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Alkenani NA, Baroom HM, Almohimeed AA, Hassan SO, Mohammed MS, Alshehri LA, Alshehri SA, Abu Sulayman SM, Al-Maaqar SM, Alshaeri MA. Serological investigation of Coxiella burnetii infection (Query fever) in livestock in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia. Vet World 2024; 17:842-847. [PMID: 38798290 PMCID: PMC11111712 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.842-847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Query fever (Q fever) is an endemic zoonotic disease and ruminants are considered to be the primary source of infection in humans. It is caused by Coxiella burnetii which is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen with a worldwide distribution. This study estimated the prevalence of Q fever in livestock with a history of abortion in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods Sera from 341 camels, 326 sheep, and 121 goats of either sex from various locations (Makkah, Jeddah, AL-Taif, AL-Qunfudah, AL-Laith, and AL-Kamil) were examined using a Q fever indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Among the 788 serum samples, 356 animals had anti-Coxiella burnetii immunoglobulin G antibodies with an overall seroprevalence of 45.4%. Significant differences were observed in seroprevalence between species and locations. Camels had the highest percentage of Q fever-positive sera, with a prevalence of 50.4%, followed by goats (44.6%) and sheep (36.8%), with a high significant difference between animals (p = 0.000). The prevalence was significantly higher in Makkah (65.4%) than in Jeddah (28.8%). Conclusion C. burnetii infection is prevalent in agricultural animals, especially camels maintained at livestock farms in Makkah province. Therefore, these animals considered as the main source of Q fever infections in Saudi Arabia, which is also a reason for the abortion in these animals. Therefore, there is an urgent need for further studies on Q fever infection with interventional approaches for prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A. Alkenani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Environmental Protection and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan M. Baroom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adi A. Almohimeed
- Department of Microbiology, Jeddah Islamic Port Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salaheldin O. Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Jeddah Islamic Port Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Mohammed
- Department of Parasitology, Jeddah Islamic Port Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla A. Alshehri
- Department of Parasitology, Jeddah Islamic Port Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. A. Alshehri
- Department of Microbiology, Jeddah Islamic Port Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Abu Sulayman
- Department of Microbiology, Jeddah Islamic Port Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh M. Al-Maaqar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, Albaydha University, Al-Baydha, Yemen
| | - Majed A. Alshaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Environmental Protection and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ali A, Obaid MK, Almutairi MM, Alouffi A, Numan M, Ullah S, Rehman G, Islam ZU, Khan SB, Tanaka T. Molecular detection of Coxiella spp. in ticks (Ixodidae and Argasidae) infesting domestic and wild animals: with notes on the epidemiology of tick-borne Coxiella burnetii in Asia. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1229950. [PMID: 37577446 PMCID: PMC10415105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1229950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Coxiella spp. are emerging in novel regions infecting different hosts, but information regarding their occurrence is limited. The purpose of this study was the molecular screening of Coxiella spp. in various ticks infesting goats, sheep, camels, cattle, wild mice, and domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) in various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Morphologically identified tick species were confirmed by obtaining their cox1 sequences and were molecularly screened for Coxiella spp. by sequencing GroEL fragments. Almost 345 out of 678 (50.9%) hosts were infested by nine tick species. Regarding the age groups, the hosts having an age >3 years were highly infested (192/345, 55.6%), while gender-wise infestation was higher in female hosts (237/345, 68.7%). In collected ticks, the nymphs were outnumbered (613/1,119, 54.8%), followed by adult females (293/1,119, 26.2%) and males (213/1,119, 19.7%). A total of 227 ticks were processed for molecular identification and detection of Coxiella spp. The obtained cox1 sequences of nine tick species such as Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma anatolicum, Haemaphysalis cornupunctata, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis danieli, Haemaphysalis montgomeryi, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Rhipicephalus microplus, and Argas persicus showed maximum identities between 99.6% and 100% with the same species and in the phylogenetic tree, clustered to the corresponding species. All the tick species except Ha. danieli and R. microplus were found positive for Coxiella spp. (40/227, 17.6%), including Coxiella burnetii (15/40, 6.7%), Coxiella endosymbionts (14/40, 6.3%), and different Coxiella spp. (11/40, 4.9%). By the BLAST results, the GroEL fragments of Coxiella spp. showed maximum identity to C. burnetii, Coxiella endosymbionts, and Coxiella sp., and phylogenetically clustered to the corresponding species. This is the first comprehensive report regarding the genetic characterization of Coxiella spp. in Pakistan's ticks infesting domestic and wild hosts. Proper surveillance and management measures should be undertaken to avoid health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Obaid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Holloway P, Gibson M, Nash S, Holloway T, Cardwell J, Al Omari B, Abu‐Basha E, Mangtani P, Guitian J. A cross-sectional study of Q fever in Camels: Risk factors for infection, the role of small ruminants and public health implications for desert-dwelling pastoral communities. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:238-247. [PMID: 36601879 PMCID: PMC10952281 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Q fever represents an important 'neglected zoonosis', with high prevalences recorded across the Middle East region. Among rural desert-dwelling communities in the region, camel milk is largely consumed raw, due to perceptions of dromedaries as a uniquely clean livestock species mentioned in the Qur'an and Islamic hadith, while milk from other livestock species is usually boiled. As a result, camels present a unique public health threat among such communities from milk-borne pathogens, including Coxiella burnetii. In view of this, a cross-sectional study was conducted among dromedary herds in southern Jordan between September 2017 and October 2018, including 404 camels from 121 randomly selected herds. In addition, 510 household members associated with these herds were interviewed regarding potential high-risk practices for zoonotic transmission. Weight adjusted camel population seroprevalence for C. burnetii was 49.6% (95% CI: 44.7-54.5), with evidence of maternally derived immunity in calves ≤6 months old. Adjusted herd-level prevalence was 76.0% (95% CI 72.7-80.2). It was estimated 30.4% (144/477) of individuals consumed raw milk from infected herds monthly or more. Following multivariable logistic regression analysis, seropositive status in camels was found to be associated with increasing age, high herd tick burdens, keeping the herd together throughout the year including when calving, and owning larger (>50) sheep and goat flocks, with goats presenting a higher risk than sheep. Racing camel status was found to be protective. Socioculturally appropriate interventions aimed at raising awareness of potential risks associated with drinking raw camel milk, alongside appropriate livestock management interventions, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Nash
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | | | | | - Bilal Al Omari
- Jordan University of Science and TechnologyAr‐RamthaJordan
| | - Ehab Abu‐Basha
- Jordan University of Science and TechnologyAr‐RamthaJordan
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Q fever ( Coxiella burnetii) Exposure in Smallholder Dairy Cattle in Tanzania. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120662. [PMID: 36548823 PMCID: PMC9784148 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease, resulting from infection with Coxiella burnetii. Infection in cattle can cause abortion and infertility, however, there is little epidemiological information regarding the disease in dairy cattle in Tanzania. Between July 2019 and October 2020, a serosurvey was conducted in six high dairy producing regions of Tanzania. Cattle sera were tested for antibodies to C. burnetii using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A mixed effect logistic regression model identified risk factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. A total of 79 out of 2049 dairy cattle tested positive with an overall seroprevalence of 3.9% (95% CI 3.06-4.78) across the six regions with the highest seroprevalence in Tanga region (8.21%, 95% CI 6.0-10.89). Risk factors associated with seropositivity included: extensive feeding management (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.25-3.77), and low precipitation below 1000 mm (OR 2.76, 95% 1.37-7.21). The disease seroprevalence is relatively low in the high dairy cattle producing regions of Tanzania. Due to the zoonotic potential of the disease, future efforts should employ a "One Health" approach to understand the epidemiology, and for interdisciplinary control to reduce the impacts on animal and human health.
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Mostafavi E, Ghasemian A, Abdinasir A, Nematollahi Mahani SA, Rawaf S, Salehi Vaziri M, Gouya MM, Minh Nhu Nguyen T, Al Awaidy S, Al Ariqi L, Islam MM, Abu Baker Abd Farag E, Obtel M, Omondi Mala P, Matar GM, Asghar RJ, Barakat A, Sahak MN, Abdulmonem Mansouri M, Swaka A. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2001-2018. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:1286-1300. [PMID: 33904695 PMCID: PMC9808364 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) are predisposed to highly contagious, severe and fatal, emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), and re-emerging infectious diseases (RIDs). This paper reviews the epidemiological situation of EIDs and RIDs of global concern in the EMR between 2001 and 2018. METHODS To do a narrative review, a complete list of studies in the field was we prepared following a systematic search approach. Studies that were purposively reviewed were identified to summarize the epidemiological situation of each targeted disease. A comprehensive search of all published studies on EIDs and RIDs between 2001 and 2018 was carried out through search engines including Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. RESULTS Leishmaniasis, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are reported from all countries in the region. Chikungunya, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), dengue fever, and H5N1 have been increasing in number, frequency, and expanding in their geographic distribution. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which was reported in this region in 2012 is still a public health concern. There are challenges to control cholera, diphtheria, leishmaniasis, measles, and poliomyelitis in some of the countries. Moreover, Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (AHF), and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are limited to some countries in the region. Also, there is little information about the real situation of the plague, Q fever, and tularemia. CONCLUSION EIDs and RIDs are prevalent in most countries in the region and could further spread within the region. It is crucial to improve regional capacities and capabilities in preventing and responding to disease outbreaks with adequate resources and expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abubakar Abdinasir
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seyed Alireza Nematollahi Mahani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mostafa Salehi Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- Centre for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tran Minh Nhu Nguyen
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Lubna Al Ariqi
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Md. Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Majdouline Obtel
- Laboratory of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Peter Omondi Mala
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghassan M. Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut & Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Jawad Asghar
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Global Health Strategists & Implementers (GHSI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amal Barakat
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Nadir Sahak
- Infectious Hazard Management Department, World Health Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Mariam Abdulmonem Mansouri
- Communicable Diseases Control Department, Public Health Directorate Unit, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Alexandra Swaka
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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Devaux CA, Osman IO, Million M, Raoult D. Coxiella burnetii in Dromedary Camels ( Camelus dromedarius): A Possible Threat for Humans and Livestock in North Africa and the Near and Middle East? Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:558481. [PMID: 33251255 PMCID: PMC7674558 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.558481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The "One Health" concept recognizes that human health is connected to animal health and to the ecosystems. Coxiella burnetii-induced human Q fever is one of the most widespread neglected zoonosis. The main animal reservoirs responsible for C. burnetii transmission to humans are domesticated ruminants, primarily goats, sheep, and cattle. Although studies are still too sparse to draw definitive conclusions, the most recent C. burnetii serosurvey studies conducted in herds and farms in Africa, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Asia highlighted that seroprevalence was strikingly higher in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) than in other ruminants. The C. burnetii seroprevalence in camel herds can reach more than 60% in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan, and 70 to 80% in Algeria and Chad, respectively. The highest seroprevalence was in female camels with a previous history of abortion. Moreover, C. burnetii infection was reported in ticks of the Hyalomma dromedarii and Hyalomma impeltatum species collected on camels. Even if dromedary camels represent <3% of the domesticated ruminants in the countries of the Mediterranean basin Southern coast, these animals play a major socioeconomic role for millions of people who live in the arid zones of Africa, Middle East, and Asia. In Chad and Somalia, camels account for about 7 and 21% of domesticated ruminants, respectively. To meet the growing consumers demand of camel meat and milk (>5 million tons/year of both raw and pasteurized milk according to the Food and Agriculture Organization) sustained by a rapid increase of population (growth rate: 2.26-3.76 per year in North Africa), dromedary camel breeding tends to increase from the Maghreb to the Arabic countries. Because of possible long-term persistence of C. burnetii in camel hump adipocytes, this pathogen could represent a threat for herds and breeding farms and ultimately for public health. Because this review highlights a hyperendemia of C. burnetii in dromedary camels, a proper screening of herds and breeding farms for C. burnetii is urgently needed in countries where camel breeding is on the rise. Moreover, the risk of C. burnetii transmission from camel to human should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ikram Omar Osman
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Faculty of Sciences Ben-Ben-M'Sik, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Matthieu Million
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Aljafar A, Salem M, Housawi F, Zaghawa A, Hegazy Y. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Q-fever (C. burnetii infection) among ruminants reared in the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2631-2638. [PMID: 32458350 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Q-fever is a worldwide spread zoonotic disease associated with severe illness in humans and abortions and stillbirths in ruminants. Ruminants are major sources of human infection where subclinical carriers shed the bacteria in various secretions and excreta. The goal of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii infection among cattle, sheep, and goats in the eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A total of 1310 serum samples were collected through a designed cross-sectional study from private farms and slaughterhouses in the study area and examined against antibodies of C. burnetii using ELISA. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was built to detect risk factors of C. burnetii infection among examined species. The prevalence of C. burnetii infection among examined animals was 9.2% (CI, 7.7-10.8)-15.6%, 9.1%, and 5.8% among goats, cattle, and sheep, respectively). The risk of getting C. burnetii infection among old animals (> 1 year old) was 23 times higher than the risk among young animals (< 1 year old) (95% CI, 10.04-53.01; P < 0.01). Goats were 2.27 (95% CI, 1.41-3.66; P < 0.01) and 3 times at higher risk than cattle and sheep, respectively, of getting C. burnetii infection. In conclusion, C. burnetii infection is widespread among different ruminant species of the eastern province of KSA which represents a high risk for environmental contamination and disseminating the infection to humans and animal species in that area. Also, our findings may reflect the disease status in other countries of the Arabian Gulf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Aljafar
- Department of Clinical Studies and King Faisal University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Salem
- Department of Clinical Studies and King Faisal University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadhel Housawi
- Department of Clinical Studies and King Faisal University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Zaghawa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Yamen Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafrelsheikh, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
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Obaidat MM, Malania L, Imnadze P, Roess AA, Bani Salman AE, Arner RJ. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Coxiella burnetii in Jordan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:40-44. [PMID: 31115294 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii in Jordan. A total of 781 individuals from 11 governorates of Jordan were tested by SERION ELISA classic C. burnetii IgG Phase 2. A validated and pretested questionnaire was used to collect risk factors and demographic data. The overall seroprevalence for C. burnetii was 24.2% (95% CI; 21.3-27.3%). Unadjusted odds ratios showed that governorate of residence, consumption of raw milk, and ownership of sheep, goats, and dogs were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. The multivariate logistic regression showed that individuals who own small ruminants had three times greater odds of seropositivity than those who do not own a small ruminant, after controlling for age, gender, raw milk consumption, and ownership of dogs. In addition, individuals who live in Al-Karak, Az-Zarqa, and Al-Tafilah had significantly greater odds of seropositivity compared with individuals who live in the capital city, Amman (OR = 3.6, 4.8, and 2.7, respectively). This study suggests that preventive measures should be practiced in ruminant farms in Jordan to avoid C. burnetii infection. Coxiella burnetii should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile-like illnesses in Jordan, especially among farmers and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lile Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Amira A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alaa E Bani Salman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ryan J Arner
- Ryan Arner Science Consulting, LLC, Freeport, Pennsylvania
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Mostafavi E, Molaeipoor L, Esmaeili S, Ghasemi A, Kamalizad M, Yousefi Behzadi M, Naserifar R, Rohani M, Hashemi Shahraki A. Seroprevalence of Q fever among high-risk occupations in the Ilam province, the west of Iran. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211781. [PMID: 30779802 PMCID: PMC6380538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Q fever is a zoonotic disease of great public health importance in Iran. This disease is presented with high phase I antibody development in chronic and high phase II antibody in the acute form of illness. This study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence of Q fever among high-risk occupations in the Ilam province in Western Iran. Methods and findings In this cross-sectional study, 367 sera samples were collected from five groups comprised of animal husbandry workers, farmers, butchers, slaughterhouse workers, and park rangers. The collected sera were tested for IgG antibodies against Coxiella burnetii using ELISA. The seroprevalence of antibodies against C. burnetii in phase I and II was 24.38% and 26.37%, respectively (i.e., 32.42% overall). Low educational level, living in rural areas, keeping sheep/goats, ages older than 50 years, and a history of arthropod bites positively correlated with increased risk of Q fever infection. Animal husbandry workers (45.13%) were at higher risk of contracting Q fever compared with other occupations in the study (17.11%). Conclusions High seroprevalence of C. burnetii among high-risk occupations is a serious challenge in the Ilam province. In addition, the high seroprevalence of endemic Q fever in rural and nomadic areas and a higher concentration of occupations who are directly engaged with livestock demonstrate the critical need for preventive medicine education and training in regards to mitigating risk for disease contraction in susceptible groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Leila Molaeipoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Kamalizad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Manijeh Yousefi Behzadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razi Naserifar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rohani
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolrazagh Hashemi Shahraki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
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10
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Alhetheel AF, Binkhamis K, Somily A, Barry M, Shakoor Z. Screening for Q fever. A tertiary care hospital-based experience in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:1195-1199. [PMID: 30520500 PMCID: PMC6344652 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.12.23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presence of Coxiella burnetii (C. brunetii) infection among patients presenting with fever of unknown origin (FUO). METHODS A cross-sectional study of 100 patients (54 men and 46 women; mean age: 34.3 ± 19.2 years) with FUO was conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between March 2015 and June 2016. Phase 1 and phase 2 C. burnetii-specific antibodies in serum samples were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Coxiella burnetii phase 1 and phase 2 antibodies were detected in 16% of the patients. Phase 2 IgM was present in 2% of the patients, whereas phase 2 IgG antibodies were detected in 11% of the patients. Coxiella burnetii-specific phase 1 IgG was found in 2% of the patients, and 8% of the patients harbored phase 1 IgA antibodies in their serum. CONCLUSION The presence of C. burnetii-specific antibodies in many patients suffering from FUO highlights the importance of Q fever screening among patients presenting with febrile illness.
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11
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Pérez-Arellano JL, Carranza Rodríguez C, Gutierrez C, Bolaños Rivero M. [Epidemiology of Q fever in Spain (2018)]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2018; 31:386-405. [PMID: 30027720 PMCID: PMC6194867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is an anthropozoonosis whose causative agent is Coxiella burnetii, which has an important impact from the human and animal health point of view. In this review, a brief historical reference of the infection by C. burnetii and Q fever has been made initially. In a second section the basic epidemiological aspects of this infection are described (reservoirs/ sources of infection, form of transmission and epidemiological forms). Subsequently, the data of the infection by C. burnetii in Spain will be are indicated, particularly the clinical series, the seroepidemiological studies in humans, the affectation of different types of mammals and the participation of the ticks in the biological cycle. In addition, basic data on C. burnetii infection/ disease in other regions of the world will be are also included. Finally, and taking into account the previous data will indicate the main epidemiological characteristics of Q fever at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pérez-Arellano
- Prof. J. L Pérez Arellano, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Medicina Tropical. Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria. Avda Marítima del Sur 35080. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Spain.
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12
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Rapid and Visual Detection of Coxiella burnetii Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Strips. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6417354. [PMID: 29850545 PMCID: PMC5925019 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6417354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, a global-distributed biological warfare agent, is the causative agent of Q fever. Correct diagnosis of Q fever is challenging and developing a fast, simple, and reliable detection method is necessary. In this study, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay combined with lateral flow (LF) test was developed targeting 23S rRNA gene of C. burnetii Xinqiao strain. Primers and probe were designed and synthesized, with one set with high amplification efficiency screened for establishment of the method. Reaction conditions were optimized. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were evaluated. The established RPA-LF reaction could be completed in 30 minutes by combining RPA at 37°C with LF at room temperature, with visually judged results. The method showed good specificity without recognizing other bacteria evaluated. It detected positive plasmid and genomic DNA at levels of 10 copies/reaction and 7 copies/reaction, respectively, levels comparable to that of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) targeting 23S rRNA gene established previously. Both RPA-LF and RT-qPCR were used to detect C. burnetii-infected mouse samples and the results were fully consistent. The method showed superior detection performance and will provide technical support against C. burnetii in resources-limited areas.
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13
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Khalili M, Naderi HR, Salehnia N, Abiri Z. Detection of Coxiella burnetii in acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (AUFIs) in Iran. Trop Doct 2016; 46:221-224. [PMID: 26767385 DOI: 10.1177/0049475515624855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are limited data on the aetiology of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (AUFIs) in Iran. Moreover, Coxiella burnetii has not previously been detected in clinical samples in this country. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of considering C. burnetii as a cause of AUFI. In this retrospective study, in 92 cases of AUFI where Q fever was suspected, C. burnetii DNA was detected in seven samples (7.36%). This is the first molecular confirmation of C. burnetii from clinical samples from Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Naderi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasim Salehnia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Abiri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Memish ZA, Assiri A, Turkestani A, Yezli S, Al Masri M, Charrel R, Drali T, Gaudart J, Edouard S, Parola P, Gautret P. Mass gathering and globalization of respiratory pathogens during the 2013 Hajj. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:571.e1-8. [PMID: 25700892 PMCID: PMC7129181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Every year, more than 10 million pilgrims arrive in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the Hajj or Umrah. Crowding conditions lead to high rates of respiratory infections among the pilgrims, representing a significant cause of morbidity and a major cause of hospitalization. Pre- and post-Hajj nasal specimens were prospectively obtained from a paired cohort (692 pilgrims) and from nonpaired cohorts (514 arriving and 470 departing pilgrims) from 13 countries. The countries of residence included Africa (44.2%), Asia (40.2%), the United States (8.4%) and Europe (7.2%). Nasal specimens were tested for 34 respiratory pathogens using RT-PCR. A total of 80 512 PCRs were performed. The prevalence of viruses and bacteria increased, from 7.4% and 15.4% before the Hajj to 45.4% and 31.0% after the Hajj, respectively, due to the acquisition of rhinovirus, coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, OC43), influenza A H1N1, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. We did not identify Middle East respiratory coronavirus carriage. At arrival, the prevalence of several viruses was clearly dependent on the pilgrim's country of origin. After Hajj participation, these viruses were isolated among pilgrims from all countries, with few exceptions. No significant differences were observed between paired and nonpaired cohort results. Our results strongly suggest that, given the particularly crowded conditions during the rituals, an international mass gathering such as the Hajj may contribute to the globalization of respiratory pathogens after the cross-contamination of pilgrims harbouring pathogens that easily spread among participants. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, face mask use and hand hygiene should be considered in the context of the Hajj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Memish
- Public Health Directorate, Saudi Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Assiri
- Public Health Directorate, Saudi Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Turkestani
- Public Health Directorate, Saudi Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Yezli
- Public Health Directorate, Saudi Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Al Masri
- Public Health Directorate, Saudi Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Charrel
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Marseille, France
| | - T Drali
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - J Gaudart
- Equipe Biostatistiques, LERTIM, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - S Edouard
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - P Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - P Gautret
- Public Health Directorate, Saudi Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ruiz S, Wolfe DN. Vaccination against Q fever for biodefense and public health indications. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:726. [PMID: 25566235 PMCID: PMC4267281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a disease that is often spread to humans via inhalational exposure to the bacteria from contaminated agricultural sources. Outbreaks have been observed all over the world with larger foci generating interest in vaccination programs, most notably in Australia and the Netherlands. Importantly, exposure rates among military personnel deployed to the Middle East can be relatively high as measured by seroconversion to C. burnetii-specific antibodies. Q fever has been of interest to the biodefense community over the years due to its low infectious dose and environmental stability. Recent advances in cell-free growth and genetics of C. burnetii also make this organism easier to culture and manipulate. While there is a vaccine that is licensed for use in Australia, the combination of biodefense- and public health-related issues associated with Q fever warrant the development of a safer and more effective vaccine against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruiz
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Daniel N Wolfe
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fort Belvoir, VA USA
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Jiao J, Xiong X, Qi Y, Gong W, Duan C, Yang X, Wen B. Serological characterization of surface-exposed proteins of Coxiella burnetii. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2718-2731. [PMID: 25298245 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.082131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis. Here we labelled Cox. burnetii with biotin and used biotin-streptavidin affinity chromatography to isolate surface-exposed proteins (SEPs). Using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry, we identified 37 proteins through bioinformatics analysis. Thirty SEPs expressed in Escherichia coli (recombinant SEPs, rSEPs) were used to generate microarrays, which were probed with sera from mice experimentally infected with Cox. burnetii or sera from Q fever patients. Thirteen rSEPs were recognized as seroreactive, and the majority reacted with at least 50 % of the sera from mice infected with Cox. burnetii but not with sera from mice infected with Rickettsia rickettsii, R. heilongjiangensis, or R. typhi. Further, 13 proteins that reacted with sera from patients with Q fever did not react with sera from patients with brucellosis or mycoplasma pneumonia. Our results suggest that these seroreactive SEPs have potential as serodiagnostic antigens or as subunit vaccine antigens against Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Wenping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Changsong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
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