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Hao N, Qi Y, Zhao L, Liang S, Sun W, Zhang S, Tian X. Discovery of New Botanical Insecticides: Identification and Insecticidal Activity of Saponins from Clematis obscura Maxim and Insights into the Stress Response of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4596-4609. [PMID: 38385330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
To discover new botanical products-based insecticide candidates, 14 triterpenoid saponins (1-14) including four new ones, obscurosides A-D (1-4), were isolated from Clematis obscura Maxim as potential agrochemicals against Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris and Plutella xylostella (L.). Compounds 1-3 were characterized by a rare ribose substitution at C-3, and 4 was a bidesmoside glycosylated at the rare C-23 and C-28 positions of the oleanane aglycone. Compounds 10 (median antifeeding concentration, AFC50 = 1.10 mg/mL; half-lethal concentration, LC50 = 1.21 mg/mL) and 13 (AFC50 = 1.09 mg/mL, LC50 = 1.37 mg/mL) showed significant insecticidal activities against third larvae of P. xylostella at 72 h. All saponins displayed antifeedant activities against A. pisum with the deterrence index of 0.20-1.00 at 400 μg/mL. Compound 8 showed optimal oral toxicity (LC50 = 50.09 μg/mL) against A. pisum, followed by compounds 1, 5-7, 9, and 14 (LC50 = 90.21-179.25 μg/mL) at 72 h. The shrinkage of the cuticle and the destruction of intestinal structures of microvilli, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria were toxic symptoms of 8-treated A. pisum. The significantly declined Chitinase activity in 8-treated A. pisum with an inhibition rate of 79.1% at LC70 (70% lethal concentration) could be the main reason for its significant oral toxicities. Molecular docking revealed favorable affinities of compounds 1 and 8 with group I Chitinase OfChtI (Group I Chitinase from Ostrinia furnacalis) through conventional hydrogen bonds and alkey/π-alkey interactions by different patterns. These results will provide valuable information for the development of novel botanical pesticides for the management of insect pests, especially against A. pisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yinyin Qi
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Long Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Sunao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Burger NFV, Nicolis VF, Botha AM. Host-specific co-evolution likely driven by diet in Buchnera aphidicola. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:153. [PMID: 38326788 PMCID: PMC10851558 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Kurd.) is a severe pest to wheat, and even though resistance varieties are available to curb this pest, they are becoming obsolete with the development of new virulent aphid populations. Unlike many other aphids, D noxia only harbours a single endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola. Considering the importance of Buchnera, this study aimed to elucidate commonalities and dissimilarities between various hosts, to better understand its distinctiveness within its symbiotic relationship with D. noxia. To do so, the genome of the D. noxia's Buchnera was assembled and compared to those of other aphid species that feed on diverse host species. RESULTS The overall importance of several features such as gene length and percentage GC content was found to be critical for the maintenance of Buchnera genes when compared to their closest free-living relative, Escherichia coli. Buchnera protein coding genes were found to have percentage GC contents that tended towards a mean of ~ 26% which had strong correlation to their identity to their E. coli homologs. Several SNPs were identified between different aphid populations and multiple isolates of Buchnera were confirmed in single aphids. CONCLUSIONS Establishing the strong correlation of percentage GC content of protein coding genes and gene identity will allow for identifying which genes will be lost in the continually shrinking Buchnera genome. This is also the first report of a parthenogenically reproducing aphid that hosts multiple Buchnera strains in a single aphid, raising questions regarding the benefits of maintaining multiple strains. We also found preliminary evidence for post-transcriptional regulation of Buchnera genes in the form of polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Francois V Burger
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa
| | - Vittorio F Nicolis
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa
| | - Anna-Maria Botha
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa.
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Yu A, Beck M, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Advances in understanding insect chitin biosynthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 164:104058. [PMID: 38072083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a natural polymer of N-acetylglucosamine chains, is a principal component of the apical extracellular matrix in arthropods. Chitin microfibrils serve as structural components of natural biocomposites present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, molluscs, nematodes, fungi and arthropods. In this review, we summarize the frontier advances of insect chitin synthesis. More specifically, we focus on the chitin synthase (CHS), which catalyzes the key biosynthesis step. CHS is also known as an attractive insecticidal target in that this enzyme is absent in mammals, birds or plants. As no insect chitin synthase structure have been reported so far, we review recent studies on glycosyltransferase domain structures derived from fungi and oomycetes, which are conserved in CHS from all species containing chitin. Auxiliary proteins, which coordinate with CHS in chitin biosynthesis and assembly, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marius Beck
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Qing Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zeng B, Chen FR, Sun H, Liu Y, Wu SF, Bass C, Gao CF. Molecular and functional analysis of chitin synthase genes in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:661-676. [PMID: 36269029 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, has developed a high level of resistance to many of the compounds currently used for control. There is therefore an urgent need to develop novel control methods for C. suppressalis. Insect chitin synthases (CHS) have attracted interest as a potential target for insect pest management. However, to date, CHS have not been characterized in C. suppressalis. Two CHS genes (CsCHS1 and CsCHS2) were identified and cloned from C. suppressalis. Two transcript variants were identified for CsCHS1, CsCHS1a and CsCHS1b. Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed that both transcripts of CsCHS1 are most highly expressed on the last day of each larval instar stage and show the highest expression levels in the integument. In contrast, CsCHS2 is predominantly expressed during the larval feeding stages and shows the highest expression levels in the midgut. Knockdown of CsCHS1 by RNA interference significantly inhibited the molting and pupation of C. suppressalis, and knockdown of CsCHS2 significantly affected growth during the larval stage, but had no significant effect on the pupation. Moreover, knockout of CsCHS1 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing severely lowered the hatching rate, larval survivorship, pupation rate, and eclosion rate, but only larval survivorship at the G0 generation was lowered after the knockout of CsCHS2. These results demonstrate that CsCHS1 and CsCHS2 play vital roles in the growth and development of C. suppressalis, and so have potential as insecticidal targets for the control of this highly damaging pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zeng
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ren M, Lu J, Li D, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong J, Niu Y, Zhou X, Zhang X. Identification and Functional Characterization of Two Chitin Synthases in the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:574-583. [PMID: 36757382 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), a seasonal migrant and a prolific generalist, can feed on nearly all vegetables and grain crops, causing considerable economic impacts on a global scale. Given its cryptic nature, A. ipsilon management has been extremely challenging. Chitin synthase (CHS), a key enzyme involved in chitin biosynthetic pathway and crucially important for the growth and development of insects, is the molecular target of chitin synthesis inhibitors, a group of broad-spectrum insecticides that is compatible with Integrated Pest Management practices. In this study, we investigated the potential of targeting chitin synthases to control A. ipsilon. As a result, two chitin synthases, AiCHS1 and AiCHS2, were identified and cloned from A. ipsilon. The temporal-spatial distribution study showed that AiCHS1 was predominantly expressed at the pupal stage and most abundant among tissues of head capsule and integument, while AiCHS2 was mainly expressed at the sixth instar larval stage and tissues of foregut and midgut. RNAi-based functional study confirmed gene silencing caused significant reduction in the expression levels of the corresponding mRNA, as well as resulted in abnormal pupation and mortality, respectively. Furthermore, under the treatment of lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, A. ipsilon responded with an elevated expression in AiCHS1 and AiCHS2, while larvae showed difficulty in shedding old cuticle, and a cumulative mortality of 69.24% at 48 h. In summary, chitin synthases are crucial for chitin biosynthesis in A. ipsilon and can be targeted for the control (e.g., RNAi-based biopesticides) of this devastating insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjiao Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Daqi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinming Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanbing Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
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Zhang C, Hu W, Yu Z, Liu X, Wang J, Xin T, Zou Z, Xia B. Characterization of Chitin Synthase A cDNA from Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Its Response to Diflubenzuron. INSECTS 2022; 13:728. [PMID: 36005353 PMCID: PMC9409846 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the vector of HLB and one of the most common pests in citrus orchards in southern China. One of the most significant genes in D. citri's growth and development is the chitin synthase gene. In this study, the CHS gene (DcCHSA) of D. citri was cloned and analyzed by bioinformatics. According to RT-qPCR findings, DcCHSA was expressed at many growth processes of D. citri, with the greatest influence in the fifth-instar nymph. The molting failure rate and mortality of D. citri rose as DFB concentration increased in this research, as did the expression level of DcCHSA. Feeding on DcCHSA caused a large drop in target gene expression, affected nymph molting, caused failure or even death in freshly eclosion adults, increased mortality, and reduced the molting success rate over time. These findings showed that DcCHSA was involved in nymph to adult development and may aid in the identification of molecular targets for D. citri regulation. It provided new ideas for further control of D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Xia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-1791-5100
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Ossa Ossa GA, Villegas Estrada B, Valencia Jiménez A. CARACTERIZACIÓN Y DISMINUCIÓN EN LA EXPRESIÓN DE UNA QUITINA SINTASA MEDIADA POR ARNi EN Hypothenemus hampei (CURCULIONIDAE). ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v27n2.89981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La broca del café, Hypothenemus hampei, es un insecto plaga que causa daños significativos al grano de café y grandes pérdidas económicas a los productores en todo el mundo. Al igual que otros insectos, la broca de café requiere de quitina sintasas (CHS) para la biosíntesis de la quitina, componente principal del exoesqueleto del insecto, y de vital importancia para su crecimiento y desarrollo. En este estudio, el gen CHS1 de la broca del café (HhCHS1) fue identificado, caracterizado y posteriormente silenciado mediante el uso de ARNi, mecanismo que permite degradar el ARNm e interrumpir la expresión de proteínas de interés en un organismo. Los perfiles de expresión del gen HhCHS1, medidos por RT-qPCR, mostraron niveles de expresión diferencial en las diferentes etapas del desarrollo del insecto. Los niveles más altos de expresión se encontraron en larvas de segundo estadio (L2) y machos adultos. El ARNcd administrado por vía oral, a concentraciones de 2 µg/100 µL, generó un silenciamiento efectivo del gen HhCHS1 (84 %) después de 7 días de tratamiento. Estos resultados sugieren que el gen HhCHS1 desempeña un papel importante en el desarrollo del insecto, y que, por ende, podría usarse como objetivo para desarrollar nuevas estrategias de manejo de este insecto plaga, mediante el uso de ARNi.
Palabras Clave: ARNcd, café, insecto plaga, quitina-sintasa, RT-qPCR.
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Yao Q, Quan LF, Xu S, Dong YZ, Li WJ, Chen BX. Effect of diflubenzuron on the chitin biosynthesis pathway in Conopomorpha sinensis eggs. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1061-1075. [PMID: 32686293 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conopomorpha sinensis is the dominant borer pest of Litchi chinensis (litchi) and Euphoria longan (longan) in China. Control of C. sinensis is difficult because of its cryptic life habit; thus, an effective ovicide could be beneficial. The larvicidal effects of diflubenzuron (DFB) have been documented in many insect pest species. Therefore, DFB might be a useful ovicide to control C. sinensis. However, the detailed mode of action of DFB interference with insect molting and egg hatching is unclear. Thus, we studied alterations in expression of all genes potentially affected by DFB treatment using a transcriptome approach in 2-d-old C. sinensis eggs. Clean reads were assembled to generate 203 455 unigenes and 440 558 transcripts. A total of 4625 differently expressed genes, which included 2670 up-regulated and 1955 down-regulated unigenes, were identified. Chitin binding and chitin metabolic processes were among the most significant enriched pathways according to Gene Ontology analyses. Most of the genes that encode enzymes involved in the chitin biosynthesis pathway were unaffected, whereas genes that presumably encode cuticle proteins were up-regulated. Furthermore, altered expression patterns of 10 genes involved in the chitin biosynthesis pathway of C. sinensis embryos were observed in response to DFB treatment at different time points by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also observed abnormal development; there was reduced chitin content and modulated chitin distribution of newly hatched larvae, and altered egg hatching. Our findings illustrate an ovicidal effect of DFB on C. sinensis, and reveal more molecular consequences of DFB treatment on insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin-Fa Quan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bing-Xu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Molecular Characterization of Chitin Synthase Gene in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and Its Response to Sublethal Concentrations of an Insecticide. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060501. [PMID: 34071207 PMCID: PMC8227100 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we identified chitin synthase 1 gene (TcCHS1) from Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and then explored the gene expression levels of TcCHS1 at different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus. We also investigated the effects of sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron on the toxicities and survivals of T. cinnabarinus eggs and larvae as well as TcCHS1 expression levels. Our results demonstrated that TcCHS1 was essential for growth and development, and diflubenzuron exposure affected chitin metabolism. This work was undertaken to establish a foundation for further research on the functions of chitin synthase. It will provide a new target for controlling of T. cinnabarinus in the agricultural ecosystem. Abstract The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is one of the most important acarine pest species. At present, its control remains primarily dependent on using various chemical insecticides/acaricides in agricultural crops worldwide. To clarify the mechanism whereby T. cinnabarinus responds to insecticide exposure, we identified the chitin synthase 1 gene (TcCHS1) and then explored the gene expression levels of TcCHS1 at different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus. We also investigated the effects of sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron on the toxicities and survivals of T. cinnabarinus eggs and larvae as well as TcCHS1 expression levels. The full-length cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 4881 nucleotides that encoded for a 1474 amino acid residues protein. The predicted TcCHS1 protein had a molecular mass of 168.35 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.26, and its amino acid sequence contained all the signature motifs (EDR, QRRRW and TWGTR) of chitin synthases. The results of phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the putative CHS1 amino acid sequence of T. cinnabarinus revealed high similarities with chitin synthases in other insects and mites. Additionally, at the molecular level, transcriptional analysis by real-time quantitative PCR in different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus revealed that TcCHS1 mRNA was expressed in all stages, and highest in eggs and female adults, but lowest in deutonymphs. Furthermore, the results of toxicity bioassays indicated that diflubenzuron treatment resulted in high mortality rates in eggs and larvae of T. cinnabarinus. The mRNA expression levels of TcCHS1 from the eggs and larvae of T. cinnabarinus were up-regulated in response to sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron exposures. Together, all these results demonstrate that diflubenzuron has ovicidal and larvicidal effects and TcCHS1 may play an important role in the growth and development of T. cinnabarinus and may disrupt the chitin biosynthesis, thereby controlling T. cinnabarinus populations.
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Harðardóttir HM, Male R, Nilsen F, Dalvin S. Chitin Synthases Are Critical for Reproduction, Molting, and Digestion in the Salmon Louse ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010047. [PMID: 33450932 PMCID: PMC7828418 DOI: 10.3390/life11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin synthase (CHS) is a large transmembrane enzyme that polymerizes Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine into chitin. The genomes of insects often encode two chitin synthases, CHS1 and CHS2. Their functional roles have been investigated in several insects: CHS1 is mainly responsible for synthesizing chitin in the cuticle and CHS2 in the midgut. Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an ectoparasitic copepod on salmonid fish, which causes significant economic losses in aquaculture. In the present study, the tissue-specific localization, expression, and functional role of L. salmonis chitin synthases, LsCHS1 and LsCHS2, were investigated. The expressions of LsCHS1 and LsCHS2 were found in oocytes, ovaries, intestine, and integument. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) chitin staining signals were detected in ovaries, oocytes, intestine, cuticle, and intestine in adult female L. salmonis. The functional roles of the LsCHSs were investigated using RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the expression of LsCHS1 and LsCHS2. Knockdown of LsCHS1 in pre-adult I lice resulted in lethal phenotypes with cuticle deformation and deformation of ovaries and oocytes in adult lice. RNAi knockdown of LsCHS2 in adult female L. salmonis affected digestion, damaged the gut microvilli, reduced muscular tissues around the gut, and affected offspring. The results demonstrate that both LsCHS1 and LsCHS2 are important for the survival and reproduction in L. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulda María Harðardóttir
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; (R.M.); (F.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rune Male
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; (R.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; (R.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway;
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Mahmoodi L, Mehrkhou F, Guz N, Forouzan M, Atlihan R. Sublethal effects of three insecticides on fitness parameters and population projection of Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2713-2722. [PMID: 32918545 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), is one of the major insect pests of cole crops in Iran. In most instances outbreaks are normally kept under control by application of insecticides. In this study, the sublethal effects (LC30) of three insecticides, acetamiprid, buprofezin, and thiamethoxam-lambda cyhalothrin, (TLC) were evaluated on the population growth rate of the progeny of insecticide-treated cabbage aphid adults. The age-stage, two-sex life table method was used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that the insecticide applications affected the duration of the preadult period, their survival, reproduction, life span/longevity, and consequently, the population growth rate of the F1 generation. The indicators of the greatest sublethal effects were noted in the progeny of the TLC-treated adults. These included the lowest net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and the longest mean generation time (T). The highest values of r, λ, R, and the lowest value of T occurred in the control group followed by, in order, the acetamiprid and buprofezin groups. These research findings will be useful in the development and implementation of future aphid management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mahmoodi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fariba Mehrkhou
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nurper Guz
- Department of Plant Protection, Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maryam Forouzan
- Plant Protection Research Department, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran
| | - Remzi Atlihan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Van Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey
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12
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A patent review on strategies for biological control of mosquito vector. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:187. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Shao ZM, Li YJ, Ding JH, Liu ZX, Zhang XR, Wang J, Sheng S, Wu FA. Identification, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of Chitin Synthase Genes in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134656. [PMID: 32629944 PMCID: PMC7370082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (G. pyloalis) causes significant damage to mulberry every year, and we currently lack effective and environmentally friendly ways to control the pest. Chitin synthase (CHS) is a critical regulatory enzyme related to chitin biosynthesis, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. The function of CHS in G. pyloalis, however, has not been studied. In this study, two chitin synthase genes (GpCHSA and GpCHSB) were screened from our previously created transcriptome database. The complete coding sequences of the two genes are 5,955 bp and 5,896 bp, respectively. Expression of GpCHSA and GpCHSB could be detected throughout all developmental stages. Relatively high expression levels of GpCHSA occurred in the head and integument and GpCHSB was most highly expressed in the midgut. Moreover, silencing of GpCHSA and GpCHSB using dsRNA reduced expression of downstream chitin metabolism pathway genes and resulted in abnormal development and wings stretching, but did not affect normal pupating of larvae. Furthermore, the inhibitor of chitin synthesis diflubenzuron (DFB) was used to further validate the RNAi result. DFB treatment significantly improved expression of GpCHSA, except GpCHSB, and their downstream genes, and also effected G. Pyloali molting at 48 h (62% mortality rate) and 72 h (90% mortality rate), respectively. These results show that GpCHSA and GpCHSB play critical roles in the development and wing stretching in G. pyloalis adults, indicating that the genes are attractive potential pest control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Min Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Yi-Jiangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jian-Hao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Zhi-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence:
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Muthukrishnan S, Mun S, Noh MY, Geisbrecht ER, Arakane Y. Insect Cuticular Chitin Contributes to Form and Function. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3530-3545. [PMID: 32445445 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200523175409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural defects and growth arrest. When chitin is not turned over during molting, the developing insect is trapped inside the old cuticle. Partial deacetylation of cuticular chitin is also required for proper laminar organization of the cuticle and vertical pore canals, molting, and locomotion. Thus, chitin and its modifications strongly influence the structure of the exoskeleton as well as the physiological functions of the insect. Internal tendons and specialized epithelial cells called "tendon cells" that arise from the outer layer of epidermal cells provide attachment sites at both ends of adult limb muscles. Membrane processes emanating from both tendon and muscle cells interdigitate extensively to strengthen the attachment of muscles to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Protein ligands that bind to membrane-bound integrin complexes further enhance the adhesion between muscles and tendons. Tendon cells contain F-actin fiber arrays that contribute to their rigidity. In the cytoplasm of muscle cells, proteins such as talin and other proteins provide attachment sites for cytoskeletal actin, thereby increasing integrin binding and activation to mechanically couple the ECM with actin in muscle cells. Mutations in integrins and their ligands, as well as depletion of chitin deacetylases, result in defective locomotion and muscle detachment from the ECM. Thus, chitin in the cuticle and chitin deacetylases strongly influence the shape and functions of the exoskeleton as well as locomotion of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Mi Y Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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15
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Shao ZM, Li YJ, Zhang XR, Chu J, Ma JH, Liu ZX, Wang J, Sheng S, Wu FA. Identification and Functional Study of Chitin Metabolism and Detoxification-Related Genes in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051904. [PMID: 32164390 PMCID: PMC7084822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) is a serious pest in the sericulture industry, which has caused damage and losses in recent years. With the widespread use of insecticides, the insecticide resistance of G. pyloalis has becomes increasingly apparent. In order to find other effective methods to control G. pyloalis, this study performed a transcriptome analysis of the midgut, integument, and whole larvae. Transcriptome data were annotated with KEGG and GO, and they have been shown to be of high quality by RT-qPCR. The different significant categories of differentially expressed genes between the midgut and the integument suggested that the transcriptome data could be used for next analysis. With the exception of Dda9 (GpCDA5), 19 genes were involved in chitin metabolism, most of which had close protein–protein interactions. Among them, the expression levels of 11 genes, including GpCHSA, GpCDA1, GpCDA2, GpCDA4, GPCHT1, GPCHT2a, GPCHT3a, GPCHT7, GpTre1, GpTre2, and GpRtv were higher in the integument than in the midgut, while the expression levels of the last eight genes, including GpCHSB, GpCDA5, GpCHT2b, GpCHT3b, GpCHT-h, GpPAGM, GpNAGK, and GpUAP, were higher in the midgut than in the integument. Moreover, 282 detoxification-related genes were identified and can be divided into 10 categories, including cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, aquaporin, chloride channel, methoprene-tolerant, serine protease inhibitor, sodium channel, and calcium channel. In order to further study the function of chitin metabolism-related genes, dsRNA injection knocked down the expression of GpCDA1 and GpCHT3a, resulting in the significant downregulation of its downstream genes. These results provide an overview of chitin metabolism and detoxification of G. pyloalis and lay the foundation for the effective control of this pest in the sericulture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-min Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Yi-jiangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiao-rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jia-hui Ma
- Zhenjiang Runshen Sericulture Development Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
| | - Zhi-xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (F.-a.W.)
| | - Fu-an Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (F.-a.W.)
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Durak R, Dampc J, Dampc J, Bartoszewski S, Michalik A. Uninterrupted Development of Two Aphid Species Belonging to Cinara Genus during Winter Diapause. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030150. [PMID: 32121261 PMCID: PMC7143459 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aphids are herbivores carrying the status of major pests for crops and ornamental plants. The many specific biological features of aphids allow them to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. As for other insects, a predominant strategy for aphids surviving winter, is laying diapausing eggs. During diapause, the expression of development may vary between species. Most of the insects stop growing during diapause; however, there is limited information about this process. We immunostained the embryos of aphids in order to detect cell division during diapause. Here, for the first time, we present that two species of aphids belonging to Cinara grow and develop throughout the duration of the winter diapause. Our results showed that the “resting stage” does not occur in embryos of these aphid species. The embryo of C. cupressi and C. juniperi undergoes a type of diapause, with slow growth. It seems that this feature is conducive to the rapid development of embryos in the egg, which may be another specific feature for aphid biology of overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Durak
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Dampc
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Jagoda Dampc
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Rzeszów, Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Bartoszewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
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Ullah F, Gul H, Wang X, Ding Q, Said F, Gao X, Desneux N, Song D. RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Chitin Synthase 1 ( CHS1) Gene Causes Mortality and Decreased Longevity and Fecundity in Aphis gossypii. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010022. [PMID: 31888020 PMCID: PMC7023125 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a vital part of the insect exoskeleton and peritrophic membrane, synthesized by chitin synthase (CHS) enzymes. Chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) is a crucial enzyme in the final step of chitin biosynthetic pathway and consequently plays essential role towards insect growth and molting. RNA interference (RNAi) is an agent that could be used as an extremely target-specific and ecologically innocuous tactic to control different insect pests associated with economically important crops. The sole purpose of the current study is to use CHS1 as the key target gene against the cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, via oral feeding on artificial diets mixed with dsRNA-CHS1. Results revealed that the expression level of CHS1 gene significantly decreased after the oral delivery of dsRNA-CHS1. The knockdown of CHS1 gene caused up to 43%, 47%, and 59% mortality in third-instar nymph after feeding of dsCHS1 for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, as compared to the control. Consistent with this, significantly lower longevity (approximately 38%) and fecundity (approximately 48%) were also found in adult stage of cotton-melon aphids that were fed with dsCHS1 for 72 h at nymphal stage. The qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression demonstrated that the increased mortality rates and lowered longevity and fecundity of A. gossypii were attributed to the downregulation of CHS1 gene via oral-delivery-mediated RNAi. The results of current study confirm that CHS1 could be an appropriate candidate target gene for the RNAi-based control of cotton-melon aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.U.); (H.G.); (X.W.); (Q.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Hina Gul
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.U.); (H.G.); (X.W.); (Q.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.U.); (H.G.); (X.W.); (Q.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.U.); (H.G.); (X.W.); (Q.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Fazal Said
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.U.); (H.G.); (X.W.); (Q.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France;
| | - Dunlun Song
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.U.); (H.G.); (X.W.); (Q.D.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu X, Cooper AMW, Yu Z, Silver K, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Progress and prospects of arthropod chitin pathways and structures as targets for pest management. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 161:33-46. [PMID: 31685194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural component of the arthropod cuticular exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of the gut, which play crucial roles in growth and development. In the past few decades, our understanding of the composition, biosynthesis, assembly, degradation, and regulation of chitinous structures has increased. Many chemicals have been developed that target chitin biosynthesis (benzoyphenyl ureas, etoxazole), chitin degradation (allosamidin, psammaplin), and chitin regulation (benzoyl hydrazines), thus resulting in molting deformities and lethality. In addition, proteins that disrupt chitin structures, such as lectins, proteases, and chitinases have been utilized to halt feeding and induce mortality. Chitin-degrading enzymes, such as chitinases are also useful for improving the efficacy of bio-insecticides. Transgenic plants, baculoviruses, fungi, and bacteria have been engineered to express chitinases from a variety of organisms for control of arthropod pests. In addition, RNA interference targeting genes involved in chitin pathways and structures are now being investigated for the development of environmentally friendly pest management strategies. This review describes the chemicals and proteins used to target chitin structures and enzymes for arthropod pest management, as well as pest management strategies based upon these compounds, such as plant-incorporated-protectants and recombinant entomopathogens. Recent advances in RNA interference-based pest management, and how this technology can be used to target chitin pathways and structures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Zhitao Yu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristopher Silver
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Impact of low lethal concentrations of buprofezin on biological traits and expression profile of chitin synthase 1 gene (CHS1) in melon aphid, Aphis gossypii. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12291. [PMID: 31444364 PMCID: PMC6707215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Buprofezin, a chitin synthesis inhibitor that can be used for the control of hemipteran pests, especially melon aphid, Aphis gossypii. The impact of low lethal concentrations of buprofezin on the biological parameters and expression profile of CHS1 gene were estimated for two successive generations of A. gossypii. The present result shows that the LC15 and LC30 of buprofezin significantly decreased the fecundity and longevity of both generations. Exposure of F0 individuals to both concentrations delay the developmental period in F1. Furthermore, the survival rate, intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0) were reduced significantly in progeny generation at both concentrations. However, the reduction in gross reproductive rate (GRR) was observed only at LC30. Although, the mean generation time (T) prolonged substantially at LC30. Additionally, expression of the CHS1 gene was significantly increased in F0 adults. Significant increase in the relative abundance of CHS1 mRNA transcript was also observed at the juvenile and adult stages of F1 generation following exposure to LC15 and LC30. Therefore, our results show that buprofezin could affect the biological traits by diminishing the chitin contents owing to the inhibition of chitin synthase activity in the succeeding generation of melon aphid.
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Konno K, Mitsuhashi W. The peritrophic membrane as a target of proteins that play important roles in plant defense and microbial attack. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103912. [PMID: 31301311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic membrane (or peritrophic matrix: PM) is a thin membranous structure that lies along the midgut epithelium in the midgut lumen and consists of chitin and proteins. PM exists between ingested food material and midgut epithelium cells and it is on the frontline of insect-plant and insect-microbe interactions. Therefore, proteins that play major roles in plant defense against herbivorous insects and in microbial attack on insects should penetrate, destroy or modify the PM to accomplish their roles. Recently, it has become clear that some proteins crucial to plant defense or microbial attack have the PM as their primary target. In addition, several plant defense proteins have been reported to affect the PM, although it is still unclear whether the PM is their primary target. This review introduces several of these proteins: fusolin and enhancin, two proteins produced by insect viruses that greatly enhance infection of the viruses by disrupting the PM; the MLX56 family proteins found in mulberry latex as defense proteins against insect herbivores, which modify the PM to a thick structure that inhibits digestive processes; Mir1-CP, a defense cysteine protease from maize that inhibits the growth of insects at very low concentrations and degrades the PM structures; and chitinases and lectins. The importance, necessary characteristics, and modes of action of PM-targeting proteins are then discussed from a strategic point of view, by spotlighting the importance of selective permeability of the PM. Finally, the review discusses the possibility of applying PM-targeting proteins for the control of pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Konno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Wataru Mitsuhashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Silencing of the Chitin Synthase Gene Is Lethal to the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153734. [PMID: 31370145 PMCID: PMC6696430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin synthase is a critical enzyme that catalyzes N-acetylglucosamine to form chitin, which plays an important role in the growth and development of insects. In this study, we identified a chitin synthase gene (CHS) with a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 3180 bp from the genome database of Diaphorina citri, encoding a protein of 1059 amino acid residues with the appropriate signature motifs (EDR and QRRRW). Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis suggested that D. citri CHS (DcCHS) was expressed throughout all developmental stages and all tissues. DcCHS had the highest expression level in the integument and fifth-instar nymph stage. Furthermore, the effects of diflubenzuron (DFB) on D. citri mortality and DcCHS expression level were investigated using fifth-instar nymph through leaf dip bioassay, and the results revealed that the nymph exposed to DFB had the highest mortality compared with control group (Triton-100). Silencing of DcCHS by RNA interference resulted in malformed phenotypes and increased mortality with decreased molting rate. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) also revealed corresponding ultrastructural defects. Our results suggest that DcCHS might play an important role in the development of D. citri and can be used as a potential target for psyllid control.
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Lu ZJ, Zhou CH, Yu HZ, Huang YL, Liu YX, Xie YX, Wang J, Hu W, Huang AJ, Su HN, Yang C. Potential roles of insect Tropomyosin1-X1 isoform in the process of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus infection of Diaphorina citri. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 114:125-135. [PMID: 30817914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the transmitting vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which causes citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). In recent years, control of HLB has been achieved by reducing the vector population. In the present study, we identified an isoform of D. citri tropomyosin (herein designated as DcTm1-X1). DcTm1-X1 was down-regulated in CLas-infected ACPs compared with uninfected ACPs. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the full-length DcTm1-X1 is 2955 bp and encodes a protein of 284 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 32.15 kDa. Phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that DcTm1-X1 shares a high amino acid identity with its homolog in Acyrthosiphon pisum. Higher DcTm1-X1 expression levels were found in the leg of the psyllid by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). According to Blue Native PAGE analysis and mass spectrometric analysis, DcTm1-X1 interacts with citrate synthase (CS) and V-type proton ATPase subunit B-like (VAT). In addition, knockdown of DcTm1-X1 by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly increased the mortality rate of nymphs and the infection rate of CLas at different time points. Taken together, our results show that DcTm1-X1 might play an important role in response to CLas, but also lay a foundation for further research on the functions of DcTm1-X1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Jun Lu
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Hua Zhou
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hai-Zhong Yu
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Ling Huang
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying-Xue Liu
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China; Dayu Middle School, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xin Xie
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Hu
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ai-Jun Huang
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hua-Nan Su
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Effects of RNAi-based silencing of chitin synthase gene on moulting and fecundity in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Sci Rep 2019; 9:3694. [PMID: 30842508 PMCID: PMC6403427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is an important agricultural pest and an ideal model organism for various studies. Chitin synthase (CHS) catalyses chitin synthesis, a critical structural component of insect exoskeletons. Here, we identified a CHS gene from A. pisum, ApisCHS. The ApisCHS expression profiles showed that ApisCHS was expressed in various developmental stages and in all tested tissues of A. pisum, including the epidermis, embryo, gut and haemolymph. Notably, ApisCHS exhibited peak expression in the middle of each nymphal period and was extremely highly expressed in the epidermis and embryo. RNA interference (RNAi) showed that ~600 ng of dsRNA is an effective dose for gene silencing by injection for dsRNA delivery; moreover, 1200 ng·μL−1 dsRNA induced CHS gene silencing by a plant-mediated feeding approach. A 44.7% mortality rate and a 51.3% moulting rate were observed 72 h after injection of dsApisCHS into fourth-instar nymphs, compared with the levels in the control (injected with dsGFP). Moreover, a longer period was required for nymph development and a 44.2% deformity rate among newborn nymphs was obtained upon ingestion of dsApisCHS. These results suggest that ApisCHS plays a critical role in nymphal growth and embryonic development in pea aphids, and is a potential target for RNAi-based aphid pest control.
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Wang Z, Yang H, Zhou C, Yang WJ, Jin DC, Long GY. Molecular cloning, expression, and functional analysis of the chitin synthase 1 gene and its two alternative splicing variants in the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:1087. [PMID: 30705372 PMCID: PMC6355952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin synthase is responsible for chitin synthesis in the cuticles and cuticular linings of other tissues in insects. We cloned two alternative splicing variants of the chitin synthase 1 gene (SfCHS1) from the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. The full-length cDNA of the two variants (SfCHS1a and SfCHS1b) consists of 6408 bp, contains a 4719-bp open reading frame encoding 1572 amino acids, and has 5′ and 3′ non-coding regions of 283 and 1406 bp, respectively. The two splicing variants occur at the same position in the cDNA sequence between base pairs 4115 and 4291, and consist of 177 nucleotides that encode 59 amino acids but show 74.6% identity at the amino acid level. Analysis in different developmental stages showed that expression of SfCHS1 and SfCHS1a were highest just after molting, whereas SfCHS1b reached its highest expression level 2 days after molting. Further, SfCHS1 and SfCHS1a were mainly expressed in the integument, whereas SfCHS1b was predominately expressed in the gut and fat body. RNAi-based gene silencing inhibited transcript levels of the corresponding mRNAs in S. furcifera nymphs injected with double-stranded RNA of SfCHS1, SfCHS1a, and SfCHS1b, resulted in malformed phenotypes, and killed most of the treated nymphs. Our results indicate that SfCHS1 may be a potential target gene for RNAi-based S. furcifera control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China.,College of Environment and Life Sciences, Kaili University, Kaili, 556011, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China. .,College of Tobacco Science of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Cao Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jia Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005, P. R. China
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Gui-Yun Long
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
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Harðardóttir HM, Male R, Nilsen F, Eichner C, Dondrup M, Dalvin S. Chitin synthesis and degradation in Lepeophtheirus salmonis: Molecular characterization and gene expression profile during synthesis of a new exoskeleton. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:123-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Chitin in Arthropods: Biosynthesis, Modification, and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:169-207. [PMID: 31102247 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural constituent of extracellular matrices including the cuticle of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix (PM) of the midgut in arthropods. Chitin chains are synthesized through multiple biochemical reactions, organized in several hierarchical levels and associated with various proteins that give their unique physicochemical characteristics of the cuticle and PM. Because, arthropod growth and morphogenesis are dependent on the capability of remodeling chitin-containing structures, chitin biosynthesis and degradation are highly regulated, allowing ecdysis and regeneration of the cuticle and PM. Over the past 20 years, much progress has been made in understanding the physiological functions of chitinous matrices. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the biochemical processes of chitin biosynthesis, modification and degradation, and various enzymes involved in these processes. We also discussed cuticular proteins and PM proteins, which largely determine the physicochemical properties of the cuticle and PM. Although rapid advances in genomics, proteomics, RNA interference, and other technologies have considerably facilitated our research in chitin biosynthesis, modification, and metabolism in recent years, many aspects of these processes are still partially understood. Further research is needed in understanding how the structural organization of chitin synthase in plasma membrane accommodate chitin biosynthesis, transport of chitin chain across the plasma membrane, and release of the chitin chain from the enzyme. Other research is also needed in elucidating the roles of chitin deacetylases in chitin organization and the mechanism controlling the formation of different types of chitin in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Zhao Y, Sui X, Xu L, Liu G, Lu L, You M, Xie C, Li B, Ni Z, Liang R. Plant-mediated RNAi of grain aphid CHS1 gene confers common wheat resistance against aphids. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2754-2760. [PMID: 29737050 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin is an important component of the insect exoskeleton and peritrophic membrane. Chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) is a key enzyme in the chitin synthesis pathway, and has a role in insect molting and growth. Plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) has been used as a more target-specific and environmentally safe approach to prevent and control agricultural insects. The aims of this study were to use grain aphid (Sitobion avanae) CHS1 as the target gene and to produce transgenic wheat lines for aphid control via plant-mediated RNAi. RESULTS Expression levels of CHS1 changed at different developmental stages. After feeding on the representative T3 transgenic lines Tb5-2 and Tb10-3, CHS1 expression levels in grain aphid decreased by 50.29% and 45.32%, respectively; and total and molting aphid numbers reduced significantly, compared with controls. Consistent with this, aphid numbers in mixed natural populations reduced significantly in the respective T4 and T5 transgenic lines under field conditions, and T5 transgenic lines had higher grain weight compared with the unsprayed insecticide wild-type and insecticide-sprayed wild-type. CONCLUSION These results indicate that plant-mediated RNAi of the grain aphid CHS1 gene confers common wheat resistance against aphids. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lanjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshan You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongqi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Gao XK, Zhang S, Luo JY, Wang CY, Lü LM, Zhang LJ, Zhu XZ, Wang L, Cui JJ. Identification and validation of reference genes for gene expression analysis in Aphidius gifuensis (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188477. [PMID: 29190301 PMCID: PMC5708624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes have been utilized in estimating gene expression levels using quantitative reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Aphidius gifuensis Ashmaed is one of the most widely used biological control agents for aphids. The biological properties of this species have been studied in detail, and current investigations are focused on elucidating the regulatory mechanisms in its host However, the appropriate reference genes for target gene expression studies have not been identified. In this study, the expression profiles of 12 candidate reference genes were evaluated under different experimental conditions(development stage, sex, tissue type, diet) by using dedicated algorithms, including geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt. In addition, RefFinder was used to rank the overall stability of the candidate genes. Finally, we recommend three optimal reference genes for the normalization of qRT-PCR data in the presence of specific variables, which include ACTB, RPL13, and PPI for different developmental stages; RPS18, ACTB, and RPL13 for sexes; RPL13, PRII3, and RPS18 in different tissue types; and RPL13, RPL27, and ACTB in diverse diets. The present study has identified optimal reference genes that could be used in estimating the expression levels of specific genes under these conditions following the Minimum Information for publication of Quantitative real-time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines, which would facilitate in advancements in functional genomics research on A. gifuensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jun-Yu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Chun-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Li-Min Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jin-Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Gao XK, Zhang S, Luo JY, Wang CY, Lü LM, Zhang LJ, Zhu XZ, Wang L, Lu H, Cui JJ. Comprehensive evaluation of candidate reference genes for gene expression studies in Lysiphlebia japonica (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) using RT-qPCR. Gene 2017; 637:211-218. [PMID: 28964897 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysiphlebia japonica (Ashmead) is a predominant parasitoid of cotton-melon aphids in the fields of northern China with a proven ability to effectively control cotton aphid populations in early summer. For accurate normalization of gene expression in L. japonica using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), reference genes with stable gene expression patterns are essential. However, no appropriate reference genes is L. japonica have been investigated to date. In the present study, 12 selected housekeeping genes from L. japonica were cloned. We evaluated the stability of these genes under various experimental treatments by RT-qPCR using four independent (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Delta Ct) and one comparative (RefFinder) algorithm. We identified genes showing the most stable levels of expression: DIMT, 18S rRNA, and RPL13 during different stages; AK, RPL13, and TBP among sexes; EF1A, PPI, and RPL27 in different tissues, and EF1A, RPL13, and PPI in adults fed on different diets. Moreover, the expression profile of a target gene (odorant receptor 1, OR1) studied during the developmental stages confirms the reliability of the chosen selected reference genes. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive list of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in L. japonica and will benefit subsequent genomics and functional genomics research on this natural enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ke Gao
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jun-Yu Luo
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Chun-Yi Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Li-Min Lü
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Zhu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jin-Jie Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
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30
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Shang F, Xiong Y, Xia WK, Wei DD, Wei D, Wang JJ. Identification, characterization and functional analysis of a chitin synthase gene in the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Hemiptera, Aphididae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:422-430. [PMID: 26991909 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin synthase (CHS) is a crucial enzyme involved in the final step of the insect chitin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of a chitin synthase gene (TCiCHS) from the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida, an important citrus pest and the main vector of citrus tristeza virus worldwide. TCiCHS was expressed during the entire lifecycle and in all insect tissues examined. Expression was highest in first-second-instar nymphs, nymph-adult transitions and in the abdomen (6.7-fold higher than head). Embryos had a higher expression level than the integument. Fourth-instar nymphs were exposed to 5 and 500 mg/l concentrations of the chitin synthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron (DFB) for 48 h and had the highest mortality at the 500 mg/l concentration. The mRNA expression levels of TCiCHS were significantly enhanced upon the exposure of nymphs to both low and high DFB concentrations. Silencing of TCiCHS occurred through plant-mediated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) feeding. Most dsRNA-fed nymphs were unable to moult to the next stage, and the expression of TCiCHS decreased 48% compared with controls. These results demonstrate that TCiCHS plays an important role in nymph to adult development, is possibly help identify molecular targets for To. citricida control.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - W-K Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Zhaotong City Branch of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Corporation, Zhaotong, China
| | - D-D Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - D Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - J-J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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31
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Koramutla MK, Aminedi R, Bhattacharya R. Comprehensive evaluation of candidate reference genes for qRT-PCR studies of gene expression in mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt). Sci Rep 2016; 6:25883. [PMID: 27165720 PMCID: PMC4863174 DOI: 10.1038/srep25883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mustard aphid, also known as turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) is a major insect pest of rapeseed-mustard group of crops. Tremendous economic significance has led to substantial basic research involving gene-expression studies in this insect species. In qRT-PCR analysis of gene-expression, normalization of data against RNA variation by using appropriate reference gene is fundamental. However, appropriate reference genes are not known in case of L. erysimi. We evaluated 11 candidate reference genes for their expression stability in 21 samples of L. erysimi subjected to various regimes of experimental treatments. Unlike other studies, we validated true effects of the treatments on the samples either by gene-expression study of an associated marker gene or by biochemical tests. In the validated samples, expression stability of the reference genes was analysed by employing four different statistical softwares geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and deltaCt. Drawing consensus on the results from different softwares, we recommend three best reference genes 16S, RPS18 and RPL13 for normalization of qRT-PCR data in L. erysimi. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive list of suitable reference genes for mustard aphid and demonstrates the advantage of using more than one reference gene in combination for certain experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Koramutla
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Raghavendra Aminedi
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
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32
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Shirk PD, Perera OP, Shelby KS, Furlong RB, LoVullo ED, Popham HJR. Unique synteny and alternate splicing of the chitin synthases in closely related heliothine moths. Gene 2015; 574:121-39. [PMID: 26253161 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is an extracellular biopolymer that contributes to the cuticular structural matrix in arthropods. As a consequence of its rigid structure, the chitinous cuticle must be shed and replaced to accommodate growth. Two chitin synthase genes that encode for chitin synthase A (ChSA), which produces cuticular exoskeleton, and chitin synthase B (ChSB), which produces peritrophic membrane, were characterized in the genomes of two heliothine moths: the corn earworm/cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In both moths, the two genes were arranged in tandem with the same orientation on the same strand with ChSB located 5' of ChSA. Sequence comparisons showed that the coding sequences were highly conserved with homologues from other species but that the tandem juxtaposed genomic arrangement of the two genes was unique in these insects. The mechanism that has led to this arrangement is unclear but is most likely a recent recombinational event. Transcript mapping of HzChSB and HzChSA in H. zea demonstrated that both transcripts were differentially spliced in various tissues and larval stages. The identification of the HzChSB-E12b alternate spliced transcript is the first report of alternate splicing for the ChSB group. The importance of this splice form is not clear because the protein produced would lack any enzymatic activity but retain the membrane insertion motifs. As for other insects, these genes provide an important target for potential control through RNAi but also provide a subject for broad scale genomic recombinational events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Shirk
- USDA ARS CMAVE, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA.
| | | | - Kent S Shelby
- USDA ARS BCIRL, 1503 S. Providence, Columbia, MO 65203 USA.
| | | | - Eric D LoVullo
- USDA ARS CMAVE, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA.
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Souza-Ferreira PS, Mansur JF, Berni M, Moreira MF, dos Santos RE, Araújo HMM, de Souza W, Ramos IB, Masuda H. Chitin deposition on the embryonic cuticle of Rhodnius prolixus: the reduction of CHS transcripts by CHS-dsRNA injection in females affects chitin deposition and eclosion of the first instar nymph. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 51:101-109. [PMID: 24412274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that the embryonic cuticle of Rhodnius prolixus is a chitin-based structure that helps the first instar nymph to hatch from the chorion. Here, we investigated how the reduction of transcripts induced by CHS dsRNA injection affects R. prolixus embryogenesis and eclosion. Deposition of chitin in the embryonic cuticle begins later at embryogenesis, around day 8, and ends approximately at day 15, when the insects are ready for eclosion. In R. prolixus, chitin deposition follows pari passu with the synthesis of the chitin synthase mRNA, indicating a regulation at the transcriptional level. The reduction of the chitin synthase gene transcripts by the injection of CHS dRNA prevented chitin deposition during embryonic cuticle formation, being lethal to hatching nymphs, which end up dying while stuck in the chorionic border trying to leave the chorion. The successful eclosion rates were reduced by 60% in animals treated with CHS dsRNA when compared to animals injected with a control (dsRNA no related gene or water). We found that the harmful effects on oviposition and eclosion are possibly due to changes in the structure of the embryonic cuticle, as observed by directly comparing the morphology of control and chitin-deficient embryonic cuticles under the transmission electron microscope. The lack of chitin and changes in its morphological characteristics appears to alter the embryonic cuticle physiology and functionality. Additionally, we observed that the effects of CHS dRNA treatment on R. prolixus females lasted up to 3 egg-laying cycles (∼100 days), pointing to R. prolixus as a useful model for developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Souza-Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Mansur
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Matheus Berni
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, 21941-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monica F Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brazil
| | - Roberto Eizemberg dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, 21941599 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena M Marcolla Araújo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, 21941-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela B Ramos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hatisaburo Masuda
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brazil.
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Wu K, Liu W, Mar T, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wang X. Sequencing and validation of reference genes to analyze endogenous gene expression and quantify yellow dwarf viruses using RT-qPCR in viruliferous Rhopalosiphum padi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97038. [PMID: 24810421 PMCID: PMC4014588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), an important pest of cereal crops, not only directly sucks sap from plants, but also transmits a number of plant viruses, collectively the yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs). For quantifying changes in gene expression in vector aphids, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a touchstone method, but the selection and validation of housekeeping genes (HKGs) as reference genes to normalize the expression level of endogenous genes of the vector and for exogenous genes of the virus in the aphids is critical to obtaining valid results. Such an assessment has not been done, however, for R. padi and YDVs. Here, we tested three algorithms (GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) to assess the suitability of candidate reference genes (EF-1α, ACT1, GAPDH, 18S rRNA) in 6 combinations of YDV and vector aphid morph. EF-1α and ACT1 together or in combination with GAPDH or with GAPDH and 18S rRNA could confidently be used to normalize virus titre and expression levels of endogenous genes in winged or wingless R. padi infected with Barley yellow dwarf virus isolates (BYDV)-PAV and BYDV-GAV. The use of only one reference gene, whether the most stably expressed (EF-1α) or the least stably expressed (18S rRNA), was not adequate for obtaining valid relative expression data from the RT-qPCR. Because of discrepancies among values for changes in relative expression obtained using 3 regions of the same gene, different regions of an endogenous aphid gene, including each terminus and the middle, should be analyzed at the same time with RT-qPCR. Our results highlight the necessity of choosing the best reference genes to obtain valid experimental data and provide several HKGs for relative quantification of virus titre in YDV-viruliferous aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thithi Mar
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (YW)
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (YW)
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Pinheiro P, Bereman MS, Burd J, Pals M, Armstrong S, Howe KJ, Thannhauser TW, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM, Cilia M. Evidence of the biochemical basis of host virulence in the greenbug aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2094-108. [PMID: 24588548 DOI: 10.1021/pr4012415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biotypes of aphids and many other insect pests are defined based on the phenotypic response of host plants to the insect pest without considering their intrinsic characteristics and genotypes. Plant breeders have spent considerable effort developing aphid-resistant, small-grain varieties to limit insecticide control of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum. However, new S. graminum biotypes frequently emerge that break resistance. Mechanisms of virulence on the aphid side of the plant-insect interaction are not well understood. S. graminum biotype H is highly virulent on most small grain varieties. This characteristic makes biotype H ideal for comparative proteomics to investigate the basis of biotype virulence in aphids. In this study, we used comparative proteomics to identify protein expression differences associated with virulence. Aphid proteins involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, immune system, cell division, and antiapoptosis pathways were found to be up-regulated in biotype H relative to other biotypes. Proteins from the bacterial endosymbiont of aphids were also differentially expressed in biotype H. Guided by the proteome results, we tested whether biotype H had a fitness advantage compared with other S. graminum biotypes and found that biotype H had a higher reproductive fitness as compared with two other biotypes on a range of different wheat germplasms. Finally, we tested whether aphid genetics can be used to further dissect the genetic mechanisms of biotype virulence in aphids. The genetic data showed that sexual reproduction is a source of biotypic variation observed in S. graminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pinheiro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University , 2130 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853 United States
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Xia WK, Ding TB, Niu JZ, Liao CY, Zhong R, Yang WJ, Liu B, Dou W, Wang JJ. Exposure to diflubenzuron results in an up-regulation of a chitin synthase 1 gene in citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3711-28. [PMID: 24590130 PMCID: PMC3975363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin synthase synthesizes chitin, which is critical for the arthropod exoskeleton. In this study, we cloned the cDNA sequences of a chitin synthase 1 gene, PcCHS1, in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), which is one of the most economically important pests of citrus worldwide. The full-length cDNA of PcCHS1 contains an open reading frame of 4605 bp of nucleotides, which encodes a protein of 1535 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 175.0 kDa. A phylogenetic analysis showed that PcCHS1 was most closely related to CHS1 from Tetranychus urticae. During P. citri development, PcCHS1 was constantly expressed in all stages but highly expressed in the egg stage (114.8-fold higher than in the adult). When larvae were exposed to diflubenzuron (DFB) for 6 h, the mite had a significantly high mortality rate, and the mRNA expression levels of PcCHS1 were significantly enhanced. These results indicate a promising use of DFB to control P. citri, by possibly acting as an inhibitor in chitin synthesis as indicated by the up-regulation of PcCHS1 after exposure to DFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Tian-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Chong-Yu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Wen-Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Bansal R, Mian MAR, Michel AP. Microbiome diversity of Aphis glycines with extensive superinfection in native and invasive populations. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:57-69. [PMID: 24596263 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Associations among insects and microbes can lead to beneficial or parasitic interactions. Using 454 sequencing of 16S RNA genes, we compared microbiome diversity and abundance among field-collected (F) and laboratory-reared (L) populations of the invasive soybean aphid (Aphis glycines), a pest of soybean. Additionally, we screened A. glycines populations from native (Japan, South Korea and China) and invasive regions (North America) to broadly determine the microbiome diversity. Our results suggested that Arsenophonus (relative abundance of 54.6%), Buchnera (38.7%) and Wolbachia (3.7%) were the major bacteria associated with A. glycines. Arsenophonus was the most abundant in F populations but was significantly reduced in L populations; additional bacteria species also had lower relative abundances in L populations. Native and invasive populations were largely similar in bacteria communities and revealed substantial superinfection of Arsenophonus and Wolbachia. The lone exception was a lack of Arsenophonus in A. glycines from Japan. Divergent selection pressures among natural and laboratory populations were inferred as factors driving the differential bacterial communities observed. Our results will allow for improved comparative aphid-symbiont research and broaden our understanding of the interactions among insects, endosymbionts and their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Bansal
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
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Yang WJ, Xu KK, Cong L, Wang JJ. Identification, mRNA expression, and functional analysis of chitin synthase 1 gene and its two alternative splicing variants in oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:331-42. [PMID: 23569438 PMCID: PMC3619095 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alternative splicing variants of chitin synthase 1 gene (BdCHS1) were cloned and characterized from the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The cDNA of both variants (BdCHS1a and BdCHS1b) consisted of 5,552 nucleotides (nt), with an open reading frame (ORF) of 4,776 nt, encoding a protein of 1,592 amino acid residues, plus 685- and 88-nt of 5'- and 3'-noncoding regions, respectively. The alternative splicing site was located between positions 3,784-3,960 and formed a pair of mutually exclusive exons (a/b) that were same in size (177 nt), but showed only 65% identity at the nucleotide level. During B. dorsalis growth and development, BdCHS1 and BdCHS1a were both mainly expressed during the larval-pupal and pupal-adult transitions, while BdCHS1b was mainly expressed during pupal-adult metamorphosis and in the middle of the pupal stage. BdCHS1a was predominately expressed in the integument whereas BdCHS1b was mainly expressed in the trachea. The 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) induced the expression of BdCHS1 and its variants. Injection of dsRNA of BdCHS1, BdCHS1a, and BdCHS1b into third-instar larvae significantly reduced the expression levels of the corresponding variants, generated phenotypic defects, and killed most of the treated larvae. Furthermore, silencing of BdCHS1 and BdCHS1a had a similar result in that the larva was trapped in old cuticle and died without tanning completely, while silencing of BdCHS1b has no effect on insect morphology. These results demonstrated that BdCHS1 plays an important role in the larval-pupal transition and the expression of BdCHS1 in B. dorsalis is regulated by 20E.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
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Bansal R, Michel AP. Core RNAi Machinery and Sid1, a Component for Systemic RNAi, in the Hemipteran Insect, Aphis glycines. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3786-801. [PMID: 23396108 PMCID: PMC3588070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) offers a novel tool to manage hemipteran pests. For the success of RNAi based pest control in the field, a robust and systemic RNAi response is a prerequisite. We identified and characterized major genes of the RNAi machinery, Dicer2 (Dcr2), Argonaute2 (Ago2), and R2d2 in Aphis glycines, a serious pest of soybean. The A. glycines genome encodes for at least one copy of Dcr2, R2d2 and Ago2. Comparative and molecular evolution analyses (dN/dS) showed that domain regions of encoded proteins are highly conserved, whereas linker (non-domain) regions are diversified. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses suggested that the RNAi machinery of A. glycines is more similar to that of Tribolium casteneum as compared to that of Drosophila melanogaster. We also characterized Sid1, a major gene implicated in the systemic response for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. Through qPCR, Dcr2, R2d2, Ago2, and Sid1 were found to be expressed at similar levels in various tissues, but higher expression of Dcr2, R2d2, and Ago2 was seen in first and second instars. Characterization of RNAi pathway and Sid1 in A. glycines will provide the foundation of future work for controlling one of the most important insect pests of soybean in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Bansal
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Andy P. Michel
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA; E-Mail:
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