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Storti B, Gabriel MM, Sennfält S, Canavero I, Rifino N, Gatti L, Bersano A. Rare forms of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: pathogenesis, biological and clinical features of CAA-ri and iCAA. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1219025. [PMID: 37492402 PMCID: PMC10363735 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1219025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thanks to a more widespread knowledge of the disease, and improved diagnostic techniques, the clinical spectrum of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is now broad. Sporadic CAA, hereditary CAA, CAA-related inflammation (CAA-ri) and iatrogenic CAA (iCAA) create a clinical and radiological continuum which is intriguing and only partially discovered. Despite being relatively rare, CAA-ri, an aggressive subtype of CAA with vascular inflammation, has gained growing attention also because of the therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs. More recently, diagnostic criteria have been proposed for an unusual variant of CAA, probably related to an iatrogenic origin (iCAA), toward which there is mounting scientific interest. These atypical forms of CAA are still poorly known, and their recognition can be challenging and deserve to be pursued in specialized referral centres. The aim of this brief review is to focus current developments in the field of rare forms of CAA, its pathogenesis as well as clinical and biological features in order to increase awareness of these rare forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Storti
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Magdalena Gabriel
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Sennfält
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabella Canavero
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Rifino
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gatti
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bersano
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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2
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Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses and Prions: Multilevel Approach with Other Disinfectants. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ag, Cu, Zn, Ti, and Au nanoparticles show enhanced photocatalytic properties. Efficient indoor disinfection strategies are imperative to manage the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Virucidal agents, such as ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, 222-nm UV light, and electrolyzed water inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) photocatalyst and visible light disinfect abiotic surfaces against SARS-CoV-2. The titanium dioxide (TiO2)/UV system inactivates SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on deliberately contaminated TiO2-coated glass slide surfaces in photocatalytic chambers, wherein 405-nm UV light treatment for 20 min sterilizes the environment and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inactivate the virus by targeting S and envelope proteins and viral RNA. Mesoscopic calcium bicarbonate solution (CAC-717) inactivates pathogens, such as prions, influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and noroviruses, in fluids; it presumably acts similarly on human and animal skin. The molecular complexity of cementitious materials promotes the photocatalysis of microorganisms. In combination, the two methods can reduce the pathogen load in the environment. As photocatalysts and CAC-717 are potent disinfectants for prions, disinfectants against prionoids could be developed by combining photocatalysis, gas plasma methodology, and CAC-717 treatment, especially for surgical devices and instruments.
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3
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Xu G, Fromholt S, Borchelt DR. Modeling the Competition between Misfolded Aβ Conformers That Produce Distinct Types of Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:886. [PMID: 35883442 PMCID: PMC9313290 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid pathology characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be broadly classified as either fibrillary amyloid or diffuse amyloid. Fibrillary amyloid is found in cored-neuritic deposits, fibrillar deposits, and vascular deposits, and binds strongly to the amyloid revealing dyes Thioflavin-S or Congo Red. Diffuse amyloid can appear as wispy dispersed deposits or compact tufted deposits dispersed in neuropil, and binds amyloid dyes weakly if at all. In AD brains, both types of pathology are detected. Homogenates from AD brains, or the brains of transgenic mice modeling AD-amyloidosis, have been used to seed pathology in vulnerable host transgenic models. These studies suggest that pathologies may arise from distinct conformers or strains of misfolded Aβ, similar to propagating prions. Using Aβ strains sourced from four different AD-amyloidosis models, we injected pathological seeds into the brains of newborn mice from three different transgenic hosts with distinctive Aβ pathologies. Two of the seeding sources were from mice that primarily develop cored-neuritic Aβ deposits (cored strain) while the other two seeding sources were from mice that develop diffuse Aβ deposits (diffuse strain). These seeds were injected into host APP mice in which the resident strain was either diffuse or cored-neuritic pathology. Seeding-homogenates were injected into the brains of newborn mice to initiate propagation as early as possible. Depending upon the level of transgene expression in the host, we show that the injected strains of misfolded Aβ from the seeding homogenate were able to outcompete the resident strain of the APP host model. In serial passaging experiments, it appeared that the diffuse strain was more easily propagated than the cored strain. Collectively, our studies align with the idea that different types of Aβ pathology in AD brains arise from different populations of Aβ conformers that compete to populate the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (G.X.); (S.F.)
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Susan Fromholt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (G.X.); (S.F.)
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David R. Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (G.X.); (S.F.)
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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4
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Non-human primates in prion diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:7-20. [PMID: 35661921 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The fascinating history of prion diseases is intimately linked to the use of nonhuman primates as experimental models, which brought so fundamental and founding information about transmissibility, pathogenesis, and resistance of prions. These models are still of crucial need for risk assessment of human health and may contribute to pave a new way towards the moving field of prion-like entities which now includes the main human neurodegenerative diseases (especially Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases).
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5
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Hamaguchi T, Ono K, Yamada M. Transmission of Cerebral β-Amyloidosis Among Individuals. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2469-2477. [PMID: 35277809 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the brain (cerebral β-amyloidosis) is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). So far, there have been increasing number of experimental studies using AD mouse model that cerebral β-amyloidosis could be transmitted among individuals as prion-like mechanism. Furthermore, several pathological studies using autopsied patients with iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) showed that cerebral β-amyloidosis in addition to the CJD pathology could be transmitted among humans via medical procedures, such as human growth hormone derived from cadaver injection and cadaveric dura mater graft. In addition, although cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which is Aβ deposition in the cerebral vessels, related cerebral hemorrhage rarely develops in young people, several patients with CAA-related cerebral hemorrhage under the age of 55 with histories of neurosurgeries with and without dura mater graft in early childhood have been reported. These patients might show that Aβ pathology is often recognized as Aβ-CAA rather than parenchymal Aβ deposition in the transmission of cerebral β-amyloidosis in humans, and we proposed an emerging concept, "acquired CAA". Considering that there have been several patients with acquired CAA with an incubation period from neurosurgery and the onset of CAA related cerebral hemorrhage of longer than 40 years, the number of cases is likely to increase in the future, and detailed epidemiological investigation is required. It is necessary to continue to elucidate the pathomechanisms of acquired CAA and urgently establish a method for preventing the transmission of cerebral β-amyloidosis among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hamaguchi
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kudanzaka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Yang Y, Arseni D, Zhang W, Huang M, Lövestam S, Schweighauser M, Kotecha A, Murzin AG, Peak-Chew SY, Macdonald J, Lavenir I, Garringer HJ, Gelpi E, Newell KL, Kovacs GG, Vidal R, Ghetti B, Ryskeldi-Falcon B, Scheres SHW, Goedert M. Cryo-EM structures of amyloid-β 42 filaments from human brains. Science 2022; 375:167-172. [PMID: 35025654 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diana Arseni
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melissa Huang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sofia Lövestam
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Alexey G Murzin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sew Y Peak-Chew
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Isabelle Lavenir
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holly J Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.,Tanz Centre and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Sjors H W Scheres
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Transmission of cerebral amyloid pathology by peripheral administration of misfolded Aβ aggregates. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5690-5701. [PMID: 34002023 PMCID: PMC8595465 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports showed that brain Aβ amyloidosis can be induced in animal models by exogenous administration of pre-formed aggregates. To date, only intra-peritoneal and intra-venous administrations are described as effective means to peripherally accelerate brain Aβ amyloidosis by seeding. Here, we show that cerebral accumulation of Aβ can be accelerated after exposing mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to Aβ seeds by different peripheral routes of administration, including intra-peritoneal and intra-muscular. Interestingly, animals receiving drops of brain homogenate laden with Aβ seeds in the eyes were efficiently induced. On the contrary, oral administration of large quantities of brain extracts from aged transgenic mice and AD patients did not have any effect in brain pathology. Importantly, pathological induction by peripheral administration of Aβ seeds generated a large proportion of aggregates in blood vessels, suggesting vascular transport. This information highlights the role of peripheral tissues and body fluids in AD-related pathological changes.
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8
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Hamaguchi T, Kim JH, Hasegawa A, Goto R, Sakai K, Ono K, Itoh Y, Yamada M. Exogenous Aβ seeds induce Aβ depositions in the blood vessels rather than the brain parenchyma, independently of Aβ strain-specific information. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:151. [PMID: 34507620 PMCID: PMC8431898 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of parenchymal or vascular amyloid β peptide (Aβ) deposition in the brain. We hypothesized that Aβ strain-specific information defines whether Aβ deposits on the brain parenchyma or blood vessels. We investigated 12 autopsied patients with different severities of Aβ plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and performed a seeding study using an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model in which brain homogenates derived from the autopsied patients were injected intracerebrally. Based on the predominant pathological features, we classified the autopsied patients into four groups: AD, CAA, AD + CAA, and less Aβ. One year after the injection, the pathological and biochemical features of Aβ in the autopsied human brains were not preserved in the human brain extract-injected mice. The CAA counts in the mice injected with all four types of human brain extracts were significantly higher than those in mice injected with PBS. Interestingly, parenchymal and vascular Aβ depositions were observed in the mice that were injected with the human brain homogenate from the less Aβ group. The Aβ and CAA seeding activities, which had significant positive correlations with the Aβ oligomer ratio in the human brain extracts, were significantly higher in the human brain homogenate from the less Aβ group than in the other three groups. These results indicate that exogenous Aβ seeds from different Aβ pathologies induced Aβ deposition in the blood vessels rather than the brain parenchyma without being influenced by Aβ strain-specific information, which might be why CAA is a predominant feature of Aβ pathology in iatrogenic transmission cases. Furthermore, our results suggest that iatrogenic transmission of Aβ pathology might occur due to contamination of brain tissues from patients with little Aβ pathology, and the development of inactivation methods for Aβ seeding activity to prevent iatrogenic transmission is urgently required.
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9
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Jaunmuktane Z, Banerjee G, Paine S, Parry-Jones A, Rudge P, Grieve J, Toma AK, Farmer SF, Mead S, Houlden H, Werring DJ, Brandner S. Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change three decades after iatrogenic amyloid-β transmission. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:211-215. [PMID: 34047818 PMCID: PMC8217014 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Simon Paine
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Adrian Parry-Jones
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, W1W 7FF, UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Joan Grieve
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ahmed K Toma
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon F Farmer
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, W1W 7FF, UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Lau HHC, Ingelsson M, Watts JC. The existence of Aβ strains and their potential for driving phenotypic heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:17-39. [PMID: 32743745 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reminiscent of the human prion diseases, there is considerable clinical and pathological variability in Alzheimer's disease, the most common human neurodegenerative condition. As in prion disorders, protein misfolding and aggregation is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease, where the initiating event is thought to be the self-assembly of Aβ peptide into aggregates that deposit in the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that Aβ, similar to the prion protein, can polymerize into a conformationally diverse spectrum of aggregate strains both in vitro and within the brain. Moreover, certain types of Aβ aggregates exhibit key hallmarks of prion strains including divergent biochemical attributes and the ability to induce distinct pathological phenotypes when intracerebrally injected into mouse models. In this review, we discuss the evidence demonstrating that Aβ can assemble into distinct strains of aggregates and how such strains may be primary drivers of the phenotypic heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease.
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11
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Ruiz-Riquelme A, Mao A, Barghash MM, Lau HHC, Stuart E, Kovacs GG, Nilsson KPR, Fraser PE, Schmitt-Ulms G, Watts JC. Aβ43 aggregates exhibit enhanced prion-like seeding activity in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:83. [PMID: 33971978 PMCID: PMC8112054 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When injected into genetically modified mice, aggregates of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide from the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients or transgenic AD mouse models seed cerebral Aβ deposition in a prion-like fashion. Within the brain, Aβ exists as a pool of distinct C-terminal variants with lengths ranging from 37 to 43 amino acids, yet the relative contribution of individual C-terminal Aβ variants to the seeding behavior of Aβ aggregates remains unknown. Here, we have investigated the relative seeding activities of Aβ aggregates composed exclusively of recombinant Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ42, or Aβ43. Cerebral Aβ42 levels were not increased in AppNL−F knock-in mice injected with Aβ38 or Aβ40 aggregates and were only increased in a subset of mice injected with Aβ42 aggregates. In contrast, significant accumulation of Aβ42 was observed in the brains of all mice inoculated with Aβ43 aggregates, and the extent of Aβ42 induction was comparable to that in mice injected with brain-derived Aβ seeds. Mice inoculated with Aβ43 aggregates exhibited a distinct pattern of cerebral Aβ pathology compared to mice injected with brain-derived Aβ aggregates, suggesting that recombinant Aβ43 may polymerize into a unique strain. Our results indicate that aggregates containing longer Aβ C-terminal variants are more potent inducers of cerebral Aβ deposition and highlight the potential role of Aβ43 seeds as a crucial factor in the initial stages of Aβ pathology in AD.
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12
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Ritchie DL, Barria MA. Prion Diseases: A Unique Transmissible Agent or a Model for Neurodegenerative Diseases? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020207. [PMID: 33540845 PMCID: PMC7912988 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and propagation in the brain of misfolded proteins is a pathological hallmark shared by many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (Aβ and tau), Parkinson's disease (α-synuclein), and prion disease (prion protein). Currently, there is no epidemiological evidence to suggest that neurodegenerative disorders are infectious, apart from prion diseases. However, there is an increasing body of evidence from experimental models to suggest that other pathogenic proteins such as Aβ and tau can propagate in vivo and in vitro in a prion-like mechanism, inducing the formation of misfolded protein aggregates such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Such similarities have raised concerns that misfolded proteins, other than the prion protein, could potentially transmit from person-to-person as rare events after lengthy incubation periods. Such concerns have been heightened following a number of recent reports of the possible inadvertent transmission of Aβ pathology via medical and surgical procedures. This review will provide a historical perspective on the unique transmissible nature of prion diseases, examining their impact on public health and the ongoing concerns raised by this rare group of disorders. Additionally, this review will provide an insight into current evidence supporting the potential transmissibility of other pathogenic proteins associated with more common neurodegenerative disorders and the potential implications for public health.
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13
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Billant O, Friocourt G, Roux P, Voisset C. p53, A Victim of the Prion Fashion. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E269. [PMID: 33450819 PMCID: PMC7828285 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified in the late 1970s as an oncogene, a driving force leading to tumor development, p53 turned out to be a key tumor suppressor gene. Now p53 is considered a master gene regulating the transcription of over 3000 target genes and controlling a remarkable number of cellular functions. The elevated prevalence of p53 mutations in human cancers has led to a recurring questioning about the roles of mutant p53 proteins and their functional consequences. Both mutants and isoforms of p53 have been attributed dominant-negative and gain of function properties among which is the ability to form amyloid aggregates and behave in a prion-like manner. This report challenges the ongoing "prion p53" hypothesis by reviewing evidence of p53 behavior in light of our current knowledge regarding amyloid proteins, prionoids and prions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaëlle Friocourt
- Inserm, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France;
| | - Pierre Roux
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR5234, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Cécile Voisset
- Inserm, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France;
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14
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Morales R, Duran-Aniotz C, Bravo-Alegria J, Estrada LD, Shahnawaz M, Hu PP, Kramm C, Morales-Scheihing D, Urayama A, Soto C. Infusion of blood from mice displaying cerebral amyloidosis accelerates amyloid pathology in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:213. [PMID: 33287898 PMCID: PMC7720397 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that injection of tissue extracts containing amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates accelerate amyloid deposition in the brain of mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through prion-like mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated whether brain amyloidosis could be accelerated by blood infusions, procedures that have been shown to transmit prion diseases in animals and humans. Young transgenic mice infused with whole blood or plasma from old animals with extensive Aβ deposition in their brains developed significantly higher levels brain amyloidosis and neuroinflammation compared to untreated animals or mice infused with wild type blood. Similarly, intra-venous injection of purified Aβ aggregates accelerated amyloid pathology, supporting the concept that Aβ seeds present in blood can reach the brain to promote neuropathological alterations in the brain of treated animals. However, an amyloid-enhancing effect of other factors present in the blood of donors cannot be discarded. Our results may help to understand the role of peripheral (amyloid-dependent or -independent) factors implicated in the development of AD and uncover new strategies for disease intervention.
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15
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Gomez-Gutierrez R, Morales R. The prion-like phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence of pathology transmission in humans. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009004. [PMID: 33119726 PMCID: PMC7595341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Gomez-Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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16
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Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S. Invited Review: The role of prion-like mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:522-545. [PMID: 31868945 PMCID: PMC7687189 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prototype of transmissible neurodegenerative proteinopathies is prion diseases, characterized by aggregation of abnormally folded conformers of the native prion protein. A wealth of mechanisms has been proposed to explain the conformational conversion from physiological protein into misfolded, pathological form, mode of toxicity, propagation from cell-to-cell and regional spread. There is increasing evidence that other neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Alzheimer's disease (Aβ and tau), Parkinson's disease (α-synuclein), frontotemporal dementia (TDP43, tau or FUS) and motor neurone disease (TDP43), exhibit at least some of the misfolded prion protein properties. In this review, we will discuss to what extent each of the properties of misfolded prion protein is known to occur for Aβ, tau, α-synuclein and TDP43, with particular focus on self-propagation through seeding, conformational strains, selective cellular and regional vulnerability, stability and resistance to inactivation, oligomers, toxicity and summarize the most recent literature on transmissibility of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Jaunmuktane
- Division of NeuropathologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London NHS Foundation Trust
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders
| | - S. Brandner
- Division of NeuropathologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London NHS Foundation Trust
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseaseQueen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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17
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Merezhko M, Uronen RL, Huttunen HJ. The Cell Biology of Tau Secretion. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:569818. [PMID: 33071756 PMCID: PMC7539664 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.569818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive accumulation and spread of misfolded tau protein in the nervous system is the hallmark of tauopathies, progressive neurodegenerative diseases with only symptomatic treatments available. A growing body of evidence suggests that spreading of tau pathology can occur via cell-to-cell transfer involving secretion and internalization of pathological forms of tau protein followed by templated misfolding of normal tau in recipient cells. Several studies have addressed the cell biological mechanisms of tau secretion. It now appears that instead of a single mechanism, cells can secrete tau via three coexisting pathways: (1) translocation through the plasma membrane; (2) membranous organelles-based secretion; and (3) ectosomal shedding. The relative importance of these pathways in the secretion of normal and pathological tau is still elusive, though. Moreover, glial cells contribute to tau propagation, and the involvement of different cell types, as well as different secretion pathways, complicates the understanding of prion-like propagation of tauopathy. One of the important regulators of tau secretion in neuronal activity, but its mechanistic connection to tau secretion remains unclear and may involve all three secretion pathways of tau. This review article summarizes recent advancements in the field of tau secretion with an emphasis on cell biological aspects of the secretion process and discusses the role of neuronal activity and glial cells in the spread of pathological forms of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Merezhko
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Gill ON, Spencer Y, Richard-Loendt A, Kelly C, Brown D, Sinka K, Andrews N, Dabaghian R, Simmons M, Edwards P, Bellerby P, Everest DJ, McCall M, McCardle LM, Linehan J, Mead S, Hilton DA, Ironside JW, Brandner S. Prevalence in Britain of abnormal prion protein in human appendices before and after exposure to the cattle BSE epizootic. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:965-976. [PMID: 32232565 PMCID: PMC7244468 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Widespread dietary exposure of the population of Britain to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions in the 1980s and 1990s led to the emergence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) in humans. Two previous appendectomy sample surveys (Appendix-1 and -2) estimated the prevalence of abnormal prion protein (PrP) in the British population exposed to BSE to be 237 per million and 493 per million, respectively. The Appendix-3 survey was recommended to measure the prevalence of abnormal PrP in population groups thought to have been unexposed to BSE. Immunohistochemistry for abnormal PrP was performed on 29,516 samples from appendices removed between 1962 and 1979 from persons born between 1891 through 1965, and from those born after 1996 that had been operated on from 2000 through 2014. Seven appendices were positive for abnormal PrP, of which two were from the pre-BSE-exposure era and five from the post BSE-exposure period. None of the seven positive samples were from appendices removed before 1977, or in patients born after 2000 and none came from individuals diagnosed with vCJD. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of abnormal PrP across birth and exposure cohorts. Two interpretations are possible. Either there is a low background prevalence of abnormal PrP in human lymphoid tissues that may not progress to vCJD. Alternatively, all positive specimens are attributable to BSE exposure, a finding that would necessitate human exposure having begun in the late 1970s and continuing through the late 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Noel Gill
- STI and HIV Department and CJD Section' Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STIs and HIV Division Public Health England National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Spencer
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department Science Directorate Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Richard-Loendt
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Kelly
- STI and HIV Department and CJD Section' Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STIs and HIV Division Public Health England National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Brown
- Virus Reference Department Public, Health England National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Sinka
- STI and HIV Department and CJD Section' Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STIs and HIV Division Public Health England National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Andrews
- STI and HIV Department and CJD Section' Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STIs and HIV Division Public Health England National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Dabaghian
- Virus Reference Department Public, Health England National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Simmons
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department Science Directorate Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Edwards
- Department of Cellular and Anatomical, Pathology University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bellerby
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department Science Directorate Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - David J Everest
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department Science Directorate Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McCall
- STI and HIV Department and CJD Section' Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STIs and HIV Division Public Health England National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda M McCardle
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research and Surveillance Unit Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Linehan
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hilton
- Department of Cellular and Anatomical, Pathology University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - James W Ironside
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research and Surveillance Unit Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the intracellular or extracellular aggregation of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-β and tau in Alzheimer disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson disease, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Accumulating evidence from both human studies and disease models indicates that intercellular transmission and the subsequent templated amplification of these misfolded proteins are involved in the onset and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. The misfolded proteins that are transferred between cells are referred to as 'pathological seeds'. Recent studies have made exciting progress in identifying the characteristics of different pathological seeds, particularly those isolated from diseased brains. Advances have also been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transmission process, and the influence of the host cell on the conformation and properties of pathological seeds. The aim of this Review is to summarize our current knowledge of the cell-to-cell transmission of pathological proteins and to identify key questions for future investigation.
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20
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Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Siwecka N, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Wojtczak R, Pytel D, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. The PERK-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062108. [PMID: 32204380 PMCID: PMC7139310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is strictly connected with progressive aging of the world population. Interestingly, a broad range of age-related, neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a common pathological mechanism-accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins within the cells. Under certain circumstances, such protein aggregates may evoke endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways via the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dependent manner. Under mild to moderate ER stress, UPR has a pro-adaptive role. However, severe or long-termed ER stress conditions directly evoke shift of the UPR toward its pro-apoptotic branch, which is considered to be a possible cause of neurodegeneration. To this day, there is no effective cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), or prion disease. Currently available treatment approaches for these diseases are only symptomatic and cannot affect the disease progression. Treatment strategies, currently under detailed research, include inhibition of the PERK-dependent UPR signaling branches. The newest data have reported that the use of small-molecule inhibitors of the PERK-mediated signaling branches may contribute to the development of a novel, ground-breaking therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration. In this review, we critically describe all the aspects associated with such targeted therapy against neurodegenerative proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek-Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-53-00
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21
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Gavín R, Lidón L, Ferrer I, del Río JA. The Quest for Cellular Prion Protein Functions in the Aged and Neurodegenerating Brain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030591. [PMID: 32131451 PMCID: PMC7140396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular (also termed ‘natural’) prion protein has been extensively studied for many years for its pathogenic role in prionopathies after misfolding. However, neuroprotective properties of the protein have been demonstrated under various scenarios. In this line, the involvement of the cellular prion protein in neurodegenerative diseases other than prionopathies continues to be widely debated by the scientific community. In fact, studies on knock-out mice show a vast range of physiological functions for the protein that can be supported by its ability as a cell surface scaffold protein. In this review, we first summarize the most commonly described roles of cellular prion protein in neuroprotection, including antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities and modulation of glutamate receptors. Second, in light of recently described interaction between cellular prion protein and some amyloid misfolded proteins, we will also discuss the molecular mechanisms potentially involved in protection against neurodegeneration in pathologies such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4031185
| | - Laia Lidón
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Senior Consultant, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Terry C, Wadsworth JDF. Recent Advances in Understanding Mammalian Prion Structure: A Mini Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:169. [PMID: 31338021 PMCID: PMC6629788 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are lethal pathogens, which cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. They are unique infectious agents and are composed of self-propagating multi-chain assemblies of misfolded host-encoded prion protein (PrP). Understanding prion structure is fundamental to understanding prion disease pathogenesis however to date, the high-resolution structure of authentic ex vivo infectious prions remains unknown. Advances in determining prion structure have been severely impeded by the difficulty in recovering relatively homogeneous prion particles from infected brain and definitively associating infectivity with the PrP assembly state. Recently, however, images of highly infectious ex vivo PrP rods that produce prion-strain specific disease phenotypes in mice have been obtained using cryo-electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These images have provided the most detailed description of ex vivo mammalian prions reported to date and have established that prions isolated from multiple strains have a common hierarchical structure. Misfolded PrP is assembled into 20 nm wide rods containing two fibers, each with double helical repeating substructure, separated by a characteristic central gap 8–10 nm in width. Irregularly structured material with adhesive properties distinct to that of the fibers is present within the central gap of the rod. Prions are clearly distinguishable from non-infectious recombinant PrP fibrils generated in vitro and from all other propagating protein structures so far described in other neurodegenerative diseases. The basic architecture of mammalian prions appears to be exceptional and fundamental to their lethal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Terry
- Molecular Systems for Health Research Group, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Bu XL, Li WW, Wang YJ. Is Alzheimer's Disease Transmissible in Humans? Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:1113-1115. [PMID: 31037579 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Le Bu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
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24
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De Sousa PA, Ritchie D, Green A, Chandran S, Knight R, Head MW. Renewed assessment of the risk of emergent advanced cell therapies to transmit neuroproteinopathies. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:363-377. [PMID: 30483944 PMCID: PMC6514076 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inadvertent transmission of long incubating, untreatable and fatal neurodegenerative prionopathies, notably iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, following transplantation of cadaver-derived corneas, pituitary growth, hormones and dura mater, constitutes a historical precedent which has underpinned the application of precautionary principles to modern day advanced cell therapies. To date these have been reflected by geographic or medical history risk-based deferral of tissue donors. Emergent understanding of other prion-like proteinopathies, their potential independence from prions as a transmissible agent and the variable capability of scalably manufacturable stem cells and derivatives to take up and clear or to propagate prions, substantiate further commitment to qualifying neurodegenerative proteinopathy transmission risks. This is especially so for those involving direct or facilitated access to a recipient’s brain or connected visual or nervous system such as for the treatment of stroke, retinal and adult onset neurodegenerative diseases, treatments for which have already commenced. In this review, we assess the prospective global dissemination of advanced cell therapies founded on transplantation or exposure to allogeneic human cells, recap lessons learned from the historical precedents of CJD transmission and review recent advances and current limits in understanding of prion and other neurodegenerative disease prion-like susceptibility and transmission. From these we propose grounds for a reassessment of the risks of emergent advanced cell therapies to transmit neuroproteinopathies and suggestions to ACT developers and regulators for risk mitigation and extension of criteria for deferrals.
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25
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Sikorska B, Gajos A, Bogucki A, Zielonka E, Sigurdson C, Liberski PP. Electron microscopic and confocal laser microscopy analysis of amyloid plaques in chronic wasting disease transmitted to transgenic mice. Prion 2019; 11:431-439. [PMID: 29105545 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1384109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here on the ultrastructure of amyloid plaques in chronic wasting disease (CWD) transmitted to Tg20 transgenic mice overexpressing prion protein (PrPc). We identified three main types of amyloid deposits in mCWD: large amyloid deposits, unicentric plaques similar to kuru plaques in human prion diseases and multicentric plaques reminiscent of plaques typical of GSS. The most unique type of plaques were large subpial amyloid deposits. They were composed of large areas of amyloid fibrils but did not form "star-like" appearances of unicentric plaques. All types of plaques were totally devoid of dystrophic neuritic elements. However, numerous microglial cells invaded them. The plaques observed by confocal laser microscope were of the same types as those analyzed by electron microscopy. Neuronal processes surrounding the plaques did not show typical features of neuroaxonal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Sikorska
- a Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology , Medical University of Lodz , Kosciuszki 4 st, Lodz , Poland
| | - Agata Gajos
- b Department of Extrapyramidal Diseases , Medical University of Lodz , Kosciuszki 4 st, Lodz , Poland
| | - Andrzej Bogucki
- b Department of Extrapyramidal Diseases , Medical University of Lodz , Kosciuszki 4 st, Lodz , Poland
| | - Emil Zielonka
- a Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology , Medical University of Lodz , Kosciuszki 4 st, Lodz , Poland
| | - Christina Sigurdson
- c Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine , University of California , San Diego , United States of America
| | - Pawel P Liberski
- a Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology , Medical University of Lodz , Kosciuszki 4 st, Lodz , Poland
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26
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Banerjee G, Adams ME, Jaunmuktane Z, Alistair Lammie G, Turner B, Wani M, Sawhney IMS, Houlden H, Mead S, Brandner S, Werring DJ. Early onset cerebral amyloid angiopathy following childhood exposure to cadaveric dura. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:284-290. [PMID: 30597599 PMCID: PMC6492172 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β transmission has been described in patients both with and without iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; however, there is little information regarding the clinical impact of this acquired amyloid-β pathology during life. Here, for the first time, we describe in detail the clinical and neuroimaging findings in 3 patients with early onset symptomatic amyloid-β cerebral amyloid angiopathy following childhood exposure to cadaveric dura (by neurosurgical grafting in 2 patients and tumor embolization in a third). Our observations provide further in vivo evidence that cerebral amyloid angiopathy might be caused by transmission of amyloid-β seeds (prions) present in cadaveric dura and have diagnostic relevance for younger patients presenting with suspected cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol 2019; 1-7 ANN NEUROL 2019;85:284-290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Banerjee
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and RehabilitationUniversity College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondon
| | - Matthew E. Adams
- Lysholm Department of NeuroradiologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondon
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUniversity College London Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondon
- Division of NeuropathologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondon
| | | | - Ben Turner
- Barts and London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of London and Royal London HospitalLondon
| | - Mushtaq Wani
- Morriston HospitalAbertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health BoardSwansea
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUniversity College London Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondon
| | - Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College LondonUniversity College London Institute of Prion DiseasesLondon
- National Prion ClinicNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondon
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of NeuropathologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondon
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUniversity College London Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David J. Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and RehabilitationUniversity College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondon
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27
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Liang Y, Li Y, Wang H, Cheng X, Guan M, Zhong S, Zhao C. Does the Use of Antidepressants Accelerate the Disease Progress in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients With Depression? A Case Report and A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:297. [PMID: 31130883 PMCID: PMC6509196 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rapidly progressive dementia. Growing evidence suggests that antidepressant usage was associated with dementia. Given the commonality of depression in CJD, it is necessary to investigate the effect of antidepressants on CJD. Methods: First, we report a case of sporadic CJD (sCJD) with depression where the condition worsened rapidly after using a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressant. Second, a systematic literature survey was conducted to investigate the effect of antidepressants on the survival time of sCJD patients with depression. Thirteen cases plus our case were included for qualitative analysis. Twelve subjects were included in the Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analysis. Finally, we provide a postulation of pathophysiological mechanism in CJD. Results: The median survival time of all patients was 6.0 months, of which patients with SNRIs were significantly shorter than those with first-generation antidepressants (2.0 vs. 6.0 months; log rank, P = .008) and relatively shorter than those with nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; 4.0 vs. 6.0 months; log rank, P = .090). In comparison with first-generation antidepressants, the use of SNRIs [hazard ratio (HR), 23.028; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.401 to 378.461; P = .028] remained independently associated with shorter survival time. Conclusions: The use of antidepressants, especially SNRIs, was associated with a shorter survival time of sCJD patients. The possible changes in neurotransmitters should be emphasized. Scientifically, this study may provide insights into the mechanism of CJD. Clinically, it may contribute to the early diagnosis of CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huibin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meiting Guan
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Purro SA, Farrow MA, Linehan J, Nazari T, Thomas DX, Chen Z, Mengel D, Saito T, Saido T, Rudge P, Brandner S, Walsh DM, Collinge J. Transmission of amyloid-β protein pathology from cadaveric pituitary growth hormone. Nature 2018; 564:415-419. [PMID: 30546139 PMCID: PMC6708408 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported1 the presence of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) deposits in individuals with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) who had been treated during childhood with human cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone (c-hGH) contaminated with prions. The marked deposition of parenchymal and vascular Aβ in these relatively young individuals with treatment-induced (iatrogenic) CJD (iCJD), in contrast to other prion-disease patients and population controls, allied with the ability of Alzheimer's disease brain homogenates to seed Aβ deposition in laboratory animals, led us to argue that the implicated c-hGH batches might have been contaminated with Aβ seeds as well as with prions. However, this was necessarily an association, and not an experimental, study in humans and causality could not be concluded. Given the public health importance of our hypothesis, we proceeded to identify and biochemically analyse archived vials of c-hGH. Here we show that certain c-hGH batches to which patients with iCJD and Aβ pathology were exposed have substantial levels of Aβ40, Aβ42 and tau proteins, and that this material can seed the formation of Aβ plaques and cerebral Aβ-amyloid angiopathy in intracerebrally inoculated mice expressing a mutant, humanized amyloid precursor protein. These results confirm the presence of Aβ seeds in archived c-hGH vials and are consistent with the hypothesized iatrogenic human transmission of Aβ pathology. This experimental confirmation has implications for both the prevention and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and should prompt a review of the risk of iatrogenic transmission of Aβ seeds by medical and surgical procedures long recognized to pose a risk of accidental prion transmission2,3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Purro
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Mark A Farrow
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | | | - Tamsin Nazari
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - David X Thomas
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Mengel
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Japan
| | - Peter Rudge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK.
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29
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Sarnataro D. Attempt to Untangle the Prion-Like Misfolding Mechanism for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103081. [PMID: 30304819 PMCID: PMC6213118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of proteins is the neuropathological hallmark for numerous diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and prion diseases. It is believed that misfolded and abnormal β-sheets forms of wild-type proteins are the vectors of these diseases by acting as seeds for the aggregation of endogenous proteins. Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored glycoprotein that is able to misfold to a pathogenic isoform PrPSc, the causative agent of prion diseases which present as sporadic, dominantly inherited and transmissible infectious disorders. Increasing evidence highlights the importance of prion-like seeding as a mechanism for pathological spread in Alzheimer's disease and Tauopathy, as well as other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report the latest findings on the mechanisms controlling protein folding, focusing on the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) quality control of GPI-anchored proteins and describe the "prion-like" properties of amyloid-β and tau assemblies. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of pathogenic assemblies interaction with protein and lipid membrane components and their implications in both prion and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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30
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Jucker M, Walker LC. Propagation and spread of pathogenic protein assemblies in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1341-1349. [PMID: 30258241 PMCID: PMC6375686 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are characterized by the progressive appearance of abnormal proteinaceous assemblies in the nervous system. Studies in experimental systems indicate that the assemblies originate from the prion-like seeded aggregation of specific misfolded proteins that proliferate and amass to form the intracellular and/or extracellular lesions typical of each disorder. The host in which the proteopathic seeds arise provides the biochemical and physiological environment that either supports or restricts their emergence, proliferation, self-assembly, and spread. Multiple mechanisms influence the spatiotemporal spread of seeds and the nature of the resulting lesions, one of which is the cellular uptake, release, and transport of seeds along neural pathways and networks. The characteristics of cells and regions in the affected network govern their vulnerability and thereby influence the neuropathological and clinical attributes of the disease. The propagation of pathogenic protein assemblies within the nervous system is thus determined by the interaction of the proteopathic agent and the host milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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31
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Sohrab SS, Suhail M, Ali A, Kamal MA, Husen A, Ahmad F, Azhar EI, Greig NH. Role of viruses, prions and miRNA in neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. Virusdisease 2018; 29:419-433. [PMID: 30539044 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is known as loss of cellular communications in the brain at a region caused by multi-factorial diseases and pathogenic infections. Approximately eighty percent reported cases of Alzheimer's disease are followed by vascular dementia. The common symptoms of dementia include memory loss, concentration problems, thinking, and language solving situations. Dementia is a multifactorial disease but based on latest research; various reports have been published describing the linkage and role of viruses, prions and miRNAs in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative disorders resulting into dementia and due to this we selected to review and provide latest information related to dementia. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs carrying genetic regulatory information contributing to neurological disorders among human and animals. A prion is an infectious agent made of protein material. Recently, it has been reported that prions play a significant role in signaling processes, resulting in amyloidogenesis and neurological disorders. Viruses attack human immune system and central nervous system and affect classical pathways of neurodegenerative diseases. Comprehensive understandings of the expression profiles and activities of these miRNAs, Prions, Viruses will illuminate their roles as potential therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration and may lead to the discovery of breakthrough treatment strategies for neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. The provided information will further be significant not only in neuro-scientific research, but also in designing and development of management strategies for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- 1Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Post Box No-80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Suhail
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Ali
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770 Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Azamal Husen
- 6Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fahim Ahmad
- 7Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000, Ninth Ave, South, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- 1Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Post Box No-80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,5Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National, Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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32
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Rasmussen J, Krasemann S, Altmeppen H, Schwarz P, Schelle J, Aguzzi A, Glatzel M, Jucker M. Infectious prions do not induce Aβ deposition in an in vivo seeding model. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:965-967. [PMID: 29663066 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Rasmussen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Graduate Training Center of Neuroscience-Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf UKE, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf UKE, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Schelle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Center of Neuroscience-Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf UKE, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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33
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Watts JC, Prusiner SB. β-Amyloid Prions and the Pathobiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a023507. [PMID: 28193770 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in humans and will pose a considerable challenge to healthcare systems in the coming years. Aggregation of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide within the brain is thought to be an initiating event in AD pathogenesis. Many recent studies in transgenic mice have provided evidence that Aβ aggregates become self-propagating during disease, leading to a cascade of protein aggregation in the brain, which may underlie the progressive nature of AD. The ability to self-propagate and the existence of distinct "strains" reveals that Aβ aggregates exhibit many properties indistinguishable from those of prions composed of PrPSc proteins. Here, we review the evidence that Aβ can become a prion during disease and discuss how Aβ prions may be important for understanding the pathobiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Neurology and of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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34
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Hervé D, Porché M, Cabrejo L, Guidoux C, Tournier-Lasserve E, Nicolas G, Adle-Biassette H, Plu I, Chabriat H, Duyckaerts C. Fatal Aβ cerebral amyloid angiopathy 4 decades after a dural graft at the age of 2 years. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:801-803. [PMID: 29508058 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Jaunmuktane Z, Quaegebeur A, Taipa R, Viana-Baptista M, Barbosa R, Koriath C, Sciot R, Mead S, Brandner S. Evidence of amyloid-β cerebral amyloid angiopathy transmission through neurosurgery. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:671-679. [PMID: 29450646 PMCID: PMC5904220 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a peptide deposited in the brain parenchyma in Alzheimer's disease and in cerebral blood vessels, causing cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Aβ pathology is transmissible experimentally in animals and through medical procedures in humans, such as contaminated growth hormone or dura mater transplantation in the context of iatrogenic prion disease. Here, we present four patients who underwent neurosurgical procedures during childhood or teenage years and presented with intracerebral haemorrhage approximately three decades later, caused by severe CAA. None of these patients carried pathogenic mutations associated with early Aβ pathology development. In addition, we identified in the literature four patients with a history of neurosurgical intervention and subsequent development of CAA. These findings raise the possibility that Aβ pathology may be transmissible, as prion disease is, through neurosurgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Annelies Quaegebeur
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Portuguese Brain Bank, Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viana-Baptista
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Barbosa
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolin Koriath
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raf Sciot
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Simon Mead
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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36
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Ruiz-Riquelme A, Lau HHC, Stuart E, Goczi AN, Wang Z, Schmitt-Ulms G, Watts JC. Prion-like propagation of β-amyloid aggregates in the absence of APP overexpression. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:26. [PMID: 29615128 PMCID: PMC5883524 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis posits that the initiating event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the aggregation and deposition of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, which is a proteolytic cleavage product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Mounting evidence suggests that the formation and spread of prion-like Aβ aggregates during AD may contribute to disease progression. Inoculation of transgenic mice that overexpress APP with pre-formed Aβ aggregates results in the prion-like induction of cerebral Aβ deposition. To determine whether Aβ deposition can also be induced when physiological APP levels are present in the brain, we inoculated AppNL-F mice, a knock-in model of AD that avoids potential artifacts associated with APP overexpression, with Aβ aggregates derived from the brains of AD patients or transgenic mice. In all cases, induced Aβ deposition was apparent in the corpus callosum, olfactory bulb, and meningeal blood vessels of inoculated mice at 130-150 days post-inoculation, whereas uninoculated and buffer-inoculated animals exhibited minimal or no Aβ deposits at these ages. Interestingly, despite being predominantly composed of protease-resistant Aβ42 aggregates, the induced parenchymal Aβ deposits were largely diffuse and were unreactive to an amyloid-binding dye. These results demonstrate that APP overexpression is not a prerequisite for the prion-like induction of cerebral Aβ deposition. Accordingly, spreading of Aβ deposition may contribute to disease progression in AD patients.
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37
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Cali I, Cohen ML, Haik S, Parchi P, Giaccone G, Collins SJ, Kofskey D, Wang H, McLean CA, Brandel JP, Privat N, Sazdovitch V, Duyckaerts C, Kitamoto T, Belay ED, Maddox RA, Tagliavini F, Pocchiari M, Leschek E, Appleby BS, Safar JG, Schonberger LB, Gambetti P. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with Amyloid-β pathology: an international study. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:5. [PMID: 29310723 PMCID: PMC5759292 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pathology related to the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) has been recently reported in iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (iCJD) acquired from inoculation of growth hormone (GH) extracted from human cadaveric pituitary gland or use of cadaveric dura mater (DM) grafts.To investigate this phenomenon further, a cohort of 27 iCJD cases - 21 with adequate number of histopathological sections - originating from Australia, France, Italy, and the Unites States, were examined by immunohistochemistry, amyloid staining, and Western blot analysis of the scrapie prion protein (PrPSc), and compared with age-group matched cases of sporadic CJD (sCJD), Alzheimer disease (AD) or free of neurodegenerative diseases (non-ND).Cases of iCJD and sCJD shared similar profiles of proteinase K-resistant PrPSc with the exception of iCJD harboring the "MMi" phenotype. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), either associated with, or free of, Thioflavin S-positive amyloid core plaques (CP), was observed in 52% of 21 cases of iCJD, which comprised 37.5% and 61.5% of the cases of GH- and DM-iCJD, respectively. If only cases younger than 54 years were considered, Aβ pathology affected 41%, 2% and 0% of iCJD, sCJD and non-ND, respectively. Despite the patients' younger age CAA was more severe in iCJD than sCJD, while Aβ diffuse plaques, in absence of Aβ CP, populated one third of sCJD. Aβ pathology was by far most severe in AD. Tau pathology was scanty in iCJD and sCJD.In conclusion, (i) despite the divergences in the use of cadaveric GH and DM products, our cases combined with previous studies showed remarkably similar iCJD and Aβ phenotypes indicating that the occurrence of Aβ pathology in iCJD is a widespread phenomenon, (ii) CAA emerges as the hallmark of the Aβ phenotype in iCJD since it is observed in nearly 90% of all iCJD with Aβ pathology reported to date including ours, and it is shared by GH- and DM-iCJD, (iii) although the contributions to Aβ pathology of other factors, including GH deficiency, cannot be discounted, our findings increase the mounting evidence that this pathology is acquired by a mechanism resembling that of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Cali
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Pathology, 4th floor, room 402C, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Mark L Cohen
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Stephane Haik
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Steven J Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Department of Medicine, and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Diane Kofskey
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3181, Australia
- Victorian Brain Bank, the Florey institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Privat
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Sazdovitch
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ermias D Belay
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan A Maddox
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ellen Leschek
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Departments of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jiri G Safar
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lawrence B Schonberger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Pathology, 4th floor, room 419, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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38
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Woerman AL, Kazmi SA, Patel S, Freyman Y, Oehler A, Aoyagi A, Mordes DA, Halliday GM, Middleton LT, Gentleman SM, Olson SH, Prusiner SB. MSA prions exhibit remarkable stability and resistance to inactivation. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:49-63. [PMID: 28849371 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive neurodegeneration results from the protein α-synuclein misfolding into a self-templating prion conformation that spreads throughout the brain. MSA prions are transmissible to transgenic (Tg) mice expressing mutated human α-synuclein (TgM83+/-), inducing neurological disease following intracranial inoculation with brain homogenate from deceased patient samples. Noting the similarities between α-synuclein prions and PrP scrapie (PrPSc) prions responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), we investigated MSA transmission under conditions known to result in PrPSc transmission. When peripherally exposed to MSA via the peritoneal cavity, hind leg muscle, and tongue, TgM83+/- mice developed neurological signs accompanied by α-synuclein prions in the brain. Iatrogenic CJD, resulting from PrPSc prion adherence to surgical steel instruments, has been investigated by incubating steel sutures in contaminated brain homogenate before implantation into mouse brain. Mice studied using this model for MSA developed disease, whereas wire incubated in control homogenate had no effect on the animals. Notably, formalin fixation did not inactivate α-synuclein prions. Formalin-fixed MSA patient samples also transmitted disease to TgM83+/- mice, even after incubating in fixative for 244 months. Finally, at least 10% sarkosyl was found to be the concentration necessary to partially inactivate MSA prions. These results demonstrate the robustness of α-synuclein prions to denaturation. Moreover, they establish the parallel characteristics between PrPSc and α-synuclein prions, arguing that clinicians should exercise caution when working with materials that might contain α-synuclein prions to prevent disease.
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Abstract
Recent studies on iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) raised concerns that one of the hallmark lesions of Alzheimer disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ), may be transmitted from human-to-human. The neuropathology of AD-related lesions is complex. Therefore, many aspects need to be considered in deciding on this issue. Observations of recent studies can be summarized as follows: 1) The frequency of iatrogenic CJD cases with parencyhmal and vascular Aβ deposits is statistically higher than expected; 2) The morphology and distribution of Aβ deposition may show distinct features; 3) The pituitary and the dura mater themselves may serve as potential sources of Aβ seeds; 4) Cadaveric dura mater from 2 examined cases shows Aβ deposition; and 5) There is a lack of evidence that the clinical phenotype of AD appears following the application of cadaveric pituitary hormone or dura mater transplantation. These studies support the notion that neurodegenerative diseases have common features regarding propagation of disease-associated proteins as seeds. However, until further evidence emerges, prions of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are the only neurodegenerative disease-related proteins proven to propagate clinicopathological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor G Kovacs
- a Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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40
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Charidimou A, Boulouis G, Gurol ME, Ayata C, Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM. Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2017; 140:1829-1850. [PMID: 28334869 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a common, well-defined small vessel disease and a largely untreatable cause of intracerebral haemorrhage and contributor to age-related cognitive decline. The term 'cerebral amyloid angiopathy' now encompasses not only a specific cerebrovascular pathological finding, but also different clinical syndromes (both acute and progressive), brain parenchymal lesions seen on neuroimaging and a set of diagnostic criteria-the Boston criteria, which have resulted in increasingly detected disease during life. Over the past few years, it has become clear that, at the pathophysiological level, cerebral amyloid angiopathy appears to be in part a protein elimination failure angiopathy and that this dysfunction is a feed-forward process, which potentially leads to worsening vascular amyloid-β accumulation, activation of vascular injury pathways and impaired vascular physiology. From a clinical standpoint, cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by individual focal lesions (microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, microinfarcts) and large-scale alterations (white matter hyperintensities, structural connectivity, cortical thickness), both cortical and subcortical. This review provides an interdisciplinary critical outlook on various emerging and changing concepts in the field, illustrating mechanisms associated with amyloid cerebrovascular pathology and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregoire Boulouis
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Edip Gurol
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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41
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Ritchie DL, Adlard P, Peden AH, Lowrie S, Le Grice M, Burns K, Jackson RJ, Yull H, Keogh MJ, Wei W, Chinnery PF, Head MW, Ironside JW. Amyloid-β accumulation in the CNS in human growth hormone recipients in the UK. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:221-240. [PMID: 28349199 PMCID: PMC5508038 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human-to-human transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has occurred through medical procedures resulting in iatrogenic CJD (iCJD). One of the commonest causes of iCJD was the use of human pituitary-derived growth hormone (hGH) to treat primary or secondary growth hormone deficiency. As part of a comprehensive tissue-based analysis of the largest cohort yet collected (35 cases) of UK hGH-iCJD cases, we describe the clinicopathological phenotype of hGH-iCJD in the UK. In the 33/35 hGH-iCJD cases with sufficient paraffin-embedded tissue for full pathological examination, we report the accumulation of the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brains and cerebral blood vessels in 18/33 hGH-iCJD patients and for the first time in 5/12 hGH recipients who died from causes other than CJD. Aβ accumulation was markedly less prevalent in age-matched patients who died from sporadic CJD and variant CJD. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Aβ, which can accumulate in the pituitary gland, was present in the inoculated hGH preparations and had a seeding effect in the brains of around 50% of all hGH recipients, producing an AD-like neuropathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), regardless of whether CJD neuropathology had occurred. These findings indicate that Aβ seeding can occur independently and in the absence of the abnormal prion protein in the human brain. Our findings provide further evidence for the prion-like seeding properties of Aβ and give insights into the possibility of iatrogenic transmission of AD and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Ritchie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Peter Adlard
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alexander H Peden
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Suzanne Lowrie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret Le Grice
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kimberley Burns
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Helen Yull
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael J Keogh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wei Wei
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mark W Head
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - James W Ironside
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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42
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Giles K, Woerman AL, Berry DB, Prusiner SB. Bioassays and Inactivation of Prions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a023499. [PMID: 28246183 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The experimental study of prions requires a model for their propagation. However, because prions lack nucleic acids, the simple techniques used to replicate bacteria and viruses are not applicable. For much of the history of prion research, time-consuming bioassays in animals were the only option for measuring infectivity. Although cell models and other in vitro tools for the propagation of prions have been developed, they all suffer limitations, and animal bioassays remain the gold standard for measuring infectivity. A wealth of recent data argues that both β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins form prions that cause Alzheimer's disease, and α-synuclein forms prions that cause multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Cell and animal models that recapitulate some of the key features of cell-to-cell spreading and distinct strains of prions can now be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Amanda L Woerman
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - David B Berry
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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43
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Abstract
The prion paradigm is increasingly invoked to explain the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involving the misfolding and aggregation of proteins other than the prion protein (PrP). Extensive evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that misfolded and aggregated Aβ peptide, which is the probable molecular trigger for Alzheimer's disease, manifests all of the key characteristics of canonical mammalian prions. These features include a β-sheet rich architecture, tendency to polymerize into amyloid, templated corruption of like protein molecules, ability to form structurally and functionally variant strains, systematic spread by neuronal transport, and resistance to inactivation by heat and formaldehyde. In addition to Aβ, a growing body of research supports the view that the prion-like molecular transformation of specific proteins drives the onset and course of a remarkable variety of clinicopathologically diverse diseases. As such, the expanded prion paradigm could conceptually unify fundamental and translational investigations of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Rasmussen
- a Department of Cellular Neurology , Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,b German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany.,c Graduate Training Center of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- a Department of Cellular Neurology , Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,b German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Lary C Walker
- d Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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44
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Schwarzman AL, Sarantseva SV. Transmission of pathogenic protein aggregates in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Most age-related neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the misfolding and aberrant accumulation of specific proteins in the nervous system. The proteins self-assemble and spread by a prion-like process of corruptive molecular templating, whereby abnormally folded proteins induce the misfolding and aggregation of like proteins into characteristic lesions. Despite the apparent simplicity of this process at the molecular level, diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and others display remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity, both clinically and pathologically. Evidence is growing that this variability is mediated, at least in part, by the acquisition of diverse molecular architectures by the misfolded proteins, variants referred to as proteopathic strains. The structural and functional diversity of the assemblies is influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and local contextual factors. Insights into proteopathic strains gleaned from the classical prion diseases can be profitably incorporated into research on other neurodegenerative diseases. Their potentially wide-ranging influence on disease phenotype also suggests that proteopathic strains should be considered in the design and interpretation of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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46
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Stroo E, Koopman M, Nollen EAA, Mata-Cabana A. Cellular Regulation of Amyloid Formation in Aging and Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:64. [PMID: 28261044 PMCID: PMC5306383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population is aging, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, is growing. The pathology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by the presence of protein aggregates of disease specific proteins in the brain of patients. Under certain conditions these disease proteins can undergo structural rearrangements resulting in misfolded proteins that can lead to the formation of aggregates with a fibrillar amyloid-like structure. Cells have different mechanisms to deal with this protein aggregation, where the molecular chaperone machinery constitutes the first line of defense against misfolded proteins. Proteins that cannot be refolded are subjected to degradation and compartmentalization processes. Amyloid formation has traditionally been described as responsible for the proteotoxicity associated with different neurodegenerative disorders. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain such toxicity, including the sequestration of key proteins and the overload of the protein quality control system. Here, we review different aspects of the involvement of amyloid-forming proteins in disease, mechanisms of toxicity, structural features, and biological functions of amyloids, as well as the cellular mechanisms that modulate and regulate protein aggregation, including the presence of enhancers and suppressors of aggregation, and how aging impacts the functioning of these mechanisms, with special attention to the molecular chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Stroo
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mandy Koopman
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ellen A A Nollen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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47
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Collinge J. Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 2016; 539:217-226. [PMID: 27830781 DOI: 10.1038/nature20415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prions are notorious protein-only infectious agents that cause invariably fatal brain diseases following silent incubation periods that can span a lifetime. These diseases can arise spontaneously, through infection or be inherited. Remarkably, prions are composed of self-propagating assemblies of a misfolded cellular protein that encode information, generate neurotoxicity and evolve and adapt in vivo. Although parallels have been drawn with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions involving the deposition of assemblies of misfolded proteins in the brain, insights are now being provided into the usefulness and limitations of prion analogies and their aetiological and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Collinge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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48
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Barron RM, King D, Jeffrey M, McGovern G, Agarwal S, Gill AC, Piccardo P. PrP aggregation can be seeded by pre-formed recombinant PrP amyloid fibrils without the replication of infectious prions. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:611-24. [PMID: 27376534 PMCID: PMC5023723 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian prions are unusual infectious agents, as they are thought to consist solely of aggregates of misfolded prion protein (PrP). Generation of synthetic prions, composed of recombinant PrP (recPrP) refolded into fibrils, has been utilised to address whether PrP aggregates are, indeed, infectious prions. In several reports, neurological disease similar to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) has been described following inoculation and passage of various forms of fibrils in transgenic mice and hamsters. However, in studies described here, we show that inoculation of recPrP fibrils does not cause TSE disease, but, instead, seeds the formation of PrP amyloid plaques in PrP-P101L knock-in transgenic mice (101LL). Importantly, both WT-recPrP fibrils and 101L-recPrP fibrils can seed plaque formation, indicating that the fibrillar conformation, and not the primary sequence of PrP in the inoculum, is important in initiating seeding. No replication of infectious prions or TSE disease was observed following both primary inoculation and subsequent subpassage. These data, therefore, argue against recPrP fibrils being infectious prions and, instead, indicate that these pre-formed seeds are acting to accelerate the formation of PrP amyloid plaques in 101LL Tg mice. In addition, these data reproduce a phenotype which was previously observed in 101LL mice following inoculation with brain extract containing in vivo-generated PrP amyloid fibrils, which has not been shown for other synthetic prion models. These data are reminiscent of the "prion-like" spread of aggregated forms of the beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ), α-synuclein and tau observed following inoculation of transgenic mice with pre-formed seeds of each misfolded protein. Hence, even when the protein is PrP, misfolding and aggregation do not reproduce the full clinicopathological phenotype of disease. The initiation and spread of protein aggregation in transgenic mouse lines following inoculation with pre-formed fibrils may, therefore, more closely resemble a seeded proteinopathy than an infectious TSE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona M Barron
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Declan King
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin Jeffrey
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Gillian McGovern
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Sonya Agarwal
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew C Gill
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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49
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Moore RA, Choi YP, Head MW, Ironside JW, Faris R, Ritchie DL, Zanusso G, Priola SA. Relative Abundance of apoE and Aβ1–42 Associated with Abnormal Prion Protein Differs between Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Subtypes. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4518-4531. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Moore
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Young Pyo Choi
- Laboratory
Animal Center, Research Division, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark W. Head
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
| | - James W. Ironside
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
| | - Robert Faris
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Diane L. Ritchie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department
of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
| | - Suzette A. Priola
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
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50
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Neuroinvasion of α-Synuclein Prionoids after Intraperitoneal and Intraglossal Inoculation. J Virol 2016; 90:9182-93. [PMID: 27489279 PMCID: PMC5044858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a soluble, cellular protein that in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, forms pathological deposits of protein aggregates. Because misfolded α-synuclein has some characteristics that resemble those of prions, we investigated its potential to induce disease after intraperitoneal or intraglossal challenge injection into bigenic Tg(M83+/−:Gfap-luc+/−) mice, which express the A53T mutant of human α-synuclein and firefly luciferase. After a single intraperitoneal injection with α-synuclein fibrils, four of five mice developed paralysis and α-synuclein pathology in the central nervous system, with a median incubation time of 229 ± 17 days. Diseased mice accumulated aggregates of Sarkosyl-insoluble and phosphorylated α-synuclein in the brain and spinal cord, which colocalized with ubiquitin and p62 and were accompanied by gliosis. In contrast, only one of five mice developed α-synuclein pathology in the central nervous system after intraglossal injection with α-synuclein fibrils, after 285 days. These findings are novel and important because they show that, similar to prions, α-synuclein prionoids can neuroinvade the central nervous system after intraperitoneal or intraglossal injection and can cause neuropathology and disease.
IMPORTANCE Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the pathological presence of aggregated α-synuclein in cells of the nervous system. Previous studies have shown that α-synuclein aggregates made of recombinant protein or derived from brains of patients can spread in the central nervous system in a spatiotemporal manner when inoculated into the brains of animals and can induce pathology and neurologic disease, suggesting that misfolded α-synuclein can behave similarly to prions. Here we show that α-synuclein inoculation into the peritoneal cavity or the tongue in mice overexpressing α-synuclein causes neurodegeneration after neuroinvasion from the periphery, which further corroborates the prionoid character of misfolded α-synuclein.
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