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Abdin M, El‐Beltagy AE, Naeem MA. Characterisation, rheological properties and immunomodulatory efficiency of corn silk polysaccharides. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdin
- Agriculture Research Center Food Technology Research Institute Giza 12611 Egypt
| | - Alaa El‐Dein El‐Beltagy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Science Taif University Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Naeem
- Nutrition and Food Science of Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital Ain Shams University El Khalifa El Maamoun Cairo 11588 Egypt
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2
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Zou GJ, Huang WB, Sun XY, Tang GH, Ouyang JM. Carboxymethylation of Corn Silk Polysaccharide and Its Inhibition on Adhesion of Nanocalcium Oxalate Crystals to Damaged Renal Epithelial Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3409-3422. [PMID: 34170660 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the repair effect of carboxymethyl-modified corn silk polysaccharide (CSP) on oxidatively damaged renal epithelial cells and the difference in adhesion between cells and calcium oxalate crystals. The CSP was degraded and modified through carboxymethylation. An oxidatively damaged cell model was constructed by oxalate damage to human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. Then, the damaged cells were repaired by modified polysaccharides, and the changes in biochemical indexes and adhesion ability between cells and crystals before and after repair were detected. Four modified polysaccharides with carboxyl group (-COOH) contents of 3.92% (CSP0), 7.75% (CCSP1), 12.90% (CCSP2), and 16.38% (CCSP3) were obtained. Compared with CSP0, CCSPs had stronger antioxidant activity, could repair damaged HK-2 cells, and could reduce phosphorylated serine eversion on the cell membrane, the expression of osteopontin (OPN) and Annexin A1, and crystal adhesion. However, its effect on the expression of hyaluronic acid synthase was not substantial. The carboxymethyl modification of the CSP can improve its ability to repair cells and inhibit crystal adhesion and aggregation. A high carboxymethylation degree results in strong polysaccharide activity. CCSPs are expected to reduce the risk of kidney stone formation and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Zou
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Bo Huang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Gu-Hua Tang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Leri M, Vasarri M, Palazzi L, Barletta E, Nielsen E, Bucciantini M, Degl'Innocenti D. Maysin plays a protective role against α-Synuclein oligomers cytotoxicity by triggering autophagy activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111626. [PMID: 32738375 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of neurons. The accumulation of aggregated forms of the α-Synuclein (Syn) protein is the main cause of neurotoxicity in PD by disrupting cellular homeostasis until neuronal death. Scientific research is constantly looking for natural products as preventive agents against the progression of several neurodisorders due their safety and non-toxic nature. Neuroprotective phytochemicals include Maysin (Mys), the most abundant C-glycosilflavone in corn silk. In this work, the Mys protective role against damage by Syn amyloid aggregates - oligomers and fibrils - was investigated in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells obtaining novel and interesting information concerning the Mys molecular mechanism of action. Mys showed effectiveness in preventing the typical toxic events induced by Syn amyloid aggregates, i.e. oxidative stress and imbalance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Mys exhibited a cytoprotective role, especially against Syn oligomers injury, activating an autophagic degradative process, thus playing a key role on several features of amyloid neurotoxicity. Therefore, Mys could be proposed for the first time to the scientific community as an interesting novel natural compound that might allow to develop alternative strategies to prevent the damage of Syn oligomers involved in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Leri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Marzia Vasarri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Luana Palazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Barletta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Monica Bucciantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Donatella Degl'Innocenti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Wang J, Zhang C, Zhang J, Xie J, Yang L, Xing Y, Li Z. The effects of quercetin on immunity, antioxidant indices, and disease resistance in zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:759-770. [PMID: 31897859 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunity, antioxidant indices, and disease resistance of quercetin in zebrafish (Danio rerio). A total of 630 fish were assigned to 21 tanks with 30 fish/tank, and they were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L quercetin, respectively, for 56 days. Results indicated that the immune indices including acid phosphatase (ACP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme activities, and Complement 3 (C3), C4, IgM contents were significantly higher in 1 μg/L quercetin group than these parameters in the control group (P < 0.05). TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expressions significantly decreased as the levels of quercetin increased up to 1 μg/L and increased thereafter (P < 0.05). 1 and 10 μg/L quercetin groups showed significantly lower TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA levels than the quercetin-free group. Transforming growth factor-β and IL-10 mRNA levels showed an obviously opposite trend with TNF-α expression. The SOD, GPX, CAT, T-AOC activities, and SOD and GPX gene expression in the liver were enhanced with increasing quercetin up to 1 μg/L, and decreased thereafter. MDA contents were affected by quercetin, in which 1 and 10 μg/L quercetin had a significantly lower level than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Defensin and Leap-II mRNA expression in the liver were the highest for fish exposed to 1 μg/L quercetin. The fish that exposed to 1 μg/L quercetin also showed a significantly higher survival rate than these of fish exposed to 0, 0.01, and 1000 μg/L quercetin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the optimal level of quercetin promotes immunostimulant properties, antioxidant indices, and disease resistance of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Wang
- Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunnuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Scientific and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Xing
- Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfei Li
- Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Matsumoto T, Kaneko A, Koseki J, Matsubara Y, Aiba S, Yamasaki K. Pharmacokinetic Study of Bioactive Flavonoids in the Traditional Japanese Medicine Keigairengyoto Exerting Antibacterial Effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020328. [PMID: 29360768 PMCID: PMC5855550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that flavonoid glucuronides can be deconjugated to the active form aglycone by β-glucuronidase-expressing macrophages. Keigairengyoto (KRT) is a flavonoid-rich traditional Japanese medicine reported to enhance bacterial clearance through immune modulation. Our aims are to examine the pharmacokinetics of KRT flavonoids and to identify active flavonoids contributing to the adjuvant effects of KRT. KRT was evaluated at pharmacokinetic analysis to quantify absorbed flavonoids, and cutaneous infection assay induced in mice by inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus. Preventive or therapeutic KRT administration reduced the number of bacteria in the infection site as well as macroscopic and microscopic lesion scores with efficacies similar to antibiotics. Pharmacokinetic study revealed low plasma levels of flavonoid aglycones after KRT administration; however, plasma concentrations were enhanced markedly by β-glucuronidase treatment, with baicalein the most abundant (Cmax, 1.32 µg/mL). In random screening assays, flavonoids such as bacalein, genistein, and apigenin enhanced bacteria phagocytosis by macrophages. Glucuronide bacalin was converted to aglycone baicalein by incubation with living macrophages, macrophage lysate, or skin homogenate. Taken together, the adjuvant effect of KRT may be due to some blood-absorbed flavonoids which enhance macrophage functions in host defense. Flavonoid-rich KRT may be a beneficial treatment for infectious skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Junichi Koseki
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsubara
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
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Abstract
Background Phytosterols have important physiological and officinal function. Methods An efficient ultrasonic assisted extraction, purification and crystallization procedure of phytosterols was established from corn silk for the first time. Results The orthogonal test was applied to optimize the process parameters and a maximum phytosterols recovery as high as 10.5886 mg/g was achieved by ultrasonic treatment for 55 min with liquid–solid ratio of 12:1 at 35 °C, 220 w. The ultrasonic extraction temperature (T, °C) has the most significant effect on extraction yield of phytosterols. An orthogonal crystallization test was performed and the optimal conditions [crystallization temperature of 8 °C, time of 12 h and solid–liquid ratio of 1:1 (g/ml)] afforded maximum phytosterols purity of 92.76 ± 0.43%. Conclusions An efficient extraction and crystallization procedure was established.
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Kim SR, Ha AW, Choi HJ, Kim SL, Kang HJ, Kim MH, Kim WK. Corn silk extract improves benign prostatic hyperplasia in experimental rat model. Nutr Res Pract 2017; 11:373-380. [PMID: 28989573 PMCID: PMC5621359 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.5.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a corn silk extract on improving benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS/METHODS The experimental animals, 6-week-old male Wistar rats, were divided into sham-operated control (Sham) and experimental groups. The experimental group, which underwent orchiectomy and received subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of testosterone propionate to induce BPH, was divided into a Testo Only group that received only testosterone, a Testo+Fina group that received testosterone and 5 mg/kg finasteride, a Testo+CSE10 group that received testosterone and 10 mg/kg of corn silk extract, and a Testo+CSE100 group that received testosterone and 100 mg/kg of corn silk extract. Prostate weight and concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5α-reductase 2 (5α-R2), and prostate specific antigen (PSA) in serum or prostate tissue were determined. The mRNA expressions of 5α-R2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in prostate tissue were also measured. RESULTS Compared to the Sham group, prostate weight was significantly higher in the Testo Only group and decreased significantly in the Testo+Fina, Testo+CSE10, and Testo+CSE100 groups (P < 0.05), results that were consistent with those for serum DHT concentrations. The concentrations of 5α-R2 in serum and prostate as well as the mRNA expression of 5α-R2 in prostate were significantly lower in the Testo+Fina, Testo+CSE10, and Testo+CSE100 groups than that in the Testo Only group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the concentrations of PSA in serum and prostate were significantly lower in the Testo+Fina, Testo+CSE10, and Testo+CSE100 groups (P < 0.05) than in the Testo Only group. The mRNA expression of PCNA in prostate dose-independently decreased in the Testo+CSE-treated groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BPH was induced through injection of testosterone, and corn silk extract treatment improved BPH symptoms by inhibiting the mRNA expression of 5α-R2 and decreasing the amount of 5α-R2, DHT, and PSA in serum and prostate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ra Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Ae Wha Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Natural Nutraceuticals Industrization Research Center, DanKook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Sun Lim Kim
- Crop Foundation Division National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jung Kang
- Crop Post-harvest Technology Division, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16613, Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Kim
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Korea
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Lee CW, Seo JY, Kim SL, Lee J, Choi JW, Park YI. Corn silk maysin ameliorates obesity in vitro and in vivo via suppression of lipogenesis, differentiation, and function of adipocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [PMID: 28646706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Present study was aimed to investigate the potential anti-obesity effects of maysin, a major flavonoid of corn silk, in vitro and in vivo using 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and C57BL/6 mice. Maysin decreased the levels of intracellular lipid droplets and triglycerides (TG), and down-regulated the protein expression levels of C/EBP-β, C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, and aP2 in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells, suggesting that maysin inhibits lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation. In addition, maysin was shown to induce the apoptotic cell death in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells via activation of caspase cascades and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may ultimately lead to reduction of adipose tissue mass. Furthermore, oral administration of maysin (25mg/kg body weight) decreased weight gain and epididymal fat weight in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice. Administration of maysin also reduced serum levels of TG, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and glucose. Taken collectively, these results suggest for the first time that the purified maysin exerts an anti-obesity effect in vitro and in vivo. These observations may support the applicability of maysin as a potent functional ingredient in health-beneficial foods or as a therapeutic agent to prevent or treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Sun-Lim Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-857, Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Ji Won Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea.
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Kaneko A, Matsumoto T, Matsubara Y, Sekiguchi K, Koseki J, Yakabe R, Aoki K, Aiba S, Yamasaki K. Glucuronides of phytoestrogen flavonoid enhance macrophage function via conversion to aglycones by β-glucuronidase in macrophages. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:265-279. [PMID: 28480538 PMCID: PMC5569364 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Flavonoids are converted to inactive metabolites like glucuronides in the gut, and circulate mainly as glucuronides in blood stream, resulting in low concentrations of active aglycones in plasma. It is therefore unclear how oral flavonoids exert their effects in tissues. We recently reported the plasma pharmacokinetics of some flavonoids and suggested the possibility that the absorbed flavonoids modified macrophage functions leading to enhance bacterial clearance. We aimed to confirm their pharmacological profiles focusing on tissue macrophages. Methods Pseudoinfection was induced by intradermal injection of FITC‐conjugated and killed Staphylococcus aureus into the ears of mice treated with or without genistein 7‐O‐glucuronide (GEN7G, 1 mg/kg, i.v.). FACS analysis was performed on single cell suspensions dispersed enzymatically from the skin lesions at 6 h post pseudoinfection to evaluate phagocytic activities of monocytes/macrophages (CD11b+Ly6G−) and neutrophils (CD11b+Ly6G+). Phagocytosis of the FITC‐conjugated bacteria by four glucuronides including GEN7G was evaluated in cultures of mouse macrophages. Results After GEN7G injection, genistein was identified in the inflamed ears as well as GEN7G, and the phagocytic activity of CD11b+Ly6G− cells was increased. GEN7G was converted to genistein by incubation with macrophage‐related β‐glucuronidase. Macrophage culture assays revealed that GEN7G increased phagocytosis, and the action was dampened by a β‐glucuronidase inhibitor. Binding of aglycones to estrogen receptors (ERs), putative receptors of flavonoid aglycones, correlated to biological activities, and glucuronidation reduced the binding to ERs. An ER antagonist suppressed the increase of macrophage function by GEN7G, whereas estradiol enhanced phagocytosis as well. Conclusions This study suggests a molecular mechanism by which oral flavonoids are carried as glucuronides and activated to aglycones by β‐glucuronidase in tissue macrophages, and contributes to the pharmacological study of glucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsubara
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyoji Sekiguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junichi Koseki
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Yakabe
- Analytical and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Center, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Aoki
- Analytical and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Center, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Ho TY, Li CC, Lo HY, Chen FY, Hsiang CY. Corn Silk Extract and Its Bioactive Peptide Ameliorated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Mice via the Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:759-768. [PMID: 28064493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides derived from foods have shown beneficial anti-inflammatory potential. Inhibitory κB kinase-β (IKKβ) plays a crucial role in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor involved in inflammation. Here we applied proteomic and bioinformatics approaches to identify anti-inflammatory peptides that target IKKβ from corn silk. Corn silk extract significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activities [(1.7 ± 0.2)-fold vs (3.0 ± 0.6)-fold, p < 0.05] in cells. Trypsin hydrolysate of corn silk also suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activities [(1.1 ± 0.3)-fold vs 3.3 ± 0.5 fold, p < 0.01]. In addition, both corn silk extract and trypsin hydrolysate significantly inhibited LPS-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production by 58.3 ± 4.5 and 55.1 ± 7.4%, respectively. A novel peptide, FK2, docked into the ATP-binding pocket of IKKβ, was further identified from trypsin hydrolysis of corn silk. FK2 inhibited IKKβ activities, IκB phosphorylation, and subsequent NF-κB activation [(2.3 ± 0.4)-fold vs (5.5 ± 0.4)-fold, p < 0.001]. Moreover, FK2 significantly reduced NF-κB-driven luminescent signals in organs by 5-11-fold and suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activities and IL-β production in tissues. In conclusion, our findings indicated that corn silk displayed anti-inflammatory abilities. In addition, we first identified an anti-inflammatory peptide FK2 from corn silk. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of FK2 might be through IKKβ-NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Li
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
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Song Y, Kim HD, Lee MK, Hong IH, Won CK, Bai HW, Lee SS, Lee S, Chung BY, Cho JH. Maysin and Its Flavonoid Derivative from Centipedegrass Attenuates Amyloid Plaques by Inducting Humoral Immune Response with Th2 Skewed Cytokine Response in the Tg (APPswe, PS1dE9) Alzheimer's Mouse Model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169509. [PMID: 28072821 PMCID: PMC5224976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a slow, progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common type of dementia in the elderly. The etiology of AD and its underlying mechanism are still not clear. In a previous study, we found that an ethyl acetate extract of Centipedegrass (CG) (i.e., EA-CG) contained 4 types of Maysin derivatives, including Luteolin, Isoorientin, Rhamnosylisoorientin, and Derhamnosylmaysin, and showed protective effects against Amyloid beta (Aβ) by inhibiting oligomeric Aβ in cellular and in vitro models. Here, we examined the preventative effects of EA-CG treatment on the Aβ burden in the Tg (Mo/Hu APPswe PS1dE9) AD mouse model. We have investigated the EA-CG efficacy as novel anti-AD likely preventing amyloid plaques using immunofluorescence staining to visually analyze Aβ40/42 and fibril formation with Thioflavin-S or 6E10 which are the profile of immunoreactivity against epitope Aβ1–16 or neuritic plaque, the quantitation of humoral immune response against Aβ, and the inflammatory cytokine responses (Th1 and Th2) using ELISA and QRT-PCR. To minimize the toxicity of the extracted CG, we addressed the liver toxicity in response to the CG extract treatment in Tg mice using relevant markers, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/ alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurements in serum. The EA-CG extract significantly reduced the Aβ burden, the concentration of soluble Aβ40/42 protein, and fibril formation in the hippocampus and cortex of the Tg mice treated with EA-CG (50 mg/kg BW/day) for 6 months compared with the Tg mice treated with a normal diet. Additionally, the profile of anti-inflammatory cytokines revealed that the levels of Th2 (interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10)) cytokines are more significantly increased than Th1 (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2(IL-2)) in the sera. These results suggest that the EA-CG fraction induces IL-4/IL-10-dependent anti-inflammatory cytokines (Th2) rather than pro-inflammatory cytokines (Th1), which are driven by IL-2/IFN-γ. With regard to the immune response, EA-CG induced an immunoglobulin IgG and IgM response against the EA-CG treatment in the Tg mice. Furthermore, EA-CG significantly ameliorated the level of soluble Aβ42 and Aβ40. Similarly, we observed that the fibril formation was also decreased by EA-CG treatment in the hippocampus and cortex after quantitative analysis with Thioflavin-S staining in the Tg brain tissues. Taken together, our findings suggested that Maysin and its derivative flavonoid compounds in the EA-CG fraction might be beneficial therapeutic treatments or alternative preventative measures to adjuvant for boosting humoral and cellular include immune response and anti-inflammation which may lead to amyloid plaque accumulation in Alzheimer’s patients’ brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuno Song
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Min-Kwon Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Il-Hwa Hong
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Chung-Kil Won
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Woo Bai
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Seung Sik Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - SungBeom Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
- * E-mail: (JHC); (BYC)
| | - Jae-Hyeon Cho
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- * E-mail: (JHC); (BYC)
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12
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Lee EY, Kim SL, Kang HJ, Kim MH, Ha AW, Kim WK. High maysin corn silk extract reduces body weight and fat deposition in C57BL/6J mice fed high-fat diets. Nutr Res Pract 2016; 10:575-582. [PMID: 27909554 PMCID: PMC5126406 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.6.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNG/OBJECTIVES The study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of high maysin corn silk extract on body weight and fat deposition in experimental animals. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice, 4-weeks-old, were purchased and divided into three groups by weight using a randomized block design. The normal-fat (NF) group received 7% fat (diet weight basis), the high-fat (HF) group received 25% fat and 0.5% cholesterol, and the high-fat corn silk (HFCS) group received high-fat diet and high maysin corn silk extract at 100 mg/kg body weight through daily oral administration. Body weight and body fat were measured, and mRNA expression levels of proteins involved in adipocyte differentiation, fat accumulation, fat synthesis, lipolysis, and fat oxidation in adipose tissue and the liver were measured. RESULTS After experimental diet intake for 8 weeks, body weight was significantly lower in the HFCS group compared to the HF group (P < 0.05), and kidney fat and epididymal fat pad weights were significantly lower in the HFCS group compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). In the HFCS group, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ1 (PPAR-γ1), and PPAR-γ2 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the epididymal fat pad, whereas cluster of differentiation 36, lipoprotein lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme-4, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in liver and adipose tissues (P < 0.05). In the HFCS group, mRNA expression levels of AMP-activated protein kinase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 were elevated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that high maysin corn silk extract inhibits expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, fat accumulation, and fat synthesis as well as promotes expression of genes involved in lipolysis and fat oxidation, further inhibiting body fat accumulation and body weight elevation in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152, Juljeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yonin-si, Gyeonggi 16890, Korea
| | - Sun Lim Kim
- Crop Foundation Division National Institute of Crop Science, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jung Kang
- Crop Foundation Division National Institute of Crop Science, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Kim
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Ae Wha Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152, Juljeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yonin-si, Gyeonggi 16890, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152, Juljeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yonin-si, Gyeonggi 16890, Korea
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13
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Chaiittianan R, Chayopas P, Rattanathongkom A, Tippayawat P, Sutthanut K. Anti-obesity potential of corn silks: Relationships of phytochemicals and antioxidation, anti-pre-adipocyte proliferation, anti-adipogenesis, and lipolysis induction. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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14
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Yu T, Yang Y, Kwak YS, Song GG, Kim MY, Rhee MH, Cho JY. Ginsenoside Rc from Panax ginseng exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase 1/interferon regulatory factor-3 and p38/ATF-2. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:127-133. [PMID: 28413316 PMCID: PMC5386129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) is one of the major protopanaxadiol-type saponins isolated from Panax ginseng, a well-known medicinal herb with many beneficial properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, and antidiabetic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of G-Rc on inflammatory responses in vitro and examined the mechanisms of these effects. Methods The in vitro inflammation system used lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages, tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ-treated synovial cells, and HEK293 cells transfected with various inducers of inflammation. Results G-Rc significantly inhibited the expression of macrophage-derived cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. G-Rc also markedly suppressed the activation of TANK-binding kinase 1/IκB kinase ε/interferon regulatory factor-3 and p38/ATF-2 signaling in activated RAW264.7 macrophages, human synovial cells, and HEK293 cells. Conclusion G-Rc exerts its anti-inflammatory actions by suppressing TANK-binding kinase 1/IκB kinase ε/interferon regulatory factor-3 and p38/ATF-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Korean Ginseng Corporation, Central Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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15
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Lee CG, Lee J, Lee DG, Kim JW, Alnaeeli M, Park YI, Park JK. Immunostimulating activity of polyhydric alcohol isolated from Taxus cuspidata. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:505-13. [PMID: 26791584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A polyhydric alcohol (PAL) was isolated from Taxus cuspidata and its immunostimulatory activities were assessed. The primary monosaccharide composition of the PAL was determined to be glucose, where HPAEC analysis showed no significant amount of any other sugars. However, glycerol and xylitol were identified as the main sugar alcohols. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis indicated that the purified PAL is a complex glycitol, which structurally contains significant amount of hydroxyl groups. MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy also demonstrated that PAL is a complex glycitol built in hexose polymerization. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed that the PAL stimulates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with PAL for 24h remarkably increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK, p38 and JNK in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the total protein levels of ERK (t-ERK), p38 (t-p38) and JNK (t-JNK) remained unchanged. These results clearly demonstrate that PAL stimulates the immune response in RAW 264.7 cells through the activation of MAPKs (ERK, p38 and JNK) signaling pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the primary structure and immune-stimulating activities of PAL from the fruit of T. cuspidata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Guen Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, South Korea
| | - Da Gyung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea
| | - Joo Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea
| | - Mawadda Alnaeeli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, South Korea
| | - Jae Kweon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea.
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16
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Lee J, Choi JW, Sohng JK, Pandey RP, Park YI. The immunostimulating activity of quercetin 3-O-xyloside in murine macrophages via activation of the ASK1/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 31:88-97. [PMID: 26709074 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a natural plant flavonoid that has been reported to possess a wide range of beneficial health effects, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Glycosylation of natural flavonoids with various sugar moieties can affect their physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this study, quercetin 3-O-xyloside (Quer-xyl) was enzymatically synthesized, and the immunomodulatory activities of quercetin and Quer-xyl were evaluated and compared. The results showed that Quer-xyl more effectively induced the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 than quercetin by 2.5 and 1.5-fold, respectively. Quer-xyl dose-dependently induced the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) 1.3-fold more than quercetin. Quer-xyl also increased the phosphorylation of ASK1 and MAPKs (JNK and p38). Treatment with NQDI-1 (an inhibitor of ASK1) significantly attenuated the Quer-xyl-induced up-regulation of TNF-α secretion. The activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB were substantially enhanced upon treatment with Quer-xyl (2.5-20 μM), while NQDI-1 treatment blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These results demonstrated that Quer-xyl can enhance the early innate immunity more effectively than quercetin by activating macrophages to secrete TNF-α and IL-6 through up-regulation of the redox-dependent ASK1/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting for the first time that Quer-xyl may represent a new immunostimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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Ginseng marc-derived low-molecular weight oligosaccharide inhibits the growth of skin melanoma cells via activation of RAW264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:344-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Lee J, Lee S, Kim SL, Choi JW, Seo JY, Choi DJ, Park YI. Corn silk maysin induces apoptotic cell death in PC-3 prostate cancer cells via mitochondria-dependent pathway. Life Sci 2014; 119:47-55. [PMID: 25445226 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Despite recent advances in prostate cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, the overall survival rate still remains low. This study was aimed to assess potential anti-cancer activity of maysin, a major flavonoid of corn silk (CS, Zea mays L.), in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (PC-3). MAIN METHODS Maysin was isolated from CS of Kwangpyeongok, a Korean hybrid corn, via methanol extraction and preparative C18 reverse phase column chromatography. Maysin cytotoxicity was determined by either monitoring cell viability in various cancer cell lines by MTT assay or morphological changes. Apoptotic cell death was assessed by annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), expression levels of Bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3 and by terminal transferase mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Underlying mechanism in maysin-induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells was explored by evaluating its effects on Akt and ERK pathway. KEY FINDINGS Maysin dose-dependently reduced the PC-3 cell viability, with an 87% reduction at 200 μg/ml. Maysin treatment significantly induced apoptotic cell death, DNA fragmentation, depolarization of MMP, and reduction in Bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3 expression levels. Maysin also significantly attenuated phosphorylation of Akt and ERK. A combined treatment with maysin and other known anti-cancer agents, including 5-FU, etoposide, cisplatin, or camptothecin, synergistically enhanced PC-3 cell death. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggested for the first time that maysin inhibits the PC-3 cancer cell growth via stimulation of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic cell death and may have a strong therapeutic potential for the treatment of either chemo-resistant or androgen-independent human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Lim Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-857, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Jin Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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