Effect of oxidative stress on male reproduction

Evaluation of male contraceptive efficacy of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) sw. in human and rat: an ex-vivo study

The study focused on the spermicidal and anti-androgenic effects of aqueous-ethanolic (60:40) extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves (AEECPL) in human and rat samples from the viewpoint of its contraceptive efficacy through ex-vivo study. Six fertile adult males were selected randomly for semen collection. Parallelly sperm samples were collected by epididymal washing from six rats. Testes, epididymis, and liver were dissected from rats. Biological samples were divided into control, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml of AEECPL exposed groups. Relevant spermiological, steroidogenic enzymes, oxidative stress, and metabolic toxicity sensors were evaluated. All the spermiological sensors were decreased significantly in dose and duration-dependent manners, and the number of comet positive spermatozoa were increased in dose-dependent mode in AEECPL exposed groups against the control both in human and rat. Activities of Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD in testis, kinetics of superoxide dismutase both in testis and epididymis were significantly decreased along with the elevation in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in AEECPL exposed groups. Activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase in above mentioned tissues showed no significant difference among the control and AEECPL exposed groups, indicating its non-toxic effects on reproductive and metabolic tissues. The results presenting the prominent contraceptive preventing potentiality of the said extract both in human and rat. The optimal effect was noted at 2 mg/ml dose. In-depth investigations are required through in-vivo studies on animal model to know the genomic mode of action for the execution of male contraceptive activity.

Understanding the impact of triazoles on female fertility and embryo development: Mechanisms and implications

Triazoles are among the most widely used fungicides that were launched in 1980s and are one of the most important pesticide groups used in agriculture as plant growth regulators and stress protectors. Triazoles are also frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat fungal and bacterial infections as well as to treat and prevent some forms of pneumonia. Humans are normally exposed to triazoles through food, water, and medications, which raises concerns about their potential adverse effects on health. Therefore, this review was planned to examine the impact of triazole fungicides on female fertility, as well as their teratogenic and embryotoxic effects. Various search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, IEEE were used to search the relevant articles published between 2006 and 2024 using the following keywords: "azoles," "female infertility," "reproductive toxicity," "teratogenicity," "triazoles," and "embryo toxicity." The findings suggest that triazoles might negatively affect female fertility and embryonic development through multiple mechanisms including inhibition or interference with key enzymes such as CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 (aromatase) involved in steroid hormone synthesis, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, disruption of signaling pathways, and apoptosis. This review consolidates current knowledge on the teratogenic and embryotoxic properties of triazole fungicides, providing a comprehensive understanding of their health implications and addressing critical research gaps.

From infection to infertility: a review of the role of human papillomavirus-induced oxidative stress on reproductive health and infertility

Infertility has emerged as a significant global health concern, affecting nearby 8-12% of couples in reproductive age worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests a potential link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and infertility in both men and women. Some research indicate that HPV can infect various components of semen, potentially affecting sperm quality by decreasing motility, viability, and increasing DNA fragmentation, all of which may contribute to male infertility. The virus can attach to the equatorial region of the sperm head, enabling infected sperm to transmit the virus to the oocyte or placenta. Consequently, HPV potentially induces apoptosis in trophoblastic cells and disrupts their adhesion to endometrial cells, which raises the risk of miscarriage. HPV may also affect ovarian reserve by causing chronic inflammation, which can impair granulosa cell function and lower serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Besides, HPV-related immune responses also contribute to infertility by producing anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs), which cause sperm clumping, reduce motility through cervical mucus, activate the complement system that damages sperm in the female reproductive tract and interfere with sperm-egg interactions. Moreover, HPV infection has been linked to reduced success rates in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), potentially disrupting critical processes such as the acrosome reaction, sperm-oocyte interaction, and fusion. One potential mechanism through which HPV contributes to infertility is oxidative stress (OS). Triggered OS can negatively impact sperm quality and cause damage to the female reproductive system, ultimately contributing to infertility. Despite these associations, the precise mechanisms and the strength of the relationship remain uncertain. Thus, this review seeks to investigate the potential impact of HPV on infertility, particularly its effects on the reproductive system through OS. A clearer understanding of these processes could inform future health strategies for addressing HPV-related infertility.

The Effect of Antioxidant Administration on Semen Quality in Men with Infertility: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

A randomized, placebo-controlled, quadruple-blind trial was performed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of the antioxidant combination Spermotrend® for three months on semen quality in infertile men with at least one abnormal variable in semen analysis. Eighty men were randomized between 2019 and 2022, receiving either the antioxidant combination Spermotrend® (n = 40, spermotrend-group) or placebo (n = 40, placebo-group). Although a total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study, the final data is only from 70 patients. The primary outcome measure was sperm motility (rapid progressive, progressive, and total motility). The values of primary and secondary outcomes between treatment initiation and treatment completion were compared within groups. Moreover, their changes between treatment initiation and treatment completion were compared between the placebo- and the spermotrend-groups. Sperm rapid progressive motility significantly increased in infertile men treated for three months with antioxidant combination Spermotrend® (+1.0%, 95% CI: 0.0 to +2.0, p = 0.04), while this increase was not observed in the placebo-group. Sperm progressive motility significantly increased in infertile men treated for three months with antioxidant combination Spermotrend® (+3.0%, 95% CI: 0.0 to +15.1, p = 0.02), while this increase was not observed in the placebo-group. Similarly, DFI was significantly decreased in infertile men treated for three months by antioxidant combination Spermotrend® (-3.2%, 95% CI: -5.8 to -0.5, p = 0.02). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the changes of pre- and post-treatment values between the spermotrend- and the placebo-group regarding sperm progressive motility, concentration, normal morphology, DFI, and formation of 8-OH-dG. The antioxidant combination Spermotrend® appears to exert limited benefit on sperm motility and DFI in infertile men with at least one abnormal variable in semen analysis.

Co-administration of atorvastatin with piperine induces reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats through oxidative stress induction and downregulation of StAR, CYP11a1, 3βHSD and 17βHSD genes

Atorvastatin is a statin group of medicine that inhibits biosynthesis of cholesterol and mainly prescribed for treating cardiovascular diseases. Black pepper is a one of the mostly used spices that contains an alkaloid called piperine in its fruits which is known to cause male reproductive toxicity. Both atorvastatin and black pepper (piperine) are randomly consumed by the patients of chronic hyperlipidemia and it is important to know the synergistic effects of atorvastatin and piperine on male fertility parameters. Twenty rats were taken for the study and divided into four groups each containing five rats. Group I served as a control, group II animals are treated with atorvastatin (ATR) (8mg/kg BW), group III animals received piperine (PIP) (10mg/kg BW) and group IV animals were co-administered with piperine (10mg/kg BW) and atorvastatin (8mg/kg BW). All treatments were done by using water suspension of atorvastatin and piperine and using oral gavage for consecutive 28 days and thereafter assessed for gravimetric and histomorphometry analysis, sperm motility and morphology, ROS generation, anti-oxidant enzymes, serum testosterone quantification, qRTPCR (StAR, CYP11a1, 3βHSD and 17βHSD genes) and toluidine blue staining for analyzing chromatin integrity of spermatozoa. The results showed that co-administration of ATR+PIP significantly reduced body weight, changed in GSI also found. Activities of major two antioxidant enzymes (SOD and Catalase) were found to reduce whereas levels of TBARS and ROS in testicular tissues increased significantly. The study found that combined administration of atorvastatin and piperine negatively impacted male fertility potential, causing reproductive toxicity.

From Inflammation to Infertility: How Oxidative Stress and Infections Disrupt Male Reproductive Health

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Inflammation, infections, and oxidative stress (OS) all have an impact on male infertility, which is a complicated, multifaceted illness. OS affects motility and fertilization capability. It accomplishes this through damaging sperm DNA, oxidizing proteins, and triggering lipid peroxidation. These effects occur due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses.

METHODS

This review aims to evaluate the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on male infertility by assessing recent literature.

RESULTS

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-α and IL-6, interfere with spermatogenesis and promote oxidative damage. Additionally, infections caused by pathogens like Escherichia coli and Chlamydia trachomatis alter the reproductive microenvironment, leading to sperm dysfunction and inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

Early detection and targeted treatment are essential due to the intricate interactions among these elements. Microbiota-modulating techniques, antimicrobial therapies, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antioxidants are therapeutic approaches that may help reduce oxidative damage and enhance male fertility.

Extender development for optimal cryopreservation of buck sperm to increase reproductive efficiency of goats

Preservation of sperm significantly contributes to the advancement of assisted reproductive technologies, genetic conservation and improvement efforts, and precision breeding of livestock. This review distills knowledge from the existing information and emerging patterns in the field of buck sperm cryopreservation. The primary focus is on the challenges and opportunities associated with improving extender formulations and freezing techniques in order to enhance the vitality of sperm after thawing and to increase the potential for conception. This review assesses the efficacy and limitations of conventional extenders derived from egg yolk or soybean lecithin, and the adverse impacts of seminal plasma enzymes on sperm quality during the processes of chilling and cryopreservation. Significant progress has been made in the fields of molecular biology namely lipidomics, proteomics, metabolomics, DNA methylation providing valuable knowledge regarding the unique reactions of sperm to cryopreservation. The utilization of the "omics" technologies has shown intricate molecular transformation that occur in sperm during freezing and thawing. Moreover, detection of molecular biomarkers that indicate the quality of sperm and their ability to withstand freezing provides opportunities to choose the best sperm samples for cryopreservation. This, in turn, enhances the results of artificial insemination and genetic conservation endeavors. This review emphasizes the necessity for adopting a comprehensive approach that combines molecular and cellular knowledge with practical methods in the field of sperm cryopreservation to ensure production of goats as major food animals in the global scale.

Protective Role of Physical Activity and Antioxidant Systems During Spermatogenesis

Oxidative stress is a significant factor that contributes to male infertility and sperm dysfunction. In this condition, an increase in ROS production exceeds the body's antioxidant defenses, resulting in a decline in spermatozoa quality and fertilizing capacity. Furthermore, excessive ROS production has been linked to the promotion of genomic damage, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, altered enzyme activity, and ultimately, irreversible alterations, cell death, and a decline in seminal parameters associated with male infertility. It is established that physical activity (PA), acting on inflammatory parameters and improving antioxidant defense, can alleviate the negative effects caused by free radicals, offering numerous health benefits and positively influencing sperm quality. The objective of this review is to highlight the mechanisms of ROS production, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ROS in relation to the male reproductive system, and recent knowledge on the impact of some protocols of PA on these systems and the molecular mechanisms involved.

Mitochondrial uncoupling and glycolysis stimulation are beneficial for kinematics, functionality and oxidative homeostasis of cryopreserved ram sperm

The aim of the present study was to improve bioenergetics and oxidative status of cryopreserved ram sperm by uncoupling mitochondrial activity and stimulating glycolysis. To verify a potential synergism between mitochondrial uncoupling and glycolysis stimulation, as well as to determine the optimal concentrations of the respective treatments, the study was divided into two experiments. In Experiment 1, ejaculates from eight rams were diluted with the commercial extender (Botubov®), supplemented with the mitochondrial uncoupler CCCP (0, 1, 10, and 20 μM), with or without 5 mM glucose, and then subjected to cryopreservation. After thawing, sperm function and oxidative status analyses were conducted to determine the optimal CCCP concentration, which was selected for Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, ejaculates from seven rams were diluted with the commercial extender (Botubov®) and supplemented with CCCP at doses of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM, with or without 5 mM glucose. After thawing, an analysis of sperm bioenergetics was performed. Differences between treatments were assessed using ANOVA, followed by LSD mean comparison test for the combination of factors. In both experiments, total and progressive motility were higher in the CCCP 10 μM + glucose 5 mM group. This same group exhibited less susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, lower DNA fragmentation (Experiment 1), and greater mitochondrial activity (Experiment 2). Furthermore, treatments with only CCCP were deleterious to sperm. In conclusion, the use of the mitochondrial uncoupler CCCP at a dose of 10 μM combined with 5 mM glucose was promising in improving post-thaw sperm attributes.

Does outdoor air pollution cause poor semen quality? A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

It is hypothesized that air pollutants could be associated with semen parameters. This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted to reach a firm conclusion regarding the possible association between outdoor air pollution and semen parameters among the adult population.

METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were systematically searched using the text keywords and MeSH terms, including "air pollution" and "semen parameters,". The population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) framework was used as follows: P (Adult men), I (Individuals with the highest exposure to the air pollutants), C (Individuals with the lowest exposure to the air pollutants), O [Semen parameters, including semen volume, total sperm count, sperm concentration, total motility, progressive motility, normal morphology rate, and DNA fragmentation index (DFI)]. The overall effect was presented as a weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) analyzed via a fixed (inverse-variance) or random (DerSimonian-Laird) weighted model. Low, moderate, and high heterogeneity were defined as I2 index < 40, 40-75, and > 75%, respectively.

RESULTS

Seventeen studies covering 24,065 participants were enrolled in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Higher exposure to outdoor air pollution was associated with significant decreases in semen volume (WMD: -0.13 mL; 95% CI, -0.21 to -0.05; P = 0.001; I2 = 32.1%), sperm concentration (WMD: -12.41 × 106/mL; 95% CI, -23.29 to -1.53; P = 0.03; I2 = 98.7%), total motility (WMD: -5.96%; 95% CI, -10.76 to -1.16; P = 0.01; I2 = 96.2%), progressive motility (WMD: -4.89%; 95% CI, -9.23 to -0.55; P = 0.03; I2 = 98.0%), normal morphology rate (WMD: -2.64%; 95% CI, -4.36 to -0.92; P = 0.003; I2 = 94.6%), and significant increases in DNA fragmentation index (WMD: 5.41%; 95% CI, 3.24 to 7.59; P < 0.001; I2 = 70.4%).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, it can be stated that air pollution can impair sperm parameters. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to illuminate this issue and clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Effect of hydro-ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. leaves in human and rat: In vitro approach of male contraceptive development

OBJECTIVE

The study focused the contraceptive efficacy of hydro-ethanolic (60:40) extract (HEE) of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves in human and rat sperm samples by in vitro study.

METHODS

Six young fertile adult males were selected for semen collection. Sperm samples were collected from six adult rat also by chopping the epididymis along with the collection of testicles, epididymis, and liver. The semen, sperm, and tissue samples were grouped into control, 1, 2, and 4 mg HEE exposed categories. Sensitive spermiological sensors, androgenic key enzymes, oxidative stress, and metabolic toxicity markers were assessed according to standard protocols. Human semen samples, rat sperm samples and metabolic tissue samples were divided into 16 test tubes in all of the above groups to find out the direct effect of the extract on such sensors in concentration and duration dependent manner.

RESULTS

Spermiological sensors both in human and rat were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in concentration and duration dependent manner after in vitro exposure of HEE against the control group. Testicular ∆5,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were significantly (p<0.05) decreased, and level of the end product of lipid oxidation-peroxidation was elevated (p<0.05) in rat after extract charging. No general toxicity imposition of the said extract indicated by the activities of hepatic transaminases. Phytochemical screening was done by qualitative and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.

CONCLUSION

Extract focused the promising male contraceptive potentiality at 2 mg/ml concentration. Mode of action will be unfolded from running in vivo study very shortly.

Protective Effects of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome On Oxidative Stress-Induced Bisphenol-A in Isolated Rat Testes Mitochondria and Sperm Quality

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome (ASE) on oxidative stress triggered by Bisphenol-A (BisA) exposure in testicular mitochondria and sperm quality of rats.

METHODS

Testicular tissue mitochondria and sperms were exposed to BisA (8 μM) and ASE (50 or 100 μg). ∆Ψm (mitochondrial membrane potential), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, antioxidant biomarkers, and sperm parameters were measured.

RESULTS

BisA elevated biomarkers of oxidative stress in mitochondria, while the levels of antioxidant activity and ∆Ψm decreased significantly. BisA harmed the morphology, survival rate, and mobility of the spermatozoids. ASE lowered malondialdehyde contents and ROS generation in the mitochondria, increased ∆Ψm, and reversed sperm quality.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicated that ASE effectively reduced BisA-induced damage to mitochondria and enhanced sperm quality by averting oxidative stress.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicle as A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Chemotherapy-Induced Male Infertility: A Review Article

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been recognized as a promising therapeutic modality due to their low immunogenicity, and the ability to penetrate biological barriers. They contain significant amounts of lipids, proteins, and microRNAs, effectively participating in intra- and inter-cellular communications. sEVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being explored as a potential therapeutic option due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and regenerative properties, offering advantages over stem cell transplantationbased treatments. Chemotherapy induces side effects on various organs, particularly those with high proliferative capacity, such as testicular tissue. Exposure to some groups of chemotherapeutic agents, such as cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and doxorubicin can cause DNA damage and induce apoptosis in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. Chemotherapy has been shown to induce cellular stress in testicles, leading to testicular dysfunction and the activation of apoptotic pathways in response to external and internal stress. The current research aims to review the potential therapeutic advantages of sEVs derived from MSCs in addressing sperm abnormalities and male infertility resulting from chemotherapy. Several lines of evidence indicate that treatment with sEVs can reduce testicular tissue damage caused by chemotherapy by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. sEVs boost the growth and motility of spermatogenic cells and protect them from apoptosis by activating internal pathways. Therefore, as a non-invasive approach, they have shown promising results in regenerating damaged spermatozoa and restoring spermatogenesis.

The combined effect between environmental exposure and oxidative stress-related susceptible gene polymorphisms on human semen quality

PURPOSE

The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and metabolic gene genotypes related to semen quality.

METHODS

A total of 341 men were recruited and classified into normal or abnormal semen quality groups according to the World Health Organization's 2010 criteria. Alcohol and tobacco use among men was self-reported. Pb (lead), As (arsenic), Ti (titanium), and Zn (zinc) metal elements in seminal plasma were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The ALDH2 rs671 and GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism were detected using high-resolution melting (HRM) PCR.

RESULTS

Individual environmental factors, including smoking, drinking, and exposure to Pb, As, Ti, or Zn, did not significantly associate with the risk of semen abnormalities. The ALDH2 GA/AA mutation genotype increased the risk of semen abnormalities in smoking males (AOR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.62) and in males with high seminal Ti levels (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.00-1.90). The GSTP1 rs1695 gene (GG/AG) mutation genotype exhibited a protective effect on semen quality in males who did not consume alcohol (AOR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51-0.85) or smoke (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.00), as well as in those with low Pb (AOR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46-0.88) and Ti (AOR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90) exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study demonstrated that genetic and environmental factors interact with semen quality, and that men with the ALDH2 rs671A or GSTP1 rs1695A allele are susceptible to Ti-, alcohol-, and tobacco-induced semen quality abnormalities.

Oxidative Stress in the Reproduction of Mammals

Reproduction is a fundamental biological process, but it is also vulnerable to oxidative stress, which is a consequence of an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defences [...].

Can nutraceuticals counteract the detrimental effects of the environment on male fertility? A parallel systematic review and expert opinion

INTRODUCTION

Male fertility relies on a complex physiology that may be negatively influenced by lifestyle, diet, and environment. The beneficial effect of nutraceuticals on male fertility is a debated claim. The aim of this study was to assess if the positive effect of nutraceuticals can counteract the negative effects of the environment on male fertility.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

PubMed®/MEDLINE®, Embase and Cochrane Database were searched (September-October 2023), along with crosschecking of references and search for ongoing studies of the effects of the environment and nutraceuticals on male fertility, in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Several environmental factors such as microplastic and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals and climate changes may affect the sperm quality in terms of reduction of sperm count number, mobility and altered morphology and thereby reduce male fertility. On the other hand, new evidence demonstrates that a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients, together with minimized exposure to environmental toxins, may improve male fertility and reproductive health. Several nutraceutical compounds proved a protective role against negative environmental effects on male fertility.

CONCLUSIONS

Available evidence confirms that the environment may negatively impact male fertility, and this impact is estimated to rise in the forthcoming years. On the other hand, new data indicate that nutraceuticals may have a protective role against the negative impact of environmental factors on male fertility. The need for future studies to monitor and explore these aspects of men's health cannot be underestimated.

The consequences of climate change and male reproductive health: A review of the possible impact and mechanisms

A global decline in male fertility has been reported, and climate change is considered a major cause of this. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, and results from greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide and methane that act as a blanket wrapped around the earth, trapping heat and elevating temperatures. Sad to say, the consequences of climatic variation are beyond the dramatic elevated temperature, they include cold stress, increased malnutrition, air pollution, cardiovascular diseases respiratory tract infections, cancer, sexually transmitted infections, mental stress, and heat waves. These negative effects of climate change impair male reproductive function through multiple pathways, like ROS-sensitive signaling, suppression of steroidogenic markers, and direct damage to testicular cells. The present study aimed to describe the impact of the consequences of climate change on male reproductive health with details of the various mechanisms involved. This will provide an in-depth understanding of the pathophysiological and molecular basis of the possible climatic variation-induced decline in male fertility, which will aid in the development of preventive measures to abate the negative effects of climate change on male reproductive function.

Empagliflozin improves sperm quality in diabetic rats by lowering oxidative stress and reducing apoptosis-related genes expression

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) negatively impacts sperm health by increasing oxidative stress. Empagliflozin, a type of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, not only reduces blood glucose levels in T2DM but also has antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of empagliflozin on sperm quality and spermatogenesis indices in rats with T2DM.Male rats were divided into three groups (n = 6): control, diabetes mellitus (DM, induced by streptozotocin + nicotinamide), and DM treated with empagliflozin (10 mg/kg, 56 days, via gavage). Sperm parameters including sperm count, viability, motility, normal morphology, DNA integrity, maturation, tail length, and daily sperm production were analyzed. Additionally, spermatogenesis indices, Bax/Bcl2 ratio and serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. In the DM group, there was a significant decrease in the mean sperm parameters, SOD, TAC, and spermatogenesis indices, along with a significant increase in the percentage of single-stranded DNA (AO+), immature sperm nuclei (AB+), MDA levels, and Bax/Bcl2 ratio, compared to the control group. In the DM + empagliflozin group, there was a significant increase in the mean sperm parameters, SOD levels (P˂0.001), and spermatogenesis indices. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the mean AB+ (P˂0.01), AO+, MDA levels (P˂0.001), and Bax/Bcl2 ratio compared to the DM group. The results showed that empagliflozin can mitigate the adverse effects of diabetes and improve sperm quality and increase sperm production in diabetic rats.

Exploring the impact of environmental factors on male reproductive health through epigenetics

Male infertility has become an increasingly severe global health issue, with its incidence significantly rising over the past few decades. This paper delves into the crucial role of epigenetics in male reproductive health, focusing particularly on the effects of DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs regulation on spermatogenesis. Exposure to various environmental factors can cause sperm DNA damage, leading to epigenetic abnormalities. Among these factors, we have discussed heavy metals (including Zinc, Cadmium, Arsenic, Copper), phthalates, electromagnetic radiation, and temperature in detail. Notably, aberrations in DNA methylation are closely associated with various symptoms of male infertility, and histone modifications and chromatin remodeling are essential for sperm maturation and function. By synthesizing existing literature and experimental data, this narrative review investigates how environmental factors influence male reproductive health through epigenetic mechanisms, thus providing new theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for the early diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.

Establishing the Mechanisms Involved in the Environmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Risk of Male Infertility

Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as plasticizers, alkylphenol compounds, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), has increased due to environmental contamination. PCBs, categorized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are lipophilic chemicals commonly used in lubricants, cutting oils, and electrical insulators. PCBs may have detrimental effects on hormone-producing glands, potentially contributing to male infertility. Thus, the objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the adverse effects of PCBs on the male reproductive system. Searches of three electronic databases were performed using MESH terms and 32 studies were included. Although the exact mechanism of action for PCBs remains unclear, several PCBs are regarded as potential endocrine disruptors due to their ability to interact with hormone signaling pathways. PCBs have been found to disrupt physiological functions by mimicking endogenous hormones as agonists or antagonists, altering patterns of hormone synthesis, hormone receptor affinities or numbers, and modulating enzymes involved in hormone secretion. These reports highlight the pleiotropic nature of PCB function and the susceptibility of the reproductive system. Endocrine-disrupting PCBs can mimic, alter, or block hormonal responses, inhibiting natural signaling to the testes and epididymis via various mechanisms such as binding to sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen-binding protein or blocking cell surface receptors. Furthermore, PCBs can alter the hormonal environment in the prostate or seminal vesicles by changing the affinity of androgens for their receptors. The testicles and genital organs may be susceptible to various estrogenic effects, leading to changes in the quality or quantity of their secretions and the volume of semen.

Effect of biotin supplementation and swimming training on oxidative stress and testicular function in male rats

Oxidative stress (OS) affects testicular function and is a significant cause of sperm cell dysfunction in males. The development of male infertility is closely linked to a sedentary lifestyle and diet. This study aimed to characterize the protective effects of biotin supplementation (BS) and swimming training (ST) on OS markers in the reproductive system of male rats. Forty male rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 per group) and treated for 28 days as follows: control, BS (this group received BS through oral gavage), ST, and BS + ST groups. Our results showed that glutathione (GSH) levels significantly increased in the BS, ST (p < 0.05), and BS + ST (p < 0.01) groups, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly decreased in these experimental groups (p < 0.05 for all). Additionally, compared to the controls, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the BS and ST groups evidenced by a decrease in the levels of other biochemical parameters (cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)). According to histological examination, the BS, ST, and BS + ST groups showed an improvement compared to the control group. In conclusion, BS had positive effects on biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity, and BS along with ST improved testicular function in male rats.

Biochemical Mechanisms That Buffer the Effects of High Temperatures in the Sand-Dwelling Lizard Holbrookia propinqua

Reptiles, as ectothermic organisms, rely on environmental temperatures for optimal physiological performance. The thermal requirements for optimal locomotion in reptiles can severely affect their reproduction. However, some species are successful in environments with temperatures exceeding 40 °C. Holbrookuia propinqua is a species that reproduces at high temperatures, a difference from most species in the family Phrynosomatidae, to which it belongs. Adult male H. propinqua specimens were collected at their reproductive stage, kept in separate terrariums, and divided into four groups that were exposed to different temperatures. After seven days of exposure, both the testes and epididymides were removed. The organs were processed for immunohistochemistry and to determine SOD, CAT, and GPX activity. A sperm sample was obtained from the vas deferens. The GSI decreased with temperature, and the EI presented its maximum value at 24 °C. Sperm viability was lower at the highest temperature, and motility at 28 and 32 °C exceeded 90%. The specific SOD activity in the testis at 41 °C decreased by ~75%. In the epididymis, SOD activity decreased at 28 and 32 °C. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) increased after 28 °C at the interstitial level and increased almost twofold in the seminiferous tubules.

Redox profiling of preovulatory follicular fluid in the donkey is species-specific, and contributes to modulate sperm function

The follicular fluid (FF) is crucial for providing oocytes with an ideal environment that promotes their development and maturation. Not only does this fluid supply nutrients and hormones, but also other components that protect both follicular cells and the oocyte itself from potential harmful factors, such as those inducing oxidative stress (OS). The FF has also been suggested to have beneficial effects on sperm when they reach the oviduct. The objectives of this study were to describe the presence and activity levels of redox biomarkers in the preovulatory follicular fluid (PFF), and to analyze the impact of PFF on the motility, viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of donkey sperm. For this purpose, ten PFF samples obtained from Catalan jennies and nine ejaculates collected from Catalan donkeys were used. Redox biomarkers -including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and oxidative biomarkers- were analyzed in jennies' PFF. After collection, each semen sample was split into two aliquots of equal volume. The two aliquots were centrifuged to remove the seminal plasma; one pellet was resuspended in Tris Buffered Medium (TBM), and the other was resuspended in TBM supplemented with 20% PFF. Motility parameters (CASA) and other semen quality biomarkers (flow cytometry) were assessed after 0, 60 and 120 min of incubation at 38 °C. Exposure of donkey sperm to PFF reduced intracellular ROS levels and helped maintain sperm motility and viability. These findings suggest that, in the oviduct, the PFF components protect donkey sperm from oxidative stress. Furthermore, knowing better the composition of donkey PFF in terms of antioxidant biomarkers may be used to improve the formulation of media for oocyte maturation and fertilization in this and other species.

High-Fat Diets Disturb Rat Epididymal Sperm Maturation

Infertility is increasingly recognized as being closely linked to obesity in humans. The successful production of fertile spermatozoa requires adequate spermatogenesis within the testis and proper spermatozoa maturation through the epididymis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of body adiposity on male fertility, focusing on sperm parameters, epididymal sperm maturation, and sperm capacitation in Wistar rats. Male rats were randomized into three dietary groups over four weeks: a control group receiving less than 4% lard, regular chow, a 10% lard group, and a 60% lard group. Following dietary interventions, fertility tests were conducted across the groups. The epididymis was dissected into caput, corpus, and cauda regions to assess sperm concentration, vitality capacitation, carbohydrate distribution, tyrosine phosphorylation, and phosphatidylserine levels. Additionally, serum testosterone levels were measured to evaluate hormonal influences on fertility. The rats subjected to high-fat diets leading to overweight and obesity exhibited significant alterations in fertility. These changes were characterized by impaired epididymal sperm maturation, as evidenced by lower testosterone levels, decreased sperm viability, and capacitation. Furthermore, increased adiposity was associated with a lack of asymmetry in the plasma membrane, alteration in carbohydrate distribution, and changes in tyrosine phosphorylation. This study underscores the adverse effects of high-fat diets on male fertility, particularly through mechanisms affecting sperm maturation in the epididymis. The evidence suggests that obesity-induced alterations in sperm parameters and hormonal profiles may contribute to reduced fertility in male rats, which could have implications for understanding similar human processes.

Generation of a Transgenic Mouse Model for Investigating Mitochondria in Sperm

Mitochondria play a crucial role in sperm development; however, the mechanisms regulating their function in sperm remain poorly understood. Developing a method to regulate the expression of a target gene within the mitochondria of sperm is a vital step in this area of research. In this study, we aimed to create a system for expressing a transgene in the mitochondria of sperm. As a proof of concept, we generated transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) driven by the phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2) promoter, which facilitates the transgene expression in the sperm. Although the PGK2 promoter has previously shown to drive gene expression in spermatocytes and spermatids, the novelty of our approach lies in the combination of PGK2-driven MLS-GFP expression to study mitochondria in vivo. We established two founder lines of transgenic mice through pronuclear microinjection, and MLS-GFP expression was confirmed in the mitochondria of sperm cells using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Consequently, we provide a novel platform for investigating mitochondrial function in sperm, where GFP can be substituted with other genes of interest to examine their effects on mitochondria. This system specifically targets sperm mitochondria, offering an innovative approach for studying mitochondrial function in vivo.

Lower Semen Quality Among Men in the Modern Era-Is There a Role for Diet and the Microbiome?

The prevalence of infertility is increasing worldwide; poor nutrition, increased sedentary lifestyles, obesity, stress, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and advanced age of childbearing may contribute to the disruption of ovulation and influence oocyte and sperm quality and overall reproductive health. Historically, infertility has been primarily attributed to female factors, neglecting the importance of male fertility; this has resulted in an incomplete understanding of reproductive health. Male factors account for 40-50% of infertility cases. In half of these cases, the proximal cause for male infertility is unknown. Sperm contributes half of the nuclear DNA to the embryo, and its quality is known to impact fertilisation rates, embryo quality, pregnancy rates, risk of spontaneous miscarriage, de novo autosomal-dominant conditions, psychiatric and neurodevelopment conditions, and childhood diseases. Recent studies have suggested that both the microenvironment of the testes and diet quality may play an important role in fertility; however, there is limited research on the combination of these factors. This review summarises current known causes of male infertility and then focuses on the potential roles for diet and the seminal microbiome. Future research in this area will inform dietary interventions and health advice for men with poor semen quality, potentially alleviating the need for costly and invasive assisted reproduction treatments and allowing men to take an active role in the fertility conversation which has historically focussed on women individually.

Salinity modulation of neodymium and dysprosium toxicity in mussels: A comprehensive analysis of adult and sperm responses

Neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy) are among the most commonly used rare earth elements (REEs) worldwide, leading to their increased concentrations in aquatic environments, with potential impacts on organisms. Additionally, organisms are also subjected to environmental stressors, such as salinity shifts, which can not only directly impact their health but also modulate the impacts of contaminants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Nd and Dy on adult mussels and sperm of the species Mytilus galloprovincialis after 28 days and 30 min of exposure, respectively. Furthermore, the study assessed how salinity shifts influence the effects of these elements. To this end, histopathological and biochemical alterations were evaluated in adults, while biochemical and physiological changes were analyzed in sperm. To simplify data interpretation and understand the overall impact of each treatment, Multidimensional Scaling Analysis (MDS) and the Integrated Biological Index (IBR) were used. The MDS analysis identified three groups that were consistent with the IBR score. The first group, composed of the treatments at a salinity of 40, showed medium to severe effects. The second group was comprised of the treatments at control salinity (30), which presented the lowest IBR scores, indicating the least impact. The third group, which included the treatments at a salinity of 20, was associated with the most severe impacts, with Dy and Nd presenting the highest IBR scores. The results showed that salinity was the most predominant factor in this study, with the lower salinity being the most harmful. In addition, within each salinity level, Dy was the element that induced the highest response in this species. This study provides valuable information regarding the impacts of the interaction between REEs and salinity shifts, highlighting the importance of such research in mitigating the effects of pollution and climate change on marine ecosystems.

Effects of Essential Oils as Antioxidant and Cryoprotective Agents in Improving Frozen and Thawed Human Sperm Criteria

Sperm cryopreservation provides patients undergoing oncological, surgical, or infertility treatments the opportunity to conceive their own children, using assisted reproductive technologies. However, the freezing-thawing process can negatively influence both the quantity and the quality of spermatozoa, mainly due to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species and/or an impaired antioxidant defense system in sperm. Aromatic and medicinal plants synthesize essential oils with antioxidant proprieties as a part of their ecological adaptation to environmental stress, thanks to their rich bioactive phytochemical components. This study aimed to assess sperm progressive motility, viability, plasma membrane functionality, and lipid peroxidation levels of human cryopreserved normozoospermic (n = 51) and asthenozoospermic (n = 51) samples without or with the addition of Thymus satureoides (TSEO) (20 µg/mL), Artemisia vulgaris (AVEO) (48 µg/mL), and Rosmarinus officinalis (ROEO) (13 µg/mL) essential oils. Sperm parameters were significantly better preserved with ROEO in both normozoospermic (p < 0.05) and asthenozoospermic samples (p < 0.01). In contrast, TSEO had a negative impact for both groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, no significant effects were observed with AVEO. In summary, the study revealed that in vitro addition of essential oils as antioxidant agents during cryopreservation can be either beneficial, which helps preserve sperm parameters and fertilizing potential, or detrimental as spermicidal agents.

Effect of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Concentration on Cryopreservation of Booroolong Frog Sperm with Evaluation of Post-Thaw Motility in Caffeine

Reproductive technologies, including sperm cryopreservation, offer conservationists enhanced capacity to genetically manage populations and improve the outcomes of conservation breeding programs (CBPs). Despite this potential, the post-thaw quality of amphibian sperm is highly variable following cryopreservation, and research focused on protocol refinement is needed. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the effect of the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the cryopreservation medium (pre-freeze), and (2) the effect of the addition of caffeine to the activation medium (post-thaw), on post-thaw sperm characteristics in the critically endangered Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis). Spermic urine samples were collected from 14 male frogs following hormonal induction of spermiation, and each sample was split among three cryopreservation treatments, where the cryopreservation medium contained either 0 (control), 0.5, or 1% BSA (w/v). Samples were cryopreserved and thawed, and sperm motility was then activated in one of two activation treatments: Milli-Q water (control) or Milli-Q water plus 4.5 mM caffeine. Sperm viability (proportion live/dead) was assessed using fluorescent microscopy, and sperm motility metrics were evaluated using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Results from this study showed that BSA concentration had no effect on post-thaw sperm viability. Additionally, neither BSA concentration nor activation in caffeine influenced post-thaw sperm motility characteristics (total motility, forward progressive motility, and velocity). Assessment time of sperm motility varied from 5 to 13 min post-activation and was significantly correlated with each motility measure, with motility and velocity metrics decreasing as time post-activation increased. The results reported herein provide no evidence for an effect of BSA or caffeine at the concentrations tested on post-thaw sperm characteristics in the Booroolong frog, but they highlight the time-sensitive nature of sperm assessment post-thaw and implications for the timing of sperm handling during assisted fertilisation efforts.

Possible mechanisms of spermatogenic dysfunction induced by viral infections: Insights from COVID-19

Background

As the COVID-19 pandemic nears resolution in 2024, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections induce spermatogenic dysfunction remain poorly understood. This review examines the mechanisms by which viral infections, particularly COVID-19, disrupt spermatogenesis and highlights the implications for male reproductive health. While reports suggest that spermatogenic dysfunction caused by COVID-19 is mild and transient, these findings may have broader applications in understanding and treating spermatogenic dysfunction caused by future viral infections.

Methods

The PubMed database was searched to identify original and review articles investigating the mechanisms by which viral infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2, contribute to spermatogenic dysfunction.

Main Findings

SARS-CoV-2 affects the testis through multiple mechanisms, including ACE2 receptor-mediated entry, direct viral damage, inflammatory response, blood-testis barrier disruption, hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress, and impaired spermatogenesis. The combination of these factors can disrupt testicular function and highlights the complexity of the effects of COVID-19 on male reproductive health.

Conclusion

COVID-19 may disrupt spermatogenesis through direct testicular infection, systemic inflammation, hormonal disruption, and oxidative stress. Ongoing research, vaccination efforts, and clinical vigilance are essential to address these challenges and develop effective treatment and prevention strategies.

New Delivery Systems on Sperm Quality Improvement

Oxidative stress has become a major concern in the field of spermatology, and the use of antioxidant protection would be one of the possible solutions to this acute problem. More studies are needed in this field as very contradictory results have been obtained regarding the addition of antioxidants. Vitamin E is a powerful biological antioxidant, but its low stability and high hydrophobicity limit its application in spermatology, making necessary the use of organic solvents, which renders spermatozoa practically motionless. We propose to use nanotechnology as an innovative tool in spermatology, formulating nanoemulsions (NE) and hydrogels (HVE) that accommodate vitamin E, protecting it from oxidation and promoting its release into the medium. With that in mind, we have proposed the use of hydrogels and nanoemulsions, alone or in combination, as carriers for the controlled release of vitamin E, improving its solubility and stability and preventing oxidative stress on sperm cell. It is the first time that vitamin E is formulated as hydrogels. This new formulation could be hardly relevant for sperm physiology preservation which means a bright approach against sperm oxidative damage.

The Contribution of Precision Nutrition Intervention in Subfertile Couples

BACKGROUND/AIM

Subfertility is characterized by a decrease in reproductive efficiency, which can result in delayed pregnancy, and affects one in six individuals during their lifetime. The present narrative review aims to evaluate the contribution of precision nutrition to changes in fertility in subfertile couples.

METHODS

The literature review was carried out through bibliographic research in the PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and Google Scholar databases. The following search criteria were applied: (1) original articles and narrative, systematic or meta-analytic reviews, and (2) the individual or combined use of the following keywords: "genetic variation", "nutrigenetics", "precision nutrition", "couple's subfertility", and "couple's infertility". A preliminary reading of all the articles was carried out, and only those that best fit the themes and subthemes of the narrative review were selected.

RESULTS

Scientific evidence suggests that adherence to a healthy diet that follows the Mediterranean pattern is associated with increased fertility in women and improved semen quality in men, better metabolic health and reduced levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as maintaining a healthy body weight. The integration of different tools, such as nutrigenetics, predictive biochemical analyses, intestinal microbiota tests and clinical nutrition software, used in precision nutrition interventions can contribute to providing information on how diet and genetics interact and how they can influence fertility.

CONCLUSIONS

The adoption of a multidisciplinary and precision approach allows the design of dietary and lifestyle recommendations adapted to the specific characteristics and needs of couples with subfertility, thus optimizing reproductive health outcomes and achieving successful conception.

Sulforaphane potentiates the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy in glioblastoma by selectively targeting thioredoxin reductase 1

Chemoradiotherapy is a conventional treatment modality for patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, the efficacy of this approach is significantly hindered by the development of therapeutic resistance. The thioredoxin system, which plays a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis, confers protection to cancer cells against apoptosis induced by chemoradiotherapy. Herein, we demonstrate that sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate phytochemical with anti-cancer effects, inhibits the activity of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) through covalent conjugation with residues C59/64/497&U498. This inhibition of TrxR1 leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enhancing chemoradiotherapy-induced apoptosis in GBM cells. Furthermore, SFN-induced ROS accumulation facilitates the polarization of M1-like macrophages, which synergistically sensitize GBM tumors to chemoradiotherapy. In conclusion, our study unveils that SFN has potential benefits in improving the effect of chemoradiotherapy and prognosis for GBM patients by targeting TrxR1.

The Potential Effect of Bualuang (White Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Extract on Sperm Quality and Metabolomic Profiles in Mancozeb-Induced Oxidative Stress in Male Rats

Mancozeb (MZ), an EBDC fungicide, has been found to contaminate agricultural products and cause male reproductive toxicity. The phytochemical compounds of white N. nucifera petal extract (WNPE) and its effects on metabolomic profiles and reproductive function in male rats poisoned with MZ were investigated. Seventy-two mature male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups (n = 8) and, for 30 days, were gavaged with WNPE at doses of 0.55, 1.10, and 2.20 mg/kg; were given distilled water; or were co-gavaged with MZ and WNPE. By evaluating the 1H-NMR of WNPE, myricetin, apigenin, luteolin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ascorbic acid, genistein, chlorogenic acid, naringenin, and ellagic acid were found, and the essential minerals were evaluated by AAS. The NMR spectra demonstrated that creatine, carnitine, ACh, and choline in WNPE were significantly higher than that in MZ. The gavaging of the rats with WNPE before poisoning them with MZ improved creatine, carnitine, acetylcholine, progressive sperm motility, sperm viability, and normal sperm morphology compared to rats who only received MZ. It was concluded that MZ had a toxicity effect on the male reproductive system via decreased metabolomic profiles, affecting sperm motility, sperm viability, and normal sperm morphology. Nevertheless, WNPE had plenty of bioactive compounds that could enhance creatine, carnitine, and acetylcholine, which are related to sperm quality in male rats. WNPE should be considered as an alternative dietary supplement that can protect against MZ toxicity and enhance sperm quality in the male rat reproductive system.

Attenuation of Chronic Oxidative Stress-Induced Testicular and Epididymal Dysfunction by Oral Intake of Lepidium meyenii in New Zealand Rabbits

Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a plant that has nutritional benefits and increases the effectiveness of male reproduction. In this study, oxidative stress-exposed New Zealand rabbits were used to assess the ameliorative effects of daily Maca ingestion on testicular and epididymal tissues as well as the quality of fresh and frozen/thawed sperm. Twenty-four 40-week-old, healthy New Zealand white male rabbits were divided into four groups. The first group consumed tap water and served as a control. The second group was given 300 mg of Maca daily in capsules. The third group drank water containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a concentration of 1%. Finally, the fourth group consumed H2O2 and Maca daily. The ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, vitality, motility and velocity of the H2O2 group were considerably lower than those of the other groups. Frozen/thawed spermatozoa showed more dramatic decreases in motility and velocity as a result of H2O2 consumption. The plasma concentrations of testosterone and total antioxidant capacity were also lowest in the H2O2-treated rabbits, while malondialdehyde levels were highest. Exposure to H2O2 increased collagen deposition between ST and epididymal ducts which induced testicular and epididymis fibrosis. In addition, the spermatogenic and epididymal epithelial cells exhibited signs of apoptosis, degeneration, vacuolation and a reduction in height. Maca intake attenuated most of the damaging effects of H2O2 ingestion-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, H2O2-treated rabbits had modest nuclear androgen receptor positivity, unlike those in the Maca group. The number of Leydig cells significantly increased with daily Maca intake. In conclusion, daily intake of Maca improved reproductive performance and mitigated the damaging effects of oxidative stress on testicular and epididymal functions in New Zealand rabbits.

The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Impacts of Purple and White Eggplants on Fertility and Expression of Fertility-Related Genes in Rats Treated With Aluminum Chloride

The environmental xenobiotic aluminum chloride (AlCl3) destroys reproduction via free radicals. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of purple and white eggplant on rat fertility when exposed to AlCl3. A total of 36 male albino rats were divided into six groups: a negative control, the second given AlCl3 (17 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days, the third and fourth given a basal diet with 5% and 10% white eggplant powder, and the fifth and sixth given a basal diet with 5% and 10% purple eggplant powder. AlCl3 reduced follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), plasma testosterone, sperm count, motility, and viability, luteinizing hormone (LH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. On the contrary, malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) disclosed considerable increases. Besides, reproductive hormones, antioxidant enzymes, and sperm quality were significantly enhanced in the treated groups with eggplants. A downregulation in the expression of Fkbp6, Ccna1, and Cyp19A1 was detected, and normal expression was restored after treatment with high dose from eggplant (10%) without significant differences, whereas Msh4 and Cdk2 genes continued in their down expression and measured decrease up to 60% in Msh4 and 40% in Cdk2 in their mRNA levels after treatment with high dosage from eggplant, respectively. Alternatively, rats treated with eggplant at high dose (10%) gained more body weight (33%) and much bigger testicles (1.30 ± 0.05 g) when compared to AlCl3-treated rats (gained only 16% more body weight and 1.04 ± 0.06 g testis weight) after 28 days, subsequently, the eggplant reduced the side effect of AlCl3-induced toxicity. AlCl3 induced broad cytotoxic effects in seminiferous tubules, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of eggplant minimized the histological alteration in rat testes.

Exploring the interplay between inflammation and male fertility

Male fertility results from a complex interplay of physiological, environmental, and genetic factors. It is conditioned by the properly developed anatomy of the reproductive system, hormonal regulation balance, and the interplay between different cell populations that sustain an appropriate and functional environment in the testes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms sustaining male fertility are not flawless and their perturbation can lead to infertility. Inflammation is one of the factors that contribute to male infertility. In the testes, it can be brought on by varicocele, obesity, gonadal infections, leukocytospermia, physical obstructions or traumas, and consumption of toxic substances. As a result of prolonged or untreated inflammation, the testicular resident cells that sustain spermatogenesis can suffer DNA damage, lipid and protein oxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction consequently leading to loss of function in affected Sertoli cells (SCs) and Leydig cells (LCs), and the formation of morphologically abnormal dysfunctional sperm cells that lay in the basis of male infertility and subfertility. This is due mainly to the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by local immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes T, mast cells) and tissue-specific cells [SCs, LCs, peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) and germ cells (GCs)]. Depending on the location, duration, and intensity of inflammation, these mediators can exert their toxic effect on different elements of the testes. In this review, we discuss the most prevalent inflammatory factors that negatively affect male fertility and describe the different ways inflammation can impair male reproductive function.

Effects of the Interaction of Salinity and Rare Earth Elements on the Health of Mytilus galloprovincialis: The Case of Praseodymium and Europium

The growing use of products containing rare earth elements (REEs) may lead to higher environmental emissions of these elements, which can potentially enter aquatic systems. Praseodymium (Pr) and europium (Eu) are widely used REEs with various applications. However, their ecotoxicological impacts remain largely unexplored, with poorly understood risks to wildlife. Moreover, organisms also face environmental stressors like salinity fluctuations, and the nature of the interaction between salinity variations and contaminants is not yet clear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of salinity shifts on the impacts of Pr and Eu on adult mussels and the sperm of the species Mytilus galloprovincialis after 28 days and 30 min of exposure, respectively. To do so, biochemical and histopathological alterations were evaluated in adults, while biochemical and physiological changes were analysed in sperm. Additionally, the Integrated Biological Index (IBR) was calculated to understand the overall impact of each treatment. The results showed that adult mussels were most affected when exposed to the combination of high salinity and each element, which altered the behaviour of defence mechanisms causing redox imbalance and cellular damage. On the other hand, sperm demonstrated sensitivity to specific REE-salinity combinations, particularly Pr at lower salinity and Eu at higher salinity. These specific treatments elicited changes in sperm motility and velocity: Pr 20 led to a higher production of O2- and a decrease in velocity, while Eu 40 resulted in reduced motility and an increase in irregular movement. At both lower and higher salinity levels, exposure to Eu caused similar sensitivities in adults and sperm, reflected by comparable IBR scores. In contrast, Pr exposure induced greater alterations in sperm than in adult mussels at lower salinity, whereas the reverse was observed at higher salinity. These findings suggest that reproductive success and population dynamics could be modulated by interactions between salinity levels and REE pollution, highlighting the need for further investigation into how REEs and environmental factors interact. This study offers valuable insights to inform policymakers about the potential risks of REE contamination, emphasising the importance of implementing environmental regulations and developing strategies to mitigate the impact of these pollutants.

Beta-Thalassemia and Male Infertility: Unraveling the Oxidative Stress Connection-An Up-to-Date Review

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Beta-thalassemia (BTH), a genetic disorder resulting from beta-globin gene mutations, affects over 1.5 million people globally. The disorder's multifactorial impact on male fertility, particularly through oxidative stress (OS), warrants focused study. This review examines the mechanisms of OS in TM, its implications for male infertility, and the potential of antioxidant therapies to mitigate fertility challenges.

METHODS

A non-systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Medscape databases, focusing on studies on beta-thalassemia (BTH), erectile dysfunction (ED), hormonal alterations, and OS. Studies were screened based on relevance, language, and topic, with 71 articles meeting the inclusion criteria after removing duplicates.

RESULTS

The findings reveal that OS, exacerbated by iron overload from regular blood transfusions, is significantly associated with impaired sperm quality and fertility in patients with TM. Iron toxicity affects gonadotropin levels, reduces sperm quality, and contributes to hypogonadism. Additionally, antioxidant therapies show promise in reducing OS-induced sperm damage, though efficacy is limited by a lack of robust clinical trials.

CONCLUSIONS

OS plays a considerable role in male infertility among patients with TM, primarily through iron-induced sperm damage and hormonal disruptions. While antioxidant therapies may offer a partial remedy, further research is necessary to understand OS's mechanisms in TM and develop effective fertility treatments. This review highlights the need for personalized antioxidant approaches to improve reproductive outcomes in this population.

Physiological and pathological aspects of epididymal sperm maturation

In mammals, sperm that leave the testes are nonfunctional and require a complex post-testicular maturation process to acquire their ability to recognize and fertilize the egg. The crucial maturation changes that provide sperm their fertilizing capability occur while passing through the epididymis. Due to the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies to address male infertility, there has been a significant decrease in research focusing on the mechanisms underlying the maturation process over the past decades. Considering that up to 40% of male infertility is idiopathic and could be reflecting sperm maturation defects, the study of post-testicular sperm maturation will clearly contribute to a better understanding of the causes of male infertility and to the development of both new approaches to maturing sperm in vitro and safer male contraceptive methods. Based on this, the present review focuses on the physiopathology of the epididymis as well as on current approaches under investigation to improve research in sperm maturation and as potential therapeutic options for male infertility.

Safety Landscape of Therapeutic Nanozymes and Future Research Directions

Oxidative stress and inflammation are at the root of a multitude of diseases. Treatment of these conditions is often necessary but current standard therapies to fight excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are often ineffective or complicated by substantial safety concerns. Nanozymes are emerging nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-like properties that hold great promise for effective cancer treatment, bacterial elimination, and anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant therapy. While there is rapid progress in tailoring their catalytic activities as evidenced by the recent integration of single-atom catalysts (SACs) to create next-generation nanozymes with superior activity, selectivity, and stability, a better understanding and tuning of their safety profile is imperative for successful clinical translation. This review outlines the current applied safety assessment approaches and provides a comprehensive summary of the safety knowledge of therapeutic nanozymes. Overall, nanozymes so far show good in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility despite considerable differences in their composition and enzymatic activities. However, current safety investigations mostly cover a limited set of basic toxicological endpoints, which do not allow for a thorough and deep assessment. Ultimately, remaining research gaps that should be carefully addressed in future studies are highlighted, to optimize the safety profile of therapeutic nanozymes early in their pre-clinical development.

Impact of Oxidative Stress on Sperm Quality in Oligozoospermia and Normozoospermia Males Without Obvious Causes of Infertility

Background: Male factors contribute to approximately 50% of infertile couples. However, obvious causes remain unknown in many cases. This observational study aimed to investigate the associations of clinical and lifestyle parameters with sperm parameters. Methods: This study enrolled 41 men in infertile couples without obvious causes for male infertility from July 2023 to April 2024. Semen samples were evaluated for sperm number, motility, DNA fragmentation, and oxidative stress (OS) marker oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters, including advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and systemic OS marker diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs). Skin-accumulated AGE levels were identified with an autofluorescence method. Lifestyle factors were assessed with a lifestyle questionnaire. Results: Most of the participants were under 40 years old and non-obese with normal clinical parameters. Multiple regression analyses revealed that body mass index, serum d-ROMs, and semen ORP levels were independently associated with decreased sperm number. Additionally, serum zinc and semen ORP levels were associated with sperm motility. Furthermore, serum zinc and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with sperm progressive motility and DNA fragmentation, respectively. The rest of the clinical and lifestyle factors, including skin-accumulated and serum AGE levels, were not correlated with any sperm parameters. Furthermore, serum d-ROM and semen ORP levels were not correlated with each other or any of the clinical and lifestyle factors. Conclusions: Our present study indicates that both systemic and local OS may be independently involved in sperm abnormality in healthy men without obvious causes for male infertility.

Impact of Reductive Stress on Human Infertility: Underlying Mechanisms and Perspectives

Antioxidants have a well-established effect on general health and are essential in preventing oxidative damage to cells by scavenging free radicals. Free radicals are thought to be neutralized by these substances, which include polyphenols, β-carotene, and vitamins C and E, reducing cellular damage. On the other hand, recent data indicates that consuming excessive amounts of antioxidants may have side effects. Apoptosis and cell signaling are two beneficial physiological processes that are affected by excessive supplementation. Other negative effects include paradoxical enhancement of oxidative stress and unbalanced cellular redox potential. Overdosing on particular antioxidants has been associated with increased medication interactions, cancer progression, and fatality risks. Additionally, the complex impacts they may have on fertility might be both useful and adverse, depending on the quantity and duration of usage. This review delves into the dual role of antioxidants and emphasizes the importance of employing antioxidants in moderation. Antioxidant overconsumption may disrupt the oxidative balance necessary for normal sperm and oocyte function, which is one of the potential negative effects of antioxidants on fertility in both males and females that are also investigated. Although modest usage of antioxidants is generally safe and useful, high levels of antioxidants can upset hormonal balance, impair sperm motility, and negatively impact the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The findings emphasize the need to use antioxidant supplements in a balanced way, the importance of further research to optimize their use in fertility treatments, and the importance of supporting reproductive health to avoid adverse effects.

Ethnopharmacological insights: hyperoside from Marsdenia latifolia (Benth.) K.Schum. mitigates reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats induced by manganese exposure

This study provides novel findings on the ameliorative effect of hyperoside isolated from Marsdenia latifolia leaves (HIGLL) in reproductive health challenged by manganese toxicity. The study investigated the efficacy of HIGLL on male fertility in rats exposed to manganese chloride (MnCl2). The rats received either MnCl2 (30 mg/L) or in combination with HIGLL (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg). MnCl2 reduced fluid intake, organ-body weight, body weight; sperm count, sperm viability, sperm density, sperm motility, semen viscosity, daily sperm production, testicular sperm number; testosterone, follicle-stimulating and luteinising hormones, oestradiol, testosterone/oestradiol ratio; G6PDH, ALP, glucose, NO, acid phosphatase, sialic acid, 17-β-HSD, superoxide dismutase, CAT, GST, GSH, and T-SH without modifying the semen pH and volume, while it correspondingly raised the abnormalities associated with morphology of sperm cells in head, neck, and tail; H2O2 and lipid peroxidation levels. HIGLL abrogated the damaged histoarchitecture of the testes and epididymis caused by MnCl2. HIGLL can serve as a therapeutic agent in the management of male reproductive disorders related to oxidative stress and endocrine disruption.

Impact of Microfluidic Sperm Sorting on Embryonic Euploidy in Infertile Patients with Sperm DNA Damage: A Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

Sperm DNA fragmentation is an important factor that affects male fertility. This study intends to evaluate the impact of sperm DNA damage [single-strand breaks (SSB) and double-strand breaks (DSB)] on fertilisation and embryonic euploidy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Of the different sperm selection techniques, the novel microfluidic sperm sorting (MSS) ZyMōt™ ICSI device reduces both SSB and DSB in semen samples. The second objective is to study the impact of this MSS device on fertilisation and embryonic euploidy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included data from 167 ICSI treatments. The alkaline and neutral Comet assays were used to analyse SSB and DSB, respectively. Analysis of fertilisation and embryo euploidy rates was performed in four groups of patients with normal/altered SSB or DSB values. Density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and the ZyMōt™ ICSI MSS device were used for semen preparation.

RESULTS

Fertilisation rates in 167 ICSI cycles were higher when using sperm from patients with normal SSB values (70.84%) and patients with abnormal SSB whose samples were processed using the MSS device (69.71%) compared to patients with abnormal SSB values using DGC (58.49%). Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGTA) revealed a higher embryo euploidy rate in patients with normal DSB values (60.00%) and patients with abnormal DSB whose samples were processed using the MSS device (44.59%) compared to patients with abnormal DSB values using DGC (36.84%). When female age was considered, there were fewer euploid embryos in women ≥35 years of age compared to younger women, independently of SSB and DSB. The number of euploid embryos increased when the MSS device was used.

CONCLUSION

High SSB and DSB values in semen samples decreased fertilisation rates and embryonic euploidy, respectively. The ZyMōt™ ICSI device for semen preparation increased both rates, especially in couples that included women <35 years old.

The protective effects of antioxidants against endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress on bull sperm

Oxidative stress, caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors, affects sperm function by damaging morphology and reducing metabolic activity, leading to reduced fertilization ability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oxidative stress on bull sperm and to evaluate the efficacy of targeted antioxidants in mitigating these detrimental effects. Fresh bull semen samples were subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antimycin treatments to induce oxidative stress, and the antioxidants PQQ, ergothioneine, and vitamin C were applied to counteract the induced stress. Sperm motility, viability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of sperm were assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry. The treatment with H2O2 rapidly decreased sperm viability, and antimycin-induced mitochondrial ROS mainly decreased sperm motility; PQQ and vitamin C effectively reduced mitochondrial ROS, while ergothioneine and vitamin C reduced cytosolic ROS. In frozen-thawed sperm, oxidative stress was elevated in both cytoplasm and mitochondria, and all three antioxidants improved sperm motility by inhibiting ROS production. Furthermore, the localization of oxidized lipids (4-hydroxynonenal) in sperm was detected using immunofluorescence, indicating that oxidative stress affects the head and midpiece of sperm. These findings highlight the potential of targeted antioxidants to mitigate the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on bull sperm and provide valuable insights to improve semen quality and optimize the use of antioxidants in artificial insemination.

The effect of astaxanthin after varicocele surgery on antioxidant status and semen quality in infertile men: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial

Varicocele (VC) is widely recognized as a prevalent etiological factor contributing to male infertility. It has been established that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a significant role in the progression and development of VC. Antioxidants may regulate ROS levels in these patients. Astaxanthin (ASX) is a carotenoid compound with notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The current study postulated that the administration of ASX following varicocelectomy (VCT) could potentially enhance antioxidant status and semen quality in these patients. A total of 40 infertile males with clinical VC and abnormal semen analyses were randomly assigned to take part in the current trial. For 3 months following surgery, the intervention group took ASX (6 mg/day) while the control group received a placebo. After intervention, semen parameters, antioxidant status, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were compared between the two groups. Regarding semen parameters, antioxidant treatment led to a significant improvement in total and progressive motility in the treatment group (p < 0.05). Additionally, ASX led to a considerable increase in the expression levels of NRF2, Keap1, SOD2, SOD3, and BCL2, though the enhancement in the expression level of SOD3 was not statistically significant (p > .05). However, ASX significantly decreased the BAX expression level (p < .05). Even though the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of seminal fluid (SF) increased significantly in the treatment group (p < .05), the level of total oxidative stress (TOS) in SF did not differ substantially between treatment and control groups (p > .05). Based on inflammatory factors in SF, ASX led to a considerable reduction in levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < .05). Our findings demonstrated that ASX treatment provides an important contribution to VCT outcomes by modulating antioxidant status and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicated that ASX may be beneficial as an adjuvant therapy for infertile men following VCT.

Effects of Perilla frutescens Var. Acuta in Busulfan-Induced Spermatogenesis Dysfunction Mouse Model

PURPOSE

The leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta (PFA) are generally reported to have antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects and commonly used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and antioxidant activity of PFA on busulfan-induced testicular dysfunction, histological damage, oxidative stress (OS), sperm quality, and hormone levels using a mouse model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

C57BL/6 male mice were divided into four groups: control, busulfan-only treated, and varying concentrations of PFA (100 and 200 mg/kg) with busulfan. In the busulfan group, 40 mg/kg of busulfan was intraperitoneally injected to induce azoospermia. Mice were orally administered PFA for 35 consecutive days after busulfan administration. Samples were collected and assessed for testis/body weight, testicular histopathology, sperm quality, serum hormone levels, and OS to evaluate the effects of PFA treatment on spermatogenesis dysfunction induced by busulfan.

RESULTS

The busulfan-induced testicular dysfunction model showed reduced testis weight, adverse histological changes, significantly decreased sex hormones and sperm quality, and attenuated OS. These results indicate that PFA treatment significantly increased testis weight, testis/body weight, epididymal sperm count, motility, and testosterone level compared with busulfan alone. PFA treatment also attenuated the busulfan-induced histological changes. Furthermore, compared with mice treated with busulfan alone, PFA supplementation upregulated the testicular mRNA expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), with a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) production and an increase in SOD and GPx activities.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that PFA exerts a protective effect against testicular damage by attenuating OS induced by busulfan. Our results suggest that PFA is a potentially relevant drug used to decrease the side effects induced by busulfan on testicular function and sperm during cancer chemotherapy.

Oxidative Stress-induced Hormonal Disruption in Male Reproduction

Research into the impacts of oxidative stress (OS), and hormonal balance on reproductive potential has increased over the last 40 years possibly due to rising male infertility. Decreased antioxidant levels and increased OS in tissues result from hormonal imbalance, which in turn leads to male infertility. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in seminal plasma has been linked to many lifestyle factors such as alcohol and tobacco use, toxicant exposure, obesity, varicocele, stress, and aging. This article provides an overview of the crosslink between OS and gonadal hormone disruption, as well as a potential mode of action in male infertility. Disrupting the equilibrium between ROS generation and the antioxidant defense mechanism in the male reproductive system may affect key hormonal regulators of male reproductive activities. Unchecked ROS production may cause direct injury on reproductive tissues or could disrupt normal regulatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and its interaction with other endocrine axes, both of which have negative effects on male reproductive health and can lead to male infertility.

Investigation of the effect of serotonin-activated semen washing medium on sperm motility at the molecular level: a pilot study

In Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), efficient sperm preparation is vital for successful fertilization, with washing media enhancing the process. This pilot study examines the molecular-level impact of a new serotonin-containing sperm-washing medium (Prototype) on sperm motility and ROS metabolism, comparing it with commercially available media (Origio and Irvine). Semen samples from thirty-one individuals underwent preparation using the swim-up method post-semen analysis. Each sample was separately washed with the Prototype, Origio and Irvine mediums. ROS formation was determined through flow cytometric, and AT2R and PRDX2 protein levels, associated with sperm motility, were assessed via Western blot. Statistical evaluation compared the findings among the three outlined media. Significant differences were found among three washing media in terms of total and progressive motility. The Prototype medium showed the highest increase in both total (66%) and progressive motility (59%), while the control group exhibited the lowest increases (41% and 27.7%, respectively). Regarding ROS levels, the prototype (11.5%) and Origio (10.7%) groups demonstrated a notable decrease, contrasting with Irvine (25.8%). Molecular assessment revealed a significant elevation in AT2R protein levels in the prototype medium (59%), compared to other media. Additionally, an increase in PRDX2 protein levels was observed in the prototype medium, although this didn't reach statistical significance. Serotonin-activated washing media for sperm preparation can be a suitable choice for selecting high-quality sperm in ART. A broader molecular analysis with a larger sample size is required to explore the mechanisms and effectiveness of using a serotonin-containing sperm-washing medium in routine ART.