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Papadaki A, Coy EM, Anastasilakis DA, Peradze N, Mantzoros CS. The role of plant-based dietary patterns in reducing COVID-19 risk and/or severity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1657-1666. [PMID: 38810425 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Plant-based dietary patterns (PBDs) might protect against COVID-19 risk and reduce severity of infection. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to examine the association between PBDs and risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and/or mortality, in adults. METHODS Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched for observational studies, published in English up to 3rd April 2023, comparing the highest with the lowest adherence to a specific PBD. Data were screened, extracted, and risk of bias assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale, by independent reviewers. RESULTS Seven studies (one cross-sectional, three case-control, and three prospective cohort), reporting on 649,315 participants, were eligible. Across them, there were 8512 events of COVID-19 infection (six studies), and 206 events of COVID-19 hospitalization (four studies), in addition to one study reporting on a composite hospitalization outcome (740 events). The pooled analysis showed that PBDs are associated with a 59% (odds ratio (OR) = 0.41, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.23-0.59; two studies) and 18% (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.78-0.85; three studies) reduction in COVID-19 infection risk in case-control and cohort studies, respectively. The pooled analysis of one case-control and two cohort studies showed an inverse association between high adherence to a PBD and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.04-0.72). CONCLUSION Findings suggest a protective role of PBDs against the risk of COVID-19 infection and severity. More studies are needed to establish the association between PBDs and risk of ICU admission and mortality due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Papadaki
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eimear Mc Coy
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dimitrios A Anastasilakis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; First Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Natia Peradze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Lee KE, Lee J, Lee SM, Lee HY. Risk factors for progressing to critical illness in patients with hospital-acquired COVID-19. Korean J Intern Med 2024; 39:477-487. [PMID: 38632896 PMCID: PMC11076898 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Risk factors for progression to critical illness in hospital-acquired coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unknown. Here, we assessed the incidence and risk factors for progression to critical illness and determined their effects on clinical outcomes in patients with hospital-acquired COVID-19. METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed patients admitted to the tertiary hospital between January 2020 and June 2022 with confirmed hospital-acquired COVID-19. The primary outcome was the progression to critical illness of hospital- acquired COVID-19. Patients were stratified into high-, intermediate-, or low-risk groups by the number of risk factors for progression to critical illness. RESULTS In total, 204 patients were included and 37 (18.1%) progressed to critical illness. In the multivariable logistic analysis, patients with preexisting respiratory disease (OR, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.04-15.18), preexisting cardiovascular disease (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.11-11.27), immunocompromised status (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.11-9.16), higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.28-1.96), and higher clinical frailty scale (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.62-4.13) showed significantly increased risk of progression to critical illness. As the risk of the groups increased, patients were significantly more likely to progress to critical illness and had higher 28-day mortality. CONCLUSION Among patients with hospital-acquired COVID-19, preexisting respiratory disease, preexisting cardiovascular disease, immunocompromised status, and higher clinical frailty scale and SOFA scores at baseline were risk factors for progression to critical illness. Patients with these risk factors must be prioritized and appropriately isolated or treated in a timely manner, especially in pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Eui Lee
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hong Yeul Lee
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
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Balasubramaniam S, Bose P, Raviganesh PK, Pandian P, Selvaraj B, Sivaprakasam R, Balaji S, Am A, Sivakumar P, Ramasubramanian S. Vaccination and Its Impact on Lung Involvement in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study in India. Cureus 2024; 16:e58904. [PMID: 38800182 PMCID: PMC11117028 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, led to a global pandemic necessitating urgent vaccine development and deployment. By the end of 2020, several vaccines had reached their clinical trial endpoints. India, leveraging its pharmaceutical prowess, developed two primary vaccines: CoviShield® and Covaxin®. Despite the availability of these vaccines, vaccine hesitancy became a notable challenge. This study aimed to assess the correlation between vaccination status and lung involvement in COVID-19 patients, aiming to fortify trust in vaccines and enhance vaccine uptake in India. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed data from 272 patients treated at a designated COVID-19 Care Center in Chennai, India, from May to July 2021. Patients were divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, with vaccinated individuals further categorized based on the type and dose of vaccine received (CoviShield® or Covaxin®). Lung involvement was assessed through CT chest scans, and statistical analyses were performed to compare the severity of lung involvement across different groups. Results The vaccinated group demonstrated significantly lower mean lung involvement (28%) compared to the unvaccinated group (34.8%). Within vaccinated individuals, no significant differences were observed between different vaccine types and doses, suggesting a generalized protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against severe lung involvement. Conclusion Vaccination against COVID-19 significantly reduces the severity of lung involvement among patients, irrespective of the vaccine brand or dose. This study reinforces the importance of vaccination in mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and supports ongoing vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyadarsini Bose
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Pravin Pandian
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Balaji Selvaraj
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Sangeetha Balaji
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
| | - Abhilekshmi Am
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
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Gishe J, Edmondson D, Kanu M, Barredo R, Raynes EA, Parker D, Cosby B. Mandatory COVID Vaccination: Perspectives from Graduate Allied Health Students at a Mid-size University in the United States. J Community Health 2024; 49:355-365. [PMID: 37991628 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Because many students enrolled in Allied Health programs are on track to becoming health practitioners or clinicians and frontline workers who would become critical sources of information for patients it is critical to understand their perspectives about mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Results: COVID-19 Risk Perception. A significant majority of the respondents had high or strongly high-risk perception of COVID-19, 82(56.6%) strongly agreed and 29(20%) agreed with the statement, COVID-19 is a public health issue (P-value < 0.0001), Comparing by demographic characteristics: African American/Black compared with other races (P-Value = 0.0462), Master of Public Health program, compared with all other graduate programs (P-Value = 0.0140) and fully vaccinated and fully vaccinated and boosted compared with incomplete or not-vaccinated for COVID-19 (P-value = 0.0059) had higher COVID-19 risk perceptions. strongly high-risk perception of COVID-19, 82(56.6%) strongly agreed and 29(20%) agreed with the statement, COVID-19 is a public health issue (P-value < 0.0001), Comparing by demographic characteristics: African American/Black compared with other races (P-Value = 0.0462), Master of Public Health program, compared with all other graduate programs (P-Value = 0.0140) and fully vaccinated and fully vaccinated and boosted compared with incomplete or not-vaccinated for COVID-19 (P-value = 0.0059) had higher COVID-19 risk perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Gishe
- Department of Public Health, Health Administration, and Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, 330 10th Avenue North, D-405, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Deborah Edmondson
- Physical Therapy Department, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, Tenn, 37209-1561, USA
| | - Mohamed Kanu
- College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Health Sciences Bld., 1108 37th Avenue North, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
| | - Ronald Barredo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Room 447 Health Sciences, Building, 1108 37th Avenue North, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - Edilberto A Raynes
- Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Dalin Parker
- College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, USA
| | - Brittany Cosby
- Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
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Stehlik P, Dowsett C, Camacho X, Falster MO, Lim R, Nasreen S, Pratt NL, Pearson SA, Henry D. Evolution of the data and methods in real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies on mortality: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079071. [PMID: 38508618 PMCID: PMC10952922 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early evidence on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy came from randomised trials. Many important questions subsequently about vaccine effectiveness (VE) have been addressed using real-world studies (RWS) and have informed most vaccination policies globally. As the questions about VE have evolved during the pandemic so have data, study design, and analytical choices. This scoping review aims to characterise this evolution and provide insights for future pandemic planning-specifically, what kinds of questions are asked at different stages of a pandemic, and what data infrastructure and methods are used? METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will identify relevant studies in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health VIEW-hub database, which curates both published and preprint VE RWS identified from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the WHO COVID Database, MMWR, Eurosurveillance, medRxiv, bioRxiv, SSRN, Europe PMC, Research Square, Knowledge Hub, and Google. We will include RWS of COVID-19 VE that reported COVID-19-specific or all-cause mortality (coded as 'death' in the 'effectiveness studies' data set).Information on study characteristics; study context; data sources; design and analytic methods that address confounding will be extracted by single reviewer and checked for accuracy and discussed in a small group setting by methodological and analytic experts. A timeline mapping approach will be used to capture the evolution of this body of literature.By describing the evolution of RWS of VE through the COVID-19 pandemic, we will help identify options for VE studies and inform policy makers on the minimal data and analytic infrastructure needed to support rapid RWS of VE in future pandemics and of healthcare strategies more broadly. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION As data is in the public domain, ethical approval is not required. Findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and working-papers to policy makers. REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZHDKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Stehlik
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline Dowsett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ximena Camacho
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales Medicine & Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael O Falster
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales Medicine & Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Renly Lim
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, University of South Australia Division of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharifa Nasreen
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences, University School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole L Pratt
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, University of South Australia Clinical & Health Sciences Academic Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sallie-Anne Pearson
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales Medicine & Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Henry
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales Medicine & Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Peng D, Kelly A, Brady B, Faasse K, El-Haddad C, Frade S. Perspectives and experiences of COVID-19 vaccination in people with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic disease. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2024; 118:107996. [PMID: 37832345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic disease (AIIRD) are at an increased risk of morbidity from COVID-19. While COVID-19 vaccination is effective at reducing disease complications, there have been significant levels of vaccine hesitancy in people with AIIRD. We aimed to understand vaccine hesitancy and promote shared decision-making by describing the experiences and perspectives of people with AIIRD who had concerns with COVID-19 vaccinations. METHODS Adults with AIIRD on immunosuppressive medications who expressed concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccination were purposively sampled until thematic saturation. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Sixteen adults with an AIIRD were interviewed. Thematic analysis yielded four themes: heightened sense of vulnerability; determining individual suitability; desperate for freedom and relief; deterred by scepticism. CONCLUSIONS The perspectives of people with AIIRD towards the COVID-19 vaccination were shaped by a sense of vulnerability. The decision-making experience was challenging, resulting from struggles with handling information, dealing with external pressures, and facing negativity. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS A collaborative approach, involving close family and friends and avoiding negativity and pressure can improve engagement and support decision-making around COVID-19 vaccination. Clearly addressing potential risks of vaccination may prevent subsequent regret and hesitancy if they arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peng
- Rheumatology department, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ayano Kelly
- Rheumatology department, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernadette Brady
- Rheumatology department, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Carlos El-Haddad
- Rheumatology department, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; University of NSW, Sydney, Australia; Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephanie Frade
- Rheumatology department, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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7
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Digregorio M, Van Ngoc P, Delogne S, Meyers E, Deschepper E, Dardenne N, Duysburgh E, De Rop L, De Burghgraeve T, Coen A, De Clercq N, De Sutter A, Verbakel JY, Cools P, Heytens S, Buret L, Scholtes B. Vaccine hesitancy for the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose among nursing home staff fully vaccinated with the primary vaccination course in Belgium. Vaccine X 2024; 16:100453. [PMID: 38361529 PMCID: PMC10867438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In Belgium, nursing home (NH) staff (NHS) and residents were prioritised for the initial COVID-19 vaccination and successive booster doses. The vaccination campaign for the first booster started in September 2021 in Belgian NH. Our first study about vaccine hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine in Belgian NHS already showed a degree of fear for the primary vaccination course (T1). This new study aims to evaluate vaccine hesitancy to get the first booster (T2) in a population of fully vaccinated (with two doses) NHS. A random stratified sample of NHS who received the primary vaccination course (N = 954) completed an online questionnaire on COVID-19 booster hesitancy (between 25/11/2021 and 22/01/2022). NHS who hesitated or refused the booster were asked for the main reason for their hesitation/refusal. Overall, 21.0 % of our population hesitated before, were still hesitating or refused the booster, NHS that were not hesitant at T1 being 5.7 times less likely to hesitate to get the first booster dose (Adjusted OR 0.179, 95 % CI: 0.120, 0.267). Although there was a slight reduction (23.5 % to 20.1 %) in the proportion of NHS who hesitated/refused vaccination at T1 compared to T2 (p = 0.034), the fear of unknown effects was the principal reason for hesitation/refusal, already mentioned in our first study. NHS were not reassured concerning their initial fears. Given the likelihood that booster vaccinations will be necessary over the coming years, a communication strategy specific to NHS should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Digregorio
- Research Unit of Primary Care and Health, Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pauline Van Ngoc
- Research Unit of Primary Care and Health, Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Simon Delogne
- Research Unit of Primary Care and Health, Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eline Meyers
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Deschepper
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadia Dardenne
- Biostatistics and Research Method Center, University of Liege, Liege Belgium
| | - Els Duysburgh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liselore De Rop
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine De Burghgraeve
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Coen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele De Clercq
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An De Sutter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Y. Verbakel
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piet Cools
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Heytens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laëtitia Buret
- Research Unit of Primary Care and Health, Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Scholtes
- Research Unit of Primary Care and Health, Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Park MB, Sim B. Vaccine effectiveness of COVID-19 and rebound in the real world. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4975-4983. [PMID: 37973619 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We intend to evaluate the relationship between the rates of global SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases, as well as the mortality rate after the declaration of a pandemic. Of the data from 191 countries at the time of data retraction, we selected 111 countries that have SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reports. We stratified countries into high-income and non-high-income countries (HIC and non-HIC) based on World Bank income-group. We used a fixed-effects model (FEM) and performed a longitudinal analysis. The number of confirmed cases decreased as the vaccination rates increased in both non-HICs (B = - 0.027, T = - 2.0) and HICs (B = - 0.207, T = - 17.5). The number of deaths decreased as the vaccination rates increased in both non-HICs (B = - 0.151, T = - 2.3) and HICs (B = - 0.230, T = - 40.9). For full vaccination, this measure had a negative association with daily confirmed cases and daily deaths in both non-HICs and HICs. In non-HICs, daily cases and daily deaths decreased as the first vaccination and full vaccination coverages increased. However in HICs, daily cases and daily deaths decreased as the first vaccination and full vaccination coverages increased in the early phase, but after a certain period, they tended to increase again. We observed a significant association between the increase in vaccination coverage in the real world and reduced daily confirmed cases and deaths. However, as the confirmed cases and deaths have rebounded in HICs, our findings indicate that COVID-19 is not completely prevented through vaccine distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Bae Park
- Department of Health and Welfare, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Sim
- HIRA Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA), Wonju, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Roest Korsgaard S. Were athletes at increased risk of sudden cardiac death and survived sudden cardiac arrest in 2021? Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13334. [PMID: 38441380 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
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10
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Walliar T, Khan B, Newstead S, Al-Assadi G, Salter SM, Seubert L, Carlson SJ, Attwell K. "Fighting the pandemic!" Western Australian pharmacists' perspectives on COVID-19 vaccines: A qualitative study. Vaccine 2023; 41:7234-7243. [PMID: 37891049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Western Australia, community pharmacists are authorized to administer a range of vaccines without a prescription. Since mid-July 2021, pharmacists can also administer Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Little is known about how pharmacists think and feel about giving and receiving COVID-19 vaccines and how they discuss it with patients. AIM This study aimed to explore Western Australian pharmacists' perceptions on being vaccinated with, administering, and communicating about COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS Semi structured interviews were conducted with 20 pharmacists from metropolitan and regional areas of Western Australia across a two-week period in July and early August 2021. Interview transcripts were coded using NVivo 20 and data was thematically analyzed using the framework method. RESULTS Most pharmacists (n = 16, 80 %) had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Some expressed difficulty accessing the vaccine while two unvaccinated pharmacists were hesitant to receive it due to concerns about vaccine development. The majority of pharmacists spoke positively about administering the vaccines, discussing perceived facilitators such as designated vaccination days but also perceived barriers such as inadequate financial reimbursement compared to other healthcare providers. Many pharmacists obtained their information from Australian government sources and training modules. Pharmacists were only passively promoting COVID-19 vaccines, with conversations mostly initiated by patients. Most pharmacists specified they would highlight the common side effects when administering the vaccine and would provide patients with written information. CONCLUSION The majority of pharmacists were willing to administer and be vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines. Since pharmacists play an important role in increasing vaccine uptake, governments should provide equitable reimbursement to pharmacists in line with other vaccinators such as General Practitioners. We welcome the recent resources produced by governments and pharmacy professional organizations to help pharmacists actively promote the vaccines since this work was undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taaiba Walliar
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Basil Khan
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Newstead
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ghoufran Al-Assadi
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra M Salter
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Liza Seubert
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha J Carlson
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Social Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katie Attwell
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Social Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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11
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Olayiwola MO, Alaje AI, Olarewaju AY, Adedokun KA. A caputo fractional order epidemic model for evaluating the effectiveness of high-risk quarantine and vaccination strategies on the spread of COVID-19. HEALTHCARE ANALYTICS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 3:100179. [PMID: 37101804 PMCID: PMC10118058 DOI: 10.1016/j.health.2023.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent global Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) threat to the human race requires research on preventing its reemergence without affecting socio-economic factors. This study proposes a fractional-order mathematical model to analyze the impact of high-risk quarantine and vaccination on COVID-19 transmission. The proposed model is used to analyze real-life COVID-19 data to develop and analyze the solutions and their feasibilities. Numerical simulations study the high-risk quarantine and vaccination strategies and show that both strategies effectively reduce the virus prevalence, but their combined application is more effective. We also demonstrate that their effectiveness varies with the volatile rate of change in the system's distribution. The results are analyzed using Caputo fractional order and presented graphically and extensively analyzed to highlight potent ways of curbing the virus.
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Brunner-Ziegler S, Bäuerle M, Brühl P, Kornek G, Parschalk B, Savic R, Schnetzinger M, Spath T, Straßl RP, Handisurya A, Thalhammer F. Long COVID symptoms in hospital employees after post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in Austria: A study on self-reported incidence and associated factors. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:596-602. [PMID: 36842195 PMCID: PMC9946725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Post acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection are defined by persistence or re-occurrence of symptoms six to 12 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infections. METHODS Twice vaccinated hospital employees after mild to moderate post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection completed a questionnaire on the incidence of general, respiratory, neuropsychiatric, dermatological and gastrointestinal symptoms, experienced during their acute infection and eight weeks after recovery. Post acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection were analysed in relation to socio-demographic-, health-, virus- and acute infection-related characteristics. RESULTS 73 participants, 25 women and 48 men with a mean age of 40.9 years, with a post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection completed the survey. Out of these 93 % reported at least one symptom at time of initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, 31.5 %, predominantly women, reported post acute sequelae at least eight weeks after the acute infection stage. Fatigue, dysgeusia and dysosmia, headache or difficulty concentrating and shortness of breath during acute infection, BMI> 25 and pre-existing pulmonary disorders were associated with post acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants with initially more than five symptoms were four times more likely to report post acute sequelae. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the multiplicity of symptoms during acute SARS-CoV-2 infections increases the risk for post acute symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brunner-Ziegler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Bäuerle
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Brühl
- Medical Directorate, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriela Kornek
- Medical Directorate, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Parschalk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebeka Savic
- Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Schnetzinger
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Spath
- Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Paul Straßl
- Division of Clinical Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Kitchener S. Did the coronavirus vaccination program in a rural and regional area work? Health outcomes of the vaccination program in Wide Bay. AUST HEALTH REV 2023; 47:119-123. [PMID: 36652994 DOI: 10.1071/ah22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this case study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Wide Bay region coronavirus vaccination program in preventing hospitalisation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Population vaccination data and the vaccination status of patients hospitalised with confirmed COVID-19 have been used to evaluate preventable hospitalisations and risk reduction during and after a 2 month period following the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wide Bay after removal of public health measures in Queensland in December 2021. Wide Bay is a rural region of Queensland including K'Gari (formerly Fraser Island) to the east, the North Burnett farming region in the west and extending from the Fraser Coast to the Discovery Coast. Two local regional hospitals received and managed hospitalised COVID-19 patients. The region had, at this time, 171 365 people 20 years and older eligible for coronavirus vaccination. The risk reduction for hospitalisation of those receiving fewer than two vaccinations, two vaccinations and three vaccinations was calculated to determine the vaccination program effectiveness. The program achieved 90% effectiveness for people with two or more vaccinations (those with two vaccinations and those receiving boosters of third or more vaccination), and 97% effectiveness for those having received three vaccinations, in preventing hospitalisation for COVID-19 during the period. This translated into a significant risk reduction for hospitalisation for those receiving two or more vaccinations, preserving capacity to enable the health service to manage all cases locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kitchener
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, George Street, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
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14
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Díaz-Lago M, Blanco F, Matute H. Expensive seems better: The price of a non-effective drug modulates its perceived efficacy. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2023; 8:8. [PMID: 36700994 PMCID: PMC9879252 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-023-00463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the price of a given product impacts the perceived quality of such product. This finding was also observed in medical contexts, showing that expensive drugs increase the placebo effect compared to inexpensive ones. However, addressing a drug's efficacy requires making causal inferences between the drug and the healing. These inferences rely on the contingency between these two events, a factor that is difficult to control in the placebo research. The present study aimed to test whether the price of a given drug modulates its perceived efficacy using a proper (though fictitious) non-effective drug, so that not only the objective contingency, but also the probability of the cause and the probability of the effect could be adequately controlled for. We expected higher efficacy judgements for the expensive non-effective drug than for the inexpensive one. To test this hypothesis, 60 volunteers participated in a contingency learning task that was programmed so that 72% of the patients healed regardless of whether they took the drug. Approximately one-half of the participants were told that the drug was expensive, whereas the other half were told that it was inexpensive. As expected, the efficacy judgements of participants who saw the expensive drug were significantly higher than those who saw the inexpensive one. Overall, our results showed that the price of a non-effective drug modulates its perceived efficacy, an effect that seems to be mediated by the estimated number of doses administered. This result parallels findings in the placebo literature but using a laboratory methodology that allows stronger control of the variables, suggesting that the illusory overestimation produced by the more expensive treatments might be on the basis of the greater efficacy of the more expensive placebos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Díaz-Lago
- grid.14724.340000 0001 0941 7046Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando Blanco
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Helena Matute
- grid.14724.340000 0001 0941 7046Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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15
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Wang J, Choy KW, Lim HY, Ho P. Laboratory markers of severity across three COVID-19 outbreaks in Australia: has Omicron and vaccinations changed disease presentation? Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:43-52. [PMID: 36103084 PMCID: PMC9472718 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has rapidly evolved since it was first discovered in December 2019. We aimed to retrospectively review our experience with COVID-19 infection across 2020-2022, focusing on differences in laboratory markers at presentation. Consecutive adult patients admitted to hospital with confirmed COVID-19 infection were retrospectively reviewed across three periods (29/3/2020-29/9/2020, 16/8/2021-13/10/2021 and 1/1/2022-31/1/2022), correlating with the lineages B.1.338, Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.159), respectively. Laboratory findings of the first requested blood test within 24 h of presentation were recorded and correlated with patient outcome. The primary outcome was requirement for oxygen therapy at any point. Inflammatory markers, namely serum ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly lower on presentation during 2022 compared to 2021, corresponding to a milder disease course. More than 80% of 2022 patients had received 2 or more vaccine doses and fully vaccinated patients displayed significantly lower inflammatory markers at presentation. Using 2022 data, a multivariate prediction model was constructed to predict for oxygen requirement, with c-statistic 0.86. Patients in 2022, corresponding with the Omicron variant, displayed a milder disease course, even in hospitalised patients, with the majority not requiring oxygen and lower inflammatory markers. We constructed a simple-to-use risk prediction model with c-statistic 0.86 which may identify individuals who can be safely managed as outpatients in the era of highly transmissible variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- Northern Health, Northern Hospital, 185 Cooper St Epping, Melbourne, VIC, 3076, Australia.
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Epping, VIC, Australia.
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kay Weng Choy
- Northern Health, Northern Hospital, 185 Cooper St Epping, Melbourne, VIC, 3076, Australia
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Epping, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui Yin Lim
- Northern Health, Northern Hospital, 185 Cooper St Epping, Melbourne, VIC, 3076, Australia
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Epping, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Prahlad Ho
- Northern Health, Northern Hospital, 185 Cooper St Epping, Melbourne, VIC, 3076, Australia
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Epping, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Petráš M, Máčalík R, Janovská D, Čelko AM, Dáňová J, Selinger E, Doleček J, Neradová S, Franklová M, Dlouhý P, Rosina J, Lesná IK. Risk factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness identified from 290 cross-country observational studies until February 2022: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. BMC Med 2022; 20:461. [PMID: 36434597 PMCID: PMC9701077 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies made it possible to assess the impact of risk factors on the long-term effectiveness of mRNA and adenoviral vector (AdV) vaccines against COVID-19. METHODS A computerized literature search was undertaken using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and MedRxiv databases to identify eligible studies, with no language restrictions, published up to 28 February 2022. Eligible were observational studies assessing vaccine effectiveness (VE) by disease severity with reference groups of unvaccinated participants or participants immunized with one, two, or three vaccine doses. Our study was carried out in compliance with the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. The risk of study bias was identified using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The GRADE guidelines were applied to assess the strength of evidence for the primary outcome. The synthesis was conducted using a meta-analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS Out of a total of 14,155 publications, 290 studies were included. Early VE of full vaccination against COVID-19 of any symptomatology and severity decreased from 96% (95% CI, 95-96%) for mRNA and from 86% (95% CI, 83-89%) for AdV vaccines to 67% for both vaccine types in the last 2 months of 2021. A similar 1-year decline from 98 to 86% was found for severe COVID-19 after full immunization with mRNA, but not with AdV vaccines providing persistent 82-87% effectiveness. Variant-reduced VE was only associated with Omicron regardless of disease severity, vaccine type, or vaccination completeness. The level of protection was reduced in participants aged >65 years, with a comorbidity or those in long-term care or residential homes independently of the number of doses received. The booster effect of the third mRNA dose was unclear because incompletely restored effectiveness, regardless of disease severity, declined within a short-term interval of 4 months. CONCLUSIONS Full vaccination provided an early high, yet waning level of protection against COVID-19 of any severity with a strong impact on the high-risk population. Moreover, the potential risk of new antigenically distinct variants should not be underestimated, and any future immunization strategy should include variant-updated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Petráš
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Máčalík
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Janovská
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander M Čelko
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Dáňová
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Selinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,Centre for Public Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jonáš Doleček
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sylva Neradová
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Franklová
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dlouhý
- Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Rosina
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Králová Lesná
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Military Hospital, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Liu F, Demosthenes P. Real-world data: a brief review of the methods, applications, challenges and opportunities. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:287. [PMID: 36335315 PMCID: PMC9636688 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The increased adoption of the internet, social media, wearable devices, e-health services, and other technology-driven services in medicine and healthcare has led to the rapid generation of various types of digital data, providing a valuable data source beyond the confines of traditional clinical trials, epidemiological studies, and lab-based experiments.
Methods
We provide a brief overview on the type and sources of real-world data and the common models and approaches to utilize and analyze real-world data. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of using real-world data for evidence-based decision making This review does not aim to be comprehensive or cover all aspects of the intriguing topic on RWD (from both the research and practical perspectives) but serves as a primer and provides useful sources for readers who interested in this topic.
Results and Conclusions
Real-world hold great potential for generating real-world evidence for designing and conducting confirmatory trials and answering questions that may not be addressed otherwise. The voluminosity and complexity of real-world data also call for development of more appropriate, sophisticated, and innovative data processing and analysis techniques while maintaining scientific rigor in research findings, and attentions to data ethics to harness the power of real-world data.
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18
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Polkinghorne A, Branley JM. Medications for early treatment of COVID-19 in Australia. Med J Aust 2022; 217 Suppl 9:S7-S13. [PMID: 36273391 PMCID: PMC9828711 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Early treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can prevent hospitalisation and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who have one or more risk factors for serious COVID-19 progression. While early treatment presents a range of logistical challenges, clinicians are nevertheless aided by a growing number of approved medications for early treatment of COVID-19. Medications include drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication, anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody formulations that provide passive immunisation, and immunomodulatory drugs that suppress the body's inflammatory response. Several drugs with different modes of action are approved in Australia for early treatment of COVID-19, including nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, molnupiravir, and monoclonal antibody formulations. Although these drugs are recommended, clinicians are encouraged to remain up to date on current indications, contraindications and the clinical efficacy of these drugs against SARS-CoV-2 variants currently circulating in communities. Other treatments, including hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin and dietary supplements, have been popularised but are not recommended for early treatment of COVID-19. As new drugs and new data on use of existing approved drugs become available, clinicians face a growing challenge in determining the optimal treatments from the array of options. As it stands, early treatment of COVID-19 needs to be individualised depending on age, pregnancy status, existing medications, and renal and liver disease status. Future treatments in development might have roles in patients with lower risk profiles and in reducing transmission as we learn to live with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Polkinghorne
- Pathology WestNepean HospitalSydneyNSW,Nepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW
| | - James M Branley
- Pathology WestNepean HospitalSydneyNSW,Nepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW
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19
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Zhang W, Chen Q, Dai J, Lu J, Li J, Yi Y, Fu L, Li X, Liu J, Liufu J, Long C, Zhang B. Mental health and chest CT scores mediate the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status and seroconversion time: A cross-sectional observational study in B.1.617.2 (Delta) infection patients. Front Public Health 2022; 10:974848. [PMID: 36339206 PMCID: PMC9627027 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.974848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been ongoing for more than 2 years, has become one of the largest public health issues. Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is one of the most important interventions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective is to investigate the relationship between vaccination status and time to seroconversion. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study during the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 outbreak in Jiangsu, China. Participants who infected with the B.1.617.2 variant were enrolled. Cognitive performance, quality of life, emotional state, chest computed tomography (CT) score and seroconversion time were evaluated for each participant. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA, univariate and multivariate regression analyses, Pearson correlation, and mediation analysis. Results A total of 91 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 37.3, 25.3, and 37.3% were unvaccinated, partially vaccinated, and fully vaccinated, respectively. Quality of life was impaired in 30.7% of patients, especially for mental component summary (MCS) score. Vaccination status, subjective cognitive decline, and depression were risk factors for quality-of-life impairment. The chest CT score mediated the relationship of vaccination status with the MCS score, and the MCS score mediated the relationship of the chest CT score with time to seroconversion. Conclusion Full immunization course with an inactivated vaccine effectively lowered the chest CT score and improved quality of life in hospitalized patients. Vaccination status could influence time to seroconversion by affecting CT score and MCS score indirectly. Our study emphasizes the importance of continuous efforts in encouraging a full vaccination course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Linqing Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlong Liufu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Long
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bing Zhang
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20
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Norddahl GL, Melsted P, Gunnarsdottir K, Halldorsson GH, Olafsdottir TA, Gylfason A, Kristjansson M, Magnusson OT, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Jonsdottir I, Stefansson K. Effect of booster vaccination against Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in Iceland. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5701. [PMID: 36171188 PMCID: PMC9517986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
By the end of July 2021, the majority of the Icelandic population had received vaccination against COVID-19. In mid-July a wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections, dominated by the Delta variant, spread through the population, followed by an Omicron wave in December. A booster vaccination campaign was initiated to curb the spread of the virus. We estimate the risk of infection for different vaccine combinations using vaccination data from 276,028 persons and 963,557 qPCR tests for 277,687 persons. We measure anti-Spike-RBD antibody levels and ACE2-Spike binding inhibitory activity in 371 persons who received one of four recommended vaccination schedules with or without an mRNA vaccine booster. Overall, we find different antibody levels and inhibitory activity in recommended vaccination schedules, reflected in the observed risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections. We observe an increased protection following mRNA boosters, against both Omicron and Delta variant infections, although BNT162b2 boosters provide greater protection against Omicron than mRNA-1273 boosters. Iceland has used four different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in various combinations. Here, the authors describe differences in the immune responses elicited by different initial/booster vaccine combinations, and then use population-level data to assess the effects of booster doses against Delta and Omicron infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pall Melsted
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Mar Kristjansson
- Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. .,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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21
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Ruiz-Huerta C, Canto MV, Ruiz C, González I, Lozano-Montoya I, Quezada-Feijoo M, Gómez-Pavón FJ. COVID-19 Mortality in Patients Aged 80 and over Residing in Nursing Homes-Six Pandemic Waves: OCTA-COVID Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912019. [PMID: 36231321 PMCID: PMC9565141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During the first COVID-19 pandemic wave in Spain, 50% of deaths occurred in nursing homes, making it necessary for some hospitals to support these facilities with the care of infected patients. This study compares origin, characteristics, and mortality of patients admitted with COVID-19 during six pandemic waves in the Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja in Madrid. It is a retrospective observational study of patients ≥80 years old, admitted with an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a total of 546 patients included, whose final outcome was death or discharge. During the first wave, those from nursing homes had a higher risk of death than those from home; during the two successive waves, the risk was higher for those from home; and in the last two waves, the risk equalized and decreased exponentially in both groups. Men had 72% higher risk of death than women. For each year of age, the risk increased by 4% (p = 0.036). For each Charlson index point, the risk increased by 14% (p = 0.019). Individuals in nursing homes, despite being older with higher comorbidity, did not show a higher overall lethality. The mortality decreased progressively in each successive wave due to high vaccination rates and COVID-19 control measures in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ruiz-Huerta
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, “Alfonso X el Sabio” University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelle V. Canto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ruiz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso González
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, “Alfonso X el Sabio” University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lozano-Montoya
- Faculty of Medicine, “Alfonso X el Sabio” University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Quezada-Feijoo
- Faculty of Medicine, “Alfonso X el Sabio” University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Gómez-Pavón
- Faculty of Medicine, “Alfonso X el Sabio” University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Association between BNT162b2 vaccination and reported incidence of post-COVID-19 symptoms: cross-sectional study 2020-21, Israel. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:101. [PMID: 36028498 PMCID: PMC9411827 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines against the long-term COVID-19 symptoms expressed by a substantial proportion of patients is not well understood. We determined whether vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was associated with incidence of reporting long-term symptoms post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. We invited individuals PCR-tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection at participating hospitals between March 2020 and November 2021 to fill an online questionnaire that included information about demographics, acute COVID-19 episode and symptoms they were currently experiencing. Using binomial regression, we compared vaccinated individuals with those unvaccinated and those uninfected, in terms of post-acute self-reported symptoms. Of the 951 infected, 637(67%) were vaccinated. In the study population, the most prevalent symptoms were: fatigue (22%), headache (20%), weakness of limbs (13%), and persistent muscle pain (10%). After adjusting for age, time from beginning of symptoms to responding to the survey, and baseline symptoms, those who received two vaccine doses were less likely than unvaccinated individuals to report any of these symptoms (fatigue, headache, weakness of limbs, persistent muscle pain) by 62%, 50%, 62%, and 66% respectively, (Risk ratios 0.38, 0.50, 0.38, 0.34, p < 0.04 in the listed sequence). Compared to the 2447 included individuals who never reported SARS-CoV-2 infection, double-vaccinated participants were no more likely to report any of the mentioned symptoms. Vaccination with 2+ doses of BNT162b2 was associated with a reduced risk of reporting most of the common post-acute COVID-19 symptoms. Our results suggest that BNT162b2 vaccination may have a protective effect against longer term COVID-19 symptoms.
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23
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Kuodi P, Gorelik Y, Zayyad H, Wertheim O, Wiegler KB, Abu Jabal K, Dror AA, Nazzal S, Glikman D, Edelstein M. Association between BNT162b2 vaccination and reported incidence of post-COVID-19 symptoms: cross-sectional study 2020-21, Israel. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:101. [PMID: 36028498 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.05.22268800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines against the long-term COVID-19 symptoms expressed by a substantial proportion of patients is not well understood. We determined whether vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was associated with incidence of reporting long-term symptoms post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. We invited individuals PCR-tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection at participating hospitals between March 2020 and November 2021 to fill an online questionnaire that included information about demographics, acute COVID-19 episode and symptoms they were currently experiencing. Using binomial regression, we compared vaccinated individuals with those unvaccinated and those uninfected, in terms of post-acute self-reported symptoms. Of the 951 infected, 637(67%) were vaccinated. In the study population, the most prevalent symptoms were: fatigue (22%), headache (20%), weakness of limbs (13%), and persistent muscle pain (10%). After adjusting for age, time from beginning of symptoms to responding to the survey, and baseline symptoms, those who received two vaccine doses were less likely than unvaccinated individuals to report any of these symptoms (fatigue, headache, weakness of limbs, persistent muscle pain) by 62%, 50%, 62%, and 66% respectively, (Risk ratios 0.38, 0.50, 0.38, 0.34, p < 0.04 in the listed sequence). Compared to the 2447 included individuals who never reported SARS-CoV-2 infection, double-vaccinated participants were no more likely to report any of the mentioned symptoms. Vaccination with 2+ doses of BNT162b2 was associated with a reduced risk of reporting most of the common post-acute COVID-19 symptoms. Our results suggest that BNT162b2 vaccination may have a protective effect against longer term COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kuodi
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yanay Gorelik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Hiba Zayyad
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Baruch Padeh Medical Centre, Poriya, Israel
| | | | | | - Kamal Abu Jabal
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Ziv Medical Centre, Safed, Israel
| | - Amiel A Dror
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Galilee Medical Centre, Nahariyah, Israel
| | | | - Daniel Glikman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Baruch Padeh Medical Centre, Poriya, Israel
| | - Michael Edelstein
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
- Ziv Medical Centre, Safed, Israel.
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24
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Bain N, Nguyen M, Grech L, Day D, McCartney A, Webber K, Kwok A, Harris S, Chau H, Chan B, Nott L, Hamad N, Tognela A, Underhill C, Loe BS, Freeman D, Segelov E. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Australian Patients with Solid Organ Cancers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091373. [PMID: 36146450 PMCID: PMC9503648 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaccination is the cornerstone of the global public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Excess morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection is seen in people with cancer. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy has been observed in this medically vulnerable population, although associated attitudes and beliefs remain poorly understood. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey of people with solid organ cancers was conducted through nine health services across Australia. Demographics, cancer-related characteristics and vaccine uptake were collected. Perceptions and beliefs regarding COVID-19 vaccination were assessed using the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale, the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence and Complacency Scale and the Disease Influenced Vaccine Acceptance Scale-6. Results: Between June and October 2021, 2691 people with solid organ cancers completed the survey. The median age was 62.5 years (SD = 11.8; range 19–95), 40.9% were male, 71.3% lived in metropolitan areas and 90.3% spoke English as their first language. The commonest cancer diagnoses were breast (36.6%), genitourinary (18.6%) and gastrointestinal (18.3%); 59.2% had localized disease and 56.0% were receiving anti-cancer therapy. Most participants (79.7%) had at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose. Vaccine uptake was higher in people who were older, male, metropolitan, spoke English as a first language and had a cancer diagnosis for more than six months. Vaccine hesitancy was higher in people who were younger, female, spoke English as a non-dominant language and lived in a regional location, and lower in people with genitourinary cancer. Vaccinated respondents were more concerned about being infected with COVID-19 and less concerned about vaccine safety and efficacy. Conclusions: People with cancer have concerns about acquiring COVID-19, which they balance against vaccine-related concerns about the potential impact on their disease progress and/or treatment. Detailed exploration of concerns in cancer patients provides valuable insights, both for discussions with individual patients and public health messaging for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bain
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Mike Nguyen
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8572-2392
| | - Lisa Grech
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Daphne Day
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Amelia McCartney
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Kate Webber
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Alastair Kwok
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Sam Harris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bendigo Health, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Hieu Chau
- Department of Oncology, Latrobe Regional Hospital, Traralgon, VIC 3844, Australia
| | - Bryan Chan
- Department of Oncology, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
| | - Louise Nott
- Icon Cancer Centre Hobart, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Nada Hamad
- Department of Hematology, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Chippendale, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Annette Tognela
- Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Craig Underhill
- Border Medical Oncology Research Unit, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia
- Rural Medical School, University of New South Wales, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia
| | - Bao Sheng Loe
- The Psychometrics Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK
| | - Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Eva Segelov
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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25
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Protective Effect of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines against Progression of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variant Infections to Pneumonia in Beijing, China, in 2022. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081215. [PMID: 36016103 PMCID: PMC9413898 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This real-world study explores the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inactivated vaccines on the prevention of asymptomatic or mild Delta or Omicron variant infections progressing to pneumonia. Association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia cases and vaccination was measured with a multivariable logistic regression, stratified by genotype and age groups. We recruited 265 cases (111 (41.9%) infected with Delta and 154 (58.1%) with Omicron variants). There were 22 asymptomatic infected individuals, 156 mild cases without pneumonia, and 87 moderate cases with pneumonia. There was a markedly increased risk of progression to pneumonia in Delta infected cases, unvaccinated, or partially vaccinated COVID-19 patients with diabetes and those aged ≥60 years. Patients who had completed booster doses of inactivated vaccines had a reduced risk of 81.6% (95% CI: 55.6−92.4%) in progressing to pneumonia over those who were unvaccinated or partially vaccinated. The risk of progressing to pneumonia was less reduced by 88.7% (95% CI: 56.6−97%) and 73.9% (95% CI: 1.4−93.1%) among Delta and Omicron-infected patients, and was reduced by 78.5% (95% CI: 45.3−91.6%) and 94.1% (95% CI: 21.5−99.6%) among patients aged <60 and ≥60 years, respectively. Our data indicated that a complete vaccination with a booster reduced the risk of asymptomatic or mild Delta or Omicron variant COVID-19 progressing to pneumonia and, thus, reduced the pressure of severe illness on medical resources.
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26
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Determining the Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the Singapore Population Following the Completion of the Primary Vaccination Series. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071088. [PMID: 35891252 PMCID: PMC9316882 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to declining vaccine-induced immunity and the emergence of new COVID-19 variants, COVID-19 booster vaccination programmes have been widely launched in several high-income countries. However, public response has been slow, and scepticism about these programmes is rising in these settings. This study sought to identify the sociodemographic, emotional, and psychological factors associated with COVID-19 booster vaccine hesitancy in Singapore. Derived from a community cohort, 1005 fully vaccinated adults (62.1% female, mean age = 42.6 years) that had not received their COVID-19 booster shots completed an online survey between October and November 2021 on vaccination beliefs, intentions, and behaviours. Results indicated that despite completing the primary COVID-19 vaccination, 30.5% of those surveyed were hesitant about receiving the booster shot (25.9% unsure; 4.7% refused the booster), and 39.2% perceived more vaccine risks than benefits. Multivariable models indicated that a tertiary education, lower COVID-19 threat perception, lower perceived benefits, higher perceived concerns, a decreased need for booster vaccination, and a lower benefit/concerns differential score were associated with higher odds of booster vaccine hesitancy. Success in the primary vaccination series may not warrant widespread public acceptance for recurrent COVID-19 vaccination doses. In addressing booster vaccine hesitancy as restrictive measures and mandates are lifted, health perceptions relevant or unique to booster vaccine uptake should be considered.
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27
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Racism as the fundamental cause of ethnic inequities in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A theoretical framework and empirical exploration using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101150. [PMID: 35765366 PMCID: PMC9225926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnic inequities in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy have been reported in the United Kingdom (UK), and elsewhere. Explanations have mainly focused on differences in the level of concern about side effects, and in lack of trust in the development and efficacy of vaccines. Here we propose that racism is the fundamental cause of ethnic inequities in vaccine hesitancy. We introduce a theoretical framework detailing the mechanisms by which racism at the structural, institutional, and interpersonal level leads to higher vaccine hesitancy among minoritised ethnic groups. We then use data from Wave 6 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study COVID-19 Survey (November to December 2020) to empirically examine these pathways, operationalised into institutional, community, and individual-level factors. We use the Karlson-Holm-Breen method to formally compare the relationship between ethnicity and vaccine hesitancy once age and gender, sociodemographic variables, and institutional, community, and individual-level factors are accounted for. Based on the Average Partial Effects we calculate the percentage of ethnic inequities explained by each set of factors. Findings show that institutional-level factors (socioeconomic position, area-level deprivation, overcrowding) explained the largest part (42%) of the inequity in vaccine hesistancy for Pakistani or Bangladeshi people, and community-level factors (ethnic density, community cohesion, political efficacy, racism in the area) were the most important factors for Indian and Black groups, explaining 35% and 15% of the inequity, respectively. Our findings suggest that if policy intervened on institutional and community-level factors - shaped by structural and institutional racism - considerable success in reducing ethnic inequities might be achieved.
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28
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Mai AS, Lee ARYB, Tay RYK, Shapiro L, Thakkar A, Halmos B, Grinshpun A, Herishanu Y, Benjamini O, Tadmor T, Shroff RT, LaFleur BJ, Bhattacharya D, Peng S, Tey J, Lee SC, Chai LYA, Soon YY, Sundar R, Lee MX. Booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological and solid cancer: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2022; 172:65-75. [PMID: 35753213 PMCID: PMC9163022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Importance Patients with cancer have an increased risk of severe disease and mortality from COVID-19, as the disease and antineoplastic therapy cause reduced vaccine immunogenicity. Booster doses have been proposed to enhance protection, and efficacy data are emerging from several studies. Objective To evaluate the proportion of COVID-19 primary vaccination non-responders with cancer who seroconvert after a booster dose. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL and medRxiv were searched from 1st January 2021 to 10th March 2022. Quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist. Results After the eligibility assessment, 22 studies were included in this systematic review and 17 for meta-analysis of seroconversion in non-responders, pooling a total of 849 patients with haematological cancer and 82 patients with solid cancer. Haematological cancer non-responders exhibited lower seroconversion at 44% (95% CI 36–53%) than solid cancer at 80% (95% CI 69–87%). Individual patient data meta-analysis found the odds of having a meaningful rise in antibody titres to be significantly associated with increased duration between the second and third dose (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.03, P ≤ 0.05), age of patient (OR 0.960, 95% CI 0.934–0.987, P ≤ 0.05) and cancer type. With patients with haematological cancer as a reference, patients with lung cancer had 16.8 times the odds of achieving a meaningful increase in antibody titres (OR 16.8, 95% CI 2.95–318, P ≤ 0.05) and gastrointestinal cancer patients had 25.4 times the odds of achieving a meaningful increase in antibody titres (OR 25.4, 95% CI 5.26–492.21, P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions administration of a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose is effective in improving seroconversion and antibody levels. Patients with haematological cancer consistently demonstrate poorer response to booster vaccines than patients with solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Shengting Mai
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ryan Yong Kiat Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lauren Shapiro
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Astha Thakkar
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Albert Grinshpun
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Herishanu
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Benjamini
- Hematology Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachna T Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Siyu Peng
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Tey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo Chin Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Yi Ann Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Yang Soon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore.
| | - Matilda Xinwei Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Massie J, Paxton GA, Crawford N, Danchin MH. Vaccination of young people from 12 years of age for COVID-19 against parents' wishes. Med J Aust 2022; 216:455-457. [PMID: 35066905 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Massie
- Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Georgia A Paxton
- Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Nigel Crawford
- Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Margie H Danchin
- Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
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30
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Henry DA, Jones MA, Stehlik P, Glasziou PP. Effectiveness of
COVID
‐19 vaccines: findings from real‐world studies. Med J Aust 2022; 216:431. [PMID: 35352352 PMCID: PMC9115044 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Henry
- Institute for Evidence‐Based Healthcare Bond University Gold Coast QLD
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service Gold Coast QLD
| | - Mark A Jones
- Institute for Evidence‐Based Healthcare Bond University Gold Coast QLD
- University of Queensland Brisbane QLD
| | - Paulina Stehlik
- Institute for Evidence‐Based Healthcare Bond University Gold Coast QLD
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service Gold Coast QLD
| | - Paul P Glasziou
- Institute for Evidence‐Based Healthcare Bond University Gold Coast QLD
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31
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Passarelli-Araujo H, Pott-Junior H, Susuki AM, Olak AS, Pescim RR, Tomimatsu MF, Volce CJ, Neves MA, Silva FF, Narciso SG, Aschner M, Paoliello MM, Urbano MR. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on case fatality rates in a city in Southern Brazil. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:491-496. [PMID: 35192917 PMCID: PMC8857769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have established that vaccination plays a significant role in reducing COVID-19-related deaths. Here, we investigated differences in COVID-19 case fatality rates (CFRs) among vaccinated and unvaccinated populations, and analyzed whether the age composition of confirmed cases has a significant effect on the variations in the observed CFRs across these groups. METHODS The study considered 59,853 confirmed cases and 1,687 deaths from COVID-19, reported between January 1 to October 20, 2021, by the Health Department of Londrina, a city in Southern Brazil. We used Negative Binomial regression models to estimate CFRs according to vaccination status and age range. RESULTS There are significant differences between the CFR for fully vaccinated and unvaccinated populations (IRR = 0.596, 95% CI [0.460 - 0.772], P < .001). Vaccinated populations experience fatality rates 40.4% lower than non-vaccinated. In addition, the age composition of confirmed cases explains more than two-thirds of the variation in the CFR between these 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings reinforce the importance of vaccination as an essential public health measure for reducing COVID-19 fatality rates in all age groups. The results also provide means for accurately assessing differences in CFRs across vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. Such assessment is essential to inform and determine appropriate containment and mitigation interventions in Brazil and elsewhere.
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32
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Brichko L, Van Breugel L, Underhill A, Tran H, Mitra B, Cameron P, Smit D, Giles ML, McCreary D, Paton A, O'Reilly G. The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccinations on Emergency Department Presentations. Emerg Med Australas 2022; 34:913-919. [PMID: 35475322 PMCID: PMC9111314 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to describe the burden of patients presenting to the ED with symptoms occurring after receiving a COVID‐19 vaccination. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study performed over a 4‐month period across two EDs. Participants were eligible for inclusion if it was documented in the ED triage record that their ED attendance was associated with the receipt of a COVID‐19 vaccination. Data regarding the type of vaccine (Comirnaty or ChAdOx1) were subsequently extracted from their electronic medical record. Primary outcome was ED length of stay (LOS) and secondary outcomes included requests for imaging and ED disposition destination. Results During the study period of 22 February 2021 to 21 June 2021, 632 patients were identified for inclusion in the present study, of which 543 (85.9%) had received the ChAdOx1 vaccination. The highest proportion of COVID‐19 vaccine‐related attendances occurred in June 2021 and accounted for 21 (8%) of 262 total daily ED attendances. Patients who had an ED presentation related to ChAdOx1 had a longer median ED LOS (253 vs 180 min, P < 0.001) compared to Comirnaty and a higher proportion had haematology tests and imaging requested in the ED. Most patients (n = 588, 88.8%) were discharged home from the ED. Conclusion There was a notable proportion of ED attendances related to recent COVID‐19 vaccination administration, many of which were associated with lengthy ED stays and had multiple investigations. In the majority of cases, the patients were able to be discharged home from the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brichko
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Emergency Department, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L Van Breugel
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Underhill
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Tran
- Haematology Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Mitra
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Cameron
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Smit
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M L Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D McCreary
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Paton
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Adult Retrieval Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G O'Reilly
- The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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33
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Roozen GVT, Roukens AHE, Roestenberg M. COVID-19 vaccine dose sparing: strategies to improve vaccine equity and pandemic preparedness. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e570-e573. [PMID: 35303466 PMCID: PMC8923677 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts, worldwide COVID-19 vaccination coverage is lagging. Dose-sparing strategies for COVID-19 vaccines can increase vaccine availability to address the global crisis. Several clinical trials evaluating dose sparing are currently underway. However, to rapidly provide solid scientific justification for different dose-sparing strategies, joint coordinated action involving both public and private parties is needed. In this Viewpoint, we provide examples of approaches to vaccine dose-sparing that have previously been evaluated in clinical trials to improve vaccine availability and reflect on the origin of their funding. With a focus on the current COVID-19 pandemic, we stress the need for expedited testing of vaccine dose-sparing strategies in endemic or epidemic infectious diseases. However, we argue that the establishment of a mechanism through which dose-sparing opportunities are systematically identified, scientifically tested, and ultimately implemented will prove to be valuable beyond the current pandemic for infectious diseases product development and pandemic preparedness in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert V T Roozen
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna H E Roukens
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: Evidence from the First-Year Rollout of Vaccination Programs. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030409. [PMID: 35335041 PMCID: PMC8949078 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised a number of new realities, sets of data, and opportunities for data-driven approaches, decisions, and conclusions. One particular area for which developments and data have been made available in record time is related to vaccines and their impacts on health conditions and saving lives. In this article, we use public domain information to study the prevalence of vaccines in different countries and how they can save lives. We conclude that there are different clusters of countries, for some of which solid statistical models were built, and show that vaccination rates provide significant contributions to saving lives in such countries, with impacts that can be computed by simulations based upon these models.
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Li L, Muftuoglu M, Liang S, Basyal M, Lv J, Akdogan ME, Chen K, Andreeff M, Parmar S. In-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells reveals diverse differentiation hierarchies in vaccinated individuals. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156559. [PMID: 35230977 PMCID: PMC9057595 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines pose as the most effective approach for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. High-degree efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in clinical trials indicates that vaccination invariably induces an adaptive immune response. However, the emergence of breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals suggests that the breadth and magnitude of vaccine-induced adaptive immune response may vary. We assessed vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 T cell response in 21 vaccinated individuals and found that SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells, which were mainly CD4+ T cells, were invariably detected in all individuals but the response was varied. We then investigated differentiation states and cytokine profiles to identify immune features associated with superior recall function and longevity. We identified SARS-CoV-2–specific CD4+ T cells were polyfunctional and produced high levels of IL-2, which could be associated with superior longevity. Based on the breadth and magnitude of vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 response, we identified 2 distinct response groups: individuals with high abundance versus low abundance of SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells. The fractions of TNF-α– and IL-2–producing SARS-CoV-2 T cells were the main determinants distinguishing high versus low responders. Last, we identified that the majority of vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 T cells were reactive against non-mutated regions of mutant S-protein, suggesting that vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 T cells could provide continued protection against emerging variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Muharrem Muftuoglu
- Department of Leukemia, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Shaoheng Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Mahesh Basyal
- Department of Leukemia, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Jiangxing Lv
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Mehmet E Akdogan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Simrit Parmar
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
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36
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Di Fusco M, Lin J, Vaghela S, Lingohr-Smith M, Nguyen JL, Scassellati Sforzolini T, Judy J, Cane A, Moran MM. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among immunocompromised populations: a targeted literature review of real-world studies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:435-451. [PMID: 35112973 PMCID: PMC8862165 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2035222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction From July through October of 2021, several countries issued recommendations for increased COVID-19 vaccine protection for individuals with one or more immunocompromised (IC) conditions. It is critically important to understand the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of COVID-19 vaccines among IC populations as recommendations are updated over time in response to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Areas covered A targeted literature review was conducted to identify real-world studies that assessed COVID-19 VE in IC populations between December 2020 and September 2021. A total of 10 studies from four countries were identified and summarized in this review. Expert opinion VE of the widely available COVID-19 vaccines, including BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen), and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford/AstraZeneca), ranged from 64% to 90% against SARS-CoV-2 infection, 73% to 84% against symptomatic illness, 70% to 100% against severe illness, and 63% to 100% against COVID-19-related hospitalization among the fully vaccinated IC populations included in the studies. COVID-19 VE for most outcomes in the IC populations included in these studies were lower than in the general populations. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the IC population requires greater protective measures to prevent COVID-19 infection and associated illness, hence should be prioritized while implementing recommendations of additional COVID-19 vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay Lin
- Novosys Health, Green Brook, NJ, USA
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Enticott J, Gill JS, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL, Epstein DS, Dawadi S, Teede HJ, Boyle J. Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: a cross-sectional analysis-implications for public health communications in Australia. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057127. [PMID: 34980631 PMCID: PMC8724587 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine SARS-CoV-2 vaccine confidence, attitudes and intentions in Australian adults as part of the iCARE Study. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional online survey conducted when free COVID-19 vaccinations first became available in Australia in February 2021. PARTICIPANTS Total of 1166 Australians from general population aged 18-90 years (mean 52, SD of 19). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome: responses to question 'If a vaccine for COVID-19 were available today, what is the likelihood that you would get vaccinated?'.Secondary outcome: analyses of putative drivers of uptake, including vaccine confidence, socioeconomic status and sources of trust, derived from multiple survey questions. RESULTS Seventy-eight per cent reported being likely to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Higher SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intentions were associated with: increasing age (OR: 2.01 (95% CI 1.77 to 2.77)), being male (1.37 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.72)), residing in least disadvantaged area quintile (2.27 (95% CI 1.53 to 3.37)) and a self-perceived high risk of getting COVID-19 (1.52 (95% CI 1.08 to 2.14)). However, 72% did not believe they were at a high risk of getting COVID-19. Findings regarding vaccines in general were similar except there were no sex differences. For both the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and vaccines in general, there were no differences in intentions to vaccinate as a function of education level, perceived income level and rurality. Knowing that the vaccine is safe and effective and that getting vaccinated will protect others, trusting the company that made it and vaccination recommended by a doctor were reported to influence a large proportion of the study cohort to uptake the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Seventy-eight per cent reported the intent to continue engaging in virus-protecting behaviours (mask wearing, social distancing, etc) postvaccine. CONCLUSIONS Most Australians are likely to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Key influencing factors identified (eg, knowing vaccine is safe and effective, and doctor's recommendation to get vaccinated) can inform public health messaging to enhance vaccination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Enticott
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaskirath Singh Gill
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kim L Lavoie
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel S Epstein
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shrinkhala Dawadi
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Boyle
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Generating Real-World Evidence on the Quality Use, Benefits and Safety of Medicines in Australia: History, Challenges and a Roadmap for the Future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413345. [PMID: 34948955 PMCID: PMC8707536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Australia spends more than $20 billion annually on medicines, delivering significant health benefits for the population. However, inappropriate prescribing and medicine use also result in harm to individuals and populations, and waste of precious health resources. Medication data linked with other routine collections enable evidence generation in pharmacoepidemiology; the science of quantifying the use, effectiveness and safety of medicines in real-world clinical practice. This review details the history of medicines policy and data access in Australia, the strengths of existing data sources, and the infrastructure and governance enabling and impeding evidence generation in the field. Currently, substantial gaps persist with respect to cohesive, contemporary linked data sources supporting quality use of medicines, effectiveness and safety research; exemplified by Australia's limited capacity to contribute to the global effort in real-world studies of vaccine and disease-modifying treatments for COVID-19. We propose a roadmap to bolster the discipline, and population health more broadly, underpinned by a distinct capability governing and streamlining access to linked data assets for accredited researchers. Robust real-world evidence generation requires current data roadblocks to be remedied as a matter of urgency to deliver efficient and equitable health care and improve the health and well-being of all Australians.
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Ramchandani R, Kazatchkine M, Liu J, Sudan P, Dybul M, Matsoso P, Nordström A, Phelan A, Legido-Quigley H, Singh S, Mabuchi S. Vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics for covid-19: redesigning systems to improve pandemic response. BMJ 2021; 375:e067488. [PMID: 34840135 PMCID: PMC8624067 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rohit Ramchandani and colleagues propose a framework to ensure essential public health tools are fairly distributed in future pandemics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ramchandani
- Antara Global Health Advisors, Toronto, Canada
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- University of Waterloo School of Public Health Sciences, Waterloo, Canada
- Balsillie School of International Affairs, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Joanne Liu
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
- McGill University's School of Population and Global Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - Preeti Sudan
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
| | - Mark Dybul
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
- Georgetown University, USA
| | | | - Anders Nordström
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
| | - Alexandra Phelan
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
- Georgetown University, USA
| | - Helena Legido-Quigley
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudhvir Singh
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shunsuke Mabuchi
- Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Secretariat
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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Talic S, Shah S, Wild H, Gasevic D, Maharaj A, Ademi Z, Li X, Xu W, Mesa-Eguiagaray I, Rostron J, Theodoratou E, Zhang X, Motee A, Liew D, Ilic D. Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2021; 375:e068302. [PMID: 34789505 PMCID: PMC9423125 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence on the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Biosis, Joanna Briggs, Global Health, and World Health Organization COVID-19 database (preprints). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR STUDY SELECTION Observational and interventional studies that assessed the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure was incidence of covid-19. Secondary outcomes included SARS-CoV-2 transmission and covid-19 mortality. DATA SYNTHESIS DerSimonian Laird random effects meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of mask wearing, handwashing, and physical distancing measures on incidence of covid-19. Pooled effect estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I2 metrics, with two tailed P values. RESULTS 72 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 35 evaluated individual public health measures and 37 assessed multiple public health measures as a "package of interventions." Eight of 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis, which indicated a reduction in incidence of covid-19 associated with handwashing (relative risk 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 1.12, I2=12%), mask wearing (0.47, 0.29 to 0.75, I2=84%), and physical distancing (0.75, 0.59 to 0.95, I2=87%). Owing to heterogeneity of the studies, meta-analysis was not possible for the outcomes of quarantine and isolation, universal lockdowns, and closures of borders, schools, and workplaces. The effects of these interventions were synthesised descriptively. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that several personal protective and social measures, including handwashing, mask wearing, and physical distancing are associated with reductions in the incidence covid-19. Public health efforts to implement public health measures should consider community health and sociocultural needs, and future research is needed to better understand the effectiveness of public health measures in the context of covid-19 vaccination. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020178692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Talic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
- Monash Outcomes Research and health Economics (MORE) Unit, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Shivangi Shah
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
| | - Holly Wild
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
- Torrens University, VIC, Australia
| | - Danijela Gasevic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ashika Maharaj
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
| | - Zanfina Ademi
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
- Monash Outcomes Research and health Economics (MORE) Unit, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Xue Li
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ines Mesa-Eguiagaray
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jasmin Rostron
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ashmika Motee
- Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
- Monash Outcomes Research and health Economics (MORE) Unit, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Dragan Ilic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia
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Gomes D, Beyerlein A, Katz K, Hoelscher G, Nennstiel U, Liebl B, Überla K, von Kries R. Is the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine effective in elderly populations? Results from population data from Bavaria, Germany. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259370. [PMID: 34739520 PMCID: PMC8570490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of the BioNTech-Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccination in the elderly (≥80 years) could not be fully assessed in the BioNTech-Pfizer trial due to low numbers in this age group. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the BioNTech-Pfizer (BNT162b2) vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes in octo- and novo-generians in a German state setting. Methods and findings A prospective observational study of 708,187 persons aged ≥80 years living in Bavaria, Germany, was conducted between Jan 9 to Apr 11, 2021. We assessed the vaccine effectiveness (VE) for two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related hospitalisations and mortality. Additionally, differences in VE by age groups ≥80 to ≤89 years and ≥90 years were studied. Analyses were adjusted by sex. By the end of follow-up, 63.8% of the Bavarian population ≥80 years had received one dose, and 52.7% two doses, of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine lowered the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections and related outcomes, resulting in VE estimates of 68.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 65.5%, 70.9%) for infection, 73.2% (95% CI 65.3%, 79.3%) for hospitalisation, and 85.1% (95% CI 80.0%, 89.0%) for mortality. Sex differences in the risk of COVID-19 outcomes observed among unvaccinated persons disappeared after two BNT162b2 vaccine doses. Overall, the BNT162b2 vaccine was equally effective in octo- and novo-genarians. Conclusions Two doses of BioNTech-Pfizer’s BNT162b2 vaccine is highly effective against COVID-19 outcomes in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphina Gomes
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyerlein
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Katz
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Uta Nennstiel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard Liebl
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger von Kries
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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