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Rodrigues K, Batista-Silva H, de Moura KRS, Van Der Kraak G, Silva FRMB. Dibutyl phthalate disrupts energy metabolism and morphology in the gills and induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:883-893. [PMID: 37537493 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure on energy metabolism and gill histology in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The in vitro incubation of gill tissue with 10 μM DBP for 60 min altered tissue energy supply, as shown by decreased lactate content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Higher concentrations of DBP (100 μM and 1 mM) increased lactate content and LDH activity; however, they blocked glucose uptake, depleted the glycogen content in cellular stores, and induced injury to the gills, as measured by LDH release to the extracellular medium. In addition, in vivo exposure of fish to 1 pM DBP for 12 h induced liver damage by increasing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Gill histology indicated hyperemia, lamellar fusion, lamellar telangiectasis, and necrosis. Data indicate that acute exposure of zebrafish gills to the higher DBP concentrations studied induces anaerobic cellular activity and high lactate production, causing gill damage, diminishing cell viability, and incurring liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyla Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Hemily Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Kieiv Resende Sousa de Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Glen Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Karabulut G, Barlas N. Endocrine adverse effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and monobutyl phthalate in male pubertal rats. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:285-296. [PMID: 36607728 PMCID: PMC9985344 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that research of adverse effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and monobutyl phthalate (MBP), two key metabolites of the most common phthalates used as plasticisers in various daily-life products, has been scattered and limited, the aim of our study was to provide a more comprehensive analysis by focusing on major organ systems, including blood, liver, kidney, and pancreas in 66 male pubertal rats randomised into eleven groups of six. The animals were receiving either metabolite at doses of 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg bw a day by gavage for 28 days. The control group was receiving corn oil. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical, haematological, and immunological analyses. Samples of kidney, liver, and pancreas were dissected for histopathological analyses. Exposure to either compound resulted in increased liver and decreased pancreas weight, especially at the highest doses. Exposed rats had increased ALT, AST, glucose, and triglyceride levels and decreased total protein and albumin levels. Both compounds increased MCV and decreased haemoglobin levels compared to control. Although they also lowered the insulin level, exposed rats had negative islet cell and insulin antibodies, same as control. Treatment-related histopathological changes included sinusoidal degeneration in the liver, glomerular degeneration in the kidney, and degeneration of pancreatic islets. Our findings document toxic outcomes of MEHP and MBP on endocrine organs in male pubertal rats but also suggest the need for additional studies to better understand the mechanisms behind adverse effects in chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Karabulut
- Dumlupınar University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
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Weaver JA, Beverly BEJ, Keshava N, Mudipalli A, Arzuaga X, Cai C, Hotchkiss AK, Makris SL, Yost EE. Hazards of diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure: A systematic review of animal toxicology studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:105848. [PMID: 32958228 PMCID: PMC7995140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is widely used in many commercially available products including plastics and personal care products. DEP has generally not been found to share the antiandrogenic mode of action that is common among other types of phthalates, but there is emerging evidence that DEP may be associated with other types of health effects. OBJECTIVE To inform chemical risk assessment, we performed a systematic review to identify and characterize outcomes within six broad hazard categories (male reproductive, female reproductive, developmental, liver, kidney, and cancer) following exposure of nonhuman mammalian animals to DEP or its primary metabolite, monoethyl phthalate (MEP). METHODS A literature search was conducted in online scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Toxline, Toxcenter) and Toxic Substances Control Act Submissions, augmented by review of online regulatory sources as well as forward and backward searches. Studies were selected for inclusion using PECO (Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome) criteria. Studies were evaluated using criteria defined a priori for reporting quality, risk of bias, and sensitivity using a domain-based approach. Evidence was synthesized by outcome and life stage of exposure, and strength of evidence was summarized into categories of robust, moderate, slight, indeterminate, or compelling evidence of no effect, using a structured framework. RESULTS Thirty-four experimental studies in animals were included in this analysis. Although no effects on androgen-dependent male reproductive development were observed following gestational exposure to DEP, there was evidence including effects on sperm following peripubertal and adult exposures, and the overall evidence for male reproductive effects was considered moderate. There was moderate evidence that DEP exposure can lead to developmental effects, with the major effect being reduced postnatal growth following gestational or early postnatal exposure; this generally occurred at doses associated with maternal effects, consistent with the observation that DEP is not a potent developmental toxicant. The evidence for liver effects was considered moderate based on consistent changes in relative liver weight at higher dose levels; histopathological and biochemical changes indicative of hepatic effects were also observed, but primarily in studies that had significant concerns for risk of bias and sensitivity. The evidence for female reproductive effects was considered slight based on few reports of statistically significant effects on maternal body weight gain, organ weight changes, and pregnancy outcomes. Evidence for cancer and effects on kidney were judged to be indeterminate based on limited evidence (i.e., a single two-year cancer bioassay) and inconsistent findings, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DEP exposure may induce androgen-independent male reproductive toxicity (i.e., sperm effects) as well as developmental toxicity and hepatic effects, with some evidence of female reproductive toxicity. More research is warranted to fully evaluate these outcomes and strengthen confidence in this database.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Weaver
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Brandiese E J Beverly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nagalakshmi Keshava
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Anuradha Mudipalli
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Xabier Arzuaga
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christine Cai
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Andrew K Hotchkiss
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Susan L Makris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Erin E Yost
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Radha MJ, Mahaboob Basha P. Hepatotoxic evaluation of Di- n-butyl phthalate in Wistar rats upon sub-chronic exposure: A multigenerational assessment. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:772-778. [PMID: 32637323 PMCID: PMC7327266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of di--n-butyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer in medical devices, personal care products, and industries, which is a major threat to humankind as it leaches out easily from the plastic matrix into the environment. Health risks posed to adults and children from the broad usage of DBP in cosmetics and infant toys observed predominantly due to repeated and prolonged exposure. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of DBP in the hepatic tissue of rats up to three generations. Wistar rats were induced at a dose of 500 mg DBP /kg body weight dissolved in olive oil by oral gavage throughout gestation (GD 6–21), lactation and post-weaning and reared by crossing intoxicated rats up to three generations. Results of the present study showed a significant increase in the relative weight of liver, while decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) was evident in DBP treated rats at P < 0.05. Besides hepatic marker enzymes viz., alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were elevated significantly in experimental rats compared to those of the control group. Furthermore, histological studies revealed congested central veins and dilated sinusoids in F1 progeny while mild to severe focal inflammatory infiltrations were evident in F2 & F3 rats. Negative correlation observed between the levels of antioxidant enzymes and transaminase activity. In brief, DBP exposure elicits oxidative stress and alters the transaminase activity levels causing damage in hepatic tissue. F3 progeny found to high vulnerability to the exposure of DBP than F2 & F1 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Radha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 056, Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Ramaiah College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Bangalore, 560 054, India
| | - P Mahaboob Basha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560 056, India
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Zhang W, Sun R, Hou Y, Qiu Y, Li Y. Investigation of the Potential Environmental Risks of Phthalate Derivatives Designed To Be Environmentally Friendly. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1138-1148. [PMID: 32164034 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate derivatives with low estrogenic activity, high infrared spectrum signals, high Raman characteristic vibration spectrum, high fluorescence intensity, and high ultraviolet sensitivity were selected as precursors from our previous studies, so that the changes in their toxicity and estrogenic activity during biological metabolism, ozone oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, photodegradation, and microbial degradation could be studied.The transformation pathways of these derivatives were simulated, and the reaction energy barriers were calculated. To determine the potential environmental risks of these phthalate derivatives, the pharmacophore models of biotoxicity and estrogen activity of phthalates were used to predict the biotoxicity and estrogen activity of the transformed products. The results showed an increase in the biotoxicity and estrogen activity of the biometabolites, ozonation products, photocatalytic degradation products, and microbial degradation products; the only products that did not follow this trend were the photodegradation products. Notably, the pathways that produced more potentially toxic compounds were the less favorable paths. Our results indicate that the transformation products of the designed environmentally friendly phthalate derivatives potentially pose environmental risks. To avoid such risks, the environmental transformation pathway of these derivatives should be simulated to screen for environmentally friendly phthalate molecules. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1138-1148. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimization of the Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihao Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimization of the Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimization of the Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Youli Qiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimization of the Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
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Milošević N, Milanović M, Sudji J, Bosić Živanović D, Stojanoski S, Vuković B, Milić N, Medić Stojanoska M. Could phthalates exposure contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and liver disease in humans? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:772-784. [PMID: 31808097 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the study, 305 patients of both genders were enrolled and divided into three groups: obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), patients who were diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and control, normal weight healthy volunteers. At least one of ten different phthalate metabolites was determined in the urine samples of 49.84% all enrolled participants. In the obese subgroup, the sum of all urinary phthalate metabolites was positively associated with TG levels (p = 0.031) together with derived TC/HDL and TG/HDL ratios (p = 0.023 and 0.015), respectively. Urinary MEP concentration was positively correlated with the HOMA-IR in T2DM subgroup (p = 0.016) while in the control subgroup, log10MEP levels were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (p = 0.0051), and LDL serum levels (p = 0.0015), respectively. Also, in the control subgroup, positive linear correlations between urinary log10MEP levels and TyG and TYG-BMI values (p = 0.028 and p = 0.027), respectively, were determined. Urinary MEHP levels were associated with glucose serum levels (p = 0.02) in T2DM subgroup, while in the control HDL values were negatively associated with log10MEHP (p = 0.0035). Healthy volunteers exposed to phthalates had elevated AST levels in comparison to non-exposed ones (p = 0.023). In control subgroup, ALT and AST values were increased (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively) in MEP exposed while GGT levels were enhanced (p = 0.017) in MEHP exposed in comparison with non-exposed. Combined phthalates influence on glucose and lipid metabolism may increase the possibility for NAFLD and insulin resistance development among exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Milošević
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Maja Milanović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Jan Sudji
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | | | - Stefan Stojanoski
- Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Bojan Vuković
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Milica Medić Stojanoska
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Talukder M, Han Y, Zhang C, Li XN, Li JL. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced hepatotoxicity in quail (Coturnix japonica) via modulating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and NRF2 mediated antioxidant defense. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:885-894. [PMID: 30257229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among ubiquitously found environmental contaminants in the ecosystem, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an important environmental contaminant used as plasticizer in medical and consumer goods. The bioaccumulation and environmental persistence of DEHP cause serious global health effects in wildlife animals and human, especially hepatotoxicity. Herein, to explore the mechanisms of DEHP induced hepatotoxicity, quail were exposed with 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW/day DEHP by gavage administration daily for 45 days. Notably, the adipose tissue degeneration was observed in the liver of DEHP-exposed quail under the histopathological analysis. DEHP exposure increased the peroxidation product (MDA), GSH and GST, but decreased antioxidant function (T-AOC, SOD and GPX). DEHP induced the oxidative stress and pulsed on NRF2 signal pathway through activating downstream genes. Furthermore, DEHP induced mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) was activated to relieve mitochondrial dysfunctions and mitigated oxidative stress. These findings showed that mitochondrial functions and redox homeostasis were affected by DEHP and resulted in irreversible hepatic injury. In Conclusion, this study suggested that DEHP-induced hepatotoxicity in quail was associated with activating the NRF2 mediated antioxidant defense and mtUPR. These results provided new evidence on molecular mechanism of DEHP induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Milton Talukder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Yu Han
- Department of gastrointestinal oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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8
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Kim SH, On JW, Pyo H, Ko KS, Won JC, Yang J, Park MJ. Percentage fractions of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites: Association with obesity and insulin resistance in Korean girls. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208081. [PMID: 30481198 PMCID: PMC6258563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the associations of percentage fractions of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites with obesity and insulin resistance in Korean girls. METHODS In total, 137 girls, aged 6 to 13 years (65 overweight cases and 72 controls), were recruited. Anthropometric indices and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were determined. Four major urinary DEHP metabolites were analyzed in spot urine samples by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, including mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the urinary concentrations of the DEHP metabolites between the overweight and control groups. The percentage fraction of MEHHP (MEHHP%) among all DEHP metabolites was significantly higher in the overweight prepubertal girls than in the controls (P = 0.035). MEHHP% was positively associated with the body mass index percentile, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and HOMA-IR index in the prepubertal girls. After adjusting for covariates, the prepubertal girls in a higher MEHHP% quartile were found to have a higher odds ratio for central obesity than those in a lower quartile (odds ratios: 5.05 for quartile 3; 7.30 for quartile 4). The relative rate of MEHHP oxidation to MEOHP was negatively associated with the body mass index percentile and waist circumference in the prepubertal girls. However, no such association was observed in the pubertal girls. CONCLUSIONS MEHHP% was positively associated with obesity and insulin resistance in prepubertal girls. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the causal links between altered phthalate metabolism and increased susceptibility to insulin resistance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-won On
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Pyo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chul Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yang
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Forner-Piquer I, Mylonas CC, Calduch-Giner J, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Allarà M, Piscitelli F, Di Marzo V, Pérez-Sánchez J, Carnevali O. Endocrine disruptors in the diet of male Sparus aurata: Modulation of the endocannabinoid system at the hepatic and central level by Di-isononyl phthalate and Bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:54-65. [PMID: 29933238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing manufacture of plastics and their mismanagement has turned plastic into a ubiquitous waste in the marine environment. Among all the substances conforming the plastic items, the effects of a dietary Bisphenol A (BPA) and Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) have been evaluated in adult male gilthead sea bream, focusing on their effects in the modulation of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). In zebrafish, the ECS has been recently chosen as a new target for the activity of some Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC), since it represents a complex lipid signaling network essential for the well-being of the organisms. The results obtained in gilthead seabream showed that BPA and DiNP altered the structure and the biochemical composition of liver, increasing the presence of lipids and triglycerides and decreasing the glycogen and phospholipids. Moreover, the addition of BPA or DiNP in the gilthead sea bream diet altered the levels of endocannabinoids (EC) and EC-like mediators in the liver. These alterations were also associated to changes at the transcriptomic level of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and ECS metabolism. At the central level, both BPA and DiNP reduced the expression of the endocannabinoid receptor type I (cnr1) and the neuropeptide Y (npy) as well as the levels of the endocannabinoid Anandamide (AEA), suggesting a downregulation of appetite. The results herein reported highlighted the negative effects of chronic dietary exposure to DiNP or BPA on ECS functions and lipid metabolism of male gilthead sea bream liver, showing a similar disruptive activity of these contaminants at metabolic level. Moreover, the novelty of the biomarkers used evidenced possible innovative endpoints for the development of novel OEDCS test guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Constantinos C Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete 71003, Greece
| | - Josep Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Abarikwu SO, Simple G, Onuoha CS. Morphometric Evaluation of the Seminiferous Tubules and the Antioxidant Protective Effects of Gallic Acid and Quercetin in the Testis and Liver of Butyl Phthalate Treated Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 35:20-31. [PMID: 32071493 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant protective effects of gallic acid (GAL) and quercetin (QUE) against oxidative stress induced by di-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in the liver and testis of rats were evaluated in this study. Adult albino Wistar rats (180-225 g) were treated with QUE or GAL (50 mg/kg) alone or in combination with DnBP (1 mL/kg) for 15 days. After treatment, tissue samples were taken for determination of glutathione and malondialdehyde levels, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Serial sections of the testis and liver were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for microscopy and seminiferous tubular morphometry. As expected, DnBP induced oxidative stress was evident by increased malondialdehyde level in both organs. Co-treatment with GAL or QUE reversed the malondialdehyde by 45.42, 37.44 and 37.57%, 23.32% and catalase by 52.21, 70.15 and 85%, 38.14% in the testis and liver respectively whereas superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione level were differently modulated parallel to histopathological improvement in both tissues. The seminiferous tubular diameter, epithelial height, epithelial germ cell count and tubular length were significantly decreased by 11.09, 51.91, 40.65 and 11.10% respectively versus control values after DnBP treatments and were attenuated on co-treatment with GAL or QUE. Co-treatment with GAL afforded better protective effects in both tissues but QUE treatment alone appeared more effective than GAL on the investigated morphometric data. It seems likely that GAL or QUE prevented the tissue damage but the antioxidant profiles of the liver and testis are different in response to the oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny O Abarikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Simple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
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11
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Gao HT, Xu R, Cao WX, Di QN, Li RX, Lu L, Xu Q, Yu SQ. Combined effects of simultaneous exposure to six phthalates and emulsifier glycerol monosterate on male reproductive system in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 341:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Milošević N, Milić N, Živanović Bosić D, Bajkin I, Perčić I, Abenavoli L, Medić Stojanoska M. Potential influence of the phthalates on normal liver function and cardiometabolic risk in males. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 190:17. [PMID: 29234897 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, massively used in industry as plasticizers and additives in cosmetics, which may impair the human endocrine system inducing fertility problems, respiratory diseases, obesity, and neuropsychological disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on the liver function and cardiometabolic risk factors in males. In this research, 102 male participants (51 normal weight and 51 overweight/obese) were enrolled and examined for phthalate metabolites exposure in urine samples after 12 h of fasting. MEP was found in 28.43% (29/102) volunteers, while MEHP was detected among 20.59% (21/102) participants. Statistically significant increment in transaminase serum levels was observed in MEP-positive normal weight subgroup. Linear correlation was obtained between MEP concentration in urine samples and triglyceride (TG) serum levels (r 2 = 0.33; p < 0.01), visceral adiposity index (VAI) (r 2 = 0.41; p < 0.01), lipid accumulation product (LAP) (r 2 = 0.32; p < 0.01), and TG to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (r 2 = 0.40, p < 0.01) among the obese. The MEHP-positive normal weight volunteers had statistically significant increment of body mass index (p = 0.03) compared to MEHP-negative participants. Urine MEHP concentrations were negatively correlated with HDL serum levels (r 2 = 0.31; p < 0.05) in the normal weight subgroup. The phthalates exposure may be related to statistically significant ALT and AST serum levels increment as well as with increased BMI, while the phthalate levels in the urine may be correlated with increased TG and decreased HDL cholesterol serum levels and associated with indicators of cardiometabolic risk and insulin resistance as LAP and VAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Milošević
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | - Ivana Bajkin
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Perčić
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Haematology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Milica Medić Stojanoska
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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13
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Stojanoska MM, Milosevic N, Milic N, Abenavoli L. The influence of phthalates and bisphenol A on the obesity development and glucose metabolism disorders. Endocrine 2017; 55:666-681. [PMID: 27822670 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemics presents a great health problem worldwide. Beside the changes in diet and decreased physical activity, there is growing interest in endocrine disrupting chemicals that may have effects on these conditions. Among them, the role of certain phthalates and bisphenol A is confirmed. We have summarized the existing literature on this issue including cross-sectional, follow up epidemiological studies and in vivo and in vitro studies. Most data support the effects of bisphenol A and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethyl-hexyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibuthyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, dibenzyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate and others on the development obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These endocrine disrupting chemicals interfere with different cell signaling pathways involved in weight and glucose homeostasis. Since the data are rather inconsistent, there is a need for new, well-designed prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Medic Stojanoska
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Natasa Milosevic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Natasa Milic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- University Magna Graecia, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Germaneto, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Perez AL, Liong M, Plotkin K, Rickabaugh KP, Paustenbach DJ. Health risk assessment of exposures to a high molecular weight plasticizer present in automobile interiors. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:541-550. [PMID: 27769007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an exposure and risk assessment of diundecyl phthalate (DUP), a high molecular weight phthalate plasticizer present in automobile interiors. Total daily intake of DUP was calculated from DUP measured in wipe samples from vehicle seats from six automobiles. Four of the vehicles exhibited atypical visible surface residue on the seats. Two vehicles with no visible surface residue were sampled as a comparison. DUP was the predominant organic compound identified in each of the wipes from all seats. A risk assessment of DUP via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes resulting from contact with automobile seats was conducted. The mean, standard deviation, and maximum DUP concentrations on the seats with visible surface residue were 6983 ± 7823 μg/100 cm2 and 38300 μg/100 cm2, respectively. The mean and 95th percentile of the mean for daily cumulative dose of DUP for all exposure routes for the seats with no visible surface residue ranged from 7 × 10-4 to 4 × 10-3 mg/kg-day and from 8 × 10-4 to 5 × 10-3 mg/kg-day, respectively. For seats with visible surface residue, cumulative doses ranged from 2 × 10-3 to 2 × 10-2 mg/kg-day and from 4 × 10-3 to 2 × 10-2 mg/kg-day, respectively. The estimated daily intake (contact or absorbed dose) of DUP from automobile seats were far lower than the NOAELs reported in and derived from animal studies, and are well below the reported Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Derived No Effect Levels (DNELs) for the general population. Based on this analysis, using virtually any benchmark for evaluating safety, exposure to DUP via automobile seat covers did not pose a measureable increased health-risk in any population under any reasonably plausible exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Perez
- Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd Street Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States.
| | - Monty Liong
- Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd Street Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States
| | - Kevin Plotkin
- Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd Street Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States
| | | | - Dennis J Paustenbach
- Cardno ChemRisk, 101 2nd Street Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States
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15
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Silva MJ, Bontke TW, Calafat AM, Ye X. Identification of potential biomarkers of exposure to diundecyl phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:137-143. [PMID: 27045772 PMCID: PMC4874903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diundecyl phthalate (DUP) is a high production volume chemical used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride and other plastics. Specific biomarkers of DUP would be useful for human exposure assessment. To identify such biomarkers, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of DUP with human liver microsomes using online solid phase extraction coupled to HPLC-mass spectrometry. Using high resolution mass spectrometry, we conclusively confirmed the structures of four DUP specific metabolites: monoundecyl phthalate (MUP), mono-hydroxyundecyl phthalate (MHUP), mono-oxoundecyl phthalate (MOUP), and mono-carboxydecyl phthalate (MCDP). We also used high resolution mass spectrometry to isolate MCDP and MHUP from co-eluting isobaric metabolites of diisononyl phthalate (i.e., monocarboxyisononyl phthalate) and diisododecyl phthalate (i.e., monohydroxyisododecyl phthalate), respectively, that could not be separated with low resolution tandem mass spectrometry. To evaluate the potential usefulness of the newly identified DUP metabolites as exposure biomarkers, we analyzed 36 human urine samples by high resolution mass spectrometry. We detected MHUP and MCDP in >83% of the samples; median concentrations were 0.21ng/mL and 0.36ng/mL, respectively. MOUP was detected only in 14% of the samples analyzed, and MUP was not detected. All three metabolites eluted as peak clusters likely because of the presence of multiple oxidation sites and multiple isomers in DUP technical mixtures. Taken together, these findings suggest that with the appropriate mass spectrometry quantification techniques, MHUP and MCDP may serve as suitable biomarkers for assessing background exposure to DUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manori J Silva
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - Trevor W Bontke
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
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Abd-Ellah MF, Aly HAA, Mokhlis HAM, Abdel-Aziz AH. Quercetin attenuates di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced testicular toxicity in adult rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:232-243. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115580602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential oxidative damage of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the rat testis and to further elucidate the potential modulatory effect of quercetin. DEHP was diluted in corn oil and given to rats by oral gavage at doses 0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg/day (groups I, III, IV, or V, respectively) for 15 consecutive days. Group VI was pretreated with quercetin (90 mg/kg), 24 h before starting the experiment and then treated with DEHP (900 mg/kg/day) for 15 consecutive days. Group II was treated with quercetin (90 mg/kg/day). The relative testes weight and sperm motility were significantly decreased by treatment with 900 mg/kg of DEHP. Both sperm count and daily sperm production were significantly decreased by DEHP treatment at doses of 600 and 900 mg/kg. Serum testosterone level and prostatic acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and testicular lactate dehydrogenase-X (LDH-X) activity were significantly decreased in animals treated with 900 mg/kg. Serum total ACP activity was significantly increased in animals treated with 600 and 900 mg/kg of DEHP. DEHP treatment induced oxidative stress and histopathological abnormality. These abnormalities were effectively normalized by pretreatment with quercetin except for LDH-X near normalcy. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate that DEHP impairs testicular function at least, in part, by inducing oxidative stress and quercetin has a potent protective effect against DEHP-induced testicular toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- MF Abd-Ellah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - HAA Aly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - HAM Mokhlis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - AH Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Kim JH, Park H, Lee J, Cho G, Choi S, Choi G, Kim SY, Eun SH, Suh E, Kim SK, Kim HJ, Kim GH, Lee JJ, Kim YD, Eom S, Kim S, Moon HB, Park J, Choi K, Kim S, Kim S. Association of diethylhexyl phthalate with obesity-related markers and body mass change from birth to 3 months of age. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:466-72. [PMID: 26834143 PMCID: PMC4862064 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested potential links of phthalates to obesity in children and adults. Limited evidence, however, has been available for the relations between diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and obesity-related markers or body mass change in early life. METHODS 128 healthy pregnant women were recruited and, after delivery, their newborns' first urine and umbilical cord blood samples were collected. We measured urinary levels of two DEHP metabolites, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP). We also measured the levels of leptin, total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) in cord serum, and used them along with weight, length, head circumference and ponderal index (PI, 100 g/cm(3)) at birth, as obesity-related markers, and estimated the relations between DEHP metabolites and obesity-related markers using generalised linear models. For the evaluation of body mass increase by early life DEHP exposure, body mass index (BMI) z-score change during 3 months after birth by DEHP metabolites in the first urine samples of the newborns were evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS DEHP exposure was associated with decrease of PI and increase of TG (PI, β=-0.11, p=0.070 and TG, β=0.14, p=0.027), especially for boys (PI, β=-0.13, p=0.021; and TG, β=0.19, p=0.025). Moreover, DEHP exposure was positively associated with body mass increase during 3 months after birth (change of BMI z-scores, OR=4.35, p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that DEHP exposure may affect body mass change in early life through changes of obesity-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geumjoon Cho
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Eun
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsook Suh
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Koo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Don Kim
- Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyong Eom
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyo Kim
- Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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