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Ahmad W, Saleh B, Qazi REM, Muneer R, Khan I, Khan M, Salim A. Direct differentiation of rat skin fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Exp Cell Res 2024; 435:113934. [PMID: 38237847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the major cardiovascular diseases caused by diminished supply of nutrients and oxygen to the heart due to obstruction of the coronary artery. Different treatment options are available for cardiac diseases, however, they do not completely repair the damage. Therefore, reprogramming terminally differentiated fibroblasts using transcription factors is a promising strategy to differentiate them into cardiac like cells in vitro and to increase functional cardiomyocytes and reduce fibrotic scar in vivo. In this study, skin fibroblasts were selected for reprogramming because they serve as a convenient source for the autologous cell therapy. Fibroblasts were isolated from skin of rat pups, propagated, and directly reprogrammed towards cardiac lineage. For reprogramming, two different approaches were adopted, i.e., cells were transfected with: (1) combination of cardiac transcription factors; GATA4, MEF2c, Nkx2.5 (GMN), and (2) combination of cardiac transcription factors; GATA4, MEF2c, Nkx2.5, and iPSC factors; Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc (GMNO). After 72 h of transfection, cells were analyzed for the expression of cardiac markers at the mRNA and protein levels. For in vivo study, rat MI models were developed by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery and the reprogrammed cells were transplanted in the infarcted heart. qPCR results showed that the reprogrammed cells exhibited significant upregulation of cardiac genes. Immunocytochemistry analysis further confirmed cardiomyogenic differentiation of the reprogrammed cells. For the assessment of cardiac function, animals were analyzed via echocardiography after 2 and 4 weeks of cell transplantation. Echocardiographic results showed that the hearts transplanted with the reprogrammed cells improved ejection fraction, fractional shortening, left ventricular internal systolic and diastolic dimensions, and end systolic and diastolic volumes. After 4 weeks of cell transplantation, heart tissues were harvested and processed for histology. The histological analysis showed that the reprogrammed cells improved wall thickness of left ventricle and reduced fibrosis significantly as compared to the control. It is concluded from the study that novel combination of cardiac transcription factors directly reprogrammed skin fibroblasts and differentiated them into cardiomyocytes. These differentiated cells showed cardiomyogenic characters in vitro, and reduced fibrosis and improved cardiac function in vivo. Furthermore, direct reprogramming of fibroblasts transfected with cardiac transcription factors showed better regeneration of the injured myocardium and improved cardiac function as compared to the indirect approach in which combination of cardiac and iPSC factors were used. The study after further optimization could be used as a better strategy for cell-based therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Saleh
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rida-E-Maria Qazi
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rabbia Muneer
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Asmat Salim
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Chowdhury MA, Zhang JJ, Rizk R, Chen WCW. Stem cell therapy for heart failure in the clinics: new perspectives in the era of precision medicine and artificial intelligence. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1344885. [PMID: 38264333 PMCID: PMC10803627 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1344885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells have been widely evaluated as a promising therapeutic option for heart failure (HF). Numerous clinical trials with stem/progenitor cell-based therapy (SCT) for HF have demonstrated encouraging results, but not without limitations or discrepancies. Recent technological advancements in multiomics, bioinformatics, precision medicine, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) provide new approaches and insights for stem cell research and therapeutic development. Integration of these new technologies into stem/progenitor cell therapy for HF may help address: 1) the technical challenges to obtain reliable and high-quality therapeutic precursor cells, 2) the discrepancies between preclinical and clinical studies, and 3) the personalized selection of optimal therapeutic cell types/populations for individual patients in the context of precision medicine. This review summarizes the current status of SCT for HF in clinics and provides new perspectives on the development of computation-aided SCT in the era of precision medicine and AI/ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Chowdhury
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
- Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, Health Sciences Ph.D. Program, School of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
- Department of Cardiology, North Central Heart, Avera Heart Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Jing J. Zhang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Rodrigue Rizk
- Department of Computer Science, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - William C. W. Chen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
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3
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Chepeleva EV. Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16844. [PMID: 38069167 PMCID: PMC10706847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a leading cause of death in patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction. Despite the timely use of modern reperfusion therapies such as thrombolysis, surgical revascularization and balloon angioplasty, they are sometimes unable to prevent the development of significant areas of myocardial damage and subsequent heart failure. Research efforts have focused on developing strategies to improve the functional status of myocardial injury areas. Consequently, the restoration of cardiac function using cell therapy is an exciting prospect. This review describes the characteristics of various cell types relevant to cellular cardiomyoplasty and presents findings from experimental and clinical studies investigating cell therapy for coronary heart disease. Cell delivery methods, optimal dosage and potential treatment mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Chepeleva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center Named after Academician E.N. Meshalkin of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15, Rechkunovskaya Str., 630055 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Sundin A, Ionescu SI, Balkan W, Hare JM. Mesenchymal STRO-1/STRO-3 + precursor cells for the treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Future Cardiol 2023; 19:567-581. [PMID: 37933628 PMCID: PMC10652293 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2023-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is susceptible to proinflammatory and profibrotic responses after myocardial injury, leading to further worsening of cardiac dysfunction. Important developments in the management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction have reduced morbidity and mortality; however, these therapies focus on optimizing cardiac function through hemodynamic and neurohormonal pathways and not by repairing the underlying cardiac injury. The potential of cell-based therapy to reverse cardiac injury has received substantial attention. Herein are examined the phase II and III studies of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal STRO-1+ or STRO-1/STRO-3+ precursor cells in patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, addressing the safety and efficacy of cell-based therapy throughout multiple clinical trials, the optimal dose and the steps toward revolutionizing the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sundin
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Simona I Ionescu
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Wayne Balkan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Seok J, Park H, Lee DH, You JH, Kim GJ. The Dose-Related Efficacy of Human Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on Antioxidant Effects in a Rat Model with Ovariectomy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1575. [PMID: 37627570 PMCID: PMC10451747 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress initiates various degenerative diseases, and it is caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Oxidative stress is a key factor that causes infertility by inducing ovarian dysfunction, characterized by irregular hormone levels, lower quality of mature follicles, and loss of follicles. Hence, stem cell therapy has been actively studied as an approach to overcome the side effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on ovarian dysfunction. However, there is a lack of evidence about the appropriate number of cells required for stem cell therapy. Therefore, based on the antioxidant effects investigated in this study, we focused on determining the appropriate dose of stem cells for transplantation in an animal model with ovarian dysfunction. One week after half-ovariectomy, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs, 1 × 105 cells, 5 × 105 cells, or 2.5 × 106 cells) were injected intravenously into the Tx groups through the tail vein. As a result, the mRNA expression of hAlu gradually increased as the transplanted cell concentration increased. Compared with no transplantation (NTx), the transplantation of PD-MSCs improved folliculogenesis, including the levels of secreted hormones and numbers of follicles, by exerting antioxidant effects. Also, the levels of oxidized glutathione in the serum of animal models after transplantation were significantly increased (* p < 0.05). These results indicated that PD-MSC transplantation improved ovarian function in half-ovariectomized rats by exerting antioxidant effects. According to our data, increasing the number of transplanted cells did not proportionally increase the effectiveness of the treatment. We suggest that low-dose PD-MSC transplantation has the same therapeutic effect as described in previous studies. These findings provide new insights for further understanding reproductive systems and provide evidence for related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (H.P.); (D.-H.L.); (J.H.Y.)
| | - Hyeri Park
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (H.P.); (D.-H.L.); (J.H.Y.)
- PLABiologics, Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13522, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (H.P.); (D.-H.L.); (J.H.Y.)
- PLABiologics, Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13522, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong You
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (H.P.); (D.-H.L.); (J.H.Y.)
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (H.P.); (D.-H.L.); (J.H.Y.)
- PLABiologics, Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13522, Republic of Korea
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Gladstone DE, D'Alessio F, Howard C, Lyu MA, Mock JR, Gibbs KW, Abrams D, Huang M, Zeng K, Herlihy JP, Castillo ST, Bassett R, Sadeghi T, Parmar S, Flowers CR, Mukherjee S, Schoenfeld D, Thall PF, Slutsky AS. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of allogeneic cord blood T-regulatory cells for treatment of COVID-19 ARDS. Blood Adv 2023; 7:3075-3079. [PMID: 36961352 PMCID: PMC10043947 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Gladstone
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY
| | - Franco D'Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Mi-Ae Lyu
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jason R. Mock
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kevin W. Gibbs
- Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Darryl Abrams
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, and Center for Acute Respiratory Failure, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Meixian Huang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ke Zeng
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Roland Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Simrit Parmar
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher R. Flowers
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Siddhartha Mukherjee
- Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Peter F. Thall
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Arthur S. Slutsky
- Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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7
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Ning Y, Huang P, Chen G, Xiong Y, Gong Z, Wu C, Xu J, Jiang W, Li X, Tang R, Zhang L, Hu M, Xu J, Xu J, Qian H, Jin C, Yang Y. Atorvastatin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction via shifting macrophage polarization by targeting microRNA-139-3p/Stat1 pathway. BMC Med 2023; 21:96. [PMID: 36927608 PMCID: PMC10022054 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) pretreated with atorvastatin (ATV) (MSCATV-EV) have a superior cardiac repair effect on acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The mechanisms, however, have not been fully elucidated. This study aims to explore whether inflammation alleviation of infarct region via macrophage polarization plays a key role in the efficacy of MSCATV-EV. METHODS MSCATV-EV or MSC-EV were intramyocardially injected 30 min after coronary ligation in AMI rats. Macrophage infiltration and polarization (day 3), cardiac function (days 0, 3, 7, 28), and infarct size (day 28) were measured. EV small RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were conducted for differentially expressed miRNAs between MSCATV-EV and MSC-EV. Macrophages were isolated from rat bone marrow for molecular mechanism analysis. miRNA mimics or inhibitors were transfected into EVs or macrophages to analyze its effects on macrophage polarization and cardiac repair in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS MSCATV-EV significantly reduced the amount of CD68+ total macrophages and increased CD206+ M2 macrophages of infarct zone on day 3 after AMI compared with MSC-EV group (P < 0.01-0.0001). On day 28, MSCATV-EV much more significantly improved the cardiac function than MSC-EV with the infarct size markedly reduced (P < 0.05-0.0001). In vitro, MSCATV-EV also significantly reduced the protein and mRNA expressions of M1 markers but increased those of M2 markers in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages (P < 0.05-0.0001). EV miR-139-3p was identified as a potential cardiac repair factor mediating macrophage polarization. Knockdown of miR-139-3p in MSCATV-EV significantly attenuated while overexpression of it in MSC-EV enhanced the effect on promoting M2 polarization by suppressing downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1). Furthermore, MSCATV-EV loaded with miR-139-3p inhibitors decreased while MSC-EV loaded with miR-139-3p mimics increased the expressions of M2 markers and cardioprotective efficacy. CONCLUSIONS We uncovered a novel mechanism that MSCATV-EV remarkably facilitate cardiac repair in AMI by promoting macrophage polarization via miR-139-3p/Stat1 pathway, which has the great potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ning
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peisen Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhaoting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Junyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Wenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ruijie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Mengjin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Haiyan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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Vignais ML, Levoux J, Sicard P, Khattar K, Lozza C, Gervais M, Mezhoud S, Nakhle J, Relaix F, Agbulut O, Fauconnier J, Rodriguez AM. Transfer of Cardiac Mitochondria Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Preclinical Model of Ischemic Heart Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040582. [PMID: 36831249 PMCID: PMC9953768 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. However, clinical trials have revealed the need to improve their therapeutic efficacy. Recent evidence demonstrated that mitochondria undergo spontaneous transfer from damaged cells to MSCs, resulting in the activation of the cytoprotective and pro-angiogenic functions of recipient MSCs. Based on these observations, we investigated whether the preconditioning of MSCs with mitochondria could optimize their therapeutic potential for ischemic heart disease. METHODS Human MSCs were exposed to mitochondria isolated from human fetal cardiomyocytes. After 24 h, the effects of mitochondria preconditioning on the MSCs' function were analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that cardiac mitochondria-preconditioning improved the proliferation and repair properties of MSCs in vitro. Mechanistically, cardiac mitochondria mediate their stimulatory effects through the production of reactive oxygen species, which trigger their own degradation in recipient MSCs. These effects were further confirmed in vivo, as the mitochondria preconditioning of MSCs potentiated their therapeutic efficacy on cardiac function following their engraftment into infarcted mouse hearts. CONCLUSIONS The preconditioning of MSCs with the artificial transfer of cardiac mitochondria appears to be promising strategy to improve the efficacy of MSC-based cell therapy in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luce Vignais
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennyfer Levoux
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sicard
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Khattar Khattar
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Lozza
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Marianne Gervais
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Safia Mezhoud
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Jean Nakhle
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic Relaix
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, IMRB, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor & Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Fauconnier
- PhyMedExp, Inserm, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Marie Rodriguez
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor & Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
- Correspondence:
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Chen Z, Song X, Mu X, Zhang J, Cheang UK. 2D Magnetic Microswimmers for Targeted Cell Transport and 3D Cell Culture Structure Construction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8840-8853. [PMID: 36752406 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell delivery using magnetic microswimmers is a promising tool for targeted therapy. However, it remains challenging to rapidly and uniformly manufacture cell-loaded microswimmers that can be assembled into cell-supporting structures at diseased sites. Here, rapid and uniform manufacturable 2D magnetic achiral microswimmers with pores were fabricated to deliver bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to regenerate articular-damaged cartilage. Under actuation with magnetic fields, the BMSC-loaded microswimmers take advantage of the achiral structure to exhibit rolling or swimming motions to travel on smooth and rough surfaces, up inclined planes, or in the bulk fluid. Cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation tests performed days after cell seeding verified the microswimmers' biocompatibility. Long-distance targeting and in situ assemblies into 3D cell-supporting structures with BMSC-loaded microswimmers were demonstrated using a knee model and U-shaped wells. Overall, combining the advantages of preparing an achiral 2D structured microswimmer with magnetically driven motility results in a platform for cell transport and constructing 3D cell cultures that can improve cell delivery at lesion sites for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoxia Song
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xueliang Mu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junkai Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - U Kei Cheang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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10
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Kong L, Yang C, Zhang Z. Organism-Generated Biological Vesicles In Situ: An Emerging Drug Delivery Strategy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204178. [PMID: 36424135 PMCID: PMC9839880 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological vesicles, containing genetic materials and proteins of the original cells, are usually used for local or systemic communications among cells. Currently, studies on biological vesicles as therapeutic strategies or drug delivery carriers mainly focus on exogenously generated biological vesicles. However, the limitations of yield and purity caused by the complex purification process still hinder their clinical transformation. Recently, it has been reported that living organisms, including cells and bacteria, can produce functional/therapeutic biological vesicles within body automatically. Therefore, using organisms to produce endogenous biological vesicles in body as drug/bio-information delivery carriers has become a potential therapeutic strategy. In this review, the current development status and application prospects of in situ organism-produced biological vesicles are introduced. The advantages and effects of this endogenous biological vesicles-based strategy in drug delivery and disease treatments are analyzed. According to the type of endogenous biological vesicles, they are divided into four categories: exosomes, platelet-derived microparticles, apoptotic bodies, and bacteria-released outer membrane vesicles. And finally, the shortcomings of current research and future development are analyzed. This review is believed to open up the application of endogenous biological vesicles in the field of biomedicine and shed light on current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kong
- Tongji School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030P. R. China
| | - Conglian Yang
- Tongji School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030P. R. China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery SystemHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030P. R. China
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11
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Beheshtizadeh N, Gharibshahian M, Pazhouhnia Z, Rostami M, Zangi AR, Maleki R, Azar HK, Zalouli V, Rajavand H, Farzin A, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Sefat F, Azami M, Webster TJ, Rezaei N. Commercialization and regulation of regenerative medicine products: Promises, advances and challenges. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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12
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Salerno N, Salerno L, Marino F, Scalise M, Chiefalo A, Panuccio G, De Angelis A, Cianflone E, Urbanek K, Torella D. Myocardial regeneration protocols towards the routine clinical scenario: An unseemly path from bench to bedside. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 50:101530. [PMID: 35799845 PMCID: PMC9253597 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Heart failure secondary to cardiomyocyte loss and/or dysfunction is the number one killer worldwide. The field of myocardial regeneration with its far-reaching primary goal of cardiac remuscularization and its hard-to-accomplish translation from bench to bedside, has been filled with ups and downs, steps forward and steps backward, controversies galore and, unfortunately, scientific scandals. Despite the present morass in which cardiac remuscularization is stuck in, the search for clinically effective regenerative approaches remains keenly active. Starting with a concise overview of the still highly debated regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart, we focus on the main interventions, that have reached or are close to clinical use, critically discussing key findings, successes, and failures. Finally, some promising and innovative approaches for myocardial repair/regeneration still at the pre-clinical stage are discussed to offer a holistic view on the future of myocardial repair/regeneration for the prevention/management of heart failure in the clinical scenario. FUNDING This research was funded by Grants from the Ministry of University and Research PRIN2015 2015ZTT5KB_004; PRIN2017NKB2N4_005; PON-AIM - 1829805-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Salerno
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Salerno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabiola Marino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiefalo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Panuccio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Supphaprasitt W, Charoenmuang L, Thuaksuban N, Sangsuwan P, Leepong N, Supakanjanakanti D, Vongvatcharanon S, Suwanrat T, Srimanok W. A Three-Dimensional Printed Polycaprolactone–Biphasic-Calcium-Phosphate Scaffold Combined with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Cultured in Xenogeneic Serum-Free Media for the Treatment of Bone Defects. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030093. [PMID: 35893462 PMCID: PMC9326540 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of a three-dimensional printed polycaprolactone–biphasic-calcium-phosphate scaffold (PCL–BCP TDP scaffold) seeded with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), which were cultured in xenogeneic serum-free media (XSFM) to enhance bone formation, was assessed in vitro and in animal models. The ADSCs were isolated from the buccal fat tissue of six patients using enzymatic digestion and the plastic adherence method. The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the cells cultured in XSFM when seeded on the scaffolds were assessed and compared with those of cells cultured in a medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cell–scaffold constructs were cultured in XSFM and were implanted into calvarial defects in thirty-six Wistar rats to assess new bone regeneration. The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the cells in the XSFM medium were notably better than that of the cells in the FBS medium. However, the efficacy of the constructs in enhancing new bone formation in the calvarial defects of rats was not statistically different to that achieved using the scaffolds alone. In conclusion, the PCL–BCP TDP scaffolds were biocompatible and suitable for use as an osteoconductive framework. The XSFM medium could support the proliferation and differentiation of ADSCs in vitro. However, the cell–scaffold constructs had no benefit in the enhancement of new bone formation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woraporn Supphaprasitt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Lalita Charoenmuang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Nuttawut Thuaksuban
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-954592492
| | - Prawichaya Sangsuwan
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand;
| | - Narit Leepong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Danaiya Supakanjanakanti
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Surapong Vongvatcharanon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Trin Suwanrat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Woraluk Srimanok
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand; (W.S.); (L.C.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (S.V.); (T.S.); (W.S.)
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14
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Afjeh-Dana E, Naserzadeh P, Moradi E, Hosseini N, Seifalian AM, Ashtari B. Stem Cell Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes: Current Methods and Emerging Approaches. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2566-2592. [PMID: 35508757 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally known to be important causes of mortality and disabilities. Common treatment strategies for CVDs, such as pharmacological therapeutics impose serious challenges due to the failure of treatments for myocardial necrosis. By contrast, stem cells (SCs) based therapies are seen to be promising approaches to CVDs treatment. In such approaches, cardiomyocytes are differentiated from SCs. To fulfill SCs complete potential, the method should be appointed to generate cardiomyocytes with more mature structure and well-functioning operations. For heart repairing applications, a greatly scalable and medical-grade cardiomyocyte generation must be used. Nonetheless, there are some challenges such as immune rejection, arrhythmogenesis, tumorigenesis, and graft cell death potential. Herein, we discuss the types of potential SCs, and commonly used methods including embryoid bodies related techniques, co-culture, mechanical stimulation, and electrical stimulation and their applications, advantages and limitations in this field. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32 % of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85 % were due to heart attack and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Afjeh-Dana
- Radiation Biology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Moradi
- Radiation Biology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Hosseini
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alexander Marcus Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Behnaz Ashtari
- Radiation Biology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Perazza LR, Brown-Borg HM, Thompson LV. Physiological Systems in Promoting Frailty. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3575-3620. [PMID: 35578945 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a complex syndrome affecting a growing sector of the global population as medical developments have advanced human mortality rates across the world. Our current understanding of frailty is derived from studies conducted in the laboratory as well as the clinic, which have generated largely phenotypic information. Far fewer studies have uncovered biological underpinnings driving the onset and progression of frailty, but the stage is set to advance the field with preclinical and clinical assessment tools, multiomics approaches together with physiological and biochemical methodologies. In this article, we provide comprehensive coverage of topics regarding frailty assessment, preclinical models, interventions, and challenges as well as clinical frameworks and prevalence. We also identify central biological mechanisms that may be at play including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and oxidative stress that in turn, affect metabolism, stress responses, and endocrine and neuromuscular systems. We review the role of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and visceral obesity, focusing on glucose homeostasis, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) as critical players influencing the age-related loss of health. We further focus on how immunometabolic dysfunction associates with oxidative stress in promoting sarcopenia, a key contributor to slowness, weakness, and fatigue. We explore the biological mechanisms involved in stem cell exhaustion that affect regeneration and may contribute to the frailty-associated decline in resilience and adaptation to stress. Together, an overview of the interplay of aging biology with genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that contribute to frailty, as well as potential therapeutic targets to lower risk and slow the progression of ongoing disease is covered. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-46, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís R Perazza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - LaDora V Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Fagoonee S, Shukla SP, Dhasmana A, Birbrair A, Haque S, Pellicano R. Routes of Stem Cell Administration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022:63-82. [PMID: 35389198 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are very promising for the treatment of a plethora of human diseases. Numerous clinical studies have been conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of various stem cell types. Factors that ensure successful therapeutic outcomes in patients are cell-based parameters such as source, viability, and number, as well as frequency and timing of intervention and disease stage. Stem cell administration routes should be appropriately chosen as these can affect homing and engraftment of the cells and hence reduce therapeutic effects, or compromise safety, resulting in serious adverse events. In this chapter, we will describe the use of stem cells in organ repair and regeneration, in particular, the liver and the available routes of cell delivery in the clinic for end-stage liver diseases. Factors affecting homing and engraftment of stem cells for each administration route will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy.
| | - Shiv Poojan Shukla
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology and South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
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17
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Tracy EP, Stielberg V, Rowe G, Benson D, Nunes SS, Hoying JB, Murfee WL, LeBlanc AJ. State of the field: cellular and exosomal therapeutic approaches in vascular regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H647-H680. [PMID: 35179976 PMCID: PMC8957327 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00674.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies of the vasculature including the microvasculature are often complex in nature, leading to loss of physiological homeostatic regulation of patency and adequate perfusion to match tissue metabolic demands. Microvascular dysfunction is a key underlying element in the majority of pathologies of failing organs and tissues. Contributing pathological factors to this dysfunction include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, endothelial dysfunction, loss of angiogenic potential and vascular density, and greater senescence and apoptosis. In many clinical settings, current pharmacologic strategies use a single or narrow targeted approach to address symptoms of pathology rather than a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to address their root cause. To address this, efforts have been heavily focused on cellular therapies and cell-free therapies (e.g., exosomes) that can tackle the multifaceted etiology of vascular and microvascular dysfunction. In this review, we discuss 1) the state of the field in terms of common therapeutic cell population isolation techniques, their unique characteristics, and their advantages and disadvantages, 2) common molecular mechanisms of cell therapies to restore vascularization and/or vascular function, 3) arguments for and against allogeneic versus autologous applications of cell therapies, 4) emerging strategies to optimize and enhance cell therapies through priming and preconditioning, and, finally, 5) emerging strategies to bolster therapeutic effect. Relevant and recent clinical and animal studies using cellular therapies to restore vascular function or pathologic tissue health by way of improved vascularization are highlighted throughout these sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Paul Tracy
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Virginia Stielberg
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gabrielle Rowe
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel Benson
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James B Hoying
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, New Hampshire
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amanda Jo LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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18
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Mousaei Ghasroldasht M, Seok J, Park HS, Liakath Ali FB, Al-Hendy A. Stem Cell Therapy: From Idea to Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052850. [PMID: 35269990 PMCID: PMC8911494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a new and promising mode of therapy for patients who have limited or no other options for the treatment of their illness. Due to their pleotropic therapeutic potential through the inhibition of inflammation or apoptosis, cell recruitment, stimulation of angiogenesis, and differentiation, stem cells present a novel and effective approach to several challenging human diseases. In recent years, encouraging findings in preclinical studies have paved the way for many clinical trials using stem cells for the treatment of various diseases. The translation of these new therapeutic products from the laboratory to the market is conducted under highly defined regulations and directives provided by competent regulatory authorities. This review seeks to familiarize the reader with the process of translation from an idea to clinical practice, in the context of stem cell products. We address some required guidelines for clinical trial approval, including regulations and directives presented by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States, as well as those of the European Medicine Agency (EMA). Moreover, we review, summarize, and discuss regenerative medicine clinical trial studies registered on the Clinicaltrials.gov website.
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19
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El Harane S, Durual S, Braschler T, André-Lévigne D, Brembilla N, Krause KH, Modarressi A, Preynat-Seauve O. Adipose-derived stem cell spheroids are superior to single-cell suspensions to improve fat autograft long-term survival. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1421-1433. [PMID: 35150064 PMCID: PMC8899177 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous fat transplantation is a widely used procedure for surgical reconstruction of tissues. The resorption rate of this transplantation remains high and unpredictable, reinforcing the need of adjuvant treatments that increase the long‐term stability of grafts. Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASC) introduced as single cells in fat has been shown clinically to reduce the resorption of fat grafts. On the other hand, the formulation of ASC into cell spheroids results in the enhancement of their regenerative potential. In this study, we developed a novel method to produce highly homogeneous ASC spheroids and characterized their features and efficacy on fat transplantation. Spheroids conserved ASC markers and multipotency. A regenerative gene expression profile was maintained, and genes linked to autophagy were upregulated whereas proliferation was decreased. Their secreted proteome was enriched in comparison with single‐cell ASC suspension. Addition of spheroids to fat graft in an animal model of transplantation resulted in a better graft long‐term stability when compared to single ASC suspension. In conclusion, we provide a novel method to manufacture homogenous ASC spheroids. These ASC spheroids are superior to ASC in single‐cell suspension to improve the stability of fat transplants, reinforcing their potential in reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae El Harane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Durual
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Braschler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominik André-Lévigne
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolo Brembilla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Therapy and Stem Cells, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ali Modarressi
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Preynat-Seauve
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Hamid HA, Sarmadi VH, Prasad V, Ramasamy R, Miskon A. Electromagnetic field exposure as a plausible approach to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in clinically relevant scenarios. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:42-57. [PMID: 35029087 PMCID: PMC8758935 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based therapy has been regarded as one of the most revolutionary breakthroughs in the history of modern medicine owing to its myriad of immunoregulatory and regenerative properties. With the rapid progress in the fields of osteo- and musculoskeletal therapies, the demand for MSC-based treatment modalities is becoming increasingly prominent. In this endeavor, researchers around the world have devised new and innovative techniques to support the proliferation of MSCs while minimizing the loss of hallmark features of stem cells. One such example is electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, which is an alternative approach with promising potential. In this review, we present a critical discourse on the efficiency, practicability, and limitations of some of the relevant methods, with insurmountable evidence backing the implementation of EMF as a feasible strategy for the clinically relevant expansion of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Abdul Hamid
- Bio-artificial Organ and Regenerative Medicine Unit, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Vahid Hosseinpour Sarmadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 144961 4535, Iran.,Institutes of Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 199671 4353, Iran
| | - Vivek Prasad
- Stem Cell and Immunity Research Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Rajesh Ramasamy
- Stem Cell and Immunity Research Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Azizi Miskon
- Bio-artificial Organ and Regenerative Medicine Unit, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
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21
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Impact of procedural variability and study design quality on the efficacy of cell-based therapies for heart failure - a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261462. [PMID: 34986181 PMCID: PMC8730409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-based therapy has long been considered a promising strategy for the treatment of heart failure (HF). However, its effectiveness in the clinical setting is now doubted. Because previous meta-analyses provided conflicting results, we sought to review all available data focusing on cell type and trial design. Methods and findings The electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EudraCT were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) utilizing cell therapy for HF patients from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2020. Forty-three RCTs with 2855 participants were identified. The quality of the reported study design was assessed by evaluating the risk-of-bias (ROB). Primary outcomes were defined as mortality rate and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) change from baseline. Secondary outcomes included both heart function data and clinical symptoms/events. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 index. Subgroup analysis was performed based on HF type, cell source, cell origin, cell type, cell processing, type of surgical intervention, cell delivery routes, cell dose, and follow-up duration. Only 10 of the 43 studies had a low ROB for all method- and outcome parameters. A higher ROB was associated with a greater increase in LVEF. Overall, there was no impact on mortality for up to 12 months follow-up, and a clinically irrelevant average LVEF increase by LVEF (2.4%, 95% CI = 0.75−4.05, p = 0.004). Freshly isolated, primary cells tended to produce better outcomes than cultured cell products, but there was no clear impact of the cell source tissue, bone marrow cell phenotype or cell chricdose (raw or normalized for CD34+ cells). A meaningful increase in LVEF was only observed when cell therapy was combined with myocardial revascularization. Conclusions The published results suggest a small increase in LVEF following cell therapy for heart failure, but publication bias and methodologic shortcomings need to be taken into account. Given that cardiac cell therapy has now been pursued for 20 years without real progress, further efforts should not be made. Study registry number This meta-analysis is registered at the international prospective register of systematic reviews, number CRD42019118872.
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22
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Nath AV, Ajit S, Sekar AJ, P R AK, Muthusamy S. MicroRNA-200c/429 mediated regulation of Zeb1 augments N-Cadherin in mouse cardiac mesenchymal cells. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:222-233. [PMID: 34747544 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac mesenchymal cells (CMCs) are a promising cell type that showed therapeutic potential in heart failure models. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms by which the CMCs improve cardiac function is on track. This study aimed to investigate the expression of N-Cadherin, a transmembrane protein that enhances cell adhesion, and recently gained attention for differentiation and augmentation of stem cell function. The mouse CMCs were isolated and analyzed for the mesenchymal markers using flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to assess the expression of N-Cadherin along with its counteracting molecule E-Cadherin and their regulator Zeb1 in CMCs and dermal fibroblast. The expression level of miR-200c and miR-429 was analyzed using miRNA assays. Transient transfection of miR-200c followed by qRT-PCR, western blot analysis, and immunostaining was done in CMCs to analyze the expression of Zeb1, N-Cadherin, and E-Cadherin. Flow cytometry analysis showed that CMCs possess mesenchymal markers and absence for hematopoietic and immune cell markers. Increased expression of N-Cadherin and Zeb1 in CMCs was observed in CMCs at both RNA and protein levels compared to fibroblast. We found significant downregulation of miR-200c and miR-429 in CMCs. The ectopic expression of miR-200c in CMCs significantly downregulated Zeb1 and N-Cadherin expression. Our findings suggest that the significant downregulation of miR-200c/429 in CMCs maintains the expression of N-Cadherin, which may be important for its functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha V Nath
- TIMED, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Shilpa Ajit
- Department of Applied Biology, Division of Tissue Culture, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anupama J Sekar
- Department of Applied Biology, Division of Tissue Culture, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar P R
- Department of Applied Biology, Division of Tissue Culture, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Senthilkumar Muthusamy
- Department of Applied Biology, Division of Tissue Culture, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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23
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Grangier A, Branchu J, Volatron J, Piffoux M, Gazeau F, Wilhelm C, Silva AKA. Technological advances towards extracellular vesicles mass production. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113843. [PMID: 34147532 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are becoming essential actors in bio-therapeutics, as much for their regenerative or immunomodulatory properties as for their potential as cargo delivery vehicles. To enable the democratization of these EV-based therapies, many challenges remain such as large-scale production which is necessary to reduce costs of treatment. Herein, we review some advanced works on high-yield EV manufacturing. One approach consists in developing large-scale cell culture platforms, while others focus on cell stimulation to increase particle yield per cell. This can be done by moderate physico-chemical stresses or by disrupting cell membrane towards autoassembled vesicle-like particles. We critically compare these different techniques, keeping in mind that the field still lacks shared characterization standards, underline the importance of therapeutic potency assessment and discuss mass production strategies that have been identified in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Grangier
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Max Piffoux
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France; Everzom, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France; Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University - Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France.
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24
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Wu C, Zhou XX, Li JZ, Qiang HF, Wang Y, Li G. Pretreatment of cardiac progenitor cells with bradykinin attenuates H 2O 2-induced cell apoptosis and improves cardiac function in rats by regulating autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:437. [PMID: 34353364 PMCID: PMC8340370 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that human cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells (hCPCs) can effectively improve ischemic heart disease. However, the major challenge in applying hCPCs to clinical therapy is the low survival rate of graft hCPCs in the host heart, which limited the benefit of transplanted hCPCs. Bradykinin (BK) is a principal active agent of the tissue kinin-kallikrein system. Our previous studies have highlighted that BK mediated the growth and migration of CPCs by regulating Ca2+ influx. However, the protective effect of BK on CPCs, improvement in the survival rate of BK-pretreated hCPCs in the infarcted heart, and the related mechanism remain elusive. Methods HCPCs were treated with H2O2 to induce cell apoptosis and autophagy, and different concentration of BK was applied to rescue the H2O2-induced injury detected by MTT assay, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, western blotting, and mitoSOX assays. The role of autophagy in the anti-apoptotic effect of BK was chemically activated or inhibited using the autophagy inducer, rapamycin, or the inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA). To explore the protective effect of BK on hCPCs, 3-MA or BK-pretreated hCPCs were transplanted into the myocardial infarcted rats. An echocardiogram was used to determine cardiac function, H&E and Masson staining were employed to assess pathological characteristics, HLA gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR, and immunostaining was applied to examine neovascularization using confocal microscopy. Results The in vitro results showed that BK suppressed H2O2-induced hCPCs apoptosis and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner by promoting pAkt and Bcl-2 expression and reducing cleaved caspase 3 and Bax expression. Moreover, BK restrained the H2O2-induced cell autophagy by decreasing LC3II/I, Beclin1, and ATG5 expression and increasing P62 expression. In the in vivo experiment, the transplanted BK- or 3-MA-treated hCPCs were found to be more effectively improved cardiac function by decreasing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory infiltration, and myocardial fibrosis, and promoting neovascularization in the infarcted heart, compared to untreated-hCPCs or c-kit- cardiomyocytes (CPC- cells). Conclusions Our present study established a new method to rescue transplanted hCPCs in the infarcted cardiac area via regulating cell apoptosis and autophagy of hCPCs by pretreatment with BK, providing a new therapeutic option for heart failure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02503-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Jing-Zhou Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Feng Qiang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China.
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25
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Ścieżyńska A, Soszyńska M, Szpak P, Krześniak N, Malejczyk J, Kalaszczyńska I. Influence of Hypothermic Storage Fluids on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Stability: A Comprehensive Review and Personal Experience. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051043. [PMID: 33925059 PMCID: PMC8146384 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have generated a great deal of interest due to their potential use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Examples illustrating their therapeutic value across various in vivo models are demonstrated in the literature. However, some clinical trials have not proved their therapeutic efficacy, showing that translation into clinical practice is considerably more difficult and discrepancies in clinical protocols can be a source of failure. Among the critical factors which play an important role in MSCs’ therapeutic efficiency are the method of preservation of the stem cell viability and various characteristics during their storage and transportation from the GMP production facility to the patient’s bedside. The cell storage medium should be considered a key factor stabilizing the environment and greatly influencing cell viability and potency and therefore the effectiveness of advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) based on MSCs. In this review, we summarize data from 826 publications concerning the effect of the most frequently used cell preservation solutions on MSC potential as cell-based therapeutic medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Ścieżyńska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.S.); (J.M.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Soszyńska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.S.); (J.M.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Szpak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Natalia Krześniak
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Malejczyk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.S.); (J.M.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kalaszczyńska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.S.); (P.S.); (J.M.)
- Laboratory for Cell Research and Application, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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26
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Li J, Hu S, Zhu D, Huang K, Mei X, López de Juan Abad B, Cheng K. All Roads Lead to Rome (the Heart): Cell Retention and Outcomes From Various Delivery Routes of Cell Therapy Products to the Heart. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020402. [PMID: 33821664 PMCID: PMC8174178 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, numerous preclinical studies and several clinical trials have evidenced the feasibility of cell transplantation in treating heart diseases. Over the years, different delivery routes of cell therapy have emerged and broadened the width of the field. However, a common hurdle is shared by all current delivery routes: low cell retention. A myriad of studies confirm that cell retention plays a crucial role in the success of cell-mediated cardiac repair. It is important for any delivery route to maintain donor cells in the recipient heart for enough time to not only proliferate by themselves, but also to send paracrine signals to surrounding damaged heart cells and repair them. In this review, we first undertake an in-depth study of primary theories of cell loss, including low efficiency in cell injection, "washout" effects, and cell death, and then organize the literature from the past decade that focuses on cell transplantation to the heart using various cell delivery routes, including intracoronary injection, systemic intravenous injection, retrograde coronary venous injection, and intramyocardial injection. In addition to a recapitulation of these approaches, we also clearly evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we conduct comparative research on the cell retention rate and functional outcomes of these delivery routes. Finally, we extend our discussion to state-of-the-art bioengineering techniques that enhance cell retention, as well as alternative delivery routes, such as intrapericardial delivery. A combination of these novel strategies and more accurate assessment methods will help to address the hurdle of low cell retention and boost the efficacy of cell transplantation to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillRaleighNC
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillRaleighNC
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillRaleighNC
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillRaleighNC
| | - Xuan Mei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillRaleighNC
| | - Blanca López de Juan Abad
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillRaleighNC
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillRaleighNC
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27
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García-Bernal D, García-Arranz M, Yáñez RM, Hervás-Salcedo R, Cortés A, Fernández-García M, Hernando-Rodríguez M, Quintana-Bustamante Ó, Bueren JA, García-Olmo D, Moraleda JM, Segovia JC, Zapata AG. The Current Status of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Controversies, Unresolved Issues and Some Promising Solutions to Improve Their Therapeutic Efficacy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650664. [PMID: 33796536 PMCID: PMC8007911 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) currently constitute the most frequently used cell type in advanced therapies with different purposes, most of which are related with inflammatory processes. Although the therapeutic efficacy of these cells has been clearly demonstrated in different disease animal models and in numerous human phase I/II clinical trials, only very few phase III trials using MSCs have demonstrated the expected potential therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, diverse controversial issues on the biology and clinical applications of MSCs, including their specific phenotype, the requirement of an inflammatory environment to induce immunosuppression, the relevance of the cell dose and their administration schedule, the cell delivery route (intravascular/systemic vs. local cell delivery), and the selected cell product (i.e., use of autologous vs. allogeneic MSCs, freshly cultured vs. frozen and thawed MSCs, MSCs vs. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles, etc.) persist. In the current review article, we have addressed these issues with special emphasis in the new approaches to improve the properties and functional capabilities of MSCs after distinct cell bioengineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Bernal
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Medicine Department, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano García-Arranz
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Yáñez
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Hervás-Salcedo
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cortés
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-García
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Hernando-Rodríguez
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Quintana-Bustamante
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Bueren
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Moraleda
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Medicine Department, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Segovia
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Choi J, Hwang J, Kim J, Choi H. Recent Progress in Magnetically Actuated Microrobots for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001596. [PMID: 33331143 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic agents, such as drugs and cells, play an essential role in virtually every treatment of injury, illness, or disease. However, the conventional practices of drug delivery often result in undesirable side effects caused by drug overdose and off-target delivery. In the case of cell delivery, the survival rate of the transplanted cells is extremely low and difficulties with the administration route of cells remain a problem. Recently, magnetically actuated microrobots have started offering unique opportunities in targeted therapeutic delivery due to their tiny size and ability to access hard-to-reach lesions in a minimally invasive manner; considerable advances in this regard have been made over the past decade. Here, recent progress in magnetically actuated microrobots, developed for targeted drug/cell delivery, is presented, with a focus on their design features and mechanisms for controlled therapeutic release. Additionally, the practical challenges faced by the microrobots, and future research directions toward the swift bench-to-bedside translation of the microrobots are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Choi
- Department of Robotics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
- DGIST‐ETH Microrobotics Research Center Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsun Hwang
- Department of Robotics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
- DGIST‐ETH Microrobotics Research Center Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐young Kim
- Department of Robotics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
- DGIST‐ETH Microrobotics Research Center Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Department of Robotics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
- DGIST‐ETH Microrobotics Research Center Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
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29
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Peng H, Chelvarajan L, Donahue R, Gottipati A, Cahall CF, Davis KA, Tripathi H, Al-Darraji A, Elsawalhy E, Dobrozsi N, Srinivasan A, Levitan BM, Kong R, Gao E, Abdel-Latif A, Berron BJ. Polymer Cell Surface Coating Enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cell Retention and Cardiac Protection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1655-1667. [PMID: 35014513 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been widely tested in clinical trials to promote healing post-myocardial infarction. However, low cell retention and the need for a large donor cell number in human studies remain a key challenge for clinical translation. Natural biomaterials such as gelatin are ideally suited as scaffolds to deliver and enhance cell engraftment after transplantation. A potential drawback of MSC encapsulation in the hydrogel is that the bulky matrix may limit their biological function and interaction with the surrounding tissue microenvironment that conveys important injury signals. To overcome this limitation, we adopted a gelatin methacrylate (gelMA) cell-coating technique that photocross-links gelatin on the individual cell surface at the nanoscale. The present study investigated the cardiac protection of gelMA coated, hypoxia preconditioned MSCs (gelMA-MSCs) in a murine myocardial infarction (MI) model. We demonstrate that the direct injection of gelMA-MSC results in significantly higher myocardial engraftment 7 days after MI compared to uncoated MSCs. GelMA-MSC further amplified MSC benefits resulting in enhanced cardioprotection as measured by cardiac function, scar size, and angiogenesis. Improved MSC cardiac retention also led to a greater cardiac immunomodulatory function after injury. Taken together, this study demonstrated the efficacy of gelMA-MSCs in treating cardiac injury with a promising potential to reduce the need for donor MSCs through enhanced myocardial engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Peng
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Lakshman Chelvarajan
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Renee Donahue
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Anuhya Gottipati
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Calvin F Cahall
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kara A Davis
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Himi Tripathi
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Ahmed Al-Darraji
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Eman Elsawalhy
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Nicholas Dobrozsi
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Amrita Srinivasan
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Bryana M Levitan
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Raymond Kong
- MilliporeSigma, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Erhe Gao
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Brad J Berron
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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Echocardiography-guided percutaneous left ventricular intracavitary injection as a cell delivery approach in infarcted mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2135-2148. [PMID: 33547546 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the field of cell therapy for heart disease, a new paradigm of repeated dosing of cells has recently emerged. However, the lack of a repeatable cell delivery method in preclinical studies in rodents is a major obstacle to investigating this paradigm. We have established and standardized a method of echocardiography-guided percutaneous left ventricular intracavitary injection (echo-guided LV injection) as a cell delivery approach in infarcted mice. Here, we describe the method in detail and address several important issues regarding it. First, by integrating anatomical and echocardiographic considerations, we have established strategies to determine a safe anatomical window for injection in infarcted mice. Second, we summarize our experience with this method (734 injections). The overall survival rate was 91.4%. Third, we examined the efficacy of this cell delivery approach. Compared with vehicle treatment, cardiac mesenchymal cells (CMCs) delivered via this method improved cardiac function assessed both echocardiographically and hemodynamically. Furthermore, repeated injections of CMCs via this method yielded greater cardiac function improvement than single-dose administration. Echo-guided LV injection is a feasible, reproducible, relatively less invasive and effective delivery method for cell therapy in murine models of heart disease. It is an important approach that could move the field of cell therapy forward, especially with regard to repeated cell administrations.
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31
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Abdullah M, Kegel S, Gunasekaran M, Saha P, Fu X, Mishra R, Sharma S, Sunjay Kaushal. Stem Cell Therapy in Single-Ventricle Physiology: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2021; 24:67-76. [PMID: 34116785 DOI: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current surgical and medical treatment options for single ventricle physiology conditions remain palliative. On the long term, despite treatment, the systemic ventricle has a significant risk of developing failure. There are unmet needs to develop novel treatment modalities to help ameliorate the ventricular dysfunction. Advances in the field of stem cell therapy have been promising for the treatment of heart failure. Numerous stem cell populations have been identified. Preclinical studies in small and large animal models provide evidence for effectiveness of this treatment modality and reveal several mechanisms of action by which stem cells exert their effect. Many clinical trials have been designed to further investigate the therapeutic potential that stem cell therapy may hold for pediatric populations with single ventricle physiology. In this review, we discuss the stem cell types used in these populations, some preclinical studies, and the clinical trials of stem cell therapy in single ventricle patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Kegel
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Muthukumar Gunasekaran
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinburg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Progyaparamita Saha
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinburg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xuebin Fu
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinburg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rachana Mishra
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinburg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sudhish Sharma
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinburg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinburg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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32
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Evolution of Stem Cells in Cardio-Regenerative Therapy. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Galow AM, Goldammer T, Hoeflich A. Xenogeneic and Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases: Genetic Engineering of Porcine Cells and Their Applications in Heart Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249686. [PMID: 33353186 PMCID: PMC7766969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a major health concern worldwide with few therapy options for ischemic injuries due to the limited regeneration potential of affected cardiomyocytes. Innovative cell replacement approaches could facilitate efficient regenerative therapy. However, despite extensive attempts to expand primary human cells in vitro, present technological limitations and the lack of human donors have so far prevented their broad clinical use. Cell xenotransplantation might provide an ethically acceptable unlimited source for cell replacement therapies and bridge the gap between waiting recipients and available donors. Pigs are considered the most suitable candidates as a source for xenogeneic cells and tissues due to their anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. The potential of porcine cells in the field of stem cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine is under intensive investigation. This review outlines the current progress and highlights the most promising approaches in xenogeneic cell therapy with a focus on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68-723
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
- Molecular Biology and Fish Genetics Unit, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
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Sesé B, Sanmartín JM, Ortega B, Llull R. Human Stromal Cell Aggregates Concentrate Adipose Tissue Constitutive Cell Population by In Vitro DNA Quantification Analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:1285-1293. [PMID: 33234958 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regenerative cell strategies rely on stromal cell implants to attain an observable clinical outcome. However, the effective cell dose to ensure a therapeutic response remains unknown. To achieve a higher cell dose, the authors hypothesized that reducing the volume occupied by mature adipocytes in lipoaspirate will concentrate the stromal vascular fraction present in the original tissue. METHODS Human standardized lipoaspirate (n = 6) was centrifuged (1200 g for 3 minutes) and the water phase was discarded. Mechanical disaggregation was achieved by shearing tissue through 2.4- and 1.2-mm Luer-to-Luer transfers. After a second centrifugation (800 g for 10 minutes), stromal cell aggregates were separated from the supernatant oil phase. Lipoaspirate percentage composition was determined by its constituent weights. Cell content was measured by total DNA quantification, and partial cell viability was determined by image cytometry. Tissue sections were evaluated histologically (hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome stains). RESULTS Stromal cell aggregates reduced the standardized lipoaspirate mass to 28.6 ± 4.2 percent. Accordingly, the cell density increased by 222.6 ± 63.3 percent (from 9.9 ± 1.4 million cells/g to 31.3 ± 6.6 million cells/g; p < 0.05). Cell viability was unaffected in stromal cell aggregates (71.3 ± 2.5 percent) compared to standardized lipoaspirate (72.2 ± 2.3 percent), and histologic analysis revealed high-density areas enriched with stromal cells (622.9 ± 145.6 percent) and extracellular matrix (871.2 ± 80.3 percent). CONCLUSION Stromal cell aggregates represent a biological agent that triplicates the cell density versus unprocessed lipoaspirate, low on oil and water fluids, and enriched extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Sesé
- From the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears; Servei de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Cell Pro Tech Spain; and the University of Florida College of Medicine
| | - Javier M Sanmartín
- From the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears; Servei de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Cell Pro Tech Spain; and the University of Florida College of Medicine
| | - Bernat Ortega
- From the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears; Servei de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Cell Pro Tech Spain; and the University of Florida College of Medicine
| | - Ramon Llull
- From the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears; Servei de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol; Cell Pro Tech Spain; and the University of Florida College of Medicine
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Silva Couto P, Rotondi M, Bersenev A, Hewitt C, Nienow A, Verter F, Rafiq Q. Expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) in bioreactors using microcarriers: lessons learnt and what the future holds. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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de Almeida Fuzeta M, Bernardes N, Oliveira FD, Costa AC, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Farinha JP, Rodrigues CAV, Jung S, Tseng RJ, Milligan W, Lee B, Castanho MARB, Gaspar D, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL. Scalable Production of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Under Serum-/Xeno-Free Conditions in a Microcarrier-Based Bioreactor Culture System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:553444. [PMID: 33224943 PMCID: PMC7669752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.553444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold great promise for tissue engineering and cell-based therapies due to their multilineage differentiation potential and intrinsic immunomodulatory and trophic activities. Over the past years, increasing evidence has proposed extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of many of the MSC-associated therapeutic features. EVs have emerged as mediators of intercellular communication, being associated with multiple physiological processes, but also in the pathogenesis of several diseases. EVs are derived from cell membranes, allowing high biocompatibility to target cells, while their small size makes them ideal candidates to cross biological barriers. Despite the promising potential of EVs for therapeutic applications, robust manufacturing processes that would increase the consistency and scalability of EV production are still lacking. In this work, EVs were produced by MSC isolated from different human tissue sources [bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), and umbilical cord matrix (UCM)]. A serum-/xeno-free microcarrier-based culture system was implemented in a Vertical-WheelTM bioreactor (VWBR), employing a human platelet lysate culture supplement (UltraGROTM-PURE), toward the scalable production of MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs). The morphology and structure of the manufactured EVs were assessed by atomic force microscopy, while EV protein markers were successfully identified in EVs by Western blot, and EV surface charge was maintained relatively constant (between −15.5 ± 1.6 mV and −19.4 ± 1.4 mV), as determined by zeta potential measurements. When compared to traditional culture systems under static conditions (T-flasks), the VWBR system allowed the production of EVs at higher concentration (i.e., EV concentration in the conditioned medium) (5.7-fold increase overall) and productivity (i.e., amount of EVs generated per cell) (3-fold increase overall). BM, AT and UCM MSC cultured in the VWBR system yielded an average of 2.8 ± 0.1 × 1011, 3.1 ± 1.3 × 1011, and 4.1 ± 1.7 × 1011 EV particles (n = 3), respectively, in a 60 mL final volume. This bioreactor system also allowed to obtain a more robust MSC-EV production, regarding their purity, compared to static culture. Overall, we demonstrate that this scalable culture system can robustly manufacture EVs from MSC derived from different tissue sources, toward the development of novel therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Almeida Fuzeta
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa D Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Costa
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc., Camarillo, CA, United States
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Gaspar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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He L, Chen X. Cardiomyocyte Induction and Regeneration for Myocardial Infarction Treatment: Cell Sources and Administration Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001175. [PMID: 33000909 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Occlusion of coronary artery and subsequent damage or death of myocardium can lead to myocardial infarction (MI) and even heart failure-one of the leading causes of deaths world wide. Notably, myocardium has extremely limited regeneration potential due to the loss or death of cardiomyocytes (i.e., the cells of which the myocardium is comprised) upon MI. A variety of stem cells and stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells, in situ cardiac fibroblasts and endogenous proliferative epicardium, have been exploited to provide renewable cellular sources to treat injured myocardium. Also, different strategies, including direct injection of cell suspensions, bioactive molecules, or cell-incorporated biomaterials, and implantation of artificial cardiac scaffolds (e.g., cell sheets and cardiac patches), have been developed to deliver renewable cells and/or bioactive molecules to the MI site for the myocardium regeneration. This article briefly surveys cell sources and delivery strategies, along with biomaterials and their processing techniques, developed for MI treatment. Key issues and challenges, as well as recommendations for future research, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- Department of Cell Biology Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon S7N5A9 Canada
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38
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Bartunek J, Terzic A, Davison BA, Behfar A, Sanz-Ruiz R, Wojakowski W, Sherman W, Heyndrickx GR, Metra M, Filippatos GS, Waldman SA, Teerlink JR, Henry TD, Gersh BJ, Hajjar R, Tendera M, Senger S, Cotter G, Povsic TJ, Wijns W. Cardiopoietic stem cell therapy in ischaemic heart failure: long-term clinical outcomes. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:3345-3354. [PMID: 33094909 PMCID: PMC7754898 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aims to explore long‐term clinical outcomes of cardiopoiesis‐guided stem cell therapy for ischaemic heart failure assessed in the Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART‐1) trial. Methods and results CHART‐1 is a multinational, randomized, and double‐blind trial conducted in 39 centres in heart failure patients (n = 315) on standard‐of‐care therapy. The ‘active’ group received cardiopoietic stem cells delivered intramyocardially using a retention‐enhanced catheter. The ‘control’ group underwent patient‐level sham procedure. Patients were followed up to 104 weeks. In the entire study population, results of the primary hierarchical composite outcome were maintained neutral at Week 52 [Mann–Whitney estimator 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.59, P = 0.51]. Landmark analyses suggested late clinical benefit in patients with significant left ventricular enlargement receiving adequate dosing. Specifically, beyond 100 days of follow‐up, patients with left ventricular end‐diastolic volume of 200–370 mL treated with ≤19 injections of cardiopoietic stem cells showed reduced risk of death or cardiovascular hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.38, 95% CI 0.16–0.91, P = 0.031) and cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.09–0.94, P = 0.040). Cardiopoietic stem cell therapy was well tolerated long term with no difference in safety readouts compared with sham at 2 years. Conclusions Longitudinal follow‐up documents that cardiopoietic stem cell therapy is overall safe, and post hoc analyses suggest benefit in an ischaemic heart failure subpopulation defined by advanced left ventricular enlargement on tolerable stem cell dosing. The long‐term clinical follow‐up thus offers guidance for future targeted trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Bartunek
- Cardiovascular Center, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, Aalst, B-9300, Belgium
| | - Andre Terzic
- Cardiovascular Center, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, Aalst, B-9300, Belgium.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Center for Regenerative Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Atta Behfar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Center for Regenerative Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ricardo Sanz-Ruiz
- Cardiology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón and CIBERCV (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wojciech Wojakowski
- Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Disease, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Guy R Heyndrickx
- Cardiovascular Center, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, Aalst, B-9300, Belgium
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gerasimos S Filippatos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R Teerlink
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Section of Cardiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy D Henry
- The Carl Edyth Lindner Center for Research and Education at The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Center for Regenerative Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Roger Hajjar
- Phospholamban Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michal Tendera
- Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Disease, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Gad Cotter
- Momentum Research, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas J Povsic
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William Wijns
- The Lambe Institute for Translational Medicine and Curam, National University of Ireland Galway and Saolta University Healthcare Group, Galway, Ireland
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Stapleton L, Zhu Y, Woo YPJ, Appel E. Engineered biomaterials for heart disease. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:246-254. [PMID: 33011453 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the most common type of heart disease, responsible for roughly 10 million deaths worldwide annually. While standard clinical interventions have resulted in improved patient outcomes, access to small diameter vessels required for cardiovascular interventions, and long-term patient mortality rates associated with eventual heart failure, remain critical challenges. In this current opinion piece we discuss novel methodologies for the advancement of vascular grafts, cardiac patches, and injectable drug delivery depot technologies as they relate to treatment of ischemic heart disease, including bilayered conduits, acellular bioactive extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds, and protease-responsive hydrogel delivery platforms. We address the motivation for innovation and current limitations in the field of engineered biomaterials for myocardial ischemia therapeutics and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay Stapleton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuanjia Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Joseph Woo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Eric Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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40
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Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: The Prospect of Human Clinical Translation. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8837654. [PMID: 33953753 PMCID: PMC8063852 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8837654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are key players in regenerative medicine, relying principally on their differentiation/regeneration potential, immunomodulatory properties, paracrine effects, and potent homing ability with minimal if any ethical concerns. Even though multiple preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated remarkable properties for MSCs, the clinical applicability of MSC-based therapies is still questionable. Several challenges exist that critically hinder a successful clinical translation of MSC-based therapies, including but not limited to heterogeneity of their populations, variability in their quality and quantity, donor-related factors, discrepancies in protocols for isolation, in vitro expansion and premodification, and variability in methods of cell delivery, dosing, and cell homing. Alterations of MSC viability, proliferation, properties, and/or function are also affected by various drugs and chemicals. Moreover, significant safety concerns exist due to possible teratogenic/neoplastic potential and transmission of infectious diseases. Through the current review, we aim to highlight the major challenges facing MSCs' human clinical translation and shed light on the undergoing strategies to overcome them.
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41
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Turner D, Rieger AC, Balkan W, Hare JM. Clinical-based Cell Therapies for Heart Disease-Current and Future State. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2020; 11:RMMJ.10401. [PMID: 32374254 PMCID: PMC7202446 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients have an ongoing unmet need for effective therapies that reverse the cellular and functional damage associated with heart damage and disease. The discovery that ~1%-2% of adult cardiomyocytes turn over per year provided the impetus for treatments that stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms that augment this rate. Preclinical and clinical studies provide evidence that cell-based therapy meets these therapeutic criteria. Recent and ongoing studies are focused on determining which cell type(s) works best for specific patient population(s) and the mechanism(s) by which these cells promote repair. Here we review clinical and preclinical stem cell studies and anticipate future directions of regenerative medicine for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Turner
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Angela C. Rieger
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wayne Balkan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua M. Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Liu Z, Mikrani R, Zubair HM, Taleb A, Naveed M, Baig MMFA, Zhang Q, Li C, Habib M, Cui X, Sembatya KR, Lei H, Zhou X. Systemic and local delivery of mesenchymal stem cells for heart renovation: Challenges and innovations. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 876:173049. [PMID: 32142771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the beginning stage of heart disease, the blockage of blood flow frequently occurs due to the persistent damage and even death of myocardium. Cicatricial tissue developed after the death of myocardium can affect heart function, which ultimately leads to heart failure. In recent years, several studies carried out about the use of stem cells such as embryonic, pluripotent, cardiac and bone marrow-derived stem cells as well as myoblasts to repair injured myocardium. Current studies focus more on finding appropriate measures to enhance cell homing and survival in order to increase paracrine function. Until now, there is no universal delivery route for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for different diseases. In this review, we summarize the advantages and challenges of the systemic and local pathways of MSC delivery. In addition, we also describe some advanced measures of cell delivery to improve the efficiency of transplantation. The combination of cells and therapeutic substances could be the most reliable method, which allows donor cells to deliver sufficient amounts of paracrine factors and provide long-lasting effects. The cardiac support devices or tissue engineering techniques have the potential to facilitate the controlled release of stem cells on local tissue for a sustained period. A novel promising epicardial drug delivery system is highlighted here, which not only provides MSCs with a favorable environment to promote retention but also increases the contact area and a number of cells recruited in the heart muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | | | - Abdoh Taleb
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Asraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Cuican Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Murad Habib
- Department of Surgery, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Xingxing Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Kiganda Raymond Sembatya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Han Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Worker Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China; Department of Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China; Department of Surgery, Nanjing Shuiximen Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China.
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43
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Nanofat Cell Aggregates: A Nearly Constitutive Stromal Cell Inoculum for Regenerative Site-Specific Therapies. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 144:1079-1088. [PMID: 31454336 PMCID: PMC6818980 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Recent technology developed by Tulip Medical Products allows clinicians to mechanically disaggregate fat tissue into small fat particles known as nanofat. The present study aimed to evaluate the cell yield obtained from nanofat generation in comparison to traditional methods involving enzymatic dissociation (stromal vascular fraction).
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Broughton KM, Sussman MA. Cardiac tissue engineering therapeutic products to enhance myocardial contractility. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:363-373. [PMID: 31863324 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Researchers continue to develop therapeutic products for the repair and replacement of myocardial tissue that demonstrates contractility equivalent to normal physiologic states. As clinical trials focused on pure adult stem cell populations undergo meta-analysis for preclinical through clinical design, the field of tissue engineering is emerging as a new clinical frontier to repair the myocardium and improve cardiac output. This review will first discuss the three primary tissue engineering product themes that are advancing in preclinical to clinical models: (1) cell-free scaffolds, (2) scaffold-free cellular, and (3) hybrid cell and scaffold products. The review will then focus on the products that have advanced from preclinical models to clinical trials. In advancing the cardiac regenerative medicine field, long-term gains towards discovering an optimal product to generate functional myocardial tissue and eliminate heart failure may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- Department of Biology and Heart Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- Department of Biology and Heart Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Pagano F, Picchio V, Chimenti I, Sordano A, De Falco E, Peruzzi M, Miraldi F, Cavarretta E, Zoccai GB, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Marullo AGM. On the Road to Regeneration: "Tools" and "Routes" Towards Efficient Cardiac Cell Therapy for Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2019; 21:133. [PMID: 31673821 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-019-1226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac regenerative medicine is a field bridging together biotechnology and surgical science. In this review, we present the explored surgical roads to cell delivery and the known effects of each delivery method on cell therapy efficiency. We also list the more recent clinical trials, exploring the safety and efficacy of delivery routes used for cardiac cell therapy approaches. RECENT FINDINGS There is no consensus in defining which way is the most suitable for the delivery of the different therapeutic cell types to the damaged heart tissue. In addition, it emerged that the "delivery issue" has not been systematically addressed in each clinical trial and for each and every cell type capable of cardiac repair. Cardiac damage occurring after an ischemic insult triggers a cascade of cellular events, eventually leading to heart failure through fibrosis and maladaptive remodelling. None of the pharmacological or medical interventions approved so far can rescue or reverse this phenomenon, and cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death in the western world. Therefore, for nearly 20 years, regenerative medicine approaches have focused on cell therapy as a promising road to pursue, with numerous preclinical and clinical testing of cell-based therapies being studied and developed. Nonetheless, consistent clinical results are still missing to reach consensus on the most effective strategy for ischemic cardiomyopathy, based on patient selection, diagnosis and stage of the disease, therapeutic cell type, and delivery route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Sordano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological, and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Antonino G M Marullo
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
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Banerjee MN, Bolli R, Hare JM. Clinical Studies of Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Medicine: Recent Developments and Future Directions. Circ Res 2019; 123:266-287. [PMID: 29976692 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.311217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given the rising prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and the limited therapeutic options for severe heart failure, novel technologies that harness the regenerative capacity of the heart are sorely needed. The therapeutic use of stem cells has the potential to reverse myocardial injury and improve cardiac function, in contrast to most current medical therapies that only mitigate heart failure symptoms. Nearly 2 decades and >200 trials for cardiovascular disease have revealed that most cell types are safe; however, their efficacy remains controversial, limiting the transition of this therapy from investigation to practice. Lessons learned from these initial studies are driving the design of new clinical trials; higher fidelity of cell isolation techniques, standardization of conditions, more consistent use of state of the art measurement techniques, and assessment of multiple end points to garner insights into the efficacy of stem cells. Translation to clinical trials has almost outpaced our mechanistic understanding, and individual patient factors likely play a large role in stem cell efficacy. Therefore, careful analysis of dosing, delivery methods, and the ideal patient populations is necessary to translate cell therapy from research to practice. We are at a pivotal stage in the field in which information from many relatively small clinical trials must guide carefully executed efficacy trials. Larger efficacy trials are being launched to answer questions about older, first-generation stem cell therapeutics, while novel, second-generation products are being introduced into the clinical realm. This review critically examines the current state of clinical research on cell-based therapies for cardiovascular disease, highlighting the controversies in the field, improvements in clinical trial design, and the application of exciting new cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha N Banerjee
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (M.N.B., J.M.H.).,Department of Surgery (M.N.B)
| | - Roberto Bolli
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY (R.B.)
| | - Joshua M Hare
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (M.N.B., J.M.H.) .,Department of Medicine (J.M.H.)
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47
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Chen F, Zhao ER, Hableel G, Hu T, Kim T, Li J, Gonzalez-Pech NI, Cheng DJ, Lemaster JE, Xie Y, Grassian VH, Sen GL, Jokerst JV. Increasing the Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy via Triple-Function Inorganic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6605-6617. [PMID: 31188564 PMCID: PMC8106804 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy in heart disease is challenged by mis-injection, poor survival, and low cell retention. Here, we describe a biocompatible multifunctional silica-iron oxide nanoparticle to help solve these issues. The nanoparticles were made via an in situ growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on both the external surfaces and pore walls of mesocellular foam silica nanoparticles. In contrast to previous work, this approach builds a magnetic moiety inside the pores of a porous silica structure. These materials serve three roles: drug delivery, magnetic manipulation, and imaging. The addition of Fe3O4 to the silica nanoparticles increased their colloidal stability, T2-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast, and superparamagnetism. We then used the hybrid materials as a sustained release vehicle of insulin-like growth factor-a pro-survival agent that can increase cell viability. In vivo rodent studies show that labeling stem cells with this nanoparticle increased the efficacy of stem cell therapy in a ligation/reperfusion model. The nanoparticle-labeled cells increase the mean left ventricular ejection fraction by 11 and 21% and the global longitudinal strain by 24 and 34% on days 30 and 60, respectively. In summary, this multifunctional nanomedicine improves stem cell survival via the sustained release of pro-survival agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Eric Ruike Zhao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ghanim Hableel
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Natalia Isabel Gonzalez-Pech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David J. Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Lemaster
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yijun Xie
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - George L. Sen
- Department of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Corresponding Author. Tel.: +1 (858) 246-0896
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Terzic
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Atta Behfar
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Liu Y, Niu R, Li W, Lin J, Stamm C, Steinhoff G, Ma N. Therapeutic potential of menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells in cardiac diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1681-1695. [PMID: 30721319 PMCID: PMC11105669 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant developments in medical and surgical strategies, cardiac diseases remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Numerous studies involving preclinical and clinical trials have confirmed that stem cell transplantation can help improve cardiac function and regenerate damaged cardiac tissue, and stem cells isolated from bone marrow, heart tissue, adipose tissue and umbilical cord are the primary candidates for transplantation. During the past decade, menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells (MenSCs) have gradually become a promising alternative for stem cell-based therapy due to their comprehensive advantages, which include their ability to be periodically and non-invasively collected, their abundant source material, their ability to be regularly donated, their superior proliferative capacity and their ability to be used for autologous transplantation. MenSCs have shown positive therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, aside from a brief introduction of the biological characteristics of MenSCs, this review focuses on the progress being made in evaluating the functional improvement of damaged cardiac tissue after MenSC transplantation through preclinical and clinical studies. Based on published reports, we conclude that the paracrine effect, transdifferentiation and immunomodulation by MenSC promote both regeneration of damaged myocardium and improvement of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Liu
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rongcheng Niu
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Christof Stamm
- Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513, Teltow, Germany
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50
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Liu H, Sun X, Gong X, Wang G. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes exert antiapoptosis effect via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway on H9C2 cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14455-14464. [PMID: 30989714 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhe Gong
- Department of Cardiology Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Guogan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing People's Republic of China
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