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Jäger HY, Maixner F, Pap I, Szikossy I, Pálfi G, Zink AR. Metagenomic analysis reveals mixed Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a 18th century Hungarian midwife. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 137:102181. [PMID: 35210171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Vác Mummy Collection comprises 265 well documented mummified individuals from the late 16th to the early 18th century that were discovered in 1994 inside a crypt in Vác, Hungary. This collection offers a unique opportunity to study the relationship between humans and pathogens in the pre-antibiotic era, as previous studies have shown a high proportion of tuberculosis (TB) infections among the individuals. In this study, we recovered ancient DNA with shotgun sequencing from a rib bone sample of a 18th century midwife. This individual is part of the collection and shows clear skeletal changes that are associated with tuberculosis and syphilis. To provide molecular proof, we applied a metagenomic approach to screen for ancient pathogen DNA. While we were unsuccessful to recover any ancient Treponema pallidum DNA, we retrieved high coverage ancient TB DNA and identified a mixed infection with two distinct TB strains by detailed single-nucleotide polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis. Thereby, we have obtained comprehensive results demonstrating the long-time prevalence of mixed infections with the sublineages L4.1.2.1/Haarlem and L4.10/PGG3 within the local community in preindustrial Hungary and put them in context of sociohistorical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Y Jäger
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso, 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso, 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1083, Budapest, Ludovika tér 2-6, Hungary; Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Science, 1117, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Szikossy
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1083, Budapest, Ludovika tér 2-6, Hungary.
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Albert R Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso, 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
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Santos AL, Magalhães BM. Changes in mortality in a non-industrialized Portugal: Coimbra Municipal Cemetery records (1861-1914) and identified osteological collections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2022; 37:77-86. [PMID: 35576812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if there were changes in mortality knowing that industrialization was a slow and late process in Portugal. MATERIALS The biographic information (1) of the individuals buried at the Coimbra Municipal Cemetery, considering three quinquennia: 1861-1865 (n = 1111, 18.3%), 1870-1974 (n = 2602, 42.7%), 1910-1914 (n = 2374, 39.0%), related to the periods before, during and at the end of the second industrialization and (2) of the Coimbra identified osteological collections (CIOC, N = 1796) composed of individuals who were born and died in the city. METHODS Excel databases with the biographic information were analyzed with SPSS. RESULTS Data from the cemetery show statistically significant differences between sexes and age-at-death mortalities. Non-adult mortality (higher in the age range from 1 to 7 years) has decreased over time which has increased mean age-at-death. The main adult occupations are domestic work (females) and craft activities (males). Child labor is common after the age of 14. The main causes of death (in both cemetery and CIOC records) were infections, respiratory diseases, heart disease, and malignant neoplasm. Among the communicable diseases, tuberculosis accounted for the highest number of deaths. The identified individuals have lesions compatible with tuberculosis and sinusitis while malignant neoplasms are more difficult to identify. The high prevalence of heart disease can overshadow other causes of death. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of industrialization, tuberculosis, heart disease, and malignant neoplasms increased over time, while respiratory diseases decreased. SIGNIFICANCE Mortality profile changed between 1861-1864 and 1910-1914 in Coimbra. LIMITATIONS The causes of death were studied, but not all diseases. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Study of other cemetery records for further comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Santos
- University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
| | - Bruno M Magalhães
- University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
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Botero-Rodríguez F, Pantoja-Ruiz C, Rosselli D. Corruption and its relation to prevalence and death due to noncommunicable diseases and risk factors: a global perspective. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e10. [PMID: 35355691 PMCID: PMC8959101 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To describe the relation between corruption indicators and statistics on noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors by continent. Methods. An ecological study was conducted to examine the relation of the GINI coefficient, the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), and the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) with noncommunicable diseases, using the Spearman’s rank correlation test. Results. There is a moderate and positive correlation between Corruption Perception Index and cause of death due to noncommunicable diseases and risk factors for these diseases (r = 0.532), prevalence of schizophrenia (r = 0.526), bipolar disorder (r = 0.520), and eating disorders (r = 0.677). There is a moderate negative association between the GINI index and cause of death due to noncommunicable diseases (r = –0.571) and smoking prevalence (r = –0.502), and between the Corruption Perception Index and mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases between the exact ages of 30 and 70 years (r = –0.577) and malnutrition prevalence (r = –0.602). Conclusions. This study indicates a correlation between corruption and noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors. This suggests that the high prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and risk factors could be related with political practices that negatively impact the population. Further research should study the weight of these associations, to take action on the way corruption is impacting on the health of societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Botero-Rodríguez
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá Colombia Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camila Pantoja-Ruiz
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá Colombia Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Rosselli
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá Colombia Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Kerner G, Ramirez-Alejo N, Seeleuthner Y, Yang R, Ogishi M, Cobat A, Patin E, Quintana-Murci L, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL, Abel L. Homozygosity for TYK2 P1104A underlies tuberculosis in about 1% of patients in a cohort of European ancestry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10430-10434. [PMID: 31068474 PMCID: PMC6534977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903561116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genetic basis of tuberculosis (TB) has long remained elusive. We recently reported a high level of enrichment in homozygosity for the common TYK2 P1104A variant in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with TB from non-European countries in which TB is endemic. This variant is homozygous in ∼1/600 Europeans and ∼1/5,000 people from other countries outside East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. We report a study of this variant in the UK Biobank cohort. The frequency of P1104A homozygotes was much higher in patients with TB (6/620, 1%) than in controls (228/114,473, 0.2%), with an odds ratio (OR) adjusted for ancestry of 5.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.96-10.31, P = 2 × 10-3]. Conversely, we did not observe enrichment for P1104A heterozygosity, or for TYK2 I684S or V362F homozygosity or heterozygosity. Moreover, it is unlikely that more than 10% of controls were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as 97% were of European genetic ancestry, born between 1939 and 1970, and resided in the United Kingdom. Had all of them been infected, the OR for developing TB upon infection would be higher. These findings suggest that homozygosity for TYK2 P1104A may account for ∼1% of TB cases in Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Kerner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Noe Ramirez-Alejo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Patin
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France;
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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Shaji B, Arun Thomas ET, Sasidharan PK. Tuberculosis control in India: Refocus on nutrition. Indian J Tuberc 2019; 66:26-29. [PMID: 30797277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many western societies have eliminated tuberculosis years before the advent of potent anti-tuberculous drugs, as a result of the improved standards of living and good nutrition. But even with the availability of powerful anti-tuberculous drugs, India still has a long road ahead to reach the "End TB by 2025" goal. One of the major reason is that tuberculosis control program in India till now have focused primarily on case detection and medical treatment of active tuberculosis. Drug treatment alone does not completely prevent the occurrence of new infections in the community and also contributes to development of drug resistant strains if used improperly or incompletely. Although the treatment of active cases can reduce the period of transmission of disease, a significant amount of transmission to contacts occurs even before they have been diagnosed and treated. Additionally, this approach cannot prevent re-activation to active TB in the vast pool of persons with latent TB infection. Tuberculosis occurs in those with suppressed cell mediated immunity mainly due to poor nutritional status. Improving the nutritional status of the society by several social interventions hand-in-hand with utilizing the available anti-tuberculous drugs is possibly the only effective strategy. Promising programmatic guidance for nutritional support in TB patients have been formulated by the Central TB division of India but it needs a refocusing of TB control strategies towards nutrition at all levels and strong public health actions for effective implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya Shaji
- Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - E T Arun Thomas
- Department of Nephrology, Government Medical College, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - P K Sasidharan
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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