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Schoppmeier CM, Janson M, Höfer K, Graf I, Wicht MJ, Barbe AG. Use of the modified Schirmer test to measure salivary gland hypofunction/hyposalivation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Oral Sci 2024; 132:e12977. [PMID: 38369878 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Although dry mouth is a relatively common condition, salivary flow is not routinely measured in dental clinical practice. Moreover, existing data regarding the use of the modified Schirmer test (MST) for the screening of dry mouth has not been summarized. This systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, aimed to determine whether the modified Schirmer test can be used to identify dry mouth. The databases of PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and CENTRAL (CRD42023393843) were systematically searched to retrieve articles published until 9th November 2023. Among the 343 original articles retrieved, six met the inclusion criteria. A total of 1150 patients, comprising 710 (61.7%) women and 440 (38.3%) men (mean age, 47.1 ± 7.3 years), were included. The meta-analysis revealed a weak correlation coefficient ofr ¯ $\bar{r}$ = 0.42 (95% Cl: 0.29-0.55) between MST and the unstimulated salivary flow rate. Therefore, while the MST might offer a simple and accessible alternative for initial screening in the future, especially in non-specialized settings, its variability in sensitivity and specificity, along with an actual lack of standardization, necessitates cautious interpretation. Further studies are necessary before recommending the test in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Matthias Schoppmeier
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Polyclinic for Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Malin Janson
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Polyclinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karolin Höfer
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Polyclinic for Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Graf
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Orthodontics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Jochen Wicht
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Polyclinic for Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Greta Barbe
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Polyclinic for Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Kim SE. Dental erosion following clopidogrel administration in a dog: A case-based study. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e31384. [PMID: 38376062 PMCID: PMC10877998 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old neutered male Chihuahua presented with unilateral dental erosion that occurred after several months of oral medications mixed with honey. A pH test was performed on all oral medications administered to the dogs to determine the cause of enamel erosion. Among the medications, the only acidic medication was clopidogrel (pH 2.65). To evaluate the effect of clopidogrel on the tooth surface under the same conditions as in the present patient, an additional preliminary study was designed in which two extracted teeth of another dog were immersed in a clopidogrel-honey mixture or only in honey. After a 3-week soaking of the extracted tooth in the clopidogrel-honey mixture, field-emission scanning electron microscope analysis revealed a rougher surface, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed a reduced Ca/C ratio compared to the control tooth. In this case, prolonged exposure of the tooth surface to clopidogrel may be a cause of dental erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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3
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Davies Forsman L, Kim HY, Nguyen TA, Alffenaar JWC. Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Therapy: Feasible or Futile? Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:269-278. [PMID: 38300489 PMCID: PMC10954910 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-024-01346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Personalised drug dosing through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is important to maximise efficacy and to minimise toxicity. Hurdles preventing broad implementation of TDM in routine care include the need of sophisticated equipment and highly trained staff, high costs and lack of timely results. Salivary TDM is a non-invasive, patient-friendly alternative to blood sampling, which has the potential to overcome barriers with traditional TDM. A mobile UV spectrophotometer may provide a simple solution for analysing drug concentrations in saliva samples. Salivary TDM utilising point-of-care tests can support personalised dosing in various settings including low-resource as well as remote settings. In this opinion paper, we describe how hurdles of implementing traditional TDM may be mitigated by salivary TDM with new strategies for patient-friendly point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Davies Forsman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Building A15, Science Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hannah Yejin Kim
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Building A15, Science Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thi Anh Nguyen
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Building A15, Science Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jan-Willem C Alffenaar
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Building A15, Science Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Sydney, Australia.
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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4
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Lee YH, Won JH, Auh QS, Noh YK, Lee SW. Prediction of xerostomia in elderly based on clinical characteristics and salivary flow rate with machine learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3423. [PMID: 38341514 PMCID: PMC10858905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia may be accompanied by changes in salivary flow rate and the incidence increases in elderly. We aimed to use machine learning algorithms, to identify significant predictors for the presence of xerostomia. This study is the first to predict xerostomia with salivary flow rate in elderly based on artificial intelligence. In a cross-sectional study, 829 patients with oral discomfort were enrolled, and six features (sex, age, unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates (UFR and SFR, respectively), number of systemic diseases, and medication usage) were used in four machine learning algorithms to predict the presence of xerostomia. The incidence of xerostomia increased with age. The SFR was significantly higher than the UFR, and the UFR and SFR were significantly correlated. The UFR, but not SFR, decreased with age significantly. In patients more than 60 years of age, the UFR had a significantly higher predictive accuracy for xerostomia than the SFR. Using machine learning algorithms with tenfold cross-validation, the prediction accuracy increased significantly. In particular, the prediction accuracy of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm that combined UFR and SFR data was significantly better than either UFR or SFR individually. Moreover, when sex, age, number of systemic diseases, and number of medications were added to the MLP model, the prediction accuracy increased from 56 to 68%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Lee
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #613 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
| | - Jong Hyun Won
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 02455, Korea
| | - Q-Schick Auh
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #613 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Yung-Kyun Noh
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 02455, Korea
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS), Seoul, 02455, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Lee
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, #101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
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5
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Al Habobe H, Haverkort EB, Nazmi K, Van Splunter AP, Pieters RHH, Bikker FJ. The impact of saliva collection methods on measured salivary biomarker levels. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117628. [PMID: 37931731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Saliva diagnostics have become increasingly popular due to their non-invasive nature and patient-friendly collection process. Various collection methods are available, yet these are not always well standardized for either quantitative or qualitative analysis. In line, the objective of this study was to evaluate if measured levels of various biomarkers in the saliva of healthy individuals were affected by three distinct saliva collection methods: 1) unstimulated saliva, 2) chew stimulated saliva, and 3) oral rinse. Saliva samples from 30 healthy individuals were obtained by the three collection methods. Then, the levels of various salivary biomarkers such as proteins and ions were determined. It was found that levels of various biomarkers obtained from unstimulated saliva were comparable to those in chew stimulated saliva. The levels of potassium, sodium, and amylase activity differed significantly among the three collection methods. Levels of all biomarkers measured using the oral rinse method significantly differed from those obtained from unstimulated and chew-stimulated saliva. In conclusion, both unstimulated and chew-stimulated saliva provided comparable levels for a diverse group of biomarkers. However, the results obtained from the oral rinse method significantly differed from those of unstimulated and chew-stimulated saliva, due to the diluted nature of the saliva extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al Habobe
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Dept of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E B Haverkort
- Research Group Innovations in Preventive Care, Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands
| | - K Nazmi
- Dept of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A P Van Splunter
- Dept of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R H H Pieters
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - F J Bikker
- Dept of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rajendra RE, Srikanth S, Kiranmayi M, Swathi SP, Dutta LD, Kumar A. Evaluation of Flow Rate, pH, and Buffering Capacity of Saliva in Children with Caries, Fluorosis, and Caries with Fluorosis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023; 16:587-590. [PMID: 37731792 PMCID: PMC10507300 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saliva is one of the most important aids in the diagnosis of various oral diseases. Few physicochemical properties of saliva such as flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity often vary with the occurrence of dental caries, fluorosis, and other systemic conditions. Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity in healthy children, children with caries, children with fluorosis, and children with both caries + fluorosis. Materials and methods The study population consisted of 144 children aged 7-14 years and were divided into four groups of 36 children each. Group I, 36 healthy children with no caries and fluorosis; group II, 36 children with caries (dmfs ≤ 10); group III, 36 children with fluorosis (moderate to severe); and group IV, 36 children with caries + fluorosis. Unstimulated saliva is collected from all the selected subjects and evaluated for the salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity. The recorded data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using a paired t-test. Results The mean salivary flow rate and buffering capacity were found to be highest in group III when compared with all the other groups. The mean pH was greater in group I when compared with groups I, II, and III. Conclusion The physicochemical properties of saliva like pH, buffering capacity, and salivary flow rate alter with caries and fluorosis conditions. Hence, more clinical and laboratory studies are needed to determine the exact relationship between these physicochemical properties of saliva in dental caries and fluorosis. How to cite this article E RR, S S, M K, et al. Evaluation of Flow Rate, pH, and Buffering Capacity of Saliva in Children with Caries, Fluorosis, and Caries with Fluorosis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(4):587-590.
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Affiliation(s)
- RE Rajendra
- Department of Pedodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - S Srikanth
- Department of Pedodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - M Kiranmayi
- Department of Pedodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - SP Swathi
- Department of Pedodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - Lalitha D Dutta
- Department of Pedodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pedodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
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7
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Huang Z, Yang X, Huang Y, Tang Z, Chen Y, Liu H, Huang M, Qing L, Li L, Wang Q, Jie Z, Jin X, Jia B. Saliva - a new opportunity for fluid biopsy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:4-32. [PMID: 36285724 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex biological fluid with a variety of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota, which can be used for the screening and diagnosis of many diseases. In addition, saliva has the characteristics of simple collection, non-invasive and convenient storage, which gives it the potential to replace blood as a new main body of fluid biopsy, and it is an excellent biological diagnostic fluid. This review integrates recent studies and summarizes the research contents of salivaomics and the research progress of saliva in early diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. This review aims to explore the value and prospect of saliva diagnosis in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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8
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Agrawal AT, Hande A, Reche A, Paul P. Appraisal of Saliva and Its Sensory Perception in Reproductive Transitions of Women: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e31614. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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9
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Tranfić Duplančić M, Pecotić R, Lušić Kalcina L, Pavlinac Dodig I, Valić M, Roguljić M, Rogić D, Lapić I, Grdiša K, Peroš K, Đogaš Z. Salivary parameters and periodontal inflammation in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19387. [PMID: 36371504 PMCID: PMC9653442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to objectively assess the salivary flow rate and composition and periodontal inflammation in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients. The subjects, who underwent whole-night polysomnography or polygraphy, were referred for saliva sampling and periodontal examination. According to the severity of OSA based on the Apnoea Hypopnea Index (AHI) value, the subjects were classified into groups: no OSA (AHI < 5; N = 17), mild to moderate OSA (AHI 5-29.9; N = 109), and severe OSA (AHI > 30; N = 79). Salivary flow rate, pH, salivary electrolytes, and cortisol were measured from collected saliva samples. Periodontal examination included assessment of the number of teeth, dental plaque, bleeding on probing and periodontal measurements: gingival recession, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level (CAL) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) score. There were no significant differences in salivary flow rate, salivary pH, salivary electrolyte concentrations or electrolyte ratios among the groups classified according to the severity of OSA. However, subjects without OSA had higher salivary cortisol concentrations than OSA groups (p < 0.001). Increased plaque scores were associated with a higher AHI (r = 0.26; p = 0.003). According to the salivary flow rate, subjects with hyposalivation and reduced salivation had higher concentrations of salivary electrolytes and lower salivary pH than subjects with normal salivation. Subjects with hyposalivation had an increased Mg/PO4 ratio (p < 0.001) and a reduced Ca/Mg ratio (p < 0.001). Furthermore, subjects with severe OSA tended to have higher CALs and plaque volumes. In conclusion, under pathological conditions, such as OSA, multiple interactions might impact salivary flow and electrolyte composition. Complex interrelationships might affect the integrity of oral health, especially considering OSA severity, inflammation, concomitant diseases and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Tranfić Duplančić
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Renata Pecotić
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Linda Lušić Kalcina
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Pavlinac Dodig
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Valić
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Roguljić
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogić
- grid.412688.10000 0004 0397 9648University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lapić
- grid.412688.10000 0004 0397 9648University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Grdiša
- grid.412688.10000 0004 0397 9648University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Peroš
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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10
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Cardot JM, Savania N, Targett D, Freeman B, Gray H, Stahl T, Kästner U, Kulasekaran A. Validated correlation of mass loss and drug release in vitro and in healthy subjects for sugared and sugar-free cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and benzocaine (1.4 mg/10 mg) lozenges supports in vitro mass loss and corresponding drug release as a surrogate for local bioequivalence. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Evaluation of Salivary Mucin, Amylase, Protein Profile, and Periodontal Parameters among Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and localized oral disease instigates alterations in salivary composition and content. The objective of the study was to evaluate the levels of salivary amylase, mucin, total protein levels, and periodontal inflammatory parameters in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertensive (HTN) patients, and healthy controls. The study sample was divided into three groups: healthy, T2DM, and HTN. Salivary samples were collected from the included participants and salivary flow rate (SFR) and pH were measured. The salivary levels of amylase, mucin, and total protein concentration were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of anti-hypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs on the salivary flow rate, salivary pH, mucin, amylase, and total protein concentrations was evaluated. The results were analyzed with Chi-squared and analysis of variance to compare the means and standard deviations of variables among the study groups. SFR was significantly (p < 0.01) lower among diabetics (0.78 ± 0.45 mL/min) in comparison to healthy (1.52 ± 0.62 mL/min) and hypertensive (1.07 ± 0.7 mL/min) subjects. PISA values were significantly higher in T2DM (1029 ± 234.6 mm2) and HTN (799.4 ± 155.05 mm2) subjects when compared to controls, indicating a high inflammatory burden of oral cavity caused by these conditions, and showed statistically significant difference between the groups (p-value < 0.001). Mucin levels were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in hypertensive patients (4.6 ± 1.17 units) compared to diabetics (3.59 ± 1.03 unit/mL) and healthy (2.26 ± 1.09 units/mL) subjects. Amylase levels were significantly higher among healthy subjects (1.76 ± 0.75 mg/mL) compared to both hypertensive (1.33 ± 1.0 mg/mL) and diabetic (0.88 ± 0.57 mg/mL) patients. Total protein concentration was significantly raised (p-value < 0.001) in diabetics (37.67 ± 3.12 mg/mL) compared to healthy (29.3 ± 3.22 mg/mL) subjects. Significant differences in BOP, CAL, and PPD was observed (p-value < 0.001). Use of antihypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs showed a significant influence on salivary flow rate, protein, mucin, and amylase levels. T2DM and HTN induced irregularities in salivary flow rate, pH, amylase, and mucin levels and showed an increased incidence of moderate to severe periodontitis in patients. UWS levels of SFR, mucin, amylase, and total protein can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with T2DM and HTN with oral disease.
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Manjushree R, Anandakrishna L, Prasad KS K, Shetty AK. Evaluation of Salivary Components and Dental Plaque in Relation to Dental Caries Status in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:S121-S125. [PMID: 35645528 PMCID: PMC9108845 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Clinical significance How to cite this article
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manjushree
- Department of Pedododntics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Manjushree R, Department of Pedododntics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 8971481039, e-mail:
| | - Latha Anandakrishna
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Keerthi Prasad KS
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashmitha K Shetty
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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13
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Salivary Biomarkers (Opiorphin, Cortisol, Amylase, and IgA) Related to Age, Sex, and Stress Perception in a Prospective Cohort of Healthy Schoolchildren. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2021:3639441. [PMID: 35110971 PMCID: PMC8801773 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3639441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of easily accessible biomarkers for assessing young patients' health is weighty. This cohort study is aimed at measuring stress/immune biomarkers in the saliva of healthy school-age children and comparing subgroups according to age, sex, and stress perception. Material and Methods. 503 children under 12 years old (8.7 ± 1.3) were included with anthropometric evaluation (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, and body mass index (BMI)). Levels of opiorphin (OPI), free cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulin (sIgA) were determined by quantitative assays (ELISA) in unstimulated saliva. Unpaired t-test, Welch test, and Mann-Whitney U test were applied for appropriate group comparisons, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman's rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results sIgA and sAA exhibited significant differences depending on age and sex: IgA (ng/mL): 86 ± 68.6 vs. 104.9 ± 72.1 for (6-7 y.o.) and (8-11 y.o.), respectively, and 108.1 ± 80.1 vs. 94.6 ± 62.2 for male and females, respectively; sAA (U/mL): 78.9 ± 54.4 vs. 100.5 ± 81.2 for (6-7 y.o.) and (8-11 y.o.). No difference related to age or sex between groups was observed for cortisol and OPI. However, OPI levels were higher and correlated to prior stress exposure in children (0.31 ± 0.4 vs. 0.26 ± 0.5 ng/mL, p = 0.031). sAA was negatively correlated to low mood self-declaration in children in the last two weeks (r = -0.10, p = 0.045). Conclusions sIgA and sAA can be used as sex- and age-related biomarkers in children 6-12 y.o., which is not the case for free cortisol and opiorphin. However, OPI reflected previous exposure to stress, suggesting its use for evaluating stress-related changes in children.
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Wollmer E, Ungell AL, Nicolas JM, Klein S. Review of paediatric gastrointestinal physiology relevant to the absorption of orally administered medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114084. [PMID: 34929252 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite much progress in regulations to improve paediatric drug development, there remains a significant need to develop better medications for children. For the design of oral dosage forms, a detailed understanding of the specific gastrointestinal (GI) conditions in children of different age categories and how they differ from GI conditions in adults is essential. Several review articles have been published addressing the ontogeny of GI characteristics, including luminal conditions in the GI tract of children. However, the data reported in most of these reviews are of limited quality because (1) information was cited from very old publications and sometimes low quality sources, (2) data gaps in the original data were filled with textbook knowledge, (3) data obtained on healthy and sick children were mixed, (4) average data obtained on groups of patients were mixed with data obtained on individual patients, and (5) results obtained using investigative techniques that may have altered the outcome of the respective studies were considered. Consequently, many of these reviews draw conclusions that may be incorrect. The aim of the present review was to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of the available original data on the ontogeny of GI luminal conditions relevant to oral drug absorption in the paediatric population. To this end, the PubMed and Web of Science metadatabases were searched for appropriate studies that examined age-related conditions in the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. Maturation was observed for several GI parameters, and corresponding data sets were identified for each paediatric age group. However, it also became clear that the ontogeny of several GI traits in the paediatric population is not yet known. The review article provides a robust and valuable data set for the development of paediatric in vitro and in silico biopharmaceutical tools to support the development of age-appropriate dosage forms. In addition, it provides important information on existing data gaps and should provide impetus for further systematic and well-designed in vivo studies on GI physiology in children of specific age groups in order to close existing knowledge gaps and to sustainably improve oral drug therapy in children.
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Krause J, Brokmann F, Rosenbaum C, Weitschies W. The challenges of drug delivery to the esophagus and how to overcome them. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:119-131. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2033206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Krause
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Friederike Brokmann
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Rosenbaum
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Human Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen for Early Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers by Real-Time RT-PCR. Inflammation 2021; 44:1713-1723. [PMID: 34031776 PMCID: PMC8143742 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays human saliva is more frequently studied as a non-invasive, stress-free, and preferable diagnostic material than blood. Supporting evidences acknowledge saliva as a mirror that reflects the body’s physical state. Numerous studies have also demonstrated the presence and use of RNA derived from saliva in the early diagnosis of disease by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Assessing the host inflammatory response in patients and its resolution at an early stage can serve as a prognostic and predictive method in determining therapeutic response or disease progression. In this context, the potential of saliva as a specimen to diagnose early inflammatory biomarkers using RT-PCR seems fascinating and useful. Here, we review inflammatory biomarkers within the saliva, focusing on early detection of these biomarkers using RT-PCR and the factors influencing the quality of saliva specimen.
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Kakoei S, Nekouei AH, Kakooei S, Najafipour H. The effect of demographic characteristics on the relationship between smoking and dry mouth in Iran: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Epidemiol Health 2021; 43:e2021017. [PMID: 33677858 PMCID: PMC8062766 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of age, sex, and other demographic factors on the relationship between smoking and dry mouth remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of demographic characteristics on the relationship between dry mouth, also known as xerostomia, and smoking. METHODS This case-control study included 5,640 randomly-selected subjects from the second phase of the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study, which observed 10,000 participants from 2014 to 2018. A checklist was used to record the participants’ demographic characteristics and smoking frequency. Each participant completed a six-item Fox questionnaire to measure dry mouth as a dependent variable. The interaction terms of daily cigarette smoking with sex, age, educational level, and marital status were entered into the model. Non-significant terms were removed using hierarchical model selection. RESULTS Of the sample, 3,429 (60.8%) did not have dry mouth and were analyzed as controls, whereas 2,211 (39.2%) had xerostomia and were deemed to be cases. Smokers were more likely to have dry mouth in all ages and both sexes (p<0.001). As male became older, the chance of having dry mouth increased more rapidly than among female smokers (p<0.001). In addition, female smokers were more likely to have dry mouth than male smokers (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The likelihood of dry mouth among daily smokers depended on age and sex. Female smokers were more likely to have dry mouth, and its likelihood increased with age in daily smokers of both sexes, though more rapidly in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Kakoei
- Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Nekouei
- Social Determinants of Oral Health Research Center, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Kakooei
- Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Acosta S, Ibañez-Fonseca A, Aparicio C, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Antibiofilm coatings based on protein-engineered polymers and antimicrobial peptides for preventing implant-associated infections. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:2866-2877. [PMID: 32342076 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are one of the leading concerns in orthopedics and dentistry as they commonly lead to implant failure. The presence of biofilms and, increasingly frequently, drug-resistant bacteria further impairs the efficacy of conventional antibiotics. Immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on implant surfaces is a promising alternative to antibiotics for prevention of IAIs. In addition, the use of functional linkers for the AMP tethering enables to increase the antimicrobial potential and the bioactivities of the coating. In this study, an extracellular-matrix-mimicking system based on elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) has been developed for the covalent anchoring of AMPs and investigated for use as a hybrid antibiofilm coating. A drip-flow biofilm reactor was used to simulate in vivo environmental dynamic conditions, thus showing that the presence of the AMPs in the hybrid coatings provided strong antibiofilm activity against monospecies and microcosm biofilm models of clinical relevance. These results, together with an excellent cytocompatibility towards primary gingival fibroblasts, encourage the use of ELRs as multivalent platforms for AMPs and open up a wide range of possibilities in the biofabrication of advanced coatings combining the antibiofilm potential of AMPs and the outstanding tunability and biomechanical properties of the ELRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Acosta
- Bioforge lab, CIBER-BBN, Edificio LUCIA, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 19, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| | - Arturo Ibañez-Fonseca
- Bioforge lab, CIBER-BBN, Edificio LUCIA, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 19, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- MDRCBB, Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-250A Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - J Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- Bioforge lab, CIBER-BBN, Edificio LUCIA, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 19, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
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Makeeva IM, Budina TV, Turkina AY, Poluektov MG, Kondratiev SA, Arakelyan MG, Signore A, Amaroli A. Xerostomia and hyposalivation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Otolaryngol 2021; 46:782-787. [PMID: 33548090 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE (a) To report the xerostomia prevalence and severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). (b) To assess the saliva pH in patients with OSA. DESIGN Simultaneous cohort observational clinical study. SETTING In Sleep Medicine Centre at Lomonosov Moscow State University from March to June 2019. PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted on 30 patients with OSA aged from 35 to 65 years. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES The diagnosis of sleep apnoea was made after standard polysomnography using the Domino programme. The severity of OSA was indicated using the Apnoea-Hypopnea Index. Xerostomia was evaluated using Fox's test. Hyposalivation was evaluated by measurement of salivary flow rate. Determination of the saliva pH was carried out with a pH metre. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multi-comparison test. RESULTS Twenty-two out of 30 (73.3%) patients were diagnosed with "dry mouth". Hyposalivation was observed in 6 out of 30 (20%). Dry mouth on awakening was observed in 60.0%, 72.7% and 88.9% of patients with mild, moderate and severe OSA, respectively. The average salivary flow rate was 0.28 mL/min, 0.24 mL/min and 0.14 mL/min, respectively. The average pH value in patients with mild, moderate and severe apnoea was 6.40 ± 0.017, 6.15 ± 0.27 and 5.87 ± 0.24, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patient with mild and moderate OSA, the saliva amount and rate are similar (P > .05). With the increase of OSA severity, both these parameters change (P < .001). The acidity of the saliva was correlated with the level of OSA, and it statistically increased with the increment of the OSA severity (P < .05-P < .001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Michajlovna Makeeva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Vasilievna Budina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Yurjevna Turkina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Alexeevitch Kondratiev
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianna Georgievna Arakelyan
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonio Signore
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Yalcinkaya Y, Mumcu G, Özdemir FT, Kuruş RE, Ünal AU, Direskeneli H, Bruyn GA, Inanc N. Are Salivary Gland Ultrasonography Scores Associated with Salivary Flow Rates and Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Sjögren Syndrome? J Rheumatol 2020; 47:1774-1779. [PMID: 32358157 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) is a widely used imaging technique to evaluate salivary gland involvement in primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between SGUS, salivary flow rate (SFR) as an objective measure of the gland function, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) as a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) in a pSS cohort. METHODS Sixty-six patients with pSS were examined by SGUS according to Hocevar and Milic scoring systems. Patients with inhomogeneity/hypoechoic areas with scores ≥ 2 in parotid and submandibular glands were classified separately as "severe glandular involvement." Further, oral health, SFR, and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) for OHRQOL were assessed. RESULTS Both total Hocevar and Milic scores were higher in 21 pSS patients with low unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (U-WSFR) than 45 pSS patients without low U-WSFR (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Increased scores of homogeneity, hypoechoic areas and glandular border visibility were observed in patients with low U-WSFR (P < 0.05). Among these variables, homogeneity score was found to be an independent risk factor for low U-WSFR in pSS according to logistic regression analysis (OR 1.586, P = 0.001). Moreover, a higher OHIP-14 score was observed in severe parotid involvement compared to nonsevere cases (23.26 ± 21.19 vs 8.32 ± 13.82, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION High Milic and Hocevar SGUS scores are associated with reduced SFR and poor OHRQOL as a PROM. The inhomogeneity component of the SGUS score is associated with low U-WSFR and is an indicator of severely affected gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Yalcinkaya
- Y. Yalcinkaya, Associate Professor, A. U. Ünal, MD, H. Direskeneli, Professor, N. Inanc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gonca Mumcu
- G. Mumcu, Dentist, Professor, Department of Health Management, Marmara University School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Türe Özdemir
- F. Türe Özdemir, PhD, Division of Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Esad Kuruş
- R. Esad Kuruş, MD, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Uğur Ünal
- Y. Yalcinkaya, Associate Professor, A. U. Ünal, MD, H. Direskeneli, Professor, N. Inanc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haner Direskeneli
- Y. Yalcinkaya, Associate Professor, A. U. Ünal, MD, H. Direskeneli, Professor, N. Inanc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - George A Bruyn
- G.A. Bruyn, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, MC Groep Hospitals, Leystad, the Netherlands
| | - Nevsun Inanc
- Y. Yalcinkaya, Associate Professor, A. U. Ünal, MD, H. Direskeneli, Professor, N. Inanc, Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey;
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Marquezin MCS, Chaves-Júnior SDC, Rasera I, Pacheco ERP, Gavião MBD, Lamy E, Castelo PM. Oral Health and Nutritional Characteristics of Adults With Morbid Obesity: A Multivariate Analysis. Front Nutr 2020; 7:589510. [PMID: 33330590 PMCID: PMC7714904 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.589510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between oral health and nutritional aspects are complex, especially in individuals with chronic diseases and comorbidities, such as morbid obesity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify oral health and nutritional-related patterns in 113 individuals, aged 19–68 years (92 females), seeking treatment for morbid obesity. Sociodemographic variables and medical records were examined, in addition to the consumption of fruit, vegetables, candies, and processed foods. Measures of body mass index, neck, waist and hip, caries experience (DMFT index), Community Periodontal Index (CPI index), and salivary physicochemical aspects were gathered. Aspects of oral health-related quality of life and symptoms of dry mouth were evaluated by means of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and Xerostomia Inventory-XI questionnaires. K-means cluster analysis and, subsequently, comparisons between clusters (one-way ANOVA) were performed (α = 5%). Three clusters were generated: Cluster 1 (labeled “Young”; n = 77) was characterized by younger participants with higher BMI, who reported the use of distractors while eating, the smallest number of meals/day, and who consumed sweetened drinks and processed food the day before. Cluster 2 (labeled “Diabetic individuals”; n = 12) was characterized by older participants with the highest proportion of diabetic participants (100% were diabetic; 73% insulin users), lower BMI, higher DMFT index and OHIP-14 and xerostomia scores, and who reported having consumed fruit and vegetables the day before. Finally, Cluster 3 (labeled “Poor periodontal health”; n = 24) was characterized by participants with the worse periodontal condition (higher CPI), and lower salivary flow, pH, and buffer capacity. Cluster 1 and 2 were the groups that showed higher demand for nutritional and dietetic counseling, because of the poor eating behavior and higher serum glucose levels, respectively. On the other hand, Cluster 2 and 3 showed the higher demand for oral rehabilitation and dental treatment because of the loss of teeth and worse periodontal condition, respectively, besides the need for dietetic counseling. This sample of individuals with morbid obesity showed very unique oral-health and nutritional characteristics and special needs patterns that should be identified to adjust or change unhealthy habits, thus improving the assistance of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Salomé Marquezin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Irineu Rasera
- Piracicaba Medical School, Anhembi Morumbi University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elsa Lamy
- MED Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Nguyen TTH, Sodnom-Ish B, Choi SW, Jung HI, Cho J, Hwang I, Kim SM. Salivary biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 46:301-312. [PMID: 33122454 PMCID: PMC7609938 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.5.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In disease diagnostics and health surveillance, the use of saliva has potential because its collection is convenient and noninvasive. Over the past two decades, the development of salivary utilization for the early detection of cancer, especially oral cavity and oropharynx cancer has gained the interest of the researcher and clinician. Until recently, the oral cavity and oropharynx cancers are still having a five-year survival rate of 62%, one of the lowest in all major human cancers. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite the ease of accessing the oral cavity in clinical examination, most OSCC lesions are not diagnosed in the early stage, which is suggested to be the main cause of the low survival rate. Many studies have been performed and reported more than 100 potential saliva biomarkers for OSCC. However, there are still obstacles in figuring out the reliable OSCC salivary biomarkers and the clinical application of the early diagnosis protocol. The current review article discusses the emerging issues and is hoped to raise awareness of this topic in both researchers and clinicians. We also suggested the potential salivary biomarkers that are reliable, specific, and sensitive for the early detection of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Thi Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Buyanbileg Sodnom-Ish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Weon Choi
- Oral Oncology Clinic, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Oral and Maxillofacial Microvascular Reconstruction LAB, Brong Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana
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Gebri E, Kiss A, Tóth F, Hortobágyi T. Female sex as an independent prognostic factor in the development of oral mucositis during autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15898. [PMID: 32985512 PMCID: PMC7522228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis (OM) is a frequent complication of stem cell transplantation-associated toxicity in haematological malignancies, contributing to mortality. Therapy still remains mainly supportive. We assessed risk factors in retrospective analysis of 192 autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM), respectively. Futhermore, we examined the hormone levels both in serum and saliva during transplantation in 7 postmenopausal female patients with lymphoma compared to healthy controls using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Multivariable analysis revealed neutrophil engraftment (p < 0.001; p = 0.021) and female sex (p = 0.023; p = 0.038) as independent predictive factors in the combined patient group and in the lymphoma group, and neutrophil engraftment (p = 0.008) in the MM group. Of the 85 female participants 19 were pre- and 66 postmenopausal. Fifteen of the pre-, and 49 of the postmenopausal women developed ulcerative mucositis (p = 0.769), more often with lymphoma than MM (p = 0.009). Serum estrogen decreased significantly both in postmenopausal controls and transplantated patients compared to premenopausals, with no difference in saliva. Serum progesterone level was significantly (p = 0.026) elevated at day + 7 of transplantation, while salivary progesterone increased at day + 7 and + 14. Our results indicate a predominantly negative effect of female sex hormones on oral immunity with role in the aetiopathogenesis of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Gebri
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery and Dental Outpatient Care, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Kiss
- Department of Haematopoietic Transplantation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Biomaterials and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 2, Szeged, 6725, Hungary.
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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Hamalaw SJ, Kareem FA, Gul SS. Association of dental and gingival health status with level of salivary characteristics and Streptococcus mutans in children. J Dent Sci 2020; 16:744-750. [PMID: 33854728 PMCID: PMC8025138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Caries and periodontal diseases are the most common oral diseases that lead to teeth loss. The aim of this study is to assess the association of combination of salivary characteristics, Streptococcus mutans levels and clinical parameters to the dental and gingival health statuses of children. Materials and methods Saliva samples were collected from 89 children. Children were allocated to the low caries group (45 children: mean DMFT/dmft ≤ 2) or high caries group (44 children: mean DMFT/dmft ≥ 5) according to WHO method and criteria. Additionally, gingival health status was assessed as fair (gingival index and plaque index < 2) or bad (gingival index and plaque index ≥ 2). Each participant's resting saliva hydration (RSH), viscosity (RSV), pH (RSpH), stimulated saliva flow rate (SSFR), buffering capacity of saliva (BCSS) and level of S. mutans (SSM) were determined by chair side test kits. Results The result showed statistically significant differences in all salivary characteristics and SSM levels for both types of dentition between the low and active caries groups as well as between fair and bad gingival health status (except for RSH for permanent teeth and RSH plus SSFR for primary teeth). Logistic regression showed that combination of plaque index (PI), RSH, RSV, RSpH and SSM provided accurate association (permanent teeth: 92.1%, primary teeth: 100%) of caries status and PI plus BCSS provided accurate association (permanent teeth: 92.1%, primary teeth: 93%) of gingival health status. Conclusion This study has suggested that combination of salivary characteristics, PI and SSM levels could provide significant association of caries and gingival health statuses of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Jamal Hamalaw
- Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Preventive Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Fadil Abdullah Kareem
- Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Preventive Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Sarhang Sarwat Gul
- Periodontics Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
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Bevinagidad S, Setty S, Patil A, Thakur S. Estimation and correlation of salivary calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, pH, white spot lesions, and oral hygiene status among orthodontic patients. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020; 24:117-121. [PMID: 32189838 PMCID: PMC7069120 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_440_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The initial carious lesions are the so-called “white spot” lesions (WSLs), which implies that there is a subsurface area with most of the mineral loss beneath a relatively intact enamel surface. It is common in patients who are taking orthodontic treatment. Salivary reservoir of calcium and phosphorous counteracts the demineralization and encourages re-mineralization providing protection against caries challenge. This study was aimed to estimate and correlate the oral hygiene status, WSLs and salivary calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and pH in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Materials and Methods: All clinical and biochemical parameters were recorded in 27 patients before starting orthodontic treatment and at 6 months of orthodontic treatment. The salivary calcium, phosphorous, ALP, and pH were determined by Arsenazo III method, Molybdate – UV and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry method, respectively. International caries detection and assessment system index for WSL, orthodontic plaque index, bleeding on probing, and gingival index were recorded. Shapiro–Wilk's test and Wilcoxon test were applied to the data collected for statistical analysis. Results: There was a statistically significant increase with ALP levels, orthodontic plaque index score, gingival index score, and bleeding on probing index score. A statistically significant reduction was seen with respect to levels of calcium and pH. Conclusion: Maxillary canines and lateral incisors were the most affected teeth with WSLs (78.84%). There is a need for more stringent prevention programs and oral hygiene practices prior to initiation of orthodontic treatment and also during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangamesha Bevinagidad
- Department of Periodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Swati Setty
- Department of Periodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand Patil
- Department of Orthodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinath Thakur
- Department of Periodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Lacombe V, Lacout C, Lozac'h P, Ghali A, Gury A, Lavigne C, Urbanski G. Unstimulated whole saliva flow for diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome: time to revisit the threshold? Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:38. [PMID: 32093745 PMCID: PMC7041275 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-2132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate is one of the ACR/EULAR 2016 criteria for primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). With a single threshold of ≤ 0.1 mL/min, UWS flow does not take into account the age- and sex-related physiological variations. Furthermore, it has a low sensitivity for the diagnosis of pSS (about 50%), contrary to the screening test for xerophthalmia, Schirmer’s test (sensitivity of about 70%). We aimed to identify UWS thresholds allowing better performances for a screening test for pSS comparable to Schirmer’s test, and considering age- and sex-related variations. Methods A prospective cohort of 185 patients with oral and/or ocular dryness was classified into 3 groups: men, women < 50 (< 50 years old), and women ≥ 50 (≥ 50 years old). The diagnostic performances of UWS flow rate in these groups were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and ROC curves. The identification of thresholds that optimize diagnostic performances was carried out using Youden’s index. Results The diagnostic performances of UWS flow rate varied according to age and sex. UWS had poor diagnostic performances whatever the threshold in the women ≥ 50 group. The threshold of 0.2 mL/min had a sensitivity of ≥ 70% and a specificity of ≥ 50% in both men and women < 50 groups. In the whole population and compared to the current cutoff, a threshold of 0.2 mL/min increased sensitivity (+ 19.8%) and positive (+ 2.3%) and negative (+ 7.0%) predictive values, with a better specificity (65.2%) than Schirmer’s test. Conclusion For objective assessment of xerostomia, raising the threshold of the UWS flow rate to 0.2 mL/min would optimize its screening performances for pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Lacombe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Carole Lacout
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Pierre Lozac'h
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Alaa Ghali
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Aline Gury
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Christian Lavigne
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Geoffrey Urbanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49000, Angers, France.
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Bachtiar EW, Putri AC, Bachtiar BM. Salivary nitric oxide, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and salivary flow rate in smokers and non-smokers: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2019; 8:1744. [PMID: 32269757 PMCID: PMC7111499 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20099.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Salivary nitric oxide plays an important role as an antibacterial agent in the oral cavity. Here, we analyze salivary nitric oxide, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) scores and the salivary flow rate in smokers and non-smokers which has not been done previously. Methods: A cross sectional study included 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. Their OHI-S results were categorized as "good," "medium," or "bad." Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, and their nitric oxide concentration was measured using the Griess method. Results: The salivary flow rate in smokers was lower, at 0.30 ml/minute, compared to non-smokers who had a salivary flow rate of 0.33 ml/minute. This was statistically insignificant. There was a significant difference in the concentrations of nitric oxide between smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.05). Smokers had higher concentrations than non-smokers (185.4 µM Vs 114.60 µM). In addition, there was a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.305) between the concentration of salivary nitric oxide level and the OHI-S results. Conclusions: It was concluded that salivary nitric oxide concentration was higher in smokers, and the oral hygiene condition of smokers was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Winiati Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Atikah Cyntia Putri
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Bachtiar EW, Putri AC, Bachtiar BM. Salivary nitric oxide, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and salivary flow rate in smokers and non-smokers: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2019; 8:1744. [PMID: 32269757 PMCID: PMC7111499 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20099.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salivary nitric oxide plays an important role as an antibacterial agent in the oral cavity. Here, we analyze salivary nitric oxide, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) scores and the salivary flow rate in smokers and non-smokers which has not been done previously. Methods: A cross sectional study included 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. Their OHI-S results were categorized as "good," "medium," or "bad." Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, and their nitric oxide concentration was measured using the Griess method. Results: The salivary flow rate in smokers was lower, at 0.30 ml/minute, compared to non-smokers who had a salivary flow rate of 0.33 ml/minute. This was statistically insignificant. There was a significant difference in the concentrations of nitric oxide between smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.05). Smokers had higher concentrations than non-smokers (185.4 µM Vs 114.60 µM). In addition, there was a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.305) between the concentration of salivary nitric oxide level and the OHI-S results. Conclusions: It was concluded that salivary nitric oxide concentration was higher in smokers, and the oral hygiene condition of smokers was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Winiati Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Atikah Cyntia Putri
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Farag AM, Holliday C, Cimmino J, Roomian T, Papas A. Comparing the effectiveness and adverse effects of pilocarpine and cevimeline in patients with hyposalivation. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1937-1944. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arwa M. Farag
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences Faculty of Dentistry King AbdulAziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Division of Oral Medicine Department of Diagnostic Sciences Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
| | | | - Joseph Cimmino
- Department of Research Administration Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
| | - Tamar Roomian
- The Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's Hospital Brookline MA
| | - Athena Papas
- Division of Oral Medicine Department of Diagnostic Sciences Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
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Ou YH, Ou YH, Gu J, Kang L. Personalized anesthetic patches for dental applications. Int J Bioprint 2019; 5:203. [PMID: 32596543 PMCID: PMC7310263 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i2.1.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical anesthetics are widely used in dental procedures. However, most commercially available medications are in the form of liquid or semisolid, which cannot provide prolonged effect intraorally. To address this issue, we proposed the use of three-dimensional printing (3DP) to fabricate a customizable dental anesthetic patch loaded with lidocaine that can be fitted perfectly onto the affected tooth. It has been shown that that patch can adhere on the tooth for more than 1 h, while releasing lidocaine from the patch made of hydrogels. In addition, the results illustrated the possibility of controlling the drug release profile by altering the shape of the patch, as well the use of a 3DP tooth model as the drug testing platform. Taken together, these data further reinforce the vast potential of the application of 3DP technology in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yi-Hui Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Dentistry, Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Australia
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Salivary Flow Rate, pH, Buffering Capacity, Total Protein, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Children with and without Dental Caries. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 42:445-449. [PMID: 30085875 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-42.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure and compare the levels of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) between caries active and caries free children and to study the correlation between the DMFS/dfs score and above salivary parameters in caries active children. STUDY DESIGN 50 caries active (DMFS/dfs ≥ 5) and 50 caries free (DMFS/dfs = 0) children aged between 6 to 12 years were included in the study. From all the children, unstimulated, mid-morning saliva samples were collected and salivary flow rate was calculated. Salivary pH, buffering capacity, total protein, MDA and TAC were measured. RESULTS The mean levels of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and total protein, MDA and TAC were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in caries active children when compared to caries free controls. There was a proportionate decrease (p < 0.05) in salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity and proportionate increase (p > 0.05) in salivary total protein, MDA and TAC as DMFS/dfs score increased in caries active children. CONCLUSIONS Significant alteration in the levels of salivary flow rate, pH, total proteins, MDA and TAC and their correlation with DMFS/dfs score in caries active children suggest, the levels of these physico-chemical properties of saliva can act as strong indicators of caries status in children.
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The Influence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on Dental Caries and Salivary Composition. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:5780916. [PMID: 30369949 PMCID: PMC6189668 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5780916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease that affects the oral health. The aim of the study is to evaluate the dental caries, salivary flow rate, buffer capacity, and Lactobacilli in saliva in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to the control group. Methods. The sample consisted of 160 children of 10 to 15 years divided into two groups: 80 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 80 children as a control group. Dental caries was assessed using the DMFT index for permanent dentition. Stimulated saliva was collected among all children. Salivary flow rate and buffer capacity were measured, and the colonies of Lactobacillus in saliva were determined. The observed children have answered a number of questions related to their dental visits and parents' education. The data obtained from each group were compared statistically using the chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U-test. The significant level was set at p < 0.05. Results. DMFT in children with type 1 diabetes was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001). Diabetic children have a low level of stimulated salivary flow rate compared to control children (0.86 ± 0.16 and 1.10 ± 0.14). The buffer capacity showed statistically significant differences between children with type 1 diabetes and control group (p < 0.001). Also, children with type 1 diabetes had a higher count and a higher risk of Lactobacillus compared to the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). Conclusion. The findings we obtained showed that type 1 diabetes mellitus has an important part in children's oral health. It appears that children with type 1 diabetes are exposed to a higher risk for caries and oral health than nondiabetic children.
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Idrees M, Nassani M, Kujan O. Assessing the association between unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) and oral health status among healthy adult subjects: A cross-sectional study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018; 23:e384-e390. [PMID: 29924753 PMCID: PMC6051688 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to test the association between the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) and the oral health status represented by dental and gingival status among healthy adult subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS This work was a cross-sectional study of patients attending the undergraduate dental clinics at AlFarabi College for Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study population consisted of 502 systemically healthy adults aged 18-35 years. UWSFR was collected for all study participants and expressed as ml/min. Oral health status was estimated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). The number of decayed teeth and the number of available teeth were also calculated to evaluate dental status. RESULTS The mean UWSFR was 0.42 (±0.3) ml/min, and the male participants significantly had more UWSFR than the females. UWSFR was significantly affected by CPI, OHI-S, body mass index (BMI) and gender as indicated in the univariate analysis. However, multiple regression analysis revealed that only gender was a significant predictor of UWSFR. The male subjects were shown to have a higher average of 0.133 ml/min than the females. CONCLUSIONS High BMI scores, moderate-to-severe gingivitis and low level of oral hygiene increased UWSFR. However, further longitudinal studies are recommended to test the role of salivary cytokine levels to validate the exact association between the UWSFR and the oral health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Idrees
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands WA6009, Australia,
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Jönsson M, Mundin G, Sumner M. Pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties of a novel buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablet for opioid substitution therapy versus conventional buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablet in healthy volunteers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:125-133. [PMID: 29940217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone rapidly-dissolving tablet (BNX-RDT) for opioid substitution therapy has been developed for improved bioavailability, rapid disintegration and improved taste masking. We compared the bioavailability and pharmaceutical properties of BNX-RDT with conventional buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets (BNX). METHODS Fasting, open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-cohort crossover study in healthy volunteers under naltrexone block. Cohort 1 (high-dose, N = 64) received BNX-RDT 11.4/2.9 mg and BNX 16/4 mg. Cohort 2 (low-dose, N = 61) received BNX-RDT 2.9/0.71 mg and BNX 4/1 mg. Plasma samples were collected over 72 h. Relative systemic exposures of buprenorphine and naloxone were assessed using standard statistical models for bioequivalence analysis. Pharmaceutical assessments included dissolve time, taste and mouthfeel assessments, and overall preference. RESULTS BNX-RDT 11.4/2.9 mg provided equivalent buprenorphine and naloxone exposure to BNX 16/4 mg. BNX-RDT 2.9/0.71 mg provided ~20% lower buprenorphine and 35% lower naloxone exposure compared with BNX 4/1 mg. The comparison of BNX-RDT 2.9/0.71 mg with BNX 4/1 mg did not fully meet equivalence criteria. BNX-RDT was associated with improved dose proportionality across strengths compared with BNX (post hoc analysis), resulting in lower exposure from BNX-RDT relative to BNX at the lower strength. Median perceived dissolve times were significantly shorter for BNX-RDT than BNX at high (8.5 versus 16.2 min) and low (7.6 versus 9.1 min) doses. Taste and mouthfeel were rated significantly more pleasant than BNX, with ~78% of subjects preferring BNX-RDT. CONCLUSION BNX-RDT provided improved buprenorphine absorption compared to a conventional sublingual tablet, with shorter dissolve times and improved taste and mouthfeel, resulting in a high preference for the novel formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gill Mundin
- Mundipharma Research Limited, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0AB, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Sumner
- Orexo US, Inc., 150 Headquarters Plaza, East Tower, Morristown, NJ 07960, United States of America.
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Cienfuegos JA, Pérez-Cuadrado Martínez E. On the centenary of The Spanish Journal of Gastroenterology (REED). REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2018; 110:1-6. [PMID: 29284272 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2017.5427/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Editor-in Chief and Executive Editor summerize the recent evolution of The Spanish Journal of Gastroenterology. They tackle several questions regarding the internet impact on scientific journals.
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Bhattarai KR, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Compliance with Saliva Collection Protocol in Healthy Volunteers: Strategies for Managing Risk and Errors. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:823-831. [PMID: 30008593 PMCID: PMC6036086 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary bioscience technologies such as electrophoresis are widely applied for diagnosing systemic health status. Diagnosis using a saliva sample has emerged as a preferred technique since the sample is easy to collect and the method is inexpensive and non-invasive. Salivary diagnostics have even been identified as potential substitutes for serum protein biomarkers. However, the optimal protocol for collecting saliva has not yet been established. In many scientific settings, such as randomized controlled trials, sampling and statistical errors often occur when handling samples from healthy volunteers. These errors can be due to the psychological behavior of the volunteers, subject nonadherence, questionnaire characteristics, collection methods, and/or sample processing. The purpose of the review presented here is to outline the strategies for managing the risk factors and to minimize the sampling errors during saliva collection in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashi Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Al-Ak'hali MS, Halboub ES, Mujam OH, Alahmar NM, Jerah SA, Mutawwam FA. Salivary parameters among Arabian snuff (Shammah) users. Saudi Med J 2017; 38:1201-1206. [PMID: 29209668 PMCID: PMC5787630 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.12.20973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the salivary flow rate (SFR), pH, and buffer capacity (BC) among healthy shammah users (SU) in comparison with healthy non-shammah users (NSU). Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between March 2016 and May 2017. A sample of 27 SU and 30 NSU were recruited. Unstimulated saliva was collected and SFR, pH, and BC were determined. Dental health was assessed using the decay-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index. Results: Shammah users were slightly older than NSU (28.9±6.9 versus 24.9±4.3 years). Salivary flow rate was not significantly different, but pH (6.68±0.46) and BC (5.7±2.07) were significantly lower in SU users than in NSU (7±0.37; p=0.002 versus 8.1±1.47; p less than 0.001). Conversely, the DMFT in SU users was significantly higher (7.96±5.17) compared to that of NSU (4.53±3.46; p=0.007). Salivary pH and BC were significantly and directly correlated (rs= 0.576). The former was significantly and directly correlated with SFR (rs= 0.404), but the latter was not. In contrast, BC inversely correlated with decay (rs= -0.385) and DMFT (rs= -0.399). Conclusions: Shammah use is associated with alterations in saliva quality (pH and BC). It is also associated with poor dental health either through a direct effect or mediation by altered salivary parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Al-Ak'hali
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Khemiss M, Ben Khelifa M, Ben Saad H. Preliminary findings on the correlation of saliva pH, buffering capacity, flow rate and consistency in relation to waterpipe tobacco smoking. Libyan J Med 2017; 12:1289651. [PMID: 28266252 PMCID: PMC5345591 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2017.1289651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present comparative study was to compare some salivary characteristics between exclusive waterpipe smokers (EWPS) and non-smokers. 72 males (36 EWPS) were recruited. The volume of stimulated saliva was determined and divided by the duration of saliva collection. The pH was measured directly using a pH meter. The buffering capacity was determined using a quantitative method which involved the addition of 10 µl HCl. Up to a total of 160 µL was titrated up to obtain a pH titration curve. At 50 µL of titrated HCl, buffering capacity was ranked into three categories: high, medium and low. EWPS and non-smoker groups had similar flow rates (1.81 ± 0.79 and 1.78 ± 1.14 mL min-1) and similar baseline pH (6.60 ± 0.37 and 6.76 ± 0.39). Statistically significant differences in the two groups' pH were observed from 30 to 160 µL of titrated up HCl. At 50 µL of titrated up HCl, the EWPS group compared to the non-smoker group had a significantly higher pH (4.79 ± 0.72 vs. 5.32 ± 0.79). To conclude, waterpipe tobacco smoking alters the buffering capacity but does not alter either salivary flow rates or the baseline pH and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khemiss
- Department of Dental Medicine, Fattouma BOURGUIBA University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory N° LR12SP10: Functional and Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Maxillary, Farhat HACHED University Hospital of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ben Khelifa
- Department of Dental Medicine, Fattouma BOURGUIBA University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory N° LR12SP10: Functional and Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Maxillary, Farhat HACHED University Hospital of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Department of Physiology and Functional Exploration, Farhat HACHED University Hospital of Sousse, Tunisia, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Nabee Z, Jeewon R, Pugo-Gunsam P. Oral dysbacteriosis in type 2 diabetes and its role in the progression to cardiovascular disease. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17:1082-1091. [PMID: 29937879 PMCID: PMC5870297 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v17i4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary changes and proliferation of specific bacterial communities are known to result in oral disease which may adversely impact on systemic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Objectives This study reports on the changes in oral ecology of healthy and diseased adults and the possible role in disease causation. Methods The study comprised 150 participants divided into control (healthy), diabetic and cardiac groups. After dental examination for (Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Oral Rating Index (ORI), stimulated saliva was sampled to determine flow rate and buffering capacity. Salivary microbial load of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli were subsequently quantified. Results DMFT, ORI, buffering capacity and flow rate were inferior for both diabetic and cardiac patients, who had higher bacterial counts (p<0.05). Long standing diabetics harboured a higher load of Streptococcus mutans. The microbial load of Streptococcus mutans in cardiac patients was double that of diabetics. Conclusion Disruption in the salivary environment and changes in microbial ecology with increased load of cariogenic bacteria were found in diabetic and cardiac patients. This study brings forward new evidence of a markedly higher load of Streptococcus mutans in cardiac patients which may underlie the progression of diabetes to cardiovascular disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Nabee
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Prity Pugo-Gunsam
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
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Cook SL, Woods S, Methven L, Parker JK, Khutoryanskiy VV. Mucoadhesive polysaccharides modulate sodium retention, release and taste perception. Food Chem 2017; 240:482-489. [PMID: 28946301 PMCID: PMC5625848 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A potential role for mucoadhesive polysaccharides in food products is investigated. Mucoadhesion of a well-known food grade polysaccharide was established. Sensory tests show the mucoadhesive reduces saltiness in solution. Despite this reduction in perceived saltiness, the mucoadhesive retains more sodium ions for longer.
The mucoadhesion between polymeric substances and mucosal membranes, widely exploited in the pharmaceutics industry to prolong drug residence, has been investigated as a means of retaining taste or aroma molecules in the oral cavity. This study shows that the mucoadhesive properties of carboxymethyl cellulose, a commonly used polysaccharide in the food and pharmaceutics industry, can modify retention, release and perception of sodium over time. A three-part study was designed coupling in vitro retention using ex vivo porcine tongue, sensory perception with a trained panel and in vivo retention of sodium ions in human volunteers. The findings suggest that although salt perception is stunted in samples containing a random coil, ionic, mucoadhesive thickener, the retention of sodium ions in the mouth is prolonged due to the mucoadhesive nature of the polysaccharide. Not only has this study-investigated mucoadhesion of liquid formulations in the oral cavity but it is also the first to link the mucoadhesive nature of a commonly used polysaccharide to the organoleptic properties of a food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cook
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Woods
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane K Parker
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
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Syed YA, Reddy BS, Ramamurthy TK, Rajendra K, Nerella NK, Krishnan M, Ramesh MV, Mohammed RB. Estimation of Salivary Parameters among Autoimmune Thyroiditis Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC01-ZC04. [PMID: 28893031 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26444.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saliva is a complex secretion that protects and lubricates the oral cavity. Various systemic diseases and their treatment alter the salivary gland function; one such disease is Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD). AITD has been postulated to exert its hormonal influence on the salivary glands, leading to reduced salivary output. There's a paucity of literature, verifying the stated conjunction in human subjects. AIM The aim was to investigate the salivary profile in AITD patients and its comparison with controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Descriptive cross-sectional comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling method for screening the presence of thyroid disorders. Two groups comprising of 30 patients in each group diagnosed with autoimmune hypothyroiditis (n=30) and hyperthyroiditis (n=30) respectively and thirty healthy volunteers who were age and sex matched were included as controls. Saliva was collected and evaluated for Unstimulated Salivary Flow Rate (USSFR), pH and buffer capacity. ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test was performed to find the statistical significance and for pairwise comparison. RESULTS Statistically significant difference was observed between autoimmune hypothyroiditis, autoimmune hyperthyroiditis and control group with respect to USSFR (p<0.007), pH (p<0.001) and buffer capacity (p<0.001). On pairwise comparisons statistically significant difference was observed between autoimmune hypothyroiditis and autoimmune hyperthyroiditis with respect to controls. CONCLUSION We conclude that significant involvement of salivary glands may occur in cases of AITD. Our study showed significant reduction of sialometric values in AITD patients when compared to controls. A strong clinical suspicion of thyroid diseases should be considered when there is chronic hyposalivation; hence thyroid profile must also be done, if the known causes have been excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Amthul Syed
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Bh Satheesh Reddy
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Aecs Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - T K Ramamurthy
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Aecs Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Rajendra
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Aecs Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Nerella
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Meenakshi Krishnan
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M V Ramesh
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rezwana Begum Mohammed
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Al-Janaby H, El-Sakka H, Masood M, Ashani W Mendis W, M Slack-Smith L, Parsons R, M Frydrych A. Xerostomia and Salivary Gland Hypofunction in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus Before and After Treatment with Topical Corticosteroids. Open Dent J 2017; 11:155-163. [PMID: 28567139 PMCID: PMC5418946 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus and mouth dryness are common pathoses, yet not entirely understood. These two conditions may be associated, with a few studies investigating the relationship between mouth dryness and oral lichen planus providing conflicting results. None of the studies have explored the specific impact of disease treatment on mouth dryness. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this observational before and after comparison study was to examine the effect of treatment of oral lichen planus with topical corticosteroids on mouth dryness. METHODS Nineteen subjects with oral lichen planus were evaluated for the severity of xerostomia using a xerostomia inventory and a visual analogue scale. Stimulated and unstimulated whole salivary flow rates, unstimulated salivary pH and buffering capacity were also measured. All subjects were evaluated before and after treatment with topical corticosteroids. RESULTS All subjects reported xerostomia before treatment with topical corticosteroids, with 79% reporting a significant improvement (P = 0.03) after treatment. Topical corticosteroid treatment was not associated with statistically significant differences in stimulated or unstimulated salivary flow rates, unstimulated salivary pH or buffering capacity. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that treatment of oral lichen planus with topical corticosteroids may decrease the severity of dry mouth symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Al-Janaby
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Haytham El-Sakka
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Manal Masood
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | | | - Linda M Slack-Smith
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Richard Parsons
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Agnieszka M Frydrych
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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Adam, Eve and the reflux enigma: age and sex differences across the gastro-oesophageal reflux spectrum. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29:634-639. [PMID: 28151751 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present demographic differences across the gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) spectrum in a UK District General Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were prospectively collected over 37 years. At endoscopy patients were categorized as: erosive oesophagitis (EO), Barrett's oesophagus (BO) or nonerosive reflux disease (NER). Analysis 1: comparison of EO, BO and NER 1977-2001 when the database for GORD without BO closed. Analysis 2: demographic differences in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) in total BO population diagnosed 1977-2011. RESULTS GORD 1977-2001 (n=11 944): sex, male predominance in EO and BO but not NER; male : female ratios, 1.81, 1.65, 0.87, respectively (P<0.0001); mean age at presentation, EO 54 years, BO 62 years, NER 50 years; women were older than men by 10, 7 and 6 years, respectively.BO 1977-2011: prevalent OAC, 87/1468 (6%); male : female ratio, 4.1 (P<0.0001); incident OAC, 54/1381 (3.9%); male : female ratio, 3.5 (P<0.0001). Among all BO, more men developed OAC (3 vs. 0.9%). Within each sex, proportion of OAC higher among men (4.9 vs. 2.3%); at OAC diagnosis women were slightly but not significantly older (69.9 vs. 72.3 years, P=0.322). CONCLUSION Two views may explain our findings. First, women have either milder reflux, or reduced mucosal sensitivity hence reflux remains silent for longer. Alternatively, women genuinely develop reflux later, that is, are more protected and for longer from developing GORD and its complications. Early evidence is emerging that female sex hormones may indeed have a protective role in GORD during the reproductive period. We suggest reflux and its consequences may be an example of 'protection' conferred on Eve.
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Lachenmeier DW, Salaspuro M. ALDH2-deficiency as genetic epidemiologic and biochemical model for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:128-136. [PMID: 28257851 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are cumulatively exposed to acetaldehyde from various sources including alcoholic beverages, tobacco smoke, foods and beverages. The genetic-epidemiologic and biochemical evidence in ALDH2-deficient humans provides strong evidence for the causal relationship between acetaldehyde-exposure due to alcohol consumption and cancer of the upper digestive tract. The risk assessment has so far relied on thresholds based on animal toxicology with lower one-sided confidence limit of the benchmark dose values (BMDL) typically ranging between 11 and 63 mg/kg bodyweight (bw)/day dependent on species and endpoint. The animal data is problematic for regulatory toxicology for various reasons (lack in study quality, problems in animal models and appropriateness of endpoints - especially cancer - for transfer to humans). In this study, data from genetic epidemiologic and biochemical studies are reviewed. The increase in the daily exposure dose to acetaldehyde in alcohol-consuming ALDH2-deficients vs. ALDH2-actives was about twofold. The acetaldehyde increase due to ALDH2 inactivity was calculated to be 6.7 μg/kg bw/day for heavy drinkers, which is associated with odds ratios of up to 7 for head and neck as well as oesophageal cancer. Previous animal toxicology based risk assessments may have underestimated the risk of acetaldehyde. Risk assessments of acetaldehyde need to be revised using this updated evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Mikko Salaspuro
- Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, FIN-00014, Finland
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Tucker RM, Kaiser KA, Parman MA, George BJ, Allison DB, Mattes RD. Comparisons of Fatty Acid Taste Detection Thresholds in People Who Are Lean vs. Overweight or Obese: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169583. [PMID: 28060900 PMCID: PMC5218398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing evidence that supports the ability of humans to taste non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), recent studies have sought to determine if relationships exist between oral sensitivity to NEFA (measured as thresholds), food intake and obesity. Published findings suggest there is either no association or an inverse association. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine if differences in fatty acid taste sensitivity or intensity ratings exist between individuals who are lean or obese. A total of 7 studies that reported measurement of taste sensations to non-esterified fatty acids by psychophysical methods (e.g.,studies using model systems rather than foods, detection thresholds as measured by a 3-alternative forced choice ascending methodology were included in the meta-analysis. Two other studies that measured intensity ratings to graded suprathreshold NEFA concentrations were evaluated qualitatively. No significant differences in fatty acid taste thresholds or intensity were observed. Thus, differences in fatty acid taste sensitivity do not appear to precede or result from obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Tucker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathryn A. Kaiser
- Office of Energetics, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mariel A. Parman
- Office of Energetics, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Brandon J. George
- Office of Energetics, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Office of Energetics, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Nimma V, Talla H, Poosa M, Gopaladas M, Meesala D, Jayanth L. Influence of Hypertension on pH of Saliva and Flow Rate in Elder Adults Correlating with Oral Health Status. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC34-ZC36. [PMID: 28050500 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16799.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the most prevalent systemic conditions seen in the elderly individuals is hypertension, but very sparse knowledge regarding the influence of hypertension on oral health in known. AIM Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between hypertension and salivary pH, flow rate and its effect on oral health status. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 40 elderly individuals above 60 years of age, of which 20 individuals (control group) were normotensive without using any medication and 20 individuals (study group) were hypertensive using anti-hypertensive medication. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all individuals and pH was measured using saliva pH strips, flow rate was measured using calibrated test tubes and was correlated with oral health status. Then the values were sent for statistical analysis where unpaired t-test, chi-square test were used. RESULTS The results showed that there was no significant association of hypertension with stimulated and unstimulated flow rate, rather there was a significant association of hyper-tension with stimulated salivary pH i.e., there was a significant decrease in the pH of stimulated saliva. The study also revealed a significant association with presence of bleeding on probing and periodontal pockets in individuals who were hypertensive and using anti-hypertensive medication. CONCLUSION Hence, it is a necessity to monitor blood pressure for reconstruction and maintenance of oral health in older adults. More longitudinal studies are to be carried out to explore further relationship between oral health and hypertension in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalaxmi Nimma
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences , Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Harshavardhan Talla
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences , Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manasa Poosa
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences , Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Madhulatha Gopaladas
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences , Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepika Meesala
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences , Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - L Jayanth
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Dental College , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Withycombe C, Purdy K, Maddocks S. Micro-management: curbing chronic wound infection. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:263-274. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Withycombe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cardiff School of Health Sciences; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - K.J. Purdy
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - S.E. Maddocks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cardiff School of Health Sciences; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
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Petrušić N, Posavac M, Sabol I, Mravak-Stipetić M. The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Salivation. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 49:309-15. [PMID: 27688415 DOI: 10.15644/asc49/4/6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to examine the detrimental effect of smoking on the function of the salivary glands. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted on 60 patients who were divided into two groups: a test group which included smokers and control group represented by non-smokers. Each group included 30 patients. General information was collected from all the respondents via a questionnaire as well as the data on the duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Saliva was collected by spitting method in a graduated tube and the amount of unstimulated and stimulated saliva was measured and recorded in ml per minute. Stimulated saliva was collected immediately after rinsing the mouth with a 2% aqueous solution of citric acid which is carried salivary stimulation. The presence of pigmentation on the teeth and coated tongue were recorded during clinical examination. The degree of oral hygiene was determined by plaque index. All the obtained data were statistically analyzed with significance level p <0.05. RESULTS The results showed no significant differences in the amount of saliva between smokers and non-smokers, however, the amount of saliva decreases significantly with the duration of smoking and increasing age of smokers. Also proven was the difference in the quality of saliva: smokers have thick saliva and nonsmokers predominantly serous. In addition, smokers have poorer oral hygiene status than non-smokers, and demonstrated a positive correlation between the level of oral hygiene and length of smoking tobacco. CONCLUSION This study has proven that smoking adversely affects salivation: long-term smoking reduces the secretion of saliva and changes its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Petrušić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Posavac
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinka Mravak-Stipetić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Veerabhadrappa SK, Chandrappa PR, Patil S, Roodmal SY, Kumarswamy A, Chappi MK. Evaluation of Xerostomia in Different Psychological Disorders: An Observational Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC24-ZC27. [PMID: 27790574 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/19020.8437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychiatric diseases like anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are increasing at an alarming rate. These diseases can affect the quantity and quality of saliva leading to multiple oral diseases. Although many researchers have evaluated xerostomia in general population, its prevalence is not been assessed in patients suffering from different psychological disorders. AIM To investigate the prevalence of xerostomia and to assess the correlation between xerostomia and dryness of lip and mucosa in different psychological disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a period of six months in Department of Psychiatry and Department of Oral Medicine. Patients with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as diagnosed by an experienced psychiatrist, were given a questionnaire to evaluate the xerostomia. Patients with symptoms of xerostomia were subjected to oral examination by a skilled oral diagnostician to check for dryness of lips and mucosa. One hundred patients from each group of psychiatric diseases were included in the study using a consecutive sampling technique. An equal number of healthy individuals reporting to oral medicine department for routine oral screening were included as control group after initial psychiatric evaluation. RESULTS In this study statistically significant increase in the xerostomia in psychiatric patients was recorded when compared to the control group (p<0.01). Xerostomia was significantly higher in anxiety patients (51%) followed by depression (47%), bipolar disorder (41%), schizophrenia (39%) and control group (27%). The majority of the psychiatric patients had 'moderate' to 'severe' xerostomia whereas the control group had 'mild' xerostomia. Xerostomia was significantly higher in younger age group (18-49 years) than in older age group and females patients had higher xerostomia than male patients. Psychiatric patients had significantly more dryness of lip and mucosa than healthy controls. A moderate to strong spearman correlation (r=0.72) was observed between xerostomia and psychological alterations. CONCLUSION A positive association was established between psychological alterations and xerostomia and dryness of lip and mucosa. Emotional alterations may act as a precipitating factor that could influence the salivary secretion resulting in multiple oral diseases. Psychiatrists can screen for xerostomia and collaborate with dentists for comprehensive management of xerostomia in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kandagal Veerabhadrappa
- Lecturer, SEGi University , No. 9, Jalan Teknologi, Taman Sains, Petaling Jaya, Kota Damansara, Selangor - 47810, Malaysia
| | - Pramod Redder Chandrappa
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dental Sciences , Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Snehal Patil
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University , Karad, Satara, Maharashtra, India
| | - Seema Yadav Roodmal
- Post graduate student, Department of Periodontology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital , Sector 1, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akshay Kumarswamy
- Interim Chair Division of Periodontics, East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine , 1851 Macgregor Downs Rd, Mail Stop 701, Greenville NC 27834, USA
| | - Mounesh Kumar Chappi
- Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University , Karad, Satara, Maharashtra, India
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Martins Mussi MC, Moffa E, Castro T, Lira Ortega A, Freitas G, Braga M, Siqueira WL, Cury Gallottini MH. Salivary parameters and oral health in the Moebius syndrome. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2016; 36:265-70. [PMID: 27061084 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate salivary characteristics, such as flow rate, buffering capacity and amylase activity, and associate these parameters with oral health in individuals with Moebius syndrome (MS) and controls. METHODS The researchers assessed caries (ICDAS), periodontal disease (PSR), and plaque (Silness Löe) indexes in both groups. Unstimulated, stimulated, and bilateral parotid saliva were also collected. The salivary flow (milliliters/minute) and α-amylase activity were measured in all samples. The α-amylase activity was determined by maltose production. The buffering capacity was measured in stimulated saliva by titration of 0.01N HCl. RESULTS The occurrence of carious lesions, related to cut-off 2, as well as the occurrence of periodontal disease, was significantly higher (p > 0.05) in participants with MS when compared to the control group. Also, MS individuals presented decreased salivary flow, decreased buffering capacity, and amylase activity. CONCLUSIONS MS individuals present salivary alterations, which can be related to higher risk for caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Martins Mussi
- Researcher, Department of Oral Pathology and Special Patients, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Talita Castro
- PhD student, Department of Oral Pathology and Special Patients, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lira Ortega
- Postdoctoral researcher, Department of Oral Pathology and Special Patients, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Freitas
- Undergraduate student, Department of Oral Pathology and Special Patients, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Braga
- Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Helena Cury Gallottini
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Special Patients, School of Dentistry, University of São aulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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