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Pereira E, Jorge A, Quintella B, da Silva MG, Almeida PR, Lança MJ. Do catadromous thinlip grey mullet benefit from shifting to freshwater? A perspective from fatty acid signature analysis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01322-9. [PMID: 38411878 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the potential benefits of the catadromous thinlip grey mullet (Chelon ramada Risso, 1827) migration to freshwater, the total lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile of female's muscle and gonads caught in both the estuary and river were analyzed. The freshwater contingent presented a higher body condition, greater muscle gross energy, and larger gonads with higher lipid reserves. These animals showed a muscle profile rich in C16:1n-7 and lower LC-PUFA that contrast with the higher relative amount of C18:1n-9, n-3 FA, and unsaturated LC-PUFA, such as C18 and C20 FA found in the estuarine contingent. The gonads of both contingents showed a constant and high relative amount of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA, 37%). However, in terms of essential fatty acids (EFAs), the estuarine contingent had a higher relative amount of C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3. On the other hand, the freshwater contingent showed a higher relative amount of n-3 FA precursors, namely C18:3n-3, and a still low relative amount of C22:6n-3. This suggests a mismatch between the metabolic omega-3 pathway and the physiological maturity stages, similar to a phenomenon of dormancy. In this sense, not all these individuals may reproduce annually, and the later stages of gonad development will require supplementary energy derived from feeding at the estuary. Thus, freshwater migration may promote a reproductive strategy enabling adults to take advantage of the warm and food-rich summer/autumn period, adjust spawning and juvenile appearance, and reduce the population's exposure to habitat changes and/or stochastic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Pereira
- MARE-Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente/ARNET-Rede de Investigação Aquática, Universidade de Évora, Largo Dos Colegiais N.2, 7004-516, Évora, Portugal.
| | - André Jorge
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development/CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE-Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Quintella
- MARE-Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente/ARNET-Rede de Investigação Aquática, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Gomes da Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE-Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Almeida
- MARE-Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente/ARNET-Rede de Investigação Aquática, Universidade de Évora, Largo Dos Colegiais N.2, 7004-516, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Largo Dos Colegiais N.2, 7004-516, Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Lança
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development/CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Ap.94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
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Kusumawaty D, Augustine SMN, Aryani A, Effendi Y, Emran TB, Tallei TE. Configuration of gut bacterial community profile and their potential functionality in the digestive tract of the wild and cultivated Indonesian shortfin elver-phase eels ( Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1844). 3 Biotech 2023; 13:153. [PMID: 37131968 PMCID: PMC10148933 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the bacteria present in the digestive tracts of wild and cultivated Indonesian shortfin eel during the elver phase. The eel has high export potential due to its vitamin and micronutrient content, but slow growth and vulnerability to collapse in farm conditions hinder its cultivation. The microbiota in the eel's digestive tract is crucial for its health, particularly during the elver phase. This study used Next Generation Sequencing to analyze the community structure and diversity of bacteria in the eels' digestive tracts, focusing on the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Mothur software was used for data analysis and PAST v.3.26 was used to calculate alpha diversity. The results showed that Proteobacteria (64.18%) and Firmicutes (33.55%) were the predominant phyla in the digestive tract of cultivated eels, while Bacteroidetes (54.16%), Firmicutes (14.71%), and Fusobacteria (10.56%) were predominant in wild eels. The most prevalent genera in cultivated and wild elver were Plesiomonas and Cetobacterium, respectively. The microbiota in the digestive tract of cultivated eels was diverse despite uneven distribution. The KEGG database analysis revealed that the primary function of the microbiome was to facilitate the eel's absorption of nutrients by contributing significantly to the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. This study's findings can aid in assessing eel health and improving eel farming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diah Kusumawaty
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, 40154 Indonesia
| | - Stella Melbournita Noor Augustine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, 40154 Indonesia
| | - Any Aryani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, 40154 Indonesia
| | - Yunus Effendi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Azhar Indonesia University, Jakarta, 12110 Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381 Bangladesh
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, 95115 North Sulawesi Indonesia
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Fang F, Yuan Y, Jin M, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Luo J, Yang Z, Guo C, Jiao L, Yan X, Zhou Q. Alteration of Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles, and Lipid Metabolism of Mud Crab ( Scylla paramamosain) Juvenile in Response to Different Dietary Arachidonic Acid Levels. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:6038613. [PMID: 37346375 PMCID: PMC10281821 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6038613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
An eight-week feeding trail was carried out to investigate the impacts of different dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) supplementations on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, tissue fatty acid profiles, and lipid metabolism of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) juvenile. Six isonitrogenous (480 g kg-1 crude protein) and isolipidic (80 g kg-1 crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain 0.40, 2.50, 4.60, 8.90, 12.50, and 15.70 g ARA kg-1 (dry matter), respectively. Each experimental treatment included 24 mud crab juveniles (initial weight 11.29 ± 0.09 g) and was assigned to triplicate groups (n = 3). Crabs fed diets with 2.50, 4.60, and 8.90 g kg-1 ARA presented significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those fed the other diets. Based on two-slope broken-line and quadratic curve regression analysis of PWG against dietary ARA levels, optimal dietary ARA levels were determined to be 5.20 g kg-1 and 6.20 g kg-1, respectively. Crabs fed with 4.60 g kg-1 ARA diet showed the lowest activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in hemolymph among all treatments. In hemolymph and hepatopancreas, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) rose first and then dropped with the increase of dietary ARA levels, while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed an opposite trend. Tissue fatty acid profiles reflected diets fatty acid compositions. The ARA contents in hepatopancreas and muscle significantly increased with the increase of dietary ARA levels. Furthermore, the areas of blasenzellen (B) cells and restzellen (R) cells were significantly downregulated with the increase of dietary ARA levels. Crabs fed with 0.40 g kg-1 ARA diet showed significantly higher gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase (fas) as well as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) among all treatments. Relative gene expression levels of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgd) as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) have been significantly upregulated in 0.40 and 2.50 g kg-1 ARA groups. Relative gene expression level of fatty acid binding protein 1 (fabp1) significantly increased in 4.60, 8.90, 12.50, and 15.70 g kg-1 ARA groups. However, the gene expression levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (fabp4) as well as scavenger receptor class 2 (srb2) have not been influenced by dietary ARA levels. What is more, crabs fed diets with 4.60, 8.90, 12.50, and 15.70 g kg-1 ARA had a significantly higher expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1) than those fed diets with 0.40 and 2.50 g kg-1 ARA. In summary, optimum dietary ARA can promote growth, enhance antioxidant capacity, and improve health of mud crab juveniles. It also demonstrated that lipogenesis has been restrained with the increasing dietary ARA levels. These findings could provide theoretical guidance and reference for the lipid nutrition research as well as the development of the commercial diet in mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiaxiang Luo
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Parzanini C, Arts MT, Rohtla M, Koprivnikar J, Power M, Skiftesvik AB, Browman HI, Milotic D, Durif CMF. Feeding habitat and silvering stage affect lipid content and fatty acid composition of European eel Anguilla anguilla tissues. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1110-1124. [PMID: 34060093 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, particularly fatty acids (FAs), are major sources of energy and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems and play key roles during vertebrate development. The European eel Anguilla anguilla goes through major biochemical and physiological changes throughout its lifecycle as it inhabits sea- (SW), and/or brackish- (BW) and/or freshwater (FW) habitats. With the ultimate goal being to understand the reasons for eels adopting a certain life history strategy (FW or SW residency vs. 'habitat shifting'), we explored differences in lipid content and FA composition of muscle, liver and eyes from eels collected across Norwegian SW, BW and FW habitats, and at different lifecycle stages (yellow to silver). FW and SW eels had a higher lipid content overall compared to BW eels, reflecting differences in food availability and life history strategies. SW eels had higher proportions of certain monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs; 18:1n-9, 20:1n-9), and of the essential polyunsaturated FAs 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) than FW eels, reflecting a marine-based diet. In contrast, the muscle of FW eels had higher proportions of 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid), as is typical of FW organisms. MUFA proportions increased in later stage eels, consistent with the hypothesis that the eels accumulate energy stores prior to migration. In addition, the decrease of EPA with advancing stage may be associated with the critical role that this FA plays in eel sexual development. Lipid and FA information provided further understanding of the habitat use and overall ecology of this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Parzanini
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehis Rohtla
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
| | - Howard I Browman
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
| | - Dino Milotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
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Rivero-Ramírez F, Torrecillas S, Betancor MB, Izquierdo MS, Caballero MJ, Montero D. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) distal intestine lipid classes and gut health. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:681-697. [PMID: 31845079 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of low fishmeal/fish oil in marine fish diets affects dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs) composition and concentration and, subsequently, may produce a marginal deficiency of those fatty acids with a direct impact on the fish intestinal physiology. Supplementation of essential fatty acids is necessary to cover the requirements of the different EFAs, including the ones belonging to the n-6 series, such as arachidonic acid (ARA). ARA, besides its structural role in the configuration of the lipid classes of the intestine, plays an important role in the functionality of the gut-associated immune tissue (GALT). The present study aimed to test five levels of dietary ARA (ARA0.5 (0.5%), ARA1 (1%), ARA2 (2%), ARA4 (4%), and ARA6 (6%)) for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles in order to determine (a) its effect in selected distal intestine (DI) lipid classes composition and (b) how these changes affected gut bacterial translocation rates and selected GALT-related gene expression pre and post challenge. No differences were found between distal intestines of fish fed with the graded ARA levels in total neutral lipids and total polar lipids. However, DI of fish fed with the ARA6 diet presented a higher (P < 0.05) level of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) than those DI of fish fed with the ARA0.5 diet. In general terms, fatty acid profiles of DI lipid classes mirrored those of the diet dietary. Nevertheless, selective retention of ARA could be observed in glycerophospholipids when dietary levels are low (diet ARA0.5), as reflected in the higher glycerophospholipids-ARA/dietary-ARA ratio for those animals. Increased ARA dietary supplementation was inversely correlated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in lipid classes, when data from fish fed with the diets with the same basal composition (diets ARA1 to ARA6). ARA supplementation did not affect intestinal morphometry, goblet cell number, or fish survival, in terms of gut bacterial translocation, along the challenge test. However, after the experimental infection with Vibrio anguillarum, the relative expression of cox-2 and il-1β were upregulated (P < 0.05) in DI of fish fed with the diets ARA0.5 and ARA2 compared with fish fed with the rest of the experimental diets. Although dietary ARA did not affect fish survival, it altered the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes after infection when included at the lowest concentration, which could be compromising the physical and the immune functionality of the DI, denoting the importance of ARA supplementation when low FO diets are used for marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rivero-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - S Torrecillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - M S Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M J Caballero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - D Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Evaluation of fish meal analogue as partial fish meal replacement in the diet of growing Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tian JJ, Lei CX, Ji H, Jin A. Role of cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolites in lipid metabolism and expression of some immune-related genes in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed arachidonic acid. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:703-717. [PMID: 28012026 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (ARA) to prostaglandins, and COX-mediated metabolites play important roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism and immunity in mammals. However, such roles of COX in fish remain largely unknown. In this study, we designed three semi-purified diets, namely ARA-free (control), ARA, and ARA + acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; a COX inhibitor), and used them to feed grass carp (27.65 ± 3.05 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary ARA significantly increased the amount of ARA in the hepatopancreas, muscle, and kidney (P < 0.05), whereas this increase was reduced by dietary ASA. The hepatopancreatic prostaglandin E2 content increased in the ARA group, and this increase was inhibited by ASA (P < 0.05). ARA decreased the lipid content in the hepatopancreas, whereas ASA recovered lipid content to a significant level (P < 0.05). ARA significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). However, ASA did not rescue the mRNA expression of these genes (P > 0.05). Interestingly, ARA significantly enhanced the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene expression, and this increase was attenuated by ASA (P < 0.05). Finally, ARA significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in the kidney, and ASA attenuated the expression of toll-like receptor 22 and MyD88 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that COX metabolites play important roles in the inhibition of lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas of grass carp fed with ARA and that regulation of gene expression promotes lipid catabolism rather than lipogenic activities. Additionally, these eicosanoids might participate in the upregulation of immunity-related genes in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ai Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Bae JY, Park G, Yun H, Hung SS, Bai SC. The dietary valine requirement for rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, can be estimated by plasma free valine and ammonia concentrations after dorsal aorta cannulation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.628395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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