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Kostoglou D, Simoni M, Vafeiadis G, Kaftantzis NM, Giaouris E. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, and Population Levels of Food Safety Indicator Microorganisms in Retail Raw Chicken Meat and Ready-To-Eat Fresh Leafy Greens Salads Sold in Greece. Foods 2023; 12:4502. [PMID: 38137306 PMCID: PMC10742679 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of microbial pathogens in foods compromises their safety resulting in foodborne illnesses, public health disorders, product recalls, and economic losses. In this work, 60 samples of chilled raw chicken meat and 40 samples of packaged ready-to-eat (RTE) fresh leafy greens salads, sold in Greek retail stores (butchers and supermarkets), were analyzed for the presence of three important foodborne pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, following the detection protocols of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In parallel, the total aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and staphylococci were also enumerated as hygiene (safety) indicator organisms. When present, representative typical colonies for each pathogen were biochemically verified, following the ISO guidelines. At the same time, all the Campylobacter isolates from chicken (n = 120) were identified to the species level and further phylogenetically discriminated through multiplex and repetitive sequence-based (rep) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, respectively. Concerning raw chicken, Campylobacter spp. were recovered from 54 samples (90.0%) and Salmonella spp. were recovered from 9 samples (15.0%), while L. monocytogenes was present in 35 samples (58.3%). No Campylobacter was recovered from salads, and Salmonella was present in only one sample (2.5%), while three salads were found to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes (7.5%). The 65% of the Campylobacter chicken isolates belonged to C. jejuni, whereas the rest, 35%, belonged to C. coli. Alarmingly, APC was equal to or above 106 CFU/g in 53.3% and 95.0% of chicken and salad samples, respectively, while the populations of some of the other safety indicators were in some cases also high. In sum, this study unravels high occurrence percentages for some pathogenic and food safety indicator microorganisms in raw chicken meat and RTE fresh leafy greens salads sold in Greek retail, highlighting the need for more extensive microbiological control throughout the food production chain (from the farm/field to the market).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (D.K.)
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Ndobeni TN, Magwedere K, Qekwana DN. Prevalence of Salmonella species and factors associated with contamination of mechanically recovered poultry meat imported into South Africa, 2016-2017. Vet World 2023; 16:2236-2243. [PMID: 38152258 PMCID: PMC10750738 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2236-2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Mechanically recovered meat (MRM) products have been linked to outbreaks of human salmonellosis. However, no studies have investigated the prevalence of Salmonella species in MRM products in South Africa despite the products being imported. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Salmonella spp. contamination of mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM) imported into South Africa. Materials and Methods This study used secondary data of MRPM consignments imported through a port entry into South Africa from May 2016 to December 2017. Crude and factor-specific proportions of Salmonella positive MRPM and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association among country, season, importer, year, and MRPM Salmonella status. Results A total of 8127 MRPM consignments were imported. Seventeen percentages (17.18%, 985/5733) of consignments tested positive for Salmonella species and only 364 isolates were serotyped. Salmonella Heidelberg (73.90%, 269/364) was the most common serotype followed by Salmonella Infantis (6.59%, 24/364), Salmonella Salamae (4.67%, 17/364), and Salmonella Schwarzengrund (3.57%, 13/364). The odds of a consignment testing positive for Salmonella spp. was higher among consignments from country-B (Odds Ratio [OR]: 3.958, p < 0.0001) compared to "All others." The odds of testing positive for Salmonella were also higher among consignments imported in autumn (OR: 1.488, p < 0.0001) but lower among those imported in spring (OR: 0.767, p = 0.0004) and summer (OR: 0.843, p < 0.0001) when compared to the winter season. Consignments imported in 2016 compared to 2017 were 1.563 times (p < 0.0001) as likely to test positive for a Salmonella species. Conclusion Salmonella species were reported in MRPM consignments in this study with Salmonella Heidelberg being the most common serotype. Furthermore, some Salmonella serotypes reported in this study have been implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks. Country of origin, season, and year of importation were significantly associated with the odds of a consignment testing positive for Salmonella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandile Nwabisa Ndobeni
- Section of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Land Reform and Rural Development, South Africa
| | - Daniel Nenene Qekwana
- Section of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Al-Hadidi SH, Al Mana H, Almoghrabi SZ, El-Obeid T, AlAli WQ, Eltai NO. Retail Chicken Carcasses as a Reservoir of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:824-831. [PMID: 35675669 PMCID: PMC9347385 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
is a major cause of foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide, mainly through poultry. Recently, there has been an increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella infections globally. The increased drug resistance results in increased costs and poorer health outcomes due to unavailability or delayed treatment. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in retail raw chicken meat and identify their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 270 retail raw chicken carcasses (local and imported) were collected from three hypermarket chains in Qatar between November 2017 and April 2018. Thirty carcasses were contaminated with Salmonella (11.11%). The prevalence of Salmonella in locally produced chicken was higher than in imported chicken (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.18–5.53, p = 0.016). No significant differences were found between the prevalence and storage temperature or hypermarket chain. The highest resistance rates in the isolates were reported to tetracycline (73.7%) followed by nitrofurantoin (53.3%), ampicillin (50%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone (26.7%), and ciprofloxacin (23.3%). Eight isolates were potential extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producers, all in imported frozen chicken (p < 0.0001). Additionally, 43.3% of the isolates were MDR and associated with frozen chicken (OR = 16.88, 95% CI: 2.55–111.47, p = 0.002). The findings indicate that while the prevalence of Salmonella in retail chicken in Qatar is moderate, a large proportion of them are MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Al Mana
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Tahra El-Obeid
- Department of Health Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Walid Q AlAli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Nahla O Eltai
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Marzlan AA, Hussin ASM, Bourke P, Chaple S, Barroug S, Muhialdin BJ. Combination of Green Extraction Techniques and Essential Oils to Develop Active Packaging for Improving the Quality and Shelf Life for Chicken Meat. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Asyila Marzlan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Paula Bourke
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sonal Chaple
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Soukaina Barroug
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Belal J Muhialdin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Mokgophi TM, Gcebe N, Fasina F, Jambwa K, Adesiyun AA. Prevalence, Serovars, and Factors Associated with Salmonella Contamination of Chicken Carcasses Sold in Outlets of the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa. J Food Prot 2021; 84:991-999. [PMID: 33428739 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella has been linked to many foodborne illnesses and epidemics in both humans and animals. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, serovars, and factors associated with Salmonella contamination of chickens slaughtered in informal market outlets in Gauteng Province, South Africa. A total of 151 chicken carcasses were randomly collected from 47 outlets. Standard bacteriological and molecular methods were used to isolate, identify, and determine the serovar of Salmonella isolates. The prevalence of Salmonella in carcass swabs, cloacal swabs, and carcass drips was 29.1% (44 of 151), 27.2% (41 of 151), and 43.7% (66 of 151), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.004). Only 5 (township locations of outlet, throughput, carcass evisceration, location of carcass for sale, and outlet sanitation) of 10 factors investigated for the contamination of carcasses by Salmonella were statistically significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the isolation of Salmonella. Of the 268 isolates of Salmonella, 157 (58.6%) were typeable using a limited molecular PCR technique, and nine serovars were identified. The predominant Salmonella enterica serovars were Bovismorbificans (31.0%), Enteritidis (7.5%), and Hadar (6.7%). The five important factors found to be significantly associated with the isolation of Salmonella at these outlets offer opportunities for the reduction of Salmonella contamination. There is a need for further investigation of the probable causes of the predominant isolation of Salmonella serovar Bovismorbificans in chickens and its potential implications for human infections in South Africa. It is concluded that chickens purchased from the informal market in Gauteng Province can be a source for salmonellosis in humans if improperly cooked before consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma M Mokgophi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Bacteriology Department, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa
| | - Folorunso Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kudakhwashe Jambwa
- Bacteriology Department, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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A quantitative risk assessment model of Salmonella contamination for the yellow-feathered broiler chicken supply chain in China. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yang X, Huang J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Chen L, Xiao C, Zeng H, Wei X, Gu Q, Li Y, Wang J, Ding Y, Zhang J, Wu Q. Prevalence, abundance, serovars and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from retail raw poultry meat in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136385. [PMID: 31955074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and levels of Salmonella contamination of retail raw poultry meat in China, and examined serovar distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the recovered isolates. In total, 664 poultry meat samples were collected from retail markets in 39 cities across China. Salmonella was isolated from 249 (37.5%) samples, including 190 (36.7%) chicken, 48 (40.7%) duck and 11 (39.2%) pigeon samples. The most probable number (MPN) values of 36.1% of the positive samples ranged from 0.3 to 10 MPN/g, with three samples exceeding 110 MPN/g. Among the 667 Salmonella isolates, 35 serovars and 42 multilocus sequence typing patterns were identified. Predominant serovars included Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (32.7%), Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana (14.2%) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (11.9%), while two novel STs were identified (ST7352 and ST7612). Except for one unnamed strain (4,12:d:-), all of the identified serovars have previously been linked to human infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the 318 non-duplicate isolates revealed that only 5 (1.6%) were susceptible to all 22 tested antimicrobials, while 191 (60.1%) exhibited resistance to at least three classes of antimicrobials. The highest levels of resistance were observed for nalidixic acid (72.3%), followed by ampicillin (55.3%) and streptomycin (48.7%). Of particular concern was the detection of highly multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana isolates, most (84.1%) of which showed co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Overall, our findings showed a high prevalence of Salmonella contamination of retail raw poultry meat, which could expose consumers to multidrug-resistant isolates. This study provides comprehensive data for evaluation of new control measures for Salmonella contamination of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shengrong Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Three-Year Longitudinal Study: Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica in Chicken Meat is Higher in Supermarkets Than Wet Markets from Mexico. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030264. [PMID: 32121659 PMCID: PMC7143798 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, chicken meat is considered one of the main sources of Salmonella enterica in humans. To protect consumers from this foodborne pathogen, international health authorities recommend the establishment of continuous Salmonella surveillance programs in meat. However, these programs are scarce in many world regions; thus, the goal of the present study was to perform a longitudinal surveillance of S. enterica in chicken meat in Mexico. A total of 1160 samples were collected and analyzed monthly from 2016 to 2018 in ten chicken meat retailers (supermarkets and wet markets) located in central Mexico. The isolation and identification of S. enterica was carried out using conventional and molecular methods. Overall, S. enterica was recovered from 18.1% (210/1160) of the chicken meat samples. Remarkably, during the three years of evaluation, S. enterica was more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in supermarkets (27.2%, 158/580) than in wet markets (9.0%, 52/580). The study was 3.8 times more likely (odds ratio = 3.8, p < 0.0001) to recover S. enterica from supermarkets than wet markets. Additionally, a higher prevalence (p < 0.05) of this pathogen was observed during the spring, summer, autumn, and winter in supermarkets compared with wet markets. Moreover, the recovery rate of S. enterica from supermarkets showed a gradual increase from 20.78% to 42% (p < 0.0001) from 2016 to 2018. Interestingly, no correlation (p > 0.05) was observed between the S. enterica recovery rate in chicken meat and reported cases of Salmonella infections in humans. Higher levels of S. enterica in chicken meat retailed in supermarkets are not unusual; this phenomenon has also been reported in some European and Asian countries. Together, these results uncover an important health threat that needs to be urgently addressed by poultry meat producers and retailers.
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Machado SCA, Pereira VLA, Aquino MHC, Giombeli A, Rodrigues DP, Nascimento ER. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Salmonella spp. in Broilers Technological Processing and Determination of a Performance Objective (PO) for Frozen Chicken Breast. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tőzsér D, Szakmár K, Szima R, Erdősi O, Szili Z, Laczay P. Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. in poultry and environmental samples from farm to retail in Hungary. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2019.48.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Tőzsér
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, István u. 2. Hungary
| | - K. Szakmár
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, István u. 2. Hungary
| | - R. Szima
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, István u. 2. Hungary
| | - O. Erdősi
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, István u. 2. Hungary
| | - Zs. Szili
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, István u. 2. Hungary
| | - P. Laczay
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, István u. 2. Hungary
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Fu X, Chen J. A Review of Hyperspectral Imaging for Chicken Meat Safety and Quality Evaluation: Application, Hardware, and Software. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:535-547. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaping Fu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation; Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univ.; 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jinchao Chen
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation; Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univ.; 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Hangzhou 310018 China
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Radkowski M, Zdrodowska B, Gomółka-Pawlicka M. Effect of Succinic Acid on Elimination of Salmonella in Chicken Meat. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1491-1495. [PMID: 30109971 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selected concentrations of succinic acid on the survival of Salmonella on microbiological media and on the surfaces of chicken carcasses. Samples were inoculated with Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Hadar, Infantis, and Virchow. Each strain from each dilution was plated on nutrient agar without chemical substances (pH 6.75, control) or with 0.02% (pH 5.73), 0.05% (pH 4.77), 0.1% (pH 4.42), or 0.25% (pH 3.90) succinic acid. The addition of 0.25% succinic acid in agar medium completely inhibited the growth of all Salmonella strains tested. The 150 samples of broiler chicken breasts were immersed for 2 min in 80 mL of a 107 CFU/mL Salmonella cocktail. The samples were then transferred to sterile beakers with 250 mL of 2 and 5% succinic acid for 5 min. With 2% succinic acid, Salmonella reductions (compared with the control) were 1.27 to 1.47 log CFU/g. With 5% succinic acid, reductions were 2.00 to 3.20 log CFU/g. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce the level of Salmonella on broiler chicken carcasses by immersing them in a 2% succinic acid solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysław Radkowski
- Department of Veterinary Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Kortowo II, Poland
| | - Barbara Zdrodowska
- Department of Veterinary Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Kortowo II, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gomółka-Pawlicka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Kortowo II, Poland
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Khan AS, Georges K, Rahaman S, Abdela W, Adesiyun AA. Prevalence and serotypes of Salmonella spp. on chickens sold at retail outlets in Trinidad. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202108. [PMID: 30138324 PMCID: PMC6107152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and their serotypes on dressed chicken sold at retail outlets in Trinidad. The study also investigated the risk factors for contamination of dressed carcasses by Salmonella spp. at cottage poultry processor outlets where chickens are slaughtered and processed for sale. METHODS A total of 133 dressed, whole chickens and 87 chicken parts from 44 cottage poultry processors and 36 dressed, whole chickens and 194 chicken parts from 46 supermarket outlets were randomly collected throughout the country. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. were performed using standard bacteriological techniques. Serotyping was performed by a regional reference laboratory. RESULTS The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in chicken carcasses sampled from cottage poultry processors and supermarkets was 20.5% and 8.3% respectively (p <0.001). The frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. at cottage poultry processors was 22.4%, 23.0%, 7.1%, and 10.0% for non-chilled whole chicken, non-chilled chicken parts, chilled whole chicken and chilled chicken parts respectively. Fresh, non-chilled chicken (22.6%) yielded a higher frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. than chilled chickens (8.3%). For supermarket samples, the frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. was 19.0%, 8.1%, 0.0% and 7.6% for chilled whole chickens, chill chicken parts, frozen whole chicken and frozen chicken parts respectively. The swab method of sampling yielded a statistically significantly (p = 0.029) higher frequency (3.2%) of Salmonella spp. than the rinse method (1.6%). The predominant serotypes isolated were Kentucky (30.9%) and Javiana (22.7%). Use of chilled water-bath to cool carcasses was the only risk factor significantly (p = 0.044) associated with isolation of Salmonella spp. CONCLUSION Raw chicken carcasses purchased from cottage poultry processors pose a significantly higher risk of contamination with Salmonella spp. than those sold at supermarkets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa S. Khan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Saed Rahaman
- Veterinary Public Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Woubit Abdela
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, United States of America
| | - Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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14
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Mahdavi S, Azizi Dehbokri M, hajazimian S, Isazadeh A. Contamination of Chicken Meat With Salmonella spp Distributed in Mahabad City, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2018. [DOI: 10.15171/ijep.2018.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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15
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Detection and CRISPR subtyping of Salmonella spp. isolated from whole raw chickens in Yangzhou from China. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Guran HS, Mann D, Alali WQ. Salmonella prevalence associated with chicken parts with and without skin from retail establishments in Atlanta metropolitan area, Georgia. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Abdel-Aziz NM. Detection of Salmonella species in chicken carcasses using genus specific primer belong to invA gene in Sohag city, Egypt. Vet World 2016; 9:1125-1128. [PMID: 27847423 PMCID: PMC5104722 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1125-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to detect Salmonella species found as contaminants in chicken carcass (thigh, breast, wings, liver, and gizzard). Materials and Methods: A total of 75 chicken samples including thigh, breast, wings, liver, and gizzard (15 of each) were collected from different markets in Sohag city for detection of Salmonella species by culture methods, biochemical tests, serology, and polymerase chain reaction. Results: The overall incidence of Salmonella contamination of 75 examined samples was found to be 6.6% with the higher percentage of Salmonella being isolated from liver samples (13.3%) followed by thigh, wings, gizzard (6.6%) while breast show negative result. Conclusion: Results in this study indicate that contamination of chicken carcass with Salmonella needs strict hygienic measures to prevent their transmission to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Mahmoud Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Naser Street, Sohag, Egypt
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18
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Goncuoglu M, Ormanci FSB, Uludag M, Cil GI. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella
SPP. and Salmonella
Typhimurium in Broiler Carcasses Wings and Liver. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Goncuoglu
- Food Hygiene and Technology Department; Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dışkapı Ankara Turkey
| | - F. Seda Bilir Ormanci
- Food Hygiene and Technology Department; Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dışkapı Ankara Turkey
| | - Murat Uludag
- Food Hygiene and Technology Department; Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dışkapı Ankara Turkey
| | - Guzin Iplikcioglu Cil
- Food Hygiene and Technology Department; Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dışkapı Ankara Turkey
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19
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Jarquin C, Alvarez D, Morales O, Morales AJ, López B, Donado P, Valencia MF, Arévalo A, Muñoz F, Walls I, Doyle MP, Alali WQ. Salmonella on Raw Poultry in Retail Markets in Guatemala: Levels, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Serovar Distribution. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1642-50. [PMID: 26319717 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella numbers on retail raw chicken carcasses in Guatemala and to phenotypically characterize the isolates (serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility). In total, 300 chicken carcasses were collected from seven departments in Guatemala. Salmonella numbers were determined using the most-probable-number method following the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service protocol. In total, 103 isolates were obtained, all of which were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, whereas 46 isolates were serotyped. Overall, Salmonella prevalence and mean number (mean log most probable number per carcass) was 34.3% and 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 2.1 to 2.5), respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in Salmonella prevalence were found by storage condition (refrigerated or ambient temperature), market type (wet markets, supermarkets, and independent poultry stores), chicken production system (integrated or nonintegrated production company), and chicken skin color (white or yellow). Chickens produced by integrated companies had lower Salmonella numbers (P < 0.05) than nonintegrated companies, and white-skin carcasses had lower numbers (P < 0.05) than yellow-skin carcasses. Among 13 different Salmonella serovars identified, Paratyphi B (34.8%) was most prevalent, followed by Heidelberg (16.3%) and Derby (11.6%). Of all the Salmonella isolates, 59.2% were resistant to one to three antibiotics and 13.6% to four or more antibiotics. Among all the serovars obtained, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Heidelberg were the most resistant to the antibiotics tested. Salmonella levels and antibiotic resistant profiles among isolates from raw poultry at the retail market level were high relative to other reports from North and South America. These data can be used by Guatemalan stakeholders to develop risk assessment models and support further research opportunities to control transmission of Salmonella spp. and antibiotic-resistant isolates from chicken meat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jarquin
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Oneida Morales
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ana Judith Morales
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Beatriz López
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Pilar Donado
- Corporacíon Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Km 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Maria F Valencia
- Corporacíon Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Km 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Arévalo
- Corporacíon Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Km 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Fredy Muñoz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Isabel Walls
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
| | - Walid Q Alali
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA.
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20
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Giombelli A, Gloria MBA. Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter on broiler chickens from farm to slaughter and efficiency of methods to remove visible fecal contamination. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1851-9. [PMID: 25364917 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter from farm to slaughter. The efficiency of trimming and water spray (490 to 588 kPa pressure) on the removal of visible fecal contamination from broiler carcasses before chilling was also investigated. Drag swabs were used to sample litter from the farm houses. Samples of ceca and carcasses without and with visible fecal contamination before and after trimming or spray washing of fecal contamination were taken during slaughter of the flocks previously visited at the farms. There was a low prevalence of Salmonella on the litter from the farms (5%) and cecum and carcasses (0%). However, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were present in farms' litter (100 and 58.8%, respectively), cecum samples (100 and 70.6%, respectively), and carcasses with (58.8 and 11.6%, respectively) and without (17.6 and 9.8%, respectively) visible fecal contamination. There was high prevalence of C. jejuni but at low counts and low prevalence and high counts of C. coli. Campylobacter lari was not detected in any sample. Trimming the visible fecal contamination decreased the prevalence of C. jejuni but increased occurrence of C. coli. Trimming did not reduce the counts of Campylobacter and of hygiene indicator microorganisms on the carcasses. Water shower reduced the counts of hygiene indicator microorganisms by 20%. Therefore, control measures for preventing introduction of Campylobacter and the use of good hygienic conditions are needed to warrant the microbiological quality and safety of broiler carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audecir Giombelli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Maria Beatriz Abreu Gloria
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil.
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21
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Yoon RH, Cha SY, Wei B, Roh JH, Seo HS, Oh JY, Jang HK. Prevalence of Salmonella isolates and antimicrobial resistance in poultry meat from South Korea. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1579-82. [PMID: 25198850 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of Salmonella was assessed in duck and chicken meat collected from supermarkets, traditional markets, internet shopping malls, and wholesale markets in Jeonlado, South Korea, in 2013. Salmonella contamination was found in 51.3% of duck meat samples and 3.7% of chicken meat samples. Salmonella contamination of duck meat samples differed by meat type, i.e., 69.8% of samples of whole ducks and 33.9% of samples of duck pieces. Six serotypes were identified from 64 Salmonella isolates in duck meat: Salmonella Typhimurium (37.5%), Salmonella Enteritidis (21.8%), Salmonella Stanley (3.1%), Salmonella Regent (1.6%), Salmonella Winterthur (3.1%), and Salmonella Westhampton (1.6%). All isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Resistance to sulfisoxazole was most common (93.8% of isolates), followed by resistance to nalidixic acid (59.4%), ceftazidime (26.6%), and ampicillin (26.6%). To our knowledge, this study is the first to report Salmonella contamination in duck meat from Korea. Duck meat should be considered an important source of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Hee Yoon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, South Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, South Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Roh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, South Korea
| | - Hye-Suk Seo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, South Korea.
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22
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Ta YT, Nguyen TT, To PB, Pham DX, Le HTH, Thi GN, Alali WQ, Walls I, Doyle MP. Quantification, serovars, and antibiotic resistance of salmonella isolated from retail raw chicken meat in Vietnam. J Food Prot 2014; 77:57-66. [PMID: 24405999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to quantify Salmonella counts on retail raw poultry meat in Vietnam and to phenotypically characterize (serovars and antibiotic resistance) the isolates. A total of 300 chicken carcasses were collected from two cities and two provinces in Vietnam. Salmonella counts on the samples were determined according to the most-probable-number (MPN) method of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS). A total of 457 isolates were serotyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Overall, 48.7% of chicken samples were Salmonella positive with a count of 2.0 log MPN per carcass. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in log MPN per carcass by the study variables (market type, storage condition, and chicken production system). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in Salmonella-positive prevalence by chicken production system. Among the 22 Salmonella serovars identified, Albany was the most frequent (34.1%), followed by Agona (15.5%) and Dabou (8.8%). Resistance to at least one antibiotic was common (i.e., 73.3%), with high resistance to tetracycline (59.1%) and ampicillin (41.6%). Resistance to three antibiotics was the most frequently found multidrug resistance profile (17.7%, n = 81); the profile that was resistant to the highest number of drugs was resistant to nine antibiotics (0.7%, n = 3). Only Salmonella Albany posed phenotypic resistance to ceftriaxone (a drug of choice to treat severe cases of salmonellosis). The data revealed that, whereas Salmonella prevalence on raw poultry was high (48.7%), counts were low, which suggests that the exposure risk to Salmonella is low. However, improper storage of raw chicken meat and cross-contamination may increase Salmonella cell counts and pose a greater risk for infection. These data may be helpful in developing risk assessment models and preventing the transmission of foodborne Salmonella from poultry to humans in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T Ta
- National Institute for Food Control, Ha Noi, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Trung Thanh Nguyen
- National Institute for Food Control, Ha Noi, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Phuong Bich To
- National Institute for Food Control, Ha Noi, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Da Xuan Pham
- National Institute for Food Control, Ha Noi, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Hao Thi Hong Le
- National Institute for Food Control, Ha Noi, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Giang Nguyen Thi
- National Institute for Food Control, Ha Noi, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Walid Q Alali
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
| | - Isabel Walls
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
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23
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El-Aziz DMA. Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in retail chicken meat and chicken giblets. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:678-81. [PMID: 23998006 PMCID: PMC3757274 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), one of the most frequently isolated serovars from food borne outbreaks throughout the world, in retail raw chicken meat and giblets. METHODS One hundred samples of retail raw chicken meat and giblets (Liver, heart and gizzard) which were collected from Assiut city markets for detection of the organism and by using Duplex PCR amplification of DNA using rfbJ and fliC genes. RESULTS S. typhimurium was detected at rate of 44%, 40% and 48% in chicken meat, liver and heart, respectively, but not detected in gizzard. CONCLUSIONS The results showed high incidence of S. typhimurium in the examined samples and greater emphasis should be applied on prevention and control of contamination during processing for reducing food-borne risks to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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