate solutions were at the same alkali pH and they both triggered the OTA degradation at increasing concentrations, potassium carbonate was more effective even at low concentrations. Elevated temperatures were also found to effect degradation. The degradation rate constant at 40 °C was approximately 5 times greater than the one at 25 °C. Furthermore, OTA levels dropped up to 50% in contaminated grapes after the alkali treatment. Our results confirmed that the amide bond of OTA rapidly hydrolysed to a non-toxic ochratoxin-alpha and phenylalanine under strong alkaline conditions. The results suggest that the alkaline pre-treatment unintentionally offers a great advantage to reduce OTA levels in raisins and it could be a viable approach for other dried fruits through the application of good manufacturing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Özcan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, United Kingdom
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - V. Gökmen
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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24
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Lamboni Y, Nielsen KF, Linnemann AR, Gezgin Y, Hell K, Nout MJR, Smid EJ, Tamo M, van Boekel MAJS, Hoof JB, Frisvad JC. Diversity in Secondary Metabolites Including Mycotoxins from Strains of Aspergillus Section Nigri Isolated from Raw Cashew Nuts from Benin, West Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164310. [PMID: 27768708 PMCID: PMC5074577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, raw cashew kernels were assayed for the fungal contamination focusing on strains belonging to the genus Aspergillus and on aflatoxins producers. These samples showed high contamination with Aspergillus section Nigri species and absence of aflatoxins. To investigate the diversity of secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins, the species of A. section Nigri may produce and thus threaten to contaminate the raw cashew kernels, 150 strains were isolated from cashew samples and assayed for their production of secondary metabolites using liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Seven species of black Aspergilli were isolated based on morphological and chemical identification: A. tubingensis (44%), A. niger (32%), A. brasiliensis (10%), A. carbonarius (8.7%), A. luchuensis (2.7%), A. aculeatus (2%) and A. aculeatinus (0.7%). From these, 45 metabolites and their isomers were identified. Aurasperone and pyranonigrin A, produced by all species excluding A. aculeatus and A. aculeatinus, were most prevalent and were encountered in 146 (97.3%) and 145 (95.7%) isolates, respectively. Three mycotoxins groups were detected: fumonisins (B2 and B4) (2.7%) ochratoxin A (13.3%), and secalonic acids (2%), indicating that these mycotoxins could occur in raw cashew nuts. Thirty strains of black Aspergilli were randomly sampled for verification of species identity based on sequences of β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. Among them, 27 isolates were positive to the primers used and 11 were identified as A. niger, 7 as A. tubingensis, 6 as A. carbonarius, 2 as A. luchuensis and 1 as A. welwitschiae confirming the species names as based on morphology and chemical features. These strains clustered in 5 clades in A. section Nigri. Chemical profile clustering also showed also 5 groups confirming the species specific metabolites production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yendouban Lamboni
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian F. Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Anita R. Linnemann
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yüksel Gezgin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kerstin Hell
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Martinus J. R. Nout
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eddy J. Smid
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuele Tamo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Jakob Blæsbjerg Hoof
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Han Z, Dong M, Han W, Shen Y, Nie D, Shi W, Zhao Z. Occurrence and exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins in dried fruits based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A reliable analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEA) in various dried fruits. A simple one-step sample extraction without using clean-up cartridges made the established method less labour consuming and less expensive, while optimisation of the several important MS/MS parameters, i.e. the scan time and run segments, ensured its sensitivity and selectivity. After careful validation of the method by determining the linearity (R2>0.99), recovery (77.8-115.9%), precision (relative standard deviation ≤19.5%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range of 0.1-10 μg/kg), a survey of 125 dried fruit samples including 25 pistachios, 28 dried longans, 32 raisins and 40 dried dates randomly collected from different markets in Shanghai, China, was performed. Results revealed that 32.0% of samples were contaminated with different mycotoxins, among which, OTA was the most frequent contaminant with the incidence of 29.6% attaining the concentration levels in the range of 0.4-212.6 μg/kg. ZEA was positively found in 2 pistachio samples with the concentrations of 84.9 μg/kg and 426.9 μg/kg. Trace amounts of AFB1 (0.8 μg/kg) and AFB2 (0.2 μg/kg) were also observed in one pistachio sample and one dried longan sample, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal the real situations of mycotoxin contaminations in various dried fruits in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M. Dong
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - W. Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - Y. Shen
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - D. Nie
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - W. Shi
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - Z. Zhao
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
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26
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Control of ochratoxin A-producing fungi in grape berry by microbial antagonists: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Gerin D, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Pollastro S, Faretra F. RNA-Seq Reveals OTA-Related Gene Transcriptional Changes in Aspergillus carbonarius. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147089. [PMID: 26765536 PMCID: PMC4713082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin harmful for animals and humans. Aspergillus carbonarius is the main responsible for OTA contamination of grapes and derived products. Gene transcriptional profiling of 4 A. carbonarius strains was carried out by RNA-Seq analysis to study transcriptome changes associated with OTA production. By comparing OTA inducing (OTAI) vs. non-inducing (OTAN) cultural conditions, a total of 3,705 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (fold change > |2| and FDR ≤ 0.05) were identified. Several genes involved in primary metabolic processes, with particular regard to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, secondary metabolic processes, transport, response to stress and sporulation were up-regulated by OTAI conditions at all the analysed sampling times (4, 6 and 8 DAI) or starting from 6 DAI. Highly up-regulated DEGs encoding enzymes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, oxidoreductases, transporters and transcription factors were examined for their potential involvement in OTA biosynthesis and related metabolic pathways. Differential expression of genes encoding polyketide synthases (pks), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps) and chloroperoxidase (cpo) was validated by RT-qPCR. Among clusters of co-regulated genes involved in SM biosynthesis, one putative OTA-gene cluster, including both pks and nrps genes, was detected in the A. carbonarius genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rita M. De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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28
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Ioannidis AG, Kogkaki EA, Natskoulis PI, Nychas GJE, Panagou EZ. Modelling the influence of temperature, water activity and sodium metabisulphite on the growth and OTA production of Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from Greek wine grapes. Food Microbiol 2015; 49:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL, Ho YS, Santillan CJ. Occurrence of ochratoxin a contamination and detection of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus species in retail samples of dried fruits and nuts. J Food Prot 2015; 78:836-42. [PMID: 25836414 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium and is a potential contaminant of a wide variety of food products. To determine the incidence of OTA contamination in dried fruits and tree nuts, retail packaged and bulk raisins, dates, figs, prunes, almonds, pistachios, and walnuts were collected from small and large supermarkets in seven areas of the United States between 2012 and 2014. Of the 665 samples analyzed, OTA was detected in 48 raisin samples, 4 fig samples, 4 pistachio samples, and 1 date sample. OTA contamination levels ranged from 0.28 to 15.34 ng/g in dried fruits and 1.87 to 890 ng/g in pistachios; two raisin samples and one pistachio sample exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 10 ng/g. PCR detection of potential OTA-producing Aspergillus species revealed the presence of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, and A. carbonarius in 20, 7, and 7 of the 57 OTA-contaminated samples, respectively. However, OTA-producing A. carbonarius was isolated from only one raisin sample, and no other OTA-producing Aspergillus species were found. These results suggest that raisins are more frequently contaminated with low levels of OTA than are other dried fruits and nuts and that Aspergillus species are the likely source of that contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
| | - Teresa L O'Keeffe
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Yvonne S Ho
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Carlo J Santillan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
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Kogkaki EA, Natskoulis PI, Nychas GJE, Panagou EZ. Effect of water activity, temperature, and mixed fungal spore interactions on ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius. J Food Prot 2015; 78:376-82. [PMID: 25710154 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of two nontoxigenic Aspergillus section Nigri species (Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus japonicus) to influence the in vitro ochratoxin A (OTA) production of three toxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius isolates (Ac-28, Ac-29, and Ac-33) from Greek vineyards of different geographical areas. OTA accumulation was evaluated by inoculation of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 ratios of mixed spore suspensions on a synthetic grape juice medium for up to 28 days at different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C), water activity (aw) levels (0.95 and 0.98 aw) and incubation time (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Results confirmed that environmental factors and fungal species had a significant effect on OTA production. Specifically, maximum OTA concentration for Ac-28 (3.21 μg g(-1)) and Ac-29 (7.69 μg g(-1)) was observed at 20°C/0.98 aw and for Ac-33 (9.13 μg g(-1)) at 15°C/0.95 aw, regardless of incubation time. Moreover, A. tubingensis had no significant influence on OTA concentration of all toxigenic isolates assayed, regardless of temperature, aw, and incubation time. On the other hand, the presence of A. japonicus slightly inhibited OTA production of Ac-29 and Ac-33, while for Ac-28, stimulation of OTA was observed in some cases. Overall, lower aw levels reduced OTA accumulation for Ac-28 and Ac-29, regardless of temperature, inoculum ratio, and time. On the contrary, for Ac-33, low aw increased OTA production, regardless of the investigated parameters. The importance of this study concerns the understanding of interspecific interactions on OTA diffusion by A. carbonarius in an attempt to find ways to prevent the presence of toxins in grapes and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia A Kogkaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis I Natskoulis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Z Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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Sinha M, Sørensen A, Ahamed A, Ahring BK. Production of hydrocarbons by Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:274-82. [PMID: 25813514 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus, Asperigillus carbonarius, is able to produce a series of hydrocarbons in liquid culture using lignocellulosic biomasses, such as corn stover and switch grass as carbon source. The hydrocarbons produced by the fungus show similarity to jet fuel composition and might have industrial application. The production of hydrocarbons was found to be dependent on type of media used. Therefore, ten different carbon sources (oat meal, wheat bran, glucose, carboxymethyl cellulose, avicel, xylan, corn stover, switch grass, pretreated corn stover, and pretreated switch grass) were tested to identify the maximum number and quantity of hydrocarbons produced. Several hydrocarbons were produced include undecane, dodecane, tetradecane, hexadecane 2,4-dimethylhexane, 4-methylheptane, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl benzene, o-xylene. Oatmeal was found to be the carbon source resulting in the largest amounts of hydrocarbon products. The production of fungal hydrocarbons, especially from lignocellulosic biomasses, holds a great potential for future biofuel production whenever our knowledge on regulators and pathways increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Sinha
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Annette Sørensen
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University Copenhagen, AC Meyers Vaenge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Aftab Ahamed
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Birgitte Kiær Ahring
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
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Jiang C, Shi J, Chen X, Liu Y. Effect of sulfur dioxide and ethanol concentration on fungal profile and ochratoxin a production by Aspergillus carbonarius during wine making. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zaied C, Abid S, Bouaziz C, Chouchane S, Jomaa M, Bacha H. Ochratoxin A levels in spices and dried nuts consumed in Tunisia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 3:52-7. [PMID: 24785316 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003587302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 112 samples of spices (24 caraway, 20 coriander, 25 curcuma, 20 black pepper and 23 red pepper) and 110 samples of dried nuts (44 almonds, 42 peanuts and 24 pistachio) purchased from popular markets in 24 regions of Tunisia were analyzed for ochratoxin A (OTA) by fluorescence HPLC. The average levels of contamination of OTA found in spice samples were 244, 206, 290, 274 and 203 µg/kg, respectively, for caraway, coriander, curcuma, black pepper and red pepper. Concerning dried nut samples, the average levels were 61, 60 and 89 µg/kg, respectively, for almonds, peanuts and pistachio. Contamination levels were higher than the usual norms (10.0 OTA µg/kg) established by the European Commission in 2005 . This survey is the first to be carried out on the natural occurrence of OTA in the main spices and dried nuts consumed by the Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Zaied
- a Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, , Faculty of Dentistry , Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir , Tunisia
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Susca A, Proctor RH, Butchko RA, Haidukowski M, Stea G, Logrieco A, Moretti A. Variation in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in fumonisin-producing and nonproducing black aspergilli. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 73:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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An immunochemical method for the determination of Ochratoxine A in the wine and its applications. KVASNY PRUMYSL 2014. [DOI: 10.18832/kp2014021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Mutlu-Ingok A, Karbancioglu-GUler F. Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Ochratoxin A Production of the A
spergillus
section N
igri
Members Isolated from Dried Figs. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Mutlu-Ingok
- Department of Food Engineering; Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Funda Karbancioglu-GUler
- Department of Food Engineering; Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
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Shi L, Liang Z, Li J, Hao J, Xu Y, Huang K, Tian J, He X, Xu W. Ochratoxin A biocontrol and biodegradation by Bacillus subtilis CW 14. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1879-1885. [PMID: 24293396 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by some Aspergillus and Penicillium species. In this study a strain of Bacillus subtilis was tested for its effects on OTA-producing Aspergillus and OTA degradation. The mechanisms of the effects were also investigated. RESULTS A strain of Bacillus spp. isolated from fresh elk droppings was screened out using the methods described by Guan et al. (Int J Mol Sci 9:1489-1503 (2008)). The 16S rRNA gene sequence suggested that it was B. subtilis CW 14. It could inhibit the growth of the OTA-producing species Aspergillus ochraceus 3.4412 and Aspergillus carbonarius, with inhibition rates of 33.0 and 33.3% respectively. At 6 µg mL(-1) OTA, both viable and autoclaved (121 °C, 20 min) cells of CW 14 bound more than 60% of OTA. In addition, OTA was degraded by the cell-free supernatant of CW 14. By high-performance liquid chromatography, the cell-free supernatant degraded 97.6% of OTA after 24 h of incubation at 30 °C, and no degradation products were produced. The fastest degradation occurred during the first 2 h. In 3 g samples of contaminated maize, 47.1% of OTA was degraded by 50 mL inocula of overnight cultures of CW 14. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that B. subtilis CW 14 could both prevent OTA contamination and degrade OTA in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
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Klitgaard A, Iversen A, Andersen MR, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC, Nielsen KF. Aggressive dereplication using UHPLC-DAD-QTOF: screening extracts for up to 3000 fungal secondary metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1933-43. [PMID: 24442010 PMCID: PMC3955480 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In natural-product drug discovery, finding new compounds is the main task, and thus fast dereplication of known compounds is essential. This is usually performed by manual liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) or visible light-mass spectroscopy (Vis-MS) interpretation of detected peaks, often assisted by automated identification of previously identified compounds. We used a 15 min high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (UHPLC–DAD)–high-resolution MS method (electrospray ionization (ESI)+ or ESI−), followed by 10–60 s of automated data analysis for up to 3000 relevant elemental compositions. By overlaying automatically generated extracted-ion chromatograms from detected compounds on the base peak chromatogram, all major potentially novel peaks could be visualized. Peaks corresponding to compounds available as reference standards, previously identified compounds, and major contaminants from solvents, media, filters etc. were labeled to differentiate these from compounds only identified by elemental composition. This enabled fast manual evaluation of both known peaks and potential novel-compound peaks, by manual verification of: the adduct pattern, UV–Vis, retention time compared with log D, co-identified biosynthetic related compounds, and elution order. System performance, including adduct patterns, in-source fragmentation, and ion-cooler bias, was investigated on reference standards, and the overall method was used on extracts of Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium melanoconidium, revealing new nitrogen-containing biomarkers for both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klitgaard
- Department of Systems Biology, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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40
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Reverberi M, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C. Ochratoxin A and Related Mycotoxins. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Characterization of nonochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus carbonarius from grapes. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Evtugyn G, Porfireva A, Stepanova V, Kutyreva M, Gataulina A, Ulakhovich N, Evtugyn V, Hianik T. Impedimetric aptasensor for ochratoxin A determination based on Au nanoparticles stabilized with hyper-branched polymer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:16129-45. [PMID: 24287535 PMCID: PMC3892811 DOI: 10.3390/s131216129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An impedimetric aptasensor for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection has been developed on the base of a gold electrode covered with a new modifier consisting of electropolymerized Neutral Red and a mixture of Au nanoparticles suspended in the dendrimeric polymer Botlorn H30®. Thiolated aptamer specific to OTA was covalently attached to Au nanoparticles via Au-S bonding. The interaction of the aptamer with OTA induced the conformational switch of the aptamer from linear to guanine quadruplex form followed by consolidation of the surface layer and an increase of the charge transfer resistance. The aptasensor makes it possible to detect from 0.1 to 100 nM of OTA (limit of detection: 0.02 nM) in the presence of at least 50 fold excess of ochratoxin B. The applicability of the aptasensor for real sample assay was confirmed by testing spiked beer samples. The recovery of 2 nM OTA was found to be 70% for light beer and 78% for dark beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Evtugyn
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (G.E.); (A.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Anna Porfireva
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (G.E.); (A.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Veronika Stepanova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (G.E.); (A.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Marianna Kutyreva
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (M.K.); (A.G.); (N.U.)
| | - Alfiya Gataulina
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (M.K.); (A.G.); (N.U.)
| | - Nikolay Ulakhovich
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (M.K.); (A.G.); (N.U.)
| | - Vladimir Evtugyn
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Faculty of Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mail:
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Faculty of Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mail:
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de Fátima Rezende E, Borges JG, Cirillo MÂ, Prado G, Paiva LC, Batista LR. Ochratoxigenic fungi associated with green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) in conventional and organic cultivation in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:377-84. [PMID: 24294225 PMCID: PMC3833131 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genera Aspergillus comprises species that produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins and patulin. These are cosmopolitan species, natural contaminants of agricultural products. In coffee grains, the most important Aspergillus species in terms of the risk of presenting mycotoxins belong to the genera Aspergillus Section Circumdati and Section Nigri. The purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence of isolated ochratoxigenic fungi of coffee grains from organic and conventional cultivation from the South of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as to evaluate which farming system presents higher contamination risk by ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by fungi. Thirty samples of coffee grains (Coffea arabica L.) were analysed, being 20 of them of conventional coffee grains and 10 of them organic. The microbiological analysis was done with the Direct Plating Technique in a Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) media. The identification was done based on the macro and micro morphological characteristics and on the toxigenic potential with the Plug Agar technique. From the 30 samples analysed, 480 filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus of the Circumdati and Nigri Sections were isolated. The ochratoxigenic species identified were: Aspergillus auricoumus, A. ochraceus, A. ostianus, A. niger and A. niger Aggregate. The most frequent species which produces ochratoxin A among the isolated ones was A. ochraceus, corresponding to 89.55%. There was no significant difference regarding the presence of ochratoxigenic A. ochreceus between the conventional and organic cultivation systems, which suggests that the contamination risk is similar for both cultivation systems.
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Tolosa J, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Nuts and dried fruits: Natural occurrence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Ponsone M, Kuhn Y, Schmidt-Heydt M, Geisen R, Chulze S. Effect of Kluyveromyces thermotolerans on polyketide synthase gene expression and ochratoxin accumulation by Penicillium and Aspergillus. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, it was demonstrated that Kluyveromyces thermotolerans strains can reduce both growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) accumulation by Aspergillus section Nigri strains. There is no information about the mechanisms related to this reduction. A viable hypothesis can be that the presence of biocontrol agents can affect OTA biosynthesis by influencing the transcriptional activity of the polyketide synthase (pks) gene, one of the key enzymes in the OTA biosynthetic pathway. The aims of this work were to determine the effect of two selected strains of K. thermotolerans as potential biocontrol agents and to evaluate if their presence can affect the otapks gene expression of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Growth, OTA and ochratoxin B (OTB) biosynthesis by the fungal strains at the phenotypic and molecular levels were monitored. The results obtained showed that both K. thermotolerans strains evaluated had a strong influence on growth, OTA and OTB biosynthesis, and expression of the mycotoxin biosynthesis genes. However, no direct correlation between the influence of the biocontrol yeasts on pks gene expression, OTA and OTB production could be found. These results could indicate an inhibitory mechanism by the yeasts, which apparently involve a post-transcriptional mechanism. The data obtained could imply that the production of mycotoxins can be regarded as a kind of adaptation mechanism to environmental stress conditions by these mycotoxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Ponsone
- Orientación Micología, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional No 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - Y.G Kuhn
- Orientación Micología, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional No 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Schmidt-Heydt
- Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R. Geisen
- Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S.N. Chulze
- Orientación Micología, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional No 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET
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Moretti A, Susca A, Mulé G, Logrieco AF, Proctor RH. Molecular biodiversity of mycotoxigenic fungi that threaten food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:57-66. [PMID: 23859402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungal biodiversity is one of the most important contributors to the occurrence and severity of mycotoxin contamination of crop plants. Phenotypic and metabolic plasticity has enabled mycotoxigenic fungi to colonize a broad range of agriculturally important crops and to adapt to a range of environmental conditions. New mycotoxin-commodity combinations provide evidence for the ability of fungi to adapt to changing conditions and the emergence of genotypes that confer enhanced aggressiveness toward plants and/or altered mycotoxin production profiles. Perhaps the most important contributor to qualitative differences in mycotoxin production among fungi is variation in mycotoxin biosynthetic genes. Molecular genetic and biochemical analyses of toxigenic fungi have elucidated specific differences in biosynthetic genes that are responsible for intra- and inter-specific differences in mycotoxin production. For Aspergillus and Fusarium, the mycotoxigenic genera of greatest concern, variation in biosynthetic genes responsible for production of individual families of mycotoxins appears to be the result of evolutionary adaptation. Examples of such variation have been reported for: a) aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus; b) trichothecene biosynthetic genes within and among Fusarium species; and c) fumonisin biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Understanding the variation in these biosynthetic genes and the basis for variation in mycotoxin production is important for accurate assessment of the risks that fungi pose to food safety and for prevention of mycotoxin contamination of crops in the field and in storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy.
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47
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Susca A, Perrone G, Cozzi G, Stea G, Logrieco AF, Mulè G. Multilocus sequence analysis of Aspergillus Sect. Nigri in dried vine fruits of worldwide origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:163-8. [PMID: 23732831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dried vine fruits may be heavily colonized by Aspergillus species. The molecular biodiversity of an Aspergillus population (234 strains) isolated from dried vine fruit samples of worldwide origin were analyzed by investigating four housekeeping gene loci (calmodulin, β-tubulin, elongation factor 1-α, RPB2). Aspergillus Sect. Nigri was dominant and the strains were identified as A. tubingensis (138), A. awamori (38), A. carbonarius (27), A. uvarum (16) and A. niger (11). Four Aspergillus flavus strains were also identified from Chilean raisins. Two clusters closely related to the A. tubingensis species with a significant bootstrap (60% and 99%) were identified as distinct populations. Among the four loci, RPB2 showed the highest genetic variability. This is the first complete study on the worldwide distribution of black Aspergilli occurring on dried vine fruits identified by a molecular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR, Via Amendola 122/0, 70126, Bari, Italy
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48
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Chunmei J, Junling S, Qi'an H, Yanlin L. Occurrence of toxin-producing fungi in intact and rotten table and wine grapes and related influencing factors. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Jiang C, Shi J, Zhu C. Fruit spoilage and ochratoxin a production by Aspergillus carbonarius in the berries of different grape cultivars. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Esbelin J, Mallea S, Ram AF, Carlin F. Role of pigmentation in protecting Aspergillus niger conidiospores against pulsed light radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:758-61. [PMID: 23278805 DOI: 10.1111/php.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoprotective potential of fungus pigments was investigated by irradiating conidiospores of three Aspergillus niger strains possessing the same genetic background, but differing in their degree of pigmentation with pulsed light (PL) and monochromatic (254 nm) UV-C radiation. Spores of A. niger MA93.1 and JHP1.1 presenting, respectively, a fawn and a white pigmentation were more sensitive to PL and continuous UV-C radiation than the wild-type A. niger strain N402 possessing a dark pigment. Both spores of the dark A. niger N402 and the fawn-color mutant were equally resistant to moist heat at 56°C while spores of the white-color mutant were highly sensitive. These results indicate that melanin protects pigmented spores of A. niger from PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Esbelin
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Avignon, France
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