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Mallardo M, Signoriello E, Lus G, Daniele A, Nigro E. Adiponectin Alleviates Cell Injury due to Cerebrospinal Fluid from Multiple Sclerosis Patients by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Response. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1692. [PMID: 37371787 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling neurological disease characterized by chronic inflammation and neuronal cell viability impairment. Based on previous studies reporting that adiponectin exhibits neuroprotective effects in some models of neurodegenerative diseases, we analyzed the effects of AdipoRon treatment, alone or in combination with the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS (MS-CSF), to verify whether this adipokine acts on the basal neuronal cellular processes. To this aim, SH-SY5Y and U-87 cells (models of neuronal and glial cells, respectively) were exposed to MS-CSF alone or in co-treatment with AdipoRon. The cell viability was determined via MTT assay, and the possible underlying mechanisms were investigated via the alterations of oxidative stress and inflammation. MTT assay confirmed that AdipoRon alone did not affect the viability of both cell lines; whereas, when used in combination with MS-CSF, it reduces MS-CSF inhibitory effects on the viability of both SH-SY5Y and U-87 cell lines. In addition, MS-CSF treatment causes an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas it determines the reduction in anti-inflammatory IL-10. Interestingly, the co-administration of AdipoRon counteracts the MS-CSF-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas it determines an enhancement of IL-10. In conclusion, our data suggest that AdipoRon counteracts the cytotoxic effects induced by MS-CSF on SH-SY5Y and U-87 cell lines and that one of the potential molecular underlying mechanisms might occur via reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are essential to confirm whether adiponectin could be a neuro-protectant candidate against neuronal cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mallardo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Signoriello
- Centro di Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lus
- Centro di Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, "Federico II" Università degli Studi di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Touil H, Mounts K, De Jager PL. Differential impact of environmental factors on systemic and localized autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147447. [PMID: 37283765 PMCID: PMC10239830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of environmental factors on the development of autoimmune disease is being broadly investigated to better understand the multifactorial nature of autoimmune pathogenesis and to identify potential areas of intervention. Areas of particular interest include the influence of lifestyle, nutrition, and vitamin deficiencies on autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. In this review, we discuss how particular lifestyles and dietary patterns may contribute to or modulate autoimmunity. We explored this concept through a spectrum of several autoimmune diseases including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Alopecia Areata (AA) affecting the central nervous system, whole body, and the hair follicles, respectively. A clear commonality between the autoimmune conditions of interest here is low Vitamin D, a well-researched hormone in the context of autoimmunity with pleiotropic immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. While low levels are often correlated with disease activity and progression in MS and AA, the relationship is less clear in SLE. Despite strong associations with autoimmunity, we lack conclusive evidence which elucidates its role in contributing to pathogenesis or simply as a result of chronic inflammation. In a similar vein, other vitamins impacting the development and course of these diseases are explored in this review, and overall diet and lifestyle. Recent work exploring the effects of dietary interventions on MS showed that a balanced diet was linked to improvement in clinical parameters, comorbid conditions, and overall quality of life for patients. In patients with MS, SLE and AA, certain diets and supplements are linked to lower incidence and improved symptoms. Conversely, obesity during adolescence was linked with higher incidence of MS while in SLE it was associated with organ damage. Autoimmunity is thought to emerge from the complex interplay between environmental factors and genetic background. Although the scope of this review focuses on environmental factors, it is imperative to elaborate the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environment due to the multifactorial origin of these disease. Here, we offer a comprehensive review about the influence of recent environmental and lifestyle factors on these autoimmune diseases and potential translation into therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Touil
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristin Mounts
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Philip Lawrence De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Samara A, Cantoni C, Piccio L, Cross AH, Chahin S. Obesity, gut microbiota, and multiple sclerosis: Unraveling the connection. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 76:104768. [PMID: 37269641 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic mild-grade systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. Obesity in early childhood and adolescence is also a significant risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) development. However, the underlying mechanisms that explain the link between obesity and MS development are not fully explored. An increasing number of studies call attention to the importance of gut microbiota as a leading environmental risk factor mediating inflammatory central nervous system demyelination, particularly in MS. Obesity and high-calorie diet are also associated with disturbances in gut microbiota. Therefore, gut microbiota alteration is a plausible connection between obesity and the increased risk of MS development. A greater understanding of this connection could provide additional therapeutic opportunities, like dietary interventions, microbiota-derived products, and exogenous antibiotics and probiotics. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the relationships between MS, obesity, and gut microbiota. We discuss gut microbiota as a potential link between obesity and increased risk for MS. Additional experimental studies and controlled clinical trials targeting gut microbiota are warranted to unravel the possible causal relationship between obesity and increased risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Samara
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, United States
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Salim Chahin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Loonstra FC, Falize KF, de Ruiter LRJ, Schoonheim MM, Strijbis EMM, Killestein J, de Vries HE, Uitdehaag BMJ, Rijnsburger M. Adipokines in multiple sclerosis patients are related to clinical and radiological measures. J Neurol 2023; 270:2018-2030. [PMID: 36562851 PMCID: PMC10025234 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An imbalance of adipokines, hormones secreted by white adipose tissue, is suggested to play a role in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In people with MS (PwMS) of the same age, we aimed to determine whether the adipokines adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are associated with MS disease severity. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether these adipokines mediate the association between body mass index (BMI) and MS disease severity. METHODS Adiponectin, resistin, and leptin were determined in serum using ELISA. 288 PwMS and 125 healthy controls (HC) were included from the Project Y cohort, a population-based cross-sectional study of people with MS born in the Netherlands in 1966, and age and sex-matched HC. Adipokine levels and BMI were related to demographic, clinical and disability measures, and MRI-based brain volumes. RESULTS Adiponectin levels were 1.2 fold higher in PwMS vs. HC, especially in secondary progressive MS. Furthermore, we found a sex-specific increase in adiponectin levels in primary progressive (PP) male patients compared to male controls. Leptin and resistin levels did not differ between PwMS and HC, however, leptin levels were associated with higher disability (EDSS) and resistin strongly related to brain volumes in progressive patients, especially in several grey matter regions in PPMS. Importantly, correction for BMI did not significantly change the results. CONCLUSION In PwMS of the same age, we found associations between adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) and a range of clinical and radiological metrics. These associations were independent of BMI, indicating distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor C Loonstra
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (Amsterdam UMC), Location VUmc, De boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kim F Falize
- MS Center Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk R J de Ruiter
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (Amsterdam UMC), Location VUmc, De boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M M Strijbis
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (Amsterdam UMC), Location VUmc, De boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (Amsterdam UMC), Location VUmc, De boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- MS Center Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M J Uitdehaag
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (Amsterdam UMC), Location VUmc, De boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Rijnsburger
- MS Center Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The Influence of Conventional and Innovative Rehabilitation Methods on Brain Plasticity Induction in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051880. [PMID: 36902665 PMCID: PMC10003891 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical rehabilitation and physical activity are known non-pharmacological methods of treating multiple sclerosis. Both lead to an improvement in physical fitness in patients with movement deficits while improving cognitive function and coordination. These changes occur through the induction of brain plasticity. This review presents the basics of the induction of brain plasticity in response to physical rehabilitation. It also analyzes the latest literature evaluating the impact of traditional physical rehabilitation methods, as well as innovative virtual reality-based rehabilitation methods, on the induction of brain plasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Ketogenic and Modified Mediterranean Diet as a Tool to Counteract Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: Nutritional Suggestions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122384. [PMID: 35745113 PMCID: PMC9229939 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic Diet is a nutritional pattern often used as dietotherapy in inflammatory diseases, including neurological disorders. Applied on epileptic children since 1920, in recent years it has been taken into account again as a tool to both reduce inflammatory burdens and ameliorate the nutritional status of patients affected by different pathologies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an immune-mediated neuro-inflammatory disease and diet is a possible factor in its pathogenesis. The aim of this work is to investigate the main potential targets of MS-related impairments, in particular the cognitive deficits, focusing on the alteration of biomarkers such as the Brain Derived-Neurotrophic Factor and the Tryptophan/Kynurenine ratio that could play a role on neuroprotection and thus on MS progression. Furthermore, we here propose nutritional suggestions which are useful in the development of a ketogenic diet protocol that takes advantage of the anti-inflammatory properties of low-carbohydrate foods from the Mediterranean diet to be applied to subjects with MS. In conclusion, this approach will allow one to develop the ketogenic diet combined with a modified Mediterranean diet as a possible tool to improve neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis.
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Biernacki T, Kokas Z, Sandi D, Füvesi J, Fricska-Nagy Z, Faragó P, Kincses TZ, Klivényi P, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Emerging Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis in the Blood and the CSF: A Focus on Neurofilaments and Therapeutic Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063383. [PMID: 35328802 PMCID: PMC8951485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting young people. This is due to the permanent disability, cognitive impairment, and the enormous detrimental impact MS can exert on a patient's health-related quality of life. It is of great importance to recognise it in time and commence adequate treatment at an early stage. The currently used disease-modifying therapies (DMT) aim to reduce disease activity and thus halt disability development, which in current clinical practice are monitored by clinical and imaging parameters but not by biomarkers found in blood and/or the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Both clinical and radiological measures routinely used to monitor disease activity lack information on the fundamental pathophysiological features and mechanisms of MS. Furthermore, they lag behind the disease process itself. By the time a clinical relapse becomes evident or a new lesion appears on the MRI scan, potentially irreversible damage has already occurred in the CNS. In recent years, several biomarkers that previously have been linked to other neurological and immunological diseases have received increased attention in MS. Additionally, other novel, potential biomarkers with prognostic and diagnostic properties have been detected in the CSF and blood of MS patients. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarise the most up-to-date knowledge and research conducted on the already known and most promising new biomarker candidates found in the CSF and blood of MS patients. DISCUSSION the current diagnostic criteria of MS relies on three pillars: MRI imaging, clinical events, and the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF (which was reinstated into the diagnostic criteria by the most recent revision). Even though the most recent McDonald criteria made the diagnosis of MS faster than the prior iteration, it is still not an infallible diagnostic toolset, especially at the very early stage of the clinically isolated syndrome. Together with the gold standard MRI and clinical measures, ancillary blood and CSF biomarkers may not just improve diagnostic accuracy and speed but very well may become agents to monitor therapeutic efficacy and make even more personalised treatment in MS a reality in the near future. The major disadvantage of these biomarkers in the past has been the need to obtain CSF to measure them. However, the recent advances in extremely sensitive immunoassays made their measurement possible from peripheral blood even when present only in minuscule concentrations. This should mark the beginning of a new biomarker research and utilisation era in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsófia Kokas
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Judit Füvesi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsanett Fricska-Nagy
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Péter Faragó
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Tamás Zsigmond Kincses
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Radiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (Z.K.); (D.S.); (J.F.); (Z.F.-N.); (P.F.); (T.Z.K.); (P.K.); (K.B.)
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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Liao E, Ghezzi L, Piccio L. Dietary restriction in multiple sclerosis: evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. ADVANCES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE & REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.47795/mcln8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) interventions, which encompass both chronic and intermittent reductions in energy intake, are emerging as potential therapeutic approaches for dampening neuroinflammation and demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). Mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects of DR include the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling molecules and gut microbiome remodelling. This article summarises the preclinical evidence supporting the role of DR in attenuating disease in animal models of MS and the developing clinical evidence indicating the safety and feasibility of such DR interventions in people with MS (pwMS).
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Moharami S, Nourazarian A, Nikanfar M, Laghousi D, Shademan B, Joodi Khanghah O, Khaki-Khatibi F. Investigation of serum levels of orexin-A, transforming growth factor β, and leptin in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24170. [PMID: 34894407 PMCID: PMC8761413 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease affecting various inflammatory and nutritional parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI) of MS patients and the serum levels of leptin, orexin‐A, and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF‐β). Methods This cross‐sectional study included 25 patients suffering from MS and 40 healthy individuals as the case and control groups, respectively. The serum levels of leptin, orexin‐A, and TGF‐β were assessed in the participants using the Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods. Moreover, data were analyzed using the descriptive statistical indices, t‐test, chi‐square test, and linear regression test. Results According to our results, the participants’ mean age was 38.04 ± 7.53 and 40.23 ± 5.88 in the case and control groups, respectively. Also, the groups were not significantly different in gender, age, alcohol consumption, and smoking (p > 0.05). It was found that the mean serum levels of orexin‐A and TGF‐β were significantly lower in the MS patients compared to the control group, while the mean serum leptin levels were significantly higher (42.8 vs. 18.9 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between the BMI of the MS patients and their serum levels of orexin‐A, TGF‐β, and leptin (p > 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, we found significantly lower levels of orexin‐A and TGF‐β and a significantly higher level of leptin in the MS patients compared to the control group. In addition, there was no significant relationship between the BMI and the serum levels of orexin‐A, TGF‐β, and leptin in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Moharami
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Masoud Nikanfar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Delara Laghousi
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Shademan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, EGE University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Omid Joodi Khanghah
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khaki-Khatibi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Fahmi RM, Kamel AE, Elsayed DA, Zidan AA, Sarhan NT. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with multiple sclerosis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The role of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin in regulating the immunity has been documented, however data concerning their consequence on multiple sclerosis (MS) Egyptian patients are deficient. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in MS patients and to assess their association with disease disability and severity. A case–control study including 60 subjects (30 MS patients and 30 age, sex and body mass index-matched healthy controls) was performed.
Results
Serum leptin level was significantly higher among MS patients than controls (P < 0.001) while adiponectin was not significantly elevated in MS patients (P = 0.24). There was a significant positive correlation between leptin levels with MS disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale) (r = 0.678; P < 0.001), severity (Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score) (r = 0.631; P < 0.001) and progression (progression index) (r = 0.461; P = 0.01). There was no statistically significant correlation between adiponectin with disease disability, severity or progression.
Conclusions
MS patients had significantly higher serum leptin levels and insignificant adiponectin levels compared to controls. Leptin has a potential role in multiple sclerosis disability and severity. However, adiponectin is not useful as a biomarker of MS disease, disability and severity.
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Baharnoori M, Wilson R, Saxena S, Gonzalez CT, Sotiropoulos MG, Keyhanian K, Healy BC, Chitnis T. Altered adipokine levels are associated with dimethyl fumarate treatment in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103311. [PMID: 34655958 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is linked to increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) and worsening disease severity. Recent experimental and clinical data indicates that adipokines are involved in regulating immune response and serve as cross talk between immune and neural system. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an oral MS medication with unknown mechanism of action. It upregulates the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, a pathway for adipocyte differentiation. To determine a possible relationship between treatment with dimethyl fumarate, serum adipokine profiles and treatment response in patients with MS, we conducted an observational cohort study and measured serum adipokine and Vitamin D levels before and after treatment with DMF and examined their association with treatment response. METHODS We identified patients enrolled in the Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis at Brigham and Women's Hospital (CLIMB) study who were treated with dimethyl fumarate and had available serum samples. Longitudinal pre-treatment and on-treatment samples were available in 23 patients. Cross-sectional on-treatment samples were available in 91 patients, who were classified into DMF responders and non-responders based on radiologic and clinical relapse activity or disability progression. We measured serum leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP-4) and-5 (FABP-5), vitamins D2 and D3. Statistical analysis was performed with paired t-tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS After treatment with DMF, serum adiponectin levels significantly increased, whereas FABP-4 levels significantly decreased compared to baseline levels, without a statistically significant change in the patients' BMI. Ghrelin levels were insignificantly lower post-treatment. FABP-4 levels were significantly higher in DMF responders compared to non-responders. This effect was sex-specific, with higher FABP4 levels associated with treatment response in males, but not females. CONCLUSION DMF treatment is associated with significant changes in serum adipokine levels, primarily adiponectin and FABP-4. Sex may affect the association between FABP-4 and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moogeh Baharnoori
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Ryan Wilson
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, US
| | - Shrishti Saxena
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Cindy T Gonzalez
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Kiandokht Keyhanian
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Brian C Healy
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US.
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Adipokines as Immune Cell Modulators in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910845. [PMID: 34639186 PMCID: PMC8509121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is a major clinical and societal problem, which has a tremendous impact on the life of patients and their proxies. Current immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapies prove to be relatively effective; however, they fail to concomitantly stop ongoing neurological deterioration and do not reverse acquired disability. The proportion to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of MS is still incompletely understood; however, a recent association between MS etiology and obesity was shown, with obesity greatly increasing the risk of developing MS. An altered balance of adipokines, which are white adipose tissue (WAT) hormones, plays an important role in the low-grade chronic inflammation during obesity by their pervasive modification of local and systemic inflammation. Vice versa, inflammatory factors secreted by immune cells affect adipokine function. To explore the role of adipokines in MS pathology, we will here review the reciprocal effects of adipokines and immune cells and summarize alterations in adipokine levels in MS patient cohorts. Finally, we will discuss proof-of-concept studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of adipokines to target both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration processes in MS.
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Milles P, De Filippo G, Maurey H, Tully T, Deiva K. Obesity in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis: A French Cohort Study. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/5/e1044. [PMID: 34285094 PMCID: PMC8293287 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective To study the link between a high body mass index (BMI) in childhood and the occurrence of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) and to compare, within the MS population, the clinical-radiologic-biological characteristics, according to BMI. Methods A case-control study comparing BMI data of 60 patients with POMS (39 girls and 21 boys) at Bicêtre Hospital with that of 113 non-neurologic controls NNCs (68 girls and 45 boys) and 18,614 healthy controls HCs (9,271 girls and 9,343 boys) was performed. Crude BMI (cBMI), residual BMI (rBMI = measured BMI − expected BMI for age), z-score (rBMI/SD), and adult equivalent categories (International Obesity Task Force ≥25 = overweight, ≥30 = obese) were assessed. Results In boys, cBMI and rBMI were significantly higher in patients with POMS compared with NNCs (cBMI: +2.9; rBMI: +2.95, p < 0.01) and HCs (cBMI: +2.04, p < 0.01). In girls, cBMI or rBMI did not differ between POMS and NNCs patients (cBMI p = 0.4; rBMI p = 0.44) but with HCs (cBMI +0.99, p < 0.01). CSF inflammatory markers increased with BMI in prepubertal patients (p < 0.01), whereas vitamin D level at diagnosis was lower in boys with higher BMI (p = 0.016). Increased BMI was not associated with clinical and radiologic disease characteristics. Conclusions Overweight and obesity are more frequently observed at diagnosis, particularly in boys with POMS compared with non-neurologic controls and French HCs. Moreover, BMI is related to initial inflammation in the CSF in prepubertal patients with POMS suggesting an interaction between excess body fat, sexual hormones, and POMS occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Milles
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (P.M., H.M., K.D.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (G.D.F.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Pediatric Endocrinology Department, French Clinical Research Group in Adolescent Medicine and Health, Paris; and Sorbonne Université (T.T.), CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, UMR7618, France.
| | - Gianpaolo De Filippo
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (P.M., H.M., K.D.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (G.D.F.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Pediatric Endocrinology Department, French Clinical Research Group in Adolescent Medicine and Health, Paris; and Sorbonne Université (T.T.), CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, UMR7618, France
| | - Hélène Maurey
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (P.M., H.M., K.D.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (G.D.F.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Pediatric Endocrinology Department, French Clinical Research Group in Adolescent Medicine and Health, Paris; and Sorbonne Université (T.T.), CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, UMR7618, France
| | - Thomas Tully
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (P.M., H.M., K.D.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (G.D.F.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Pediatric Endocrinology Department, French Clinical Research Group in Adolescent Medicine and Health, Paris; and Sorbonne Université (T.T.), CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, UMR7618, France
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- From the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (P.M., H.M., K.D.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (G.D.F.), Hôpital Robert Debré, Pediatric Endocrinology Department, French Clinical Research Group in Adolescent Medicine and Health, Paris; and Sorbonne Université (T.T.), CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, UMR7618, France
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Obesity and Multiple Sclerosis-A Multifaceted Association. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122689. [PMID: 34207197 PMCID: PMC8234028 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the common elements in the pathophysiological theories that try to explain the appearance and evolution of obesity and multiple sclerosis, the association between the two pathologies has become an increasingly researched topic in recent years. On the one hand, there is the chronic demyelinating inflammation caused by the autoimmune cascade of multiple sclerosis, while on the other hand, according to the latest research, it has been shown that obesity shares an inflammatory component with most chronic diseases. METHODS The authors performed independent research of the available literature in the most important electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Science Direct) in February 2021. After applying the exclusion criteria, the reviewers focused on the most relevant articles published during the last 10 years with respect to epidemiology and pathophysiology. RESULTS The data presented are a step forward in trying to elucidate the intricate relationship between obesity and MS, especially the causal relationship between childhood and adolescent obesity and MS, focusing on the epidemiological associations observed in the most relevant observational studies conducted in recent years. In the second part, the authors comment on the latest findings related to the pathophysiological mechanisms that may explain the correlations between obesity and multiple sclerosis, focusing also on the role of adipokines. CONCLUSIONS Based on available epidemiological data, obesity in early life appears to be strongly associated with a higher risk of MS development, independent of other risk factors. Although much research has been done on the pathophysiology of obesity, MS, their possible common mechanism, and the role of adipokines, further studies are needed in order to explain what remains unknown. No relevant data were found regarding the association between obesity, disability (high EDSS score), and mortality risk in MS patients. Thus, we consider that this topic should be elucidated in future research.
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15
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Changes in leptin, serotonin, and cortisol after eight weeks of aerobic exercise with probiotic intake in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Cytokine 2021; 144:155590. [PMID: 34049259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common non-traumatic neurological cause of disability in young adults. Physical activity, particularly exercise training, is an evidence-based approach to managing symptoms, restoring function, and improving overall wellness in people with MS. As well, the use of probiotics can be effective in reducing the damage from inflammation in MS patients. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to address changes in leptin, serotonin, and cortisol following eight weeks of aerobic exercise along with probiotic intake in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model of MS. METHODS Mice were exposed to cuprizone for 12 weeks. After 5 weeks, beam and performance tests were performed on them. The mice (n = 5 per group) were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), MS, MS with exercise (MS + Exe), MS with probiotic (MS + Prob), and MS with probiotic and exercise (MS + Prob + Exe). Exercise groups performed aerobic exercises 5 days a week, 10 min in the first week, 20 min in the second week, and 30 min daily in the third week until the eighth week. In the probiotic groups, the mice received probiotic by gavage. They were sacrificed after 3 months. Biochemical and molecular biology analyses were performed. RESULTS The results showed that leptin gene expression values in the MS + Prob + Exe, MS + Prob, and MS + Exe groups showed a decrease compared to the MS group, but the reduction was not significant (p > 0.05). Also, the leptin Elisa test in these intervention groups showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05). The serotonin gene expression values in the MS + Prob + Exe, MS + Prob, and MS + Exe groups were increased compared to the MS group, but the increase was not significant (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the serotonin Elisa test in these intervention groups showed a significant increase (P < 0.05). The cortisol Elisa test values in the MS + Exe and MS + Prob groups exhibited a decrease compared to the MS group, but the reduction was not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, these results suggest that lifestyle interventions can be effective in improving pathological factors in patients with MS.
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Nyirenda MH, Fadda G, Healy LM, Mexhitaj I, Poliquin-Lasnier L, Hanwell H, Saveriano AW, Rozenberg A, Li R, Moore CS, Belabani C, Johnson T, O'Mahony J, Arnold DL, Yeh EA, Marrie RA, Dunn S, Banwell B, Bar-Or A. Pro-inflammatory adiponectin in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1948-1959. [PMID: 33522403 DOI: 10.1177/1352458521989090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being obese is associated with both increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) and greater MS disease activity. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate levels and potential pathophysiologic contribution of serum adipose-hormones (adipokines) in pediatric-onset MS. METHODS Following a Luminex adipokine screen, adiponectin (APN) and its isoforms were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 169 children with incident acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS), prospectively ascertained as having either MS or other forms of inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. The effect of recombinant APN and APN-containing sera was assessed on functional responses of normal human peripheral blood myeloid and T cells and on human CNS-derived microglia. RESULTS Compared to other cohorts, children with MS harbored higher serum APN levels, principally driven by higher levels of the low-molecular-weight isoform. Recombinant APN and pediatric MS serum-induced APN-dependent pro-inflammatory activation of CD14+ monocytes and of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (both directly and indirectly through myeloid cells). APN induced human microglia activation while inhibiting their expression of molecules associated with quiescence. CONCLUSIONS Elevated APN levels in children with MS may contribute to enhanced pro-inflammatory states of innate and adaptive peripheral immune responses and breach CNS-resident microglia quiescence, providing a plausible and potentially targetable mechanism by which APN contributes to MS disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukanthu H Nyirenda
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giulia Fadda
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luke M Healy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ina Mexhitaj
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurence Poliquin-Lasnier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Neurology, Hull Hospital, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Heather Hanwell
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada/ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ayal Rozenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Neuroimmunology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Craig S Moore
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Chahrazed Belabani
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Trina Johnson
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia O'Mahony
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Shannon Dunn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada/Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada/Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada/Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Karimi M, Moazzami M, Rezaeian N. Effects of Eight Weeks of Core Stability Training on Serum level of Progranulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Women with Multiple Sclerosis. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.15.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Impact of Exercise on Immunometabolism in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093038. [PMID: 32967206 PMCID: PMC7564219 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal degradation. Even though the cause of MS is heterogeneous, it is known that peripheral immune invasion in the central nervous system (CNS) drives pathology at least in the most common form of MS, relapse-remitting MS (RRMS). The more progressive forms’ mechanisms of action remain more elusive yet an innate immune dysfunction combined with neurodegeneration are likely drivers. Recently, increasing studies have focused on the influence of metabolism in regulating immune cell function. In this regard, exercise has long been known to regulate metabolism, and has emerged as a promising therapy for management of autoimmune disorders. Hence, in this review, we inspect the role of key immunometabolic pathways specifically dysregulated in MS and highlight potential therapeutic benefits of exercise in modulating those pathways to harness an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, we touch upon current challenges and future directions for the field of exercise and immunometabolism in MS.
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Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Diagnostic Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: A Machine Learning Study. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2167-2178. [PMID: 31970657 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory and oxidant/antioxidant molecules has been implicated in the demyelination and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). The current study aimed to evaluate the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR)1, sTNFR2, adiponectin, hydroperoxides, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites, total plasma antioxidant capacity using the total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, as well as serum levels of zinc in 174 MS patients and 182 controls. The results show that MS is characterized by lowered levels of zinc, adiponectin, TRAP, and SH groups and increased levels of AOPP. MS was best predicted by a combination of lowered levels of zinc, adiponectin, TRAP, and SH groups yielding an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC/ROC) curve of 0.986 (±0.005). The combination of these four antioxidants with sTNFR2 showed an AUC/ROC of 0.997 and TRAP, adiponectin, and zinc are the most important biomarkers for MS diagnosis followed at a distance by sTNFR2. Support vector machine with tenfold validation performed on the four antioxidants showed a training accuracy of 92.9% and a validation accuracy of 90.6%. The results indicate that lowered levels of those four antioxidants are associated with MS and that these antioxidants are more important biomarkers of MS than TNF-α signaling and nitro-oxidative biomarkers. Adiponectin, TRAP, SH groups, zinc, and sTNFR2 play a role in the pathophysiology of MS, and a combination of these biomarkers is useful for predicting MS with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Drugs that increase the antioxidant capacity may offer novel therapeutic opportunities for MS.
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Adipokines are associated with pediatric multiple sclerosis risk and course. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 36:101384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Leptin rs7799039 polymorphism is associated with multiple sclerosis risk in Kuwait. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 36:101409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Harroud A, Richards JB. Mendelian randomization in multiple sclerosis: A causal role for vitamin D and obesity? Mult Scler 2019; 24:80-85. [PMID: 29307294 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517737373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiologic studies have furthered our understanding of these risk factors but remain limited by residual confounding and potential for reverse causation, particularly in MS where time of disease onset is not known. Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variants to study the causal effect of modifiable exposures on an outcome. This method avoids some of the limitations of classical epidemiology and can strengthen causal inference. Here, we introduce the basic concepts of MR and review its contributions to the field of MS. Indeed, several studies using MR have now provided support for a causal role for low vitamin D level and obesity in the development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Harroud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
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Dardiotis E, Tsouris Z, Aslanidou P, Aloizou AM, Sokratous M, Provatas A, Siokas V, Deretzi G, Hadjigeorgiou GM. Body mass index in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Neurol Res 2019; 41:836-846. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1622873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zisis Tsouris
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Aslanidou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Sokratous
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios Provatas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Deretzi
- Papageorgiou hospital, Neurology clinic, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Rasooli Tehrani A, Gholipour S, Sharifi R, Yadegari S, Abbasi-Kolli M, Masoudian N. Plasma levels of CTRP-3, CTRP-9 and apelin in women with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 333:576968. [PMID: 31129285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, adipocytokines have been shown to play a pivotal role in autoimmune and inflammatory-related disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of CTRP3, CTRP9, adiponectin and apelin- in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients with healthy subjects and their relationship with clinical parameters and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. METHODS Plasma levels of CTRP3, CTRP9, apelin, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and adiponectin were evaluated in 24 healthy women and 26 women with relapsing-remitting MS using immunoassay methods. RESULTS The plasma apelin level of the MS patients was significantly lower than that of healthy controls. The concentration of TNF-α and adiponectin were significantly higher in MS patients compared to the healthy controls. Plasma CTRP3, CTRP9 and hs-CRP levels were not significantly different between the two groups. There was no correlation between these adipokines and inflammatory mediators. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between plasma concentrations of apelin with expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores and number of relapse. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that adipokines, particularly apelin and adiponectin, may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and can be considered as a biomarker or as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rasooli Tehrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sakineh Gholipour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Semnan, Iran
| | - Roya Sharifi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samira Yadegari
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology and Strabismus, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Masoudian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Semnan, Iran
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Mokhtarzade M, Agha-Alinejad H, Motl RW, Negaresh R, Baker JS, Zimmer P. Weight control and physical exercise in people with multiple sclerosis: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Complement Ther Med 2019; 43:240-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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26
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Signoriello E, Lus G, Polito R, Casertano S, Scudiero O, Coletta M, Monaco ML, Rossi F, Nigro E, Daniele A. Adiponectin profile at baseline is correlated to progression and severity of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2018; 26:348-355. [PMID: 30300462 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adiponectin is a cytokine linking energy metabolism and immune system. After being assembled, adiponectin circulates as oligomers of different molecular weight, i.e. low, medium and high (HMW) molecular weight. These have the most potent biological effects. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the human central nervous system. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression levels of both total adiponectin and its oligomerization state in the serum from 99 patients with MS at baseline (i.e. not influenced by therapies). We also investigated the potential relationships between adiponectin and disease progression and severity. METHODS Adiponectin was quantified and visualized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting and fast protein liquid chromatography. During the follow-up (3.6 ± 2.20 years), the patients were evaluated using total annualized relapse rate and Expanded Disability Status Scale score. RESULTS Total adiponectin is statistically higher in patients with MS compared with matched controls (12.18 vs. 10.02 μg/mL, P = 0.001). Interestingly, the adiponectin oligomerization state is altered in MS, with an increase of HMW oligomers. In addition, patients with MS with higher levels of adiponectin at baseline have significantly higher risk of progression and severity (Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score, 3.84 vs. 2.44, P = 0.001). No statistical difference in adiponectin expression was found between active and inactive patients with MS and among the different forms of disease. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that adiponectin and its HMW oligomers are greatly involved in MS autoimmune disorder representing a potential biomarker to predict worse MS prognosis and severity. Further studies are required to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the properties of adiponectin and HMW oligomers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Signoriello
- Centro di Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Napoli
| | - G Lus
- Centro di Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Napoli
| | - R Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli
| | - S Casertano
- Centro di Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Napoli
| | - O Scudiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli
| | - M Coletta
- Centro di Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Napoli
| | - M L Monaco
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli
| | - F Rossi
- Centro di Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Napoli
| | - E Nigro
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze, della Salute, Università del MoliseCampobasso, Campobasso, Italy
| | - A Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli
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27
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Düzel B, Tamam Y, Çoban A, Tüzün E. Adipokines in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with and without Optic Neuritis as the First Clinical Presentation. Immunol Invest 2018; 48:190-197. [PMID: 30321074 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1528270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipocytokines have been implied to be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. MS patients whose first clinical episode is optic neuritis (ON) have been reported to display a milder disease course. In this study, we aimed to show whether this milder disease course is related to reduced adipokine production. METHODS A total of 55 (24 with ON as the first clinical episode) relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 40 healthy individuals were recruited. Concentrations of adipokines were measured in sera by ELISA. RESULTS The levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-8 were significantly higher in RRMS patients compared with healthy controls. RRMS cases starting with ON had lower expanded disability status scale scores. Serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin and MCP-1 levels were significantly lower in MS patients, whose first clinical episode was ON. CONCLUSIONS MS patients with ON as the first manifestation display both lower disability scores and reduced serum adipokine levels implying that adipocytokine production is associated with MS progression. Exact mechanisms of this association in MS patients with first episode ON need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Düzel
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tamam
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey
| | - Arzu Çoban
- b Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- c Department of Neuroscience Institute for Experimental Medicine , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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28
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Mora-Muñoz L, Guerrero-Naranjo A, Rodríguez-Jimenez EA, Mastronardi CA, Velez-van-Meerbeke A. Leptin: role over central nervous system in epilepsy. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:51. [PMID: 30185147 PMCID: PMC6126011 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ with different effects on the body. Many of these effects are mediated by leptin, a hormone strongly involved in regulation of feeding and energy metabolism. It has an important role as a mediator of neuronal excitatory activity and higher brain functions. The aim of this study was to review the association between leptin and cerebral neuronal function, in particular its anticonvulsant or convulsant effects and the possible therapeutic role for treating epilepsy. For this purpose, the databases Pubmed, Science Direct, Elsevier, ResearchGate and Scielo were searched to identify experimental studies, reviews and systematic review articles, published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Experimental studies and the presence of leptin receptors in nervous system sites other than the hypothalamus suggest an influence on higher brain functions. Indeed several animal studies have demonstrated a role of these channels in epileptiform activity as both anticonvulsive and convulsive effects have been found. The reason for these discrepancies is unclear but provides clear evidence of a potential role of leptin and leptin therapy in epileptiform activity. The association between leptin and brain function demonstrates the importance of peripheral metabolic hormones on central nervous system and opens a new way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions in diseases like epilepsy. Nevertheless further investigations are important to clarify the dynamics and diverse actions of leptin on excitatory regulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mora-Muñoz
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Cra 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Velez-van-Meerbeke
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Cra 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Kvistad SS, Myhr KM, Holmøy T, Benth JŠ, Wergeland S, Beiske AG, Bjerve KS, Hovdal H, Midgard R, Sagen JV, Torkildsen Ø. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin are not associated with disease activity or treatment response in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:73-77. [PMID: 30196837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipokines secreted by fatty tissue have inflammatory properties and are suggested biomarkers of MS disease activity. To assess this, 88 MS patients were followed with nine repeated measurements of leptin and adiponectin and 12 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for two years; six months without any immunomodulatory treatment followed by 18 months during interferon-beta (IFNB) treatment. Serum levels of leptin dropped and adiponectin increased upon initiation of IFNB-therapy, but were not associated with clinical or MRI disease activity or with treatment response. Our findings indicate that leptin and adiponectin are not useful as biomarkers of MS disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Stokke Kvistad
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Biobank, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jūratė Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Stig Wergeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Registry and Biobank, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kristian S Bjerve
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway; Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Hovdal
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rune Midgard
- Department of Neurology, Molde Hospital, Norway; Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Effects of exercise training on cytokines and adipokines in multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 24:91-100. [PMID: 29982111 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity, particularly exercise training, is an evidence-based approach for managing symptoms, restoring function and improving overall wellness in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Several recent studies have argued for a potential disease modifying effect of exercise in people with MS, and among the potential mediating mechanisms are exercise training effects on both cytokines and adipokines. The objectives of this study were to perform a systematic review of exercise training effects on cytokine and adipokine profiles in persons with MS. METHODS We conducted open-dated searches of PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and PEDro using the terms 'Multiple sclerosis' or 'MS' AND 'exercise' OR 'training' OR 'physical activity' AND 'cytokine' OR 'inflammatory' OR 'immune' OR 'adipokine'. Included studies were written in English; comprised of humans with MS, and evaluated the effects of regular physical activity or exercise on pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines or adipokines. Two authors independently scanned titles and abstracts, and read the studies included. All studies were rated on the PEDro scale and further classified based on American Academy of Neurology criteria. RESULTS Twelve studies were included of which 10 studies focused on cytokines, 1 study focused on adipokines, and 1 study included both cytokines and adipokines. The selected studies included 3 Class I studies, 7 Class II studies, and 2 Class IV studies and had average PEDro scores of 6.9 ± 1.6. Studies included endurance (n = 5), resistance (n = 3), combined (n = 3), and vibration (n = 1) training. Overall, there is a general lack of standardization of procedures across studies and inconsistent evidence for the effects of physical activity and exercise on cytokine and adipokine profiles in MS, with a general pattern indicating a lack of effect. CONCLUSION Research regarding the effects of exercise training on cytokines and adipokines in MS is in its infancy, but exercise represents an adjuvant therapy in MS, and future studies are essential for clarifying the role of exercise on cytokines and adipokines in MS.
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Alwarawrah Y, Kiernan K, MacIver NJ. Changes in Nutritional Status Impact Immune Cell Metabolism and Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1055. [PMID: 29868016 PMCID: PMC5968375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell function and metabolism are closely linked. Many studies have now clearly demonstrated that alterations in cellular metabolism influence immune cell function and that, conversely, immune cell function determines the cellular metabolic state. Less well understood, however, are the effects of systemic metabolism or whole organism nutritional status on immune cell function and metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that undernutrition is associated with immunosuppression, which leads to both increased susceptibility to infection and protection against several types of autoimmune disease, whereas overnutrition is associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation that increases the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, promotes autoreactivity, and disrupts protective immunity. Here, we review the effects of nutritional status on immunity and highlight the effects of nutrition on circulating cytokines and immune cell populations in both human studies and mouse models. As T cells are critical members of the immune system, which direct overall immune response, we will focus this review on the influence of systemic nutritional status on T cell metabolism and function. Several cytokines and hormones have been identified which mediate the effects of nutrition on T cell metabolism and function through the expression and action of key regulatory signaling proteins. Understanding how T cells are sensitive to both inadequate and overabundant nutrients may enhance our ability to target immune cell metabolism and alter immunity in both malnutrition and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kaitlin Kiernan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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32
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Majdinasab N, Motl RW, Mokhtarzade M, Zimmer P, Ranjbar R, Keytsman C, Cullen T, Negaresh R, Baker JS. Acute responses of cytokines and adipokines to aerobic exercise in relapsing vs. remitting women with multiple sclerosis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018; 31:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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33
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Link between overweight/obese in children and youngsters and occurrence of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2018; 265:2755-2763. [PMID: 29700643 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The prevalence of overweight/obesity is a major problem in the world, and the number of MS cases is increasing. This literature study examines the relationship between overweight/obesity in children and adolescents and later occurrence of MS. METHOD This is a complete literature survey. The search database is primarily Pubmed using MeSH terms "multiple sclerosis", "obesity", and "overweight", and text words not to restrict searches. RESULTS All included studies show a link between being overweight/obese and the presence of MS among people below 20 years of age. The relation is especially true for young girls. The same relation in boys is not significant. CONCLUSION The literature survey convincingly revealed a link between young overweight/obese and occurrence of MS, in particular for girls. There is a need for more and larger studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms that link obesity and MS.
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34
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Xie XF, Huang XH, Shen AZ, Li J, Sun YH. Association between circulating leptin levels and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94:278-283. [PMID: 29581230 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AimLeptin, synthesised by adipocytes, has been identified as a hormone that can influence inflammatory activity. Several studies have investigated leptin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the results are not consistent. This study aims to derive a more precise evaluation on the relationship between circulating leptin levels and MS.DesignA comprehensive literature searched up to July 2017 was conducted to evaluate the association of circulating leptin levels and MS. The random-effect model was applied to calculate pooled standardised mean difference (SMD) and its 95% CI.Main outcome measuresCirculating leptin levels of patients with MS and healthy controls.ResultsOf 2155 studies identified, 33 met eligibility criteria and 9 studies with 645 patients with MS and 586 controls were finally included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that, compared with the healthy control group, the MS group had significantly higher plasma/serum leptin levels, with the SMD of 0.70% and 95% CI (0.24 to 1.15). Subgroup analyses suggested that the leptin levels of patients with MS were associated with region, age, study sample size, measurement type, gender and blood sample type.ConclusionOverall, our study suggests that patients with MS have a significantly higher leptin level than in healthy controls. Further mechanism studies and longitudinal large cohort studies are still needed to further reveal the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Xie
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Huang
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ai-Zong Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ye-Huan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Huitema MJD, Schenk GJ. Insights into the Mechanisms That May Clarify Obesity as a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:18. [PMID: 29525910 PMCID: PMC5845596 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The proportion to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still incompletely understood. An interesting association between MS etiology and obesity has recently been shown although the mechanisms underlying this association are still unknown. We propose deregulated gut microbiota and increased leptin levels as possible mechanisms underlying MS etiology in obese individuals. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in the human gut microbiota and leptin levels have recently been established as immune modulators in both MS patients and obese individuals. A resemblance between pro-inflammatory bacterial profiles in MS and obese individuals was observed. Furthermore, elevated leptin levels push the immune system towards a more pro-inflammatory state and inhibit the regulatory immune response. Deregulated gut microbiota and elevated leptin levels may explain the increased risk of developing MS in obese individuals. Further research to confirm causality is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije J D Huitema
- Faculty of medicine, VU University, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Geert J Schenk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Amsterdam, VUmc MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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36
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Yousefian M, Nemati R, Daryabor G, Gholijani N, Nikseresht A, Borhani-Haghighi A, Kamali-Sarvestani E. Gender-Specific Association of Leptin and Adiponectin Genes With Multiple Sclerosis. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:159-167. [PMID: 30219158 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipocytokines such as leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) represent a link between metabolism, nutritional status and immune responses. The present study aimed to determine the possible association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of LEP and ADIPOQ genes with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms in LEP (rs2167270 or 19G > A and rs7799039 or -2,548G > A) and ADIPOQ (rs1501299 or +276G > T and rs266729 or -11,377C > G) were genotyped in 305 patients and 255 healthy individuals using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Sera levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The frequencies of low leptin producer rs2167270GG genotype and rs2167270G allele were significantly lower in patients with MS compared to those of controls (for GG genotype: 39.7% and 49.8%, respectively; P = 0.01; for G allele: 63.3% and 68.8%, respectively; P = 0.05). Both polymorphisms in ADIPOQ did not show any significant association with disease susceptibility, though after gender categorization the frequency of high adiponectin producer rs1501299TT genotype and rs1501299T allele were significantly higher in male controls compared to male patients (TT genotype: P = 0.006; T allele: P = 0.006). Additionally, rs1501299TT genotype in ADIPOQ was associated with susceptibility to primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PP-MS) (P = 0.02). Moreover, while the sera levels of leptin were only different between male patients and controls (P = 0.05), adiponectin levels were significantly higher in total and female healthy controls (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence to support the hypothesis that functional ADIPOQ and LEP gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to MS and its clinical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Yousefian
- Neurology Department, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Nemati
- Neurology Department, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Daryabor
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Naser Gholijani
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Nikseresht
- Neurology Department, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afshin Borhani-Haghighi
- Neurology Department, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Eskandar Kamali-Sarvestani
- Neurology Department, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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37
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Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction: Link Between Multiple Sclerosis Osteoporosis and Neurodegeneration. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:37-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bove RM. Why monkeys do not get multiple sclerosis (spontaneously): An evolutionary approach. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:43-59. [PMID: 29492266 PMCID: PMC5824939 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to apply an evolutionary lens to understanding the origins of multiple sclerosis (MS), integrating three broad observations. First, only humans are known to develop MS spontaneously. Second, humans have evolved large brains, with characteristically large amounts of metabolically costly myelin. This myelin is generated over long periods of neurologic development—and peak MS onset coincides with the end of myelination. Third, over the past century there has been a disproportionate increase in the rate of MS in young women of childbearing age, paralleling increasing westernization and urbanization, indicating sexually specific susceptibility in response to changing exposures. From these three observations about MS, a life history approach leads us to hypothesize that MS arises in humans from disruption of the normal homeostatic mechanisms of myelin production and maintenance, during our uniquely long myelination period. This review will highlight under-explored areas of homeostasis in brain development, that are likely to shed new light on the origins of MS and to raise further questions about the interactions between our ancestral genes and modern environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bove
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Bove R, Healy BC, Musallam A, Soltany P, Diaz-Cruz C, Sattarnezhad N, Glanz BI, Kivisäkk P, Miller KK, Chitnis T. Fatty acid binding protein-4 is associated with disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2018; 25:344-351. [PMID: 29320952 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517750768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased adiposity is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is associated with increased disability scores. Adipokines may mediate the effects of adiposity on MS disease course. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine the association between the adipokines (leptin and fatty acid binding protein-4, FABP4) and clinical course in individuals with MS. METHODS Subjects (18-65 years) with relapsing-remitting MS or clinically isolated syndrome and <10 year disease duration were selected from a longitudinal clinical study. Cross-sectional and longitudinal models assessed the relationship between two adipokines (leptin and FABP4) and disease severity in women and men, adjusting for age, disease duration and disease type, Vitamin D level, testosterone level, and as well by body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Mean age of subjects ( N = 163, 56% women) was 39.3 years. Higher FABP4 levels were associated with higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores in women in both univariate and multivariate analyses (odds ratio: 1.30; p = 0.005). In men, higher FABP4 level was significantly associated with change in EDSS over time (estimate: 0.0062; p = 0.035). We found no association of FABP4 levels with time to next relapse or a measure of processing speed. CONCLUSION FABP4 levels may be associated with increased disability in both men and women with MS independent of effects of BMI and other hormones. Future studies should expand these analyses and further explore downstream mechanisms of adiposity-related effects in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Bove
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/ Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brain C Healy
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/Massachusetts General Hospital's Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Musallam
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pejvak Soltany
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilo Diaz-Cruz
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neda Sattarnezhad
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie I Glanz
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/ Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pia Kivisäkk
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/ Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Choi IY, Lee C, Longo VD. Nutrition and fasting mimicking diets in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases and immunosenescence. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 455:4-12. [PMID: 28137612 PMCID: PMC5862044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex and coordinated signals are necessary to initiate and sustain the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of lymphocytes. These signals, which are known to determine T-cell fate and function, also depend on the metabolic state of the organism. Recent studies indicate that both the type and levels of nutrients can influence the generation, survival and function of lymphocytes and therefore can affect several autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the dysregulation of lymphocytes during autoimmunity and aging, the mechanisms associated with loss of immune function, and how fasting mimicking diets and other dietary interventions affect autoimmunity and immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Young Choi
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Changhan Lee
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy.
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Yang J, Zhang X, Ma Y, Wu M, Hu X, Han R, Yuan Y, Wang M, Chen M, Jiang S, Tong J, Xu S, Xu J, Shuai Z, Zou Y, Pan F. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:310-317. [PMID: 28985620 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various studies have researched the serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), but the results were inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the correlations between serum levels of these adipokines and AS. METHODS Electronic databases were retrieved to search relevant publications. Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by the random-effect model. Cochrane Q test and I2 statistic were used to test heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were applied to assess possible sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of sixteen articles were included. Meta-analysis results indicated no statistical differences between AS patients and normal controls in serum leptin and adiponectin levels (leptin, SMD=0.829, 95% CI=-0.116 to 1.774, p=0.085; adiponectin, SMD=0.460, 95% CI=-0.004 to 0.924, p=0.052). However, AS patients had higher serum resistin levels than controls (SMD=1.413, 95% CI=0.294 to 2.531, p=0.013). Subgroup analyses suggested that Asian and African AS patients as well as patients aged <40years had higher serum leptin and resistin levels when compared to controls. Serum adiponectin levels were higher in AS patients compared to controls in subgroup of age ≥40, and serum resistin levels in subgroup of BMI ≥25. Measurement method was a source of heterogeneity for resistin. Publication bias was not observed and the robustness of study results was confirmed by sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION Serum resistin, but not leptin or adiponectin levels may be closely associated with the development of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yubo Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xingxing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Renfang Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Mengya Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shanqun Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jingjing Tong
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Shengqian Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Yanfeng Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Mokhtarzade M, Ranjbar R, Majdinasab N, Patel D, Molanouri Shamsi M. Effect of aerobic interval training on serum IL-10, TNFα, and adipokines levels in women with multiple sclerosis: possible relations with fatigue and quality of life. Endocrine 2017; 57:262-271. [PMID: 28616851 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple sclerosis is associated with immune system dysfunction and chronic inflammation; however, possible relations between immunologic and metabolic factors and some psychological indexes such as fatigue and quality of life, especially in relation to exercise training, have not yet been investigated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aerobic interval training on interleukin-10/tumor necrosis factor ratio and adipokine (leptin and adiponectin) concentrations in women with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, the relationship between these factors with fatigue and quality of life were assessed. METHODS Forty women with multiple sclerosis (Expanded Disability Status Scale ≤3) were randomized into either a non-exercising control or training group. The training group performed 8-weeks of upper and lower limb aerobic interval training. Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factorα, interleukin-10, leptin, and adiponectin were measured before and after the 8-week intervention. Moreover, antropometric measures and measures for fatigue and quality of life were determined at the onset of and after exercise training. RESULTS The results revealed that leptin and tumor necrosis factorα levels significantly decreased subsequent to the aerobic interval training. Although blood adiponectin levels considerably increased in the training group, interleukin-10 and interleukin-10/tumor necrosis factorα ratio underwent no substantial change after the exercise training. In addition, the aerobic interval training was associated with improvement in fatigue, quality of life, and maximal oxygen consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that aerobic interval training can be an effective strategy for managing the immune system at least by its significant impact on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines levels in women with multiple sclerosis. Additionally, this positive impact improved fatigue and adipose tissue indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rouholah Ranjbar
- Department of Sport Physiology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Darpan Patel
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mehdieh Molanouri Shamsi
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Çoban A, Düzel B, Tüzün E, Tamam Y. Investigation of the prognostic value of adipokines in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017. [PMID: 28641765 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines may be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as other inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to analyze the value of serum adipokine levels as biomarkers in determining the clinical progression of MS. METHODS A total of 90 subjects including 40 healthy individuals and 50 MS patients [24 with classical clinical course of MS (C-MS), 26 with benign MS (B-MS)] were recruited for this study. The levels of serum adipokines and inflammatory mediators were measured using immunoassay methods. RESULTS The levels of adiponectin, MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in C-MS patients compared with B-MS patients and healthy controls. Only adiponectin and MCP-1 levels remained significantly high after Bonferroni correction. Adiponectin, MCP-1 and TNF-α levels showed a modest correlation with expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores, which disappeared after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the potential role of adipokines in pathogenesis and clinical progression of MS. Adiponectin and MCP-1 might potentially serve as prognostic biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Çoban
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Berna Düzel
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tamam
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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El husseny MWA, Mamdouh M, Shaban S, Ibrahim Abushouk A, Zaki MMM, Ahmed OM, Abdel-Daim MM. Adipokines: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Vascular Dysfunction in Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:8095926. [PMID: 28286779 PMCID: PMC5327767 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8095926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are bioactive molecules that regulate several physiological functions such as energy balance, insulin sensitization, appetite regulation, inflammatory response, and vascular homeostasis. They include proinflammatory cytokines such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as adiponectin, as well as vasodilator and vasoconstrictor molecules. In obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (DM), insulin resistance causes impairment of the endocrine function of the perivascular adipose tissue, an imbalance in the secretion of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator molecules, and an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have shown that targeting plasma levels of adipokines or the expression of their receptors can increase insulin sensitivity, improve vascular function, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several reviews have discussed the potential of adipokines as therapeutic targets for type II DM and obesity; however, this review is the first to focus on their therapeutic potential for vascular dysfunction in type II DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Wanees Ahmed El husseny
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
- NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt
- Fayoum Medical Student Association, Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | - Sara Shaban
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | | | - Osama M. Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Novo AM, Batista S. Multiple Sclerosis: Implications of Obesity in Neuroinflammation. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 19:191-210. [PMID: 28933066 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63260-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the remarkable properties of adipose tissue as a metabolically active organ, several evidences on the possible link between obesity and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been gathered. Obesity in early life, mainly during adolescence, has been proposed as a relevant risk factor for late MS development. Moreover, once MS is initiated, obesity can contribute to increase disease severity by negatively influencing disease progress. Despite the fact that clinical data are not yet conclusive, many biochemical links have been recently disclosed. The "low-grade inflammation" that characterizes obesity can lead to neuroinflammation through different mechanisms, including choroid plexus and blood-brain barrier disruption. Furthermore, it is well known that resident immune cells of central nervous system and peripheral immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of MS, and adipokines and neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y may mediate the cross talk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Novo
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Batista
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Metabolic control of immune tolerance in health and autoimmunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:491-504. [PMID: 27720234 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The filed that links immunity and metabolism is rapidly expanding. The adipose tissue, by secreting a series of immune regulators called adipokines, represents the common mediator linking metabolic processes and immune system functions. The dysregulation of adipokine secretion, occurring in obese individuals or in conditions of malnutrition or dietary restriction, affects the activity of immune cells resulting in inflammatory autoimmune responses or increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Alterations of cell metabolism that characterize several autoimmune diseases strongly support the idea that the immune tolerance is also regulated by metabolic pathways. The comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies to control immune cell differentiation and function in conditions of autoimmunity.
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Multiple Sclerosis and Obesity: Possible Roles of Adipokines. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4036232. [PMID: 27721574 PMCID: PMC5046034 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4036232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the Central Nervous System that has been associated with several environmental factors, such as diet and obesity. The possible link between MS and obesity has become more interesting in recent years since the discovery of the remarkable properties of adipose tissue. Once MS is initiated, obesity can contribute to increased disease severity by negatively influencing disease progress and treatment response, but, also, obesity in early life is highly relevant as a susceptibility factor and causally related risk for late MS development. The aim of this review was to discuss recent evidence about the link between obesity, as a chronic inflammatory state, and the pathogenesis of MS as a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease. First, we describe the main cells involved in MS pathogenesis, both from neural tissue and from the immune system, and including a new participant, the adipocyte, focusing on their roles in MS. Second, we concentrate on the role of several adipokines that are able to participate in the mediation of the immune response in MS and on the possible cross talk between the latter. Finally, we explore recent therapy that involves the transplantation of adipocyte precursor cells for the treatment of MS.
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Adipsin Is Associated with Multiple Sclerosis: A Follow-Up Study of Adipokines. Mult Scler Int 2015; 2015:371734. [PMID: 26634156 PMCID: PMC4655075 DOI: 10.1155/2015/371734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective. The role of adipokines in regulation of immune responses has been recognized, but very little is known about their impact on multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we analysed whether the major adipokines are differentially expressed in plasma of patients with different MS subtypes and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and explored their association with major disease characteristics. Methods. The levels of adiponectin, adipsin, leptin, and resistin in the plasma of 80 patients with different subtypes of MS and CIS were followed up annually over the two years. The data obtained were correlated with disease activity, EDSS and volumes of T1-weighted lesions (T1-LV), and fluid attenuation inversion recovery lesions (FLAIR-LV) on MRI. Results. In MS group, a correlation was found between the level of adipsin and EDSS score at baseline (r = 0.506, p < 0.001). In RRMS, the levels of adipsin correlated with EDSS scores (r = 0.542, p = 0.002), T1-LV (r = 0.410, p = 0.034), and FLAIR-LV (r = 0.601, p = 0.0001) at baseline and an increase in the T1-LV over the follow-up (r = 0.582, p = 0.003). Associations with other adipokines were not detected. Conclusion. Our exploratory study provides novel insights on the impact of adipokines in MS and suggests that adipsin exerts predictive potential as a biomarker of neurodegeneration.
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The emerging role of adiponectin in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1887-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Penesova A, Vlcek M, Imrich R, Vernerova L, Marko A, Meskova M, Grunnerova L, Turcani P, Jezova D, Kollar B. Hyperinsulinemia in newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:895-901. [PMID: 25809135 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data regarding glucose metabolism dysregulation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Present study investigates glucose and insulin response during oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) in MS patients. We examined 19 MS patients and 19 age, sex and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy controls. MS patients were newly diagnosed, untreated and with low Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score (1.1 ± 0.7). Plasma glucose, lactate, insulin and GLP-1 during oGTT, and fasting adipokines, lipid and inflammatory parameters were analyzed. Insulin sensitivity indices (ISI) were calculated. MS patients had comparable fasting (5.2 ± 0.3 vs. 5.0 ± 0.4 mmol/l, p = 0.05) and post-load glucose concentrations as controls. Insulin response to oral glucose load in MS was increased (p = 0.022). Insulin sensitivity was lower in MS compared to controls [ISI(Matsuda) 6.95 ± 3.44 vs. 10.60 ± 4.81, p = 0.011 and ISI(Cederholm) 49.9 ± 15.3 vs. 61.3 ± 16.3, p = 0.032]. We did not find any difference in lactate, GLP-1, total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor, C-reactive protein, resistin, leptin, adiponectin levels between groups. We found decreased insulin sensitivity with postprandial hyperinsulinemia in MS patients, which seems not to be related to chronic inflammation or physical inactivity. The role of hyperinsulinemia in CNS function impairment should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Penesova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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