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Kim JW, Geum JH, Ha WB, Woo HJ, Han YH, Park SH, Lee JH. The efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of Kyung-ok-ko: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31311. [PMID: 36397335 PMCID: PMC9666190 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyung-ok-ko (KOK), a traditional medicinal formula in East Asia, has been recently studied across various fields. However, comprehensive reviews of clinical applications of KOK targeting clinical and experimental studies are lacking. Therefore, the application of KOK is being limited to the range of tonic medicines. To overcome this limitation, we aim to investigate the effectiveness, mechanism, and safety of KOK to obtain evidence regarding its effects in clinical applications. We searched for clinical and experimental articles in 11 databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Google Scholar, Research Information Sharing Service, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Koreanstudies Information Service System, Korean Medical Database, DBpia, and ScienceON). We selected 54 studies based on the inclusion criteria. Three clinical studies used KOK for a consumptive disease and health promotion. Fifty-one experimental studies reported the antioxidant activity, neuroprotective activity, anticancer effect, anti-inflammatory activity, immunological activity, growth promotion, impacts on cardiovascular system diseases, gastrointestinal system diseases, respiratory system diseases, and metabolic bone disease, hepatoprotective function, and antifatigue function of KOK, which were considered effective and safe in consumptive, chronic, metabolic, inflammatory, and immune diseases. We identified the effectiveness of KOK in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. However, further clinical studies are warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Kim
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Geum
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Iksan-Jeil Korean Medicine Hospital, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bae Ha
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jun Woo
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Han
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeok Park
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Han Lee
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jung-Han Lee, Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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Stekic A, Zeljkovic M, Zaric Kontic M, Mihajlovic K, Adzic M, Stevanovic I, Ninkovic M, Grkovic I, Ilic TV, Nedeljkovic N, Dragic M. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit and Attenuates Neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer’s-Like Disease Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:889983. [PMID: 35656538 PMCID: PMC9152158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.889983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration implies progressive neuronal loss and neuroinflammation further contributing to pathology progression. It is a feature of many neurological disorders, most common being Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive stimulation which modulates excitability of stimulated brain areas through magnetic pulses. Numerous studies indicated beneficial effect of rTMS in several neurological diseases, including AD, however, exact mechanism are yet to be elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an rTMS paradigm, on behavioral, neurochemical and molecular level in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced Alzheimer’s-like disease model. TMT acts as a neurotoxic agent targeting hippocampus causing cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation, replicating behavioral and molecular aspects of AD. Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups–controls, rats subjected to a single dose of TMT (8 mg/kg), TMT rats subjected to iTBS two times per day for 15 days and TMT sham group. After 3 weeks, we examined exploratory behavior and memory, histopathological and changes on molecular level. TMT-treated rats exhibited severe and cognitive deficit. iTBS-treated animals showed improved cognition. iTBS reduced TMT-induced inflammation and increased anti-inflammatory molecules. We examined PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is involved in regulation of apoptosis, cell growth and learning and memory. We found significant downregulation of phosphorylated forms of Akt and mTOR in TMT-intoxicated animals, which were reverted following iTBS stimulation. Application of iTBS produces beneficial effects on cognition in of rats with TMT-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and that effect could be mediated via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which could candidate this protocol as a potential therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Stekic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Zaric Kontic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Mihajlovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Adzic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grkovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tihomir V. Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Milorad Dragic,
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Autophagy in trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:987-998. [PMID: 32451631 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative process playing an important role in removing misfolded or aggregated proteins, clearing damaged organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as eliminating intracellular pathogens. The autophagic process is important for balancing sources of energy at critical developmental stages and in response to nutrient stress. Recently, autophagy has been involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases although its beneficial (pro-survival) or detrimental (pro-death) role remains controversial. In the present review, we discuss the role of autophagy following intoxication with trimethyltin (TMT), an organotin compound that induces severe hippocampal neurodegeneration associated with astrocyte and microglia activation. TMT is considered a useful tool to study the molecular mechanisms occurring in human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy. This is also relevant in the field of environmental safety, since organotin compounds are used as heat stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride polymers, industrial and agricultural biocides, and as industrial chemical catalysts.
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Chung SY, Kang M, Hong SB, Bae H, Cho SH. Standardized Lycium chinense fruit extract enhances attention and cognitive function in healthy young people by a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 24:102. [PMID: 31949453 PMCID: PMC6950474 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_851_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Lycium chinense fruit (LCF) is widely distributed in East Asia that has been used traditionally for antiaging purposes. This study was performed to examine the effects of LCF on attention and cognitive function in healthy young people. Materials and Methods: An 11-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of 74 patients was conducted and its data were collected on Kyung-Hee University Korean Medical Hospital, Seoul, Korea. In crossover treatment, LCF or placebo was administered three times a day, total 3600 mg as two capsules of 600 mg once for 4 weeks with 3-week washout each. The computerized neurocognitive function test (CNT), the Korean version of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder rating scale-IV, the clinical global impression rating scale, and the Frankfurt attention inventory (FAIR) for two groups were conducted 0 week before and 4 week, 11 week after the experiment, and significant mean changes of these tests for within group or two groups were measured by paired t-test or unpaired t-test. Results: The administration of LCF or placebo crossover for 8 weeks in healthy young people presented significant improvement in the verbal learning test, digit span forward test, digit span backward test, auditory continuous performance task of CNT, and FAIR-performance value compared with the placebo group (each group n = 43, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Thus, the consumption of LCF might be beneficial to increase learning and memory through attention and cognitive enhancing effect in normal young people, at an average age of 18 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yong Chung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moonkyu Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Bin Hong
- Biomix Inc. 142 Ilsan-ro, Isandong-gu, Koyang, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Cho
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Jeong HJ, Yoou MS, Han NR, Hwang SY, Yoon KW, Kim HM. The new therapeutic herbal drug HM0601 and its bioactive compound rutin exert potent antiproliferative activities in mast cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:279-287. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Science & Technology; Research Institute for Basic Science; Hoseo University; 20, Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Baebang-eup Asan Chungcheongnam-do 31499 Korea
| | - Myoung-Schook Yoou
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Korea
| | - Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Korea
| | - Sung Yeoun Hwang
- Korea Bio Medical Science Institute; Gangnam-gu Seoul 06106 Korea
| | - Kyoung Wan Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology; Hoseo University, 20, Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil; Baebang-eup; Asan Chungcheongnam-do; 31499 Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Korea
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Yuliani S, Mustofa, Partadiredja G. The neuroprotective effects of an ethanolic turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract against trimethyltin-induced oxidative stress in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1447267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapto Yuliani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Marei HE, Elnegiry AA, Zaghloul A, Althani A, Afifi N, Abd-Elmaksoud A, Farag A, Lashen S, Rezk S, Shouman Z, Cenciarelli C, Hasan A. Nanotubes impregnated human olfactory bulb neural stem cells promote neuronal differentiation in Trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration rat model. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3586-3597. [PMID: 28121007 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent self-renewing cells that could be used in cellular-based therapy for a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Being multipotent in nature, they are practically capable of giving rise to major cell types of the nervous tissue including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This is in marked contrast to neural progenitor cells which are committed to a specific lineage fate. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the ability of NSCs isolated from human olfactory bulb (OB) to survive, proliferate, differentiate, and restore cognitive and motor deficits associated with AD, and PD rat models, respectively. The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to enhance the survivability and differentiation potential of NSCs following their in vivo engraftment have been recently suggested. Here, in order to assess the ability of CNTs to enhance the therapeutic potential of human OBNSCs for restoring cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative lesions, we co-engrafted CNTs and human OBNSCs in TMT-neurodegeneration rat model. The present study revealed that engrafted human OBNSCS-CNTs restored cognitive deficits, and neurodegenerative changes associated with TMT-induced rat neurodegeneration model. Moreover, the CNTs seemed to provide a support for engrafted OBNSCs, with increasing their tendency to differentiate into neurons rather than into glia cells. The present study indicate the marked ability of CNTs to enhance the therapeutic potential of human OBNSCs which qualify this novel therapeutic paradigm as a promising candidate for cell-based therapy of different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed A Elnegiry
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Adel Zaghloul
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asma Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ahmed Abd-Elmaksoud
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amany Farag
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samah Lashen
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shymaa Rezk
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Shouman
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Yuliani S, Mustofa, Partadiredja G. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract may prevent the deterioration of spatial memory and the deficit of estimated total number of hippocampal pyramidal cells of trimethyltin-exposed rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:62-71. [PMID: 28440093 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1293087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Protection of neurons from degeneration is an important preventive strategy for dementia. Much of the dementia pathology implicates oxidative stress pathways. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) contains curcuminoids which has anti-oxidative and neuro-protective effects. These effects are considered to be similar to those of citicoline which has been regularly used as one of standard medications for dementia. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the effects of turmeric rhizome extract on the hippocampus of trimethyltin (TMT)-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were divided randomly into six groups, i.e., a normal control group (N); Sn group, which was given TMT chloride; Sn-Cit group, which was treated with citicoline and TMT chloride; and three Sn-TE groups, which were treated with three different dosages of turmeric rhizome extract and TMT chloride. Morris water maze test was carried out to examine the spatial memory. The estimated total number of CA1 and CA2-CA3 pyramidal cells was calculated using a stereological method. RESULTS The administration of turmeric extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw has been shown to prevent the deficits in the spatial memory performance and partially inhibit the reduction of the number of CA2-CA3 regions pyramidal neurons. DISCUSSION TMT-induced neurotoxic damage seemed to be mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Turmeric extract might act as anti inflammatory as well as anti-oxidant agent. CONCLUSIONS The effects of turmeric extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw seem to be comparable to those of citicoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapto Yuliani
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Ahmad Dahlan University , Yogyakarta , Indonesia
| | - Mustofa
- b Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine , Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- c Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia
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Supplementation with Lycium chinense fruit extract attenuates methionine choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Ceccarini MR, Codini M, Cataldi S, Vannini S, Lazzarini A, Floridi A, Moretti M, Villarini M, Fioretti B, Beccari T, Albi E. Acid sphingomyelinase as target of Lycium Chinense: promising new action for cell health. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:183. [PMID: 27756324 PMCID: PMC5070216 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingomyelin plays very important roles in cell function under physiological and pathological conditions. Physical and chemical stimuli produce reactive oxygen species that stimulate acid sphingomyelinase to induce apoptosis. Antioxidant plants of the traditional Chinese Pharmacopoeia, such as Lycium Barbarum and Lycium Chinense, have become increasingly popular in Western countries. We investigated the effects of Lycium Chinense on acid sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin species in relation to gene expression. Methods We prepared Lycium Chinense berry extracts and evaluated their antioxidant properties. Increasing amount of extracts was used to test cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on HepG2 cells. Gene expression, protein amount and enzyme activity of acid sphingomyelinase were tested by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and enzymatic activity assay, respectively. Sphingomyelin species were analyzed by UFLC MS/MS. A panel of 96 genes involved in oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis and cancer was used to test the effect of LC on gene expression. GLRX2, RNF7, and PTGS1 proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting. Results We showed that Lycium Chinense berries have high antioxidant properties, have an IC50value of 9.55 mg/mL, do not induce genotoxic effect and maintain high level of cell viability. The berry extracts inhibit acid sphingomyelinase activity and increase both very long fatty acid sphingomyelin species and unsaturated fatty acid sphingomyelin species. Among 96 genes, Lycium Chinense berries up-regulate Glutaredoxin 2 and Ring Finger Protein 7 genes and proteins, able to protect cells from apoptosis. Intrigantly, Lycium Chinense berries down-regulates Prostaglandin H synthase 1 gene but the protein is not expressed in HepG2 cells. Conclusion The results identify acid sphingomyelinase as a novel target of Lycium Chinense berries to decrease saturated/unsaturated fatty acid sphingomyelin ratio, known to be useful for cell health. Consistent with these data, the berries regulate specifically gene expression to protect cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuela Cataldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuele Vannini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Bernard Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, Perugia, Italy.
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Lee S, Yang M, Kim J, Kang S, Kim J, Kim JC, Jung C, Shin T, Kim SH, Moon C. Trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration: A mechanism-based review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:187-99. [PMID: 27450702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT), a toxic organotin compound, induces neurodegeneration selectively involving the limbic system and especially prominent in the hippocampus. Neurodegeneration-associated behavioral abnormalities, such as hyperactivity, aggression, cognitive deficits, and epileptic seizures, occur in both exposed humans and experimental animal models. Previously, TMT had been used generally in industry and agriculture, but the use of TMT has been limited because of its dangers to people. TMT has also been used to make a promising in vivo rodent model of neurodegeneration because of its region-specific characteristics. Several studies have demonstrated that TMT-treated animal models of epileptic seizures can be used as tools for researching hippocampus-specific neurotoxicity as well as the molecular mechanisms leading to hippocampal neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the in vivo and in vitro underlying mechanisms of TMT-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration (oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and neuronal death/survival). Thus, the present review may be helpful to provide general insights into TMT-induced neurodegeneration and approaches to therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases, including temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Institute for Environmental Science, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 54538, South Korea
| | - Jinwook Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
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Lee B, Sur B, Cho SG, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Wogonin Attenuates Hippocampal Neuronal Loss and Cognitive Dysfunction in Trimethyltin-Intoxicated Rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:328-37. [PMID: 27133262 PMCID: PMC4859797 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether wogonin (WO) improved hippocampal neuronal activity, behavioral alterations and cognitive impairment, in rats induced by administration of trimethyltin (TMT), an organotin compound that is neurotoxic to these animals. The ability of WO to improve cognitive efficacy in the TMT-induced neurodegenerative rats was investigated using a passive avoidance test, and the Morris water maze test, and using immunohistochemistry to detect components of the acetylcholinergic system, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) expression. Rats injected with TMT showed impairments in learning and memory and daily administration of WO improved memory function, and reduced aggressive behavior. Administration of WO significantly alleviated the TMT-induced loss of cholinergic immunoreactivity and restored the hippocampal expression levels of BDNF and CREB proteins and their encoding mRNAs to normal levels. These findings suggest that WO might be useful as a new therapy for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Guk Cho
- The Graduate School of Basic Science of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,The Graduate School of Basic Science of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,The Graduate School of Basic Science of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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13
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Ye M, Moon J, Yang J, Hwa Lim H, Bin Hong S, Shim I, Bae H. The standardized Lycium chinense fruit extract protects against Alzheimer's disease in 3xTg-AD mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:85-90. [PMID: 26102549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. This disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder accompanied with severe learning and memory impairment. This study investigated whether treatment with standardized Lycii Fructus Extract (LFE) would improve the cognitive function and the pathological features of AD in 3xTg-AD mice. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lycii Fructus is a fruit of Lycium chinense Miller and widely distributed in East Asia and has been used traditionally for anti-aging purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cognitive function of 3xTg-AD mice was assessed using the Morris water maze test. The levels of the amyloid beta deposits and NeuN in the hippocampus were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Brain neurotrophic derived factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expressions were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS LFE treatment significantly ameliorated learning and memory deficits in AD mice, as shown by increased time spent in the target zone during probe tests. In addition, LFE significantly decreased Aβ deposits, increased NeuN-positive cells, and upregulated the expression of BDNF and TrkB in the 3xTg AD mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that LFE treatment can be a useful strategy for treating memory impairment induced by several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsook Ye
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee Moon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hwa Lim
- Biomix Inc. 142 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Hong
- Biomix Inc. 142 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medical Science Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kang MR, Lee CW, Cho IJ, Lee MY, Shin JH, Oh SJ, Yun J, Yoon WK, Han SB, Kim EE, Bok SH, Kang JS. Betaine Supplementation Improves Beneficial Effects of Boxthorn (L
ycium chinense
Mill.) Leaf on Body Weight/Body Fat Increase and Plasma/Liver Triglycerides Accumulation in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6 Mice. J Food Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moo Rim Kang
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Ig Jun Cho
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Myeong Youl Lee
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Jung Hyu Shin
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Won Kee Yoon
- Biomedical Mouse Resource Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Chungbuk 361-763 Korea
| | - Eun Eai Kim
- Bionutrigen Co., Ltd.; Daejon Chungnam 305-806 Korea
| | - Song-Hae Bok
- Bionutrigen Co., Ltd.; Daejon Chungnam 305-806 Korea
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Bioevaluation Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
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15
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Im AR, Kim YH, Uddin MR, Chae S, Lee HW, Kim YS, Lee MY. Neuroprotective effects of Lycium chinense Miller against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 41:1343-59. [PMID: 24228605 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, has been widely regarded as a neurotoxin because it induces a Parkinson's disease-like syndrome. The fruit and root bark of Lycium chinense Miller have been used as traditional medicines in Asia to treat neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of Lycium chinense Miller extracts in rotenone-treated PC12 cells. Treatment with rotenone reduced PC12 cell viability and cellular ATP levels. Conversely, caspase 3/7 activity, the ratio of Bax:Bcl-2 expression levels, mitochondrial superoxide level, and intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration were elevated. Pretreatment with Lycium chinense Miller extracts significantly increased cell viability and ATP levels. Additionally, they attenuated caspase activation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and mitochondrial superoxide production. Moreover, confocal microscopy showed that the mitochondrial staining pattern was restored from that of extracts treated cells and that the increase in intracellular Ca (2+) level was blunted by treatment with the extracts. Our results suggest that Lycium chinense Miller extracts may have the possible beneficial effects in Parkinson's disease by attenuating rotenone induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Rang Im
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, South Korea
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Oriental medicine Kyung-Ok-Ko prevents and alleviates dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87623. [PMID: 24520334 PMCID: PMC3919730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), a traditional herbal prescription composed of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz var. purpurae, Lycium chinense, Aquillaria agallocha, Poria cocos, Panax ginseng, and honey, has been widely used in traditional Oriental medicine as a vitalizing medicine or as the prescription for patients with age-associated disorders such as amnesia and stroke. However, the potential protective value of KOK for the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is largely unknown. We investigated whether pre-administration (daily from 2 hours before PCOS induction) and post-administration (daily after induction of PCOS) of KOK (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg/day, p.o.) could have a protective effect in a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, s.c.)-induced PCOS rat model. Pre-administration of KOK significantly decreased the elevated body weight and ovary weight, elevated size and number of follicular cysts, elevated level of serum glucose, and estradiol after DHEA injection. KOK reduced the elevated percentage of CD8 (+) T lymphocytes in lymph nodes, the elevated mRNA expression of CD11b and CD3 in ovaries, and infiltration of macrophages in ovarian tissue with PCOS. KOK diminished the increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1), and iNOS in the ovaries, and increased the reduced mRNA expression of growth factors (EGF, TGF-β) by DHEA injection. Post-administration of KOK also improved the DHEA-induced PCOS-like symptoms, generally similar to those evident from pre-administration of KOK. KOK may effectively prevent and improve DHEA-induced PCOS via anti-inflammatory action, indicating its preventive and therapeutic potential for suppressing PCOS.
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Kim JH, Kim JS. Effects of Lycii Fructus and Lycii Folium Extracts on Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.1.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Uddin R, Kim HH, Lee JH, Park SU. Neuroprotective effects of medicinal plants. EXCLI JOURNAL 2013; 12:541-5. [PMID: 27034636 PMCID: PMC4803005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romij Uddin
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Haeng Hoon Kim
- Department of Well-being Resources, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, 540-742, Korea
| | - Jai-Heon Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jai-Heon Lee, Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea; Phone: + 82-51-200-7592, E-mail:
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Dong JZ, Wang Y, Wang SH, Yin LP, Xu GJ, Zheng C, Lei C, Zhang MZ. Selenium increases chlorogenic acid, chlorophyll and carotenoids of Lycium chinense leaves. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:310-5. [PMID: 22714393 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaves of Lycium chinense L. are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and as functional food in China and south-east Asia. Polyphenols are important active compounds in leaves of L. chinense L, but their compositions are still not very clear. Selenium has been reported to increase some components of plants. In this study, the composition of polyphenols of L. chinense leaves were analysed, and the effects of selenium on the polyphenols and other components were studied. RESULTS The main polyphenols were identified as rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin-7-O-(6'-O-acetyl) glucose-rhamnose. Chlorogenic acid showed the highest average content of 78.36 g kg⁻¹. Rutin, quercetin and kaempferol were determined at low contents from 3.85 g kg⁻¹ to 7.08 g kg⁻¹. Correlation coefficients between selenium and chlorogenic acid, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were: R² = 0.963 (P = 0.002), 0.943 (P = 0.005), 0.957 (P = 0.003) and 0.943 (P = 0.005), respectively. Selenium (0.01-0.05 g kg⁻¹) significantly increased chlorogenic acid, chlorophyll and carotenoids by 200-400% and reduced rutin by 400-900%. CONCLUSION L. chinense can be an alternative source of chlorogenic acid. Selenium significantly increased chlorogenic acid, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, hence increasing the medicinal value of L. chinense leaves. Rutin, quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin-7-O-(6'-O-acetyl) glucose-rhamnose proved to be not significantly influenced by selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Z Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, School of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China.
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