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Guo Z, Zhu L, Cheng Z, Dong L, Guo L, Bai Y, Wu Q, Wang S, Yang X, Xie W, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Lafont R, Zhang Y. A midgut transcriptional regulatory loop favors an insect host to withstand a bacterial pathogen. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100675. [PMID: 39170942 PMCID: PMC11338098 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that insect hormones associated with growth and development also participate in pathogen defense. We have discovered a previously undescribed midgut transcriptional control pathway that modulates the availability of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in a worldwide insect pest (Plutella xylostella), allowing it to defeat the major virulence factor of an insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). A reduction of the transcriptional inhibitor (PxDfd) increases the expression of a midgut microRNA (miR-8545), which in turn represses the expression of a newly identified ecdysteroid-degrading glucose dehydrogenase (PxGLD). Downregulation of PxGLD reduces 20E degradation to increase 20E titer and concurrently triggers a transcriptional negative feedback loop to mitigate 20E overproduction. The moderately elevated 20E titer in the midgut activates a MAPK signaling pathway to increase Bt tolerance/resistance. These findings deepen our understanding of the functions attributed to these classical insect hormones and help inform potential future strategies that can be employed to control insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liuhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhouqiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lina Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Le Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QE, UK
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, School of Integrative Biology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
| | - René Lafont
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS - IBPS (BIOSIPE), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Youjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Jiang W, Guo K, Dong H, Zhang X, Guo Z, Duan J, Jing X, Xia Q, Zhao P. Mutation in the Bombyx mori BmGMC2 gene impacts silk production and silk protein synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133400. [PMID: 38925172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Silk is a natural protein fiber that is predominantly comprised of fibroin and sericin. In addition, it contains seroins, protease inhibitors, enzymes, and other proteins. We found an ecdysone oxidase BmGMC2, notably, which is specifically and highly expressed only in the silk glands of silkworms (Bombyx mori L.). It is also one of the main components of non-cocoon silk, however, its precise function remains unclear. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of this protein and obtained a homozygous mutant strain (K-GMC2) using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Compared to the wild-type strain (WT), the silk production and main silk proteins significantly decreased in the larval stage, and the adhesive strength of native silk proteins decreased in the final instar. Proteomic data indicated the abundance of ribosomal proteins decreased significantly in K-GMC2, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were enriched in pathways related to neurodegenerative diseases and genetic information processing, indicating that knockout may lead to a certain degree of cell stress, affecting the synthesis of silk proteins. This study investigated the expression pattern and gene function of ecdysone oxidase BmGMC2 in silk and silk glands, laying the groundwork for understanding the role of enzymes in the production of silk fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Jiang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Kaiyu Guo
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Haonan Dong
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhouguanrui Guo
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Jingmin Duan
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Jing
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China.
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Zhang YX, Tan Q, Jin L, Li GQ. Molecular characterization of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP18A1 in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22111. [PMID: 38628055 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In insects, the expression of 20E response genes that initiate metamorphosis is triggered by a pulse of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The 20E pulse is generated through two processes: synthesis, which increases its level, and inactivation, which decreases its titer. CYP18A1 functions as an ecdysteroid 26-hydroxylase and plays a role in 20E removal in several representative insects. However, applying 20E degradation activity of CYP18A1 to other insects remains a significant challenge. In this study, we discovered high levels of Hvcyp18a1 during the larval and late pupal stages, particularly in the larval epidermis and fat body of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, a damaging Coleopteran pest of potatoes. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting Hvcyp18a1 disrupted the pupation. Approximately 75% of the Hvcyp18a1 RNAi larvae experienced developmental arrest and remained as stunted prepupae. Subsequently, they gradually turned black and eventually died. Among the Hvcyp18a1-depleted animals that successfully pupated, around half became malformed pupae with swollen elytra and hindwings. The emerged adults from these deformed pupae appeared misshapen, with shriveled elytra and hindwings, and were wrapped in the pupal exuviae. Furthermore, RNAi of Hvcyp18a1 increased the expression of a 20E receptor gene (HvEcR) and four 20E response transcripts (HvE75, HvHR3, HvBrC, and HvαFTZ-F1), while decreased the transcription of HvβFTZ-F1. Our findings confirm the vital role of CYP18A1 in the pupation, potentially involved in the degradation of 20E in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xing Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao Tan
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Cavigliasso F, Savitsky M, Koval A, Erkosar B, Savary L, Gallart-Ayala H, Ivanisevic J, Katanaev VL, Kawecki TJ. Cis-regulatory polymorphism at fiz ecdysone oxidase contributes to polygenic evolutionary response to malnutrition in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011204. [PMID: 38452112 PMCID: PMC10962836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the contribution of a candidate gene, fiz (fezzik), to complex polygenic adaptation to juvenile malnutrition in Drosophila melanogaster. Experimental populations maintained for >250 generations of experimental evolution to a nutritionally poor larval diet (Selected populations) evolved several-fold lower fiz expression compared to unselected Control populations. Here we show that this divergence in fiz expression is mediated by a cis-regulatory polymorphism. This polymorphism, originally sampled from a natural population in Switzerland, is distinct from a second cis-regulatory SNP previously identified in non-African D. melanogaster populations, implying that two independent cis-regulatory variants promoting high fiz expression segregate in non-African populations. Enzymatic analyses of Fiz protein expressed in E. coli demonstrate that it has ecdysone oxidase activity acting on both ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Four of five fiz paralogs annotated to ecdysteroid metabolism also show reduced expression in Selected larvae, implying that malnutrition-driven selection favored general downregulation of ecdysone oxidases. Finally, as an independent test of the role of fiz in poor diet adaptation, we show that fiz knockdown by RNAi results in faster larval growth on the poor diet, but at the cost of greatly reduced survival. These results imply that downregulation of fiz in Selected populations was favored by selection on the nutritionally poor diet because of its role in suppressing growth in response to nutrient shortage. However, they suggest that fiz downregulation is only adaptive in combination with other changes evolved by Selected populations, which ensure that the organism can sustain the faster growth promoted by fiz downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Cavigliasso
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Savitsky
- HumanaFly Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Berra Erkosar
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loriane Savary
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tadeusz J. Kawecki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Identification of Genes Involved in Resistance to High Exogenous 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Spodoptera litura. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030297. [PMID: 35323595 PMCID: PMC8955939 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the most active insect ecdysteroids, is also a major form of phytoecdysteroids in some plants. The phytoecdysteroid from plant is generally considered as defensive weapon to prevent ingestion by phytophagous insects. Conversely, insects also evolved resistance mechanisms to combat the plant defensive system. In this study, we dissected the molecular mechanism to explain how noctuid pest (Spodoptera litura) resist high dosage of 20E. Besides, comparative transcriptomic analysis using two noctuid insects (S. litura and Helicoverpa armigera) also revealed that different species always ultilized various starategies to tolerate ingested hormone. Abstract To prevent their ingestion by phytophagous insects, plants produce secondary metabolites as defensive weapons. Conversely, insects need to counter these metabolites to survive. Different species, though they are closely related, can evolve distinct strategies to resist plant-derived factors. However, the mechanism under this high divergence resistance is still unclear at a molecular level. In this study, we focus on how Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) detoxifies phytoecdysteroids, a class of metabolites capable of disrupting the normal development of insects. Firstly, we find that the S. litura show resistance to artificial foods containing a high level of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the major form of phytoecdysteroids, without any adverse effects on growth and development. Furthermore, a comparative transcriptomic analysis between S. litura and another noctuid insect (Helicoverpa armigera) was performed. Almost all known ecdysteroid degradation pathways including 3-epimerization, 22-phosphorylation, 22-esterification, and 26-hydroxylation were upregulated in the midgut of 20E treated S. litura larvae, whereas only 22-esterification and 26-hydroxylation were enhanced in H. armigera larvae. In summary, though both species belong to the Noctuidae family, they evolved two different strategies to tolerate a high dosage of ingested 20E.
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You L, Li Z, Zhang Z, Hu B, Yu Y, Yang F, Tan A. Two dehydroecdysone reductases act as fat body-specific 20E catalyzers in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:100-110. [PMID: 34018323 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Periodic post-embryonic changes in insects, including growth, development and metamorphosis, are strictly controlled by many compounds, including steroid hormones. The biosynthesis and clearance of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the major active form of the insect steroid hormone ecdysone, result in titer fluctuations that help control insect development. The inactivation of 20E in the silkworm Bombyx mori is highly tissue-specific, with CYP18A1 and ecdysone oxidase controlling 20E inactivation specifically in the mid-silk gland and midgut, respectively. Here, we characterized silkworm 3-dehydroecdysone 3α reductase (Bm3DE3α) and 3-dehydroecdysone 3β reductase (Bm3DE3β), two enzymes involved predominantly in the C-3-mediated catalysis of 20E in fat bodies. The ubiquitous and silk gland-specific overexpression of Bm3DE3α decreased the 20E titer, resulting in larval lethality and larval-pupal transition failure, respectively. In contrast, the ubiquitous and mid-silk gland-specific overexpression of Bm3DE3β increased the 20E titer, resulting in larval growth delays and lethality at the mid-fifth larval stage, respectively. Thus, Bm3DE3α and Bm3DE3β mediate fat body-specific steroid hormone metabolism in B. mori, indicating that highly diversified 20E metabolism-related mechanisms exist in different insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fangying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Anjiang Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212100, China
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Fujinaga D, Gu J, Kawahara H, Ogihara MH, Kojima I, Takeshima M, Kataoka H. Twenty-hydroxyecdysone produced by dephosphorylation and ecdysteroidogenesis regulates early embryonic development in the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 127:103491. [PMID: 33096212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are key regulators of embryonic development as well as molting and metamorphosis in insects. Although an active form of ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is known to be produced through ecdysteroidogenesis from cholesterol and dephosphorylation of 20E-phosphate during embryogenesis in Lepidoptera, the importance of these production mechanisms in embryonic development has been unclear. Here, we investigated the activation timing of ecdysteroidogenesis from cholesterol and 20E-phosphate dephosphorylation during early embryogenesis in non-diapause eggs of the silkmoth Bombyx mori by observing morphological development, quantifying 20E and 20E-phosphate, measuring transcripts of enzymes involved in 20E production, and detecting activity of these enzymes using egg extracts. Stage-dependent 20E fluctuation and changes in mRNA amounts of enzymes suggest that the two 20E-producing mechanisms are activated at different stages during embryogenesis. Furthermore, knockdown of a dephosphorylation enzyme delayed development at early embryogenesis, whereas knockdown of an ecdysteroidogenic enzyme delayed development at early-middle embryogenesis. These results suggest that 20E is primarily produced initially by dephosphorylation of 20E-phosphate, and then by ecdysteroidogenesis from cholesterol to induce progression of embryonic development in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Junjie Gu
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hajime Kawahara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mari H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ikumi Kojima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mika Takeshima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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Chen J, Lu Z, Li M, Mao T, Wang H, Li F, Sun H, Dai M, Ye W, Li B. The mechanism of sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure causing silkworm pupation metamorphosis defects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2838-2845. [PMID: 32237032 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is widely used in agriculture and forestry to prevent and control pests. The effects of environmental CAP residue on non-target insect metamorphosis have not been reported. Our research aimed to investigate the sublethal effect of CAP on larva-pupa transformation in silkworm, and explore the mechanism of sublethal CAP exposure-mediated pupation metamorphosis defects. RESULT Sublethal CAP exposure affected the growth and development of silkworm larvae and caused defects in pupation metamorphosis. After CAP exposure, formation the of prepupa procuticle, ecdysial membrane and new epidermis was inhibited. Also, the level of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and mRNA levels of the 20E signaling pathway-related genes EcR, USP, E74, E75 and Ftz-f1 were significantly reduced. Moreover, genes involved in chitin synthesis, such as ChsA, CDA1 and CDA2, were downregulated. Injection of 20E led to the upregulation of chitin synthesis-related genes and increased formation of new epidermis in CAP-treated silkworm. However, injection of 20E failed to prevent downregulation of Ftz-f1 and the defects in pupation metamorphosis. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that 20E is a target hormone of CAP exposure-mediated epidermis formation phenotype. Ftz-f1 was silenced by CAP and might be a direct target gene of sublethal CAP exposure. Our study provided new evidence of the effects of sublethal CAP exposure on insect development and metamorphosis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengting Lu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Mao
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haina Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Ye
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Duan H, Yang X, Bu Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Sun W. Identification and Characterization of Genes Involved in Ecdysteroid Esterification Pathway Contributing to the High 20-Hydroxyecdysone Resistance of Helicoverpa armigera. Front Physiol 2020; 11:508. [PMID: 32581827 PMCID: PMC7296158 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E), the most important regulator for insect development, is also a major component in phytoecdysteroids in plants. Therefore, this plant-derived hormone is considered as a potential natural product for use in pest management. However, some insects show high resistance to it, and the molecular mechanism of their resistance is still unclear. In this study, we find that the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera larvae show high tolerance to artificial foods containing up to 50 μg 20E without any detrimental effects on growth and development. High performance liquid chromatography analysis indicates that high efficiency to transform the ingested 20E through an ecdysteroid esterification pathway may contribute to the resistance. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis of the larvae's midgut after 20E treatment identifies two genes (long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase, Long-FACL; sterol O-acyltransferase, SATF) involved in the pathway. Transcriptome and real-time PCR show the Long-FACL gene can be significantly induced by 20E, and this induction is only detected in the midgut. However, 20E has no effect on the transcript of the SATF gene. Moreover, the heterologously expressed protein of the SATF gene shows the ecdysteroid-22-O-acyltransferase activity that requires fatty acyl-CoA, which is produced by Long-FACL. Taken together, our results identify and demonstrate the genes involved in the ecdysteroid esterification pathway conferring high resistance to 20E in the cotton bollworm, H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Sun
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Deep Insight into the Transcriptome of the Single Silk Gland of Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102491. [PMID: 31137550 PMCID: PMC6567255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The silk gland synthesizes and secretes a large amount of protein and stores liquid silk protein at an extremely high concentration. Interestingly, silk proteins and serine protease inhibitors are orderly arranged in the silk gland lumen and cocoon shells. Silk fiber formation and the spinning mechanism have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of seven segments of the single silk gland to characterize internal changes in the silk gland during the 5th instar of mature larvae. In total, 3121 differentially expressed genes were identified in the seven segments. Genes highly expressed in the middle silk gland (MSG) were mainly involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, apoptosis—fly, and lysosome pathways, whereas genes highly expressed in the posterior silk gland (PSG) were mainly involved in ribosome, proteasome, citrate cycle, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Thus, the MSG and PSG differ greatly in energy source use and function. Further, 773 gradually upregulated genes (from PSG to MSG) were involved in energy metabolism, silk protein synthesis, and secretion, suggesting that these genes play an important role in silk fiber formation. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism of silk protein synthesis and transport and silk fiber formation.
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11
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Moulos P, Alexandratos A, Nellas I, Dedos SG. Refining a steroidogenic model: an analysis of RNA-seq datasets from insect prothoracic glands. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:537. [PMID: 30005604 PMCID: PMC6045881 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prothoracic gland (PG), the principal steroidogenic organ of insects, has been proposed as a model for steroid hormone biosynthesis and regulation. RESULTS To validate the robustness of the model, we present an analysis of accumulated transcriptomic data from PGs of two model species, Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori. We identify that the common core components of the model in both species are encoded by nine genes. Five of these are Halloween genes whose expression differs substantially between the PGs of these species. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the PGs can be a model for steroid hormone synthesis and regulation within the context of mitochondrial cholesterol transport and steroid biosynthesis but beyond these core mechanisms, gene expression in insect PGs is too diverse to fit in a context-specific model and should be analysed within a species-specific framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Moulos
- HybridStat Predictive Analytics, Aiolou 19, 10551 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center ‘Alexander Fleming’, Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Nellas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Skarlatos G. Dedos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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Wang RX, Tong XL, Gai TT, Li CL, Qiao L, Hu H, Han MJ, Xiang ZH, Lu C, Dai FY. A serine protease homologue Bombyx mori scarface induces a short and fat body shape in silkworm. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:319-332. [PMID: 29441628 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Body shape is one of the most prominent and basic characteristics of any organism. In insects, abundant variations in body shape can be observed both within and amongst species. However, the molecular mechanism underlying body shape fine-tuning is very complex and has been largely unknown until now. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, the tubby (tub) mutant has an abnormal short fat body shape and the abdomen of tub larvae expands to form a fusiform body shape. Morphological investigation revealed that the body length was shorter and the body width was wider than that of the Dazao strain. Thus, this mutant is a good model for studying the molecular mechanisms of body shape fine-tuning. Using positional cloning, we identified a gene encoding the serine protease homologue, B. mori scarface (Bmscarface), which is associated with the tub phenotype. Sequence analysis revealed a specific 312-bp deletion from an exon of Bmscarface in the tub strain. In addition, recombination was not observed between the tub and Bmscarface loci. Moreover, RNA interference of Bmscarface resulted in the tub-like phenotype. These results indicate that Bmscarface is responsible for the tub mutant phenotype. This is the first study to report that mutation of a serine protease homologue can induce an abnormal body shape in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - X-L Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - T-T Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - C-L Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Qiao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - M-J Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z-H Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - C Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - F-Y Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Wang G, Chen Y, Zhang X, Bai B, Yan H, Qin D, Xia Q. Selection of reference genes for tissue/organ samples on day 3 fifth-instar larvae in silkworm, Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21458. [PMID: 29570841 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is one of the world's most economically important insect. Surveying variations in gene expression among multiple tissue/organ samples will provide clues for gene function assignments and will be helpful for identifying genes related to economic traits or specific cellular processes. To ensure their accuracy, commonly used gene expression quantification methods require a set of stable reference genes for data normalization. In this study, 24 candidate reference genes were assessed in 10 tissue/organ samples of day 3 fifth-instar B. mori larvae using geNorm and NormFinder. The results revealed that, using the combination of the expression of BGIBMGA003186 and BGIBMGA008209 was the optimum choice for normalizing the expression data of the B. mori tissue/organ samples. The most stable gene, BGIBMGA003186, is recommended if just one reference gene is used. Moreover, the commonly used reference gene encoding cytoplasmic actin was the least appropriate reference gene of the samples investigated. The reliability of the selected reference genes was further confirmed by evaluating the expression profiles of two cathepsin genes. Our results may be useful for future studies involving the quantification of relative gene expression levels of different tissue/organ samples in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingchuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daoyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Silva-Brandão KL, Peruchi A, Seraphim N, Murad NF, Carvalho RA, Farias JR, Omoto C, Cônsoli FL, Figueira A, Brandão MM. Loci under selection and markers associated with host plant and host-related strains shape the genetic structure of Brazilian populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197378. [PMID: 29787608 PMCID: PMC5963752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied the ddRAD genotyping-by-sequencing technique to investigate the genetic distinctiveness of Brazilian populations of the noctuid moth Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm (FAW), and the role of host-plant association as a source of genetic diversification. By strain-genotyping all field-collected individuals we found that populations collected from corn were composed primarily of corn-strain individuals, while the population collected from rice was composed almost entirely of rice-strain individuals. Outlier analyses indicated 1,184 loci putatively under selection (ca. 15% of the total) related to 194 different Gene Ontologies (GOs); the most numerous GOs were nucleotide binding, ATP binding, metal-ion binding and nucleic-acid binding. The association analyses indicated 326 loci associated with the host plant, and 216 loci associated with the individual strain, including functions related to Bacillus thuringiensis and insecticide resistance. The genetic-structure analyses indicated a moderate level of differentiation among all populations, and lower genetic structure among populations collected exclusively from corn, which suggests that the population collected from rice has a strong influence on the overall genetic structure. Populations of S. frugiperda are structured partially due to the host plant, and pairs of populations using the same host plant are more genetically similar than pairs using different hosts. Loci putatively under selection are the main factors responsible for the genetic structure of these populations, which indicates that adaptive selection on important traits, including the response to control tactics, is acting in the genetic differentiation of FAW populations in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lucas Silva-Brandão
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus "Luiz de Queiroz", Laboratório de Melhoramento de Plantas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Aline Peruchi
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus "Luiz de Queiroz", Laboratório de Melhoramento de Plantas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemy Seraphim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, campus Campinas CTI Renato Archer, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Faraj Murad
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Ricardo Farias
- Instituto Phytus, Departamento de Entomologia, Rua Duque de Caxias, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Celso Omoto
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus "Luiz de Queiroz", Laboratório de Melhoramento de Plantas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendes Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Lombardo F, Salvemini M, Fiorillo C, Nolan T, Zwiebel LJ, Ribeiro JM, Arcà B. Deciphering the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:770. [PMID: 29020917 PMCID: PMC5637092 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive species and competent vector of several arboviruses (e.g. dengue, chikungunya, Zika) and parasites (e.g. dirofilaria) of public health importance. Compared to other mosquito species, Ae. albopictus females exhibit a generalist host seeking as well as a very aggressive biting behaviour that are responsible for its high degree of nuisance. Several complex mosquito behaviours such as host seeking, feeding, mating or oviposition rely on olfactory stimuli that target a range of sensory neurons localized mainly on specialized head appendages such as antennae, maxillary palps and the mouthparts. RESULTS With the aim to describe the Ae. albopictus olfactory repertoire we have used RNA-seq to reveal the transcriptome profiles of female antennae and maxillary palps. Male heads and whole female bodies were employed as reference for differential expression analysis. The relative transcript abundance within each tissue (TPM, transcripts per kilobase per million) and the pairwise differential abundance in the different tissues (fold change values and false discovery rates) were evaluated. Contigs upregulated in the antennae (620) and maxillary palps (268) were identified and relative GO and PFAM enrichment profiles analysed. Chemosensory genes were described: overall, 77 odorant binding proteins (OBP), 82 odorant receptors (OR), 60 ionotropic receptors (IR) and 30 gustatory receptors (GR) were identified by comparative genomics and transcriptomics. In addition, orthologs of genes expressed in the female/male maxillary palps and/or antennae and involved in thermosensation (e.g. pyrexia and arrestin1), mechanosensation (e.g. piezo and painless) and neuromodulation were classified. CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first detailed transcriptome of the main Ae. albopictus sensory appendages, i.e. antennae and maxillary palps. A deeper knowledge of the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito will help to better understand its biology and may pave the way to design new attractants/repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Fiorillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tony Nolan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - José M. Ribeiro
- NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH, Rockville, 20852 MD USA
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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Acevedo FE, Stanley BA, Stanley A, Peiffer M, Luthe DS, Felton GW. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the fall armyworm saliva. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 86:81-92. [PMID: 28591565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran larvae secrete saliva on plant tissues during feeding. Components in the saliva may aid in food digestion, whereas other components are recognized by plants as cues to elicit defense responses. Despite the ecological and economical importance of these plant-feeding insects, knowledge of their saliva composition is limited to a few species. In this study, we identified the salivary proteins of larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda; determined qualitative and quantitative differences in the salivary proteome of the two host races-corn and rice strains-of this insect; and identified changes in total protein concentration and relative protein abundance in the saliva of FAW larvae associated with different host plants. Quantitative proteomic analyses were performed using labeling with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 98 proteins were identified (>99% confidence) in the FAW saliva. These proteins were further categorized into five functional groups: proteins potentially involved in (1) plant defense regulation, (2) herbivore offense, (3) insect immunity, (4) detoxification, (5) digestion, and (6) other functions. Moreover, there were differences in the salivary proteome between the FAW strains that were identified by label-free proteomic analyses. Thirteen differentially identified proteins were present in each strain. There were also differences in the relative abundance of eleven salivary proteins between the two FAW host strains as well as differences within each strain associated with different diets. The total salivary protein concentration was also different for the two strains reared on different host plants. Based on these results, we conclude that the FAW saliva contains a complex mixture of proteins involved in different functions that are specific for each strain and its composition can change plastically in response to diet type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor E Acevedo
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Bruce A Stanley
- Section of Research Resources, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Anne Stanley
- Section of Research Resources, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Dawn S Luthe
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, 216 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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17
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Diao X, Li N, Liu C. Toxicity of the mycotoxin fumonisin B 1 on the insect Sf9 cell line. Toxicon 2017; 129:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Sun W, Wang CF, Zhang Z. Transcription factor E74A affects the ecdysone titer by regulating the expression of the EO gene in the silkworm, Bomby mori. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:551-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Gao K, Deng XY, Shang MK, Qin GX, Hou CX, Guo XJ. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of midgut in silkworm infected with Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. J Proteomics 2017; 152:300-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Yang B, Huang W, Zhang J, Xu Q, Zhu S, Zhang Q, Beerntsen BT, Song H, Ling E. Analysis of gene expression in the midgut of Bombyx mori during the larval molting stage. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:866. [PMID: 27809786 PMCID: PMC5096333 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insects can be models for understanding human intestinal infection and pathology. Molting, a special period during which the old insect cuticle is shed and a new one is produced, is crucial for insect development. Holometabolous insects may experience several larva-to-larva moltings to become larger, a pupal molt and adult eclosion to become adults. During the larval molts, they stop feeding and become quiescent. Although the molting larvae become quiescent, it is not known if changes in microbiome, physiology, development and immunity of midguts occur. Results Transcriptome analysis indicated that functions such as metabolism, digestion, and transport may become reduced due to the downregulated expression of many associated genes. During the molting stage, midguts harbor less microflora and DNA synthesis decreases. Both ecdysone and juvenile hormone in the larval midgut likely degrade after entering the larva-to-larva molting stage. However, at 12 h after ecdysis, the feeding larvae of 5th instars that were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone entered a molting-like stage, during which changes in midgut morphology, DNA synthesis, gene expression, and microflora exhibited the same patterns as observed in the actual molting state. Conclusion This study is important for understanding insect midgut physiology, development and immunity during a special development stage when no food is ingested. Although the molting larva becomes immobile and quiescent, we demonstrate that numerous changes occur in midgut morphology, physiology, metabolism and microbiome during this period. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3162-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiuyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shoulin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Brenda T Beerntsen
- Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Hongsheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Wu K, Yang B, Huang W, Dobens L, Song H, Ling E. Gut immunity in Lepidopteran insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:65-74. [PMID: 26872544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects constitute one of the largest fractions of animals on earth, but are considered pests in their relationship with man. Key to the success of this order of insects is its ability to digest food and absorb nutrition, which takes place in the midgut. Because environmental microorganisms can easily enter Lepidopteran guts during feeding, the innate immune response guards against pathogenic bacteria, virus and microsporidia that can be devoured with food. Gut immune responses are complicated by both resident gut microbiota and the surrounding peritrophic membrane and are distinct from immune responses in the body cavity, which depend on the function of the fat body and hemocytes. Due to their relevance to agricultural production, studies of Lepidopteran insect midgut and immunity are receiving more attention, and here we summarize gut structures and functions, and discuss how these confer immunity against different microorganisms. It is expected that increased knowledge of Lepidopteran gut immunity may be utilized for pest biological control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Leonard Dobens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hongsheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Franco Cairo JPL, Carazzolle MF, Leonardo FC, Mofatto LS, Brenelli LB, Gonçalves TA, Uchima CA, Domingues RR, Alvarez TM, Tramontina R, Vidal RO, Costa FF, Costa-Leonardo AM, Paes Leme AF, Pereira GAG, Squina FM. Expanding the Knowledge on Lignocellulolytic and Redox Enzymes of Worker and Soldier Castes from the Lower Termite Coptotermes gestroi. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1518. [PMID: 27790186 PMCID: PMC5061848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites are considered one of the most efficient decomposers of lignocelluloses on Earth due to their ability to produce, along with its microbial symbionts, a repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Recently, a set of Pro-oxidant, Antioxidant, and Detoxification enzymes (PAD) were also correlated with the metabolism of carbohydrates and lignin in termites. The lower termite Coptotermes gestroi is considered the main urban pest in Brazil, causing damage to wood constructions. Recently, analysis of the enzymatic repertoire of C. gestroi unveiled the presence of different CAZymes. Because the gene profile of CAZy/PAD enzymes endogenously synthesized by C. gestroi and also by their symbiotic protists remains unclear, the aim of this study was to explore the eukaryotic repertoire of these enzymes in worker and soldier castes of C. gestroi. Our findings showed that worker and soldier castes present similar repertoires of CAZy/PAD enzymes, and also confirmed that endo-glucanases (GH9) and beta-glucosidases (GH1) were the most important glycoside hydrolase families related to lignocellulose degradation in both castes. Classical cellulases such as exo-glucanases (GH7) and endo-glucanases (GH5 and GH45), as well as classical xylanases (GH10 and GH11), were found in both castes only taxonomically related to protists, highlighting the importance of symbiosis in C. gestroi. Moreover, our analysis revealed the presence of Auxiliary Activity enzyme families (AAs), which could be related to lignin modifications in termite digestomes. In conclusion, this report expanded the knowledge on genes and proteins related to CAZy/PAD enzymes from worker and soldier castes of lower termites, revealing new potential enzyme candidates for second-generation biofuel processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P L Franco Cairo
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flávia C Leonardo
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil; Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (Hemocentro), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Mofatto
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil; Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (Hemocentro), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lívia B Brenelli
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Gonçalves
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristiane A Uchima
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Romênia R Domingues
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBIO), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thabata M Alvarez
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Robson Tramontina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ramon O Vidal
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Costa
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (Hemocentro), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana M Costa-Leonardo
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Paes Leme
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBIO), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
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Dong Z, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Song Q, Zhang X, Guo P, Wang D, Xia Q. Analysis of proteome dynamics inside the silk gland lumen of Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21158. [PMID: 27102218 PMCID: PMC4840313 DOI: 10.1038/srep21158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The silk gland is the only organ where silk proteins are synthesized and secreted in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Silk proteins are stored in the lumen of the silk gland for around eight days during the fifth instar. Determining their dynamic changes is helpful for clarifying the secretion mechanism of silk proteins. Here, we identified the proteome in the silk gland lumen using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and demonstrated its changes during two key stages. From day 5 of the fifth instar to day 1 of wandering, the abundances of fibroins, sericins, seroins, and proteins of unknown functions increased significantly in different compartments of the silk gland lumen. As a result, these accumulated proteins constituted the major cocoon components. In contrast, the abundances of enzymes and extracellular matrix proteins decreased in the silk gland lumen, suggesting that they were not the structural constituents of silk. Twenty-five enzymes may be involved in the regulation of hormone metabolism for proper silk gland function. In addition, the metabolism of other non-proteinous components such as chitin and pigment were also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qianru Song
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
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24
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Li Z, You L, Zeng B, Ling L, Xu J, Chen X, Zhang Z, Palli SR, Huang Y, Tan A. Ectopic expression of ecdysone oxidase impairs tissue degeneration in Bombyx mori. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150513. [PMID: 26041352 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis in insects includes a series of programmed tissue histolysis and remolding processes that are controlled by two major classes of hormones, juvenile hormones and ecdysteroids. Precise pulses of ecdysteroids (the most active ecdysteroid is 20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E), are regulated by both biosynthesis and metabolism. In this study, we show that ecdysone oxidase (EO), a 20E inactivation enzyme, expresses predominantly in the midgut during the early pupal stage in the lepidopteran model insect, Bombyx mori. Depletion of BmEO using the transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases) system extended the duration of the final instar larval stage. Ubiquitous transgenic overexpression of BmEO using the Gal4/UAS system induced lethality during the larval-pupal transition. When BmEO was specifically overexpressed in the middle silk gland (MSG), degeneration of MSG at the onset of metamorphosis was blocked. Transmission electron microscope and LysoTracker analyses showed that the autophagy pathway in MSG is inhibited by BmEO ectopic expression. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the genes involved in autophagic cell death and the mTOR signal pathway are affected by overexpression of BmEO. Taken together, BmEO functional studies reported here provide insights into ecdysone regulation of tissue degeneration during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang You
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agriculture Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Yongping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Anjiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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25
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Sun W, Shen YH, Zhou LX, Zhang Z. Ecdysone Titer Determined by 3DE-3β-Reductase Enhances the Immune Response in the Silkworm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1646-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Su H, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Li Z, Stanley D, Yang Y. Silk Gland Gene Expression during Larval-Pupal Transition in the Cotton Leaf Roller Sylepta derogata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136868. [PMID: 26352931 PMCID: PMC4564283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cotton leaf roller, Sylepta derogata, is a silk-producing insect pest. While young larvae feed on the underside of leaves, the older ones roll cotton leaves and feed on the leaf edges, which defoliates cotton plants. The larvae produce silk to stabilize the rolled leaf and to balloon from used to new leaves. Despite the significance of silk in the biology of pest insect species, there is virtually no information on the genes involved in their silk production. This is a substantial knowledge gap because some of these genes may be valuable targets for developing molecular pest management technologies. We addressed the gap by posing the hypothesis that silk gland gene expression changes during the transition from larvae to pupae. We tested our hypothesis using RNA-seq to investigate changes in silk gland gene expression at three developmental stages, 5th instar larvae (silk producing; 15,445,926 clean reads), prepupae (reduced silk producing; 13,758,154) and pupae (beyond silk producing; 16,787,792). We recorded 60,298 unigenes and mapped 50,158 (larvae), 48,415 (prepupae) and 46,623 (pupae) of them to the NCBI database. Most differentially expressed genes in the 5th instar larvae/prepupae libraries were relevant to nucleotide synthesis and maintenance of silk gland function. We identified down-regulated transcriptional factors and several genes involved in silk formation in the three libraries and verified the expression pattern of eight genes by qPCR. The developmental- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the fibroin light chain gene showed it was highly expressed during the larval silk-producing stage. We recorded highest expression of this gene in the larval silk gland, compared to other tissues, including midgut, hindgut, epidermis, Malpighian tubes, hemolymph and fat body. These data are a genetic resource to guide selection of key genes that may be targeted for in planta and other gene-silencing technologies for sustainable cotton agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Su
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225009
| | - Yuming Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225009
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- Yangzhou Termite Control Center, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225001
| | - Zhong Li
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225009
| | - David Stanley
- USDA – Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO, United States of America, 65203
| | - Yizhong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225009
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li JY, Ye LP, Che JQ, Song J, You ZY, Yun KC, Wang SH, Zhong BX. Comparative proteomic analysis of the silkworm middle silk gland reveals the importance of ribosome biogenesis in silk protein production. J Proteomics 2015; 126:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Xu J, Wang YQ, Li ZQ, Ling L, Zeng BS, You L, Chen YZ, Aslam AFM, Huang YP, Tan AJ. Functional characterization of the vitellogenin promoter in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:550-557. [PMID: 24828437 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation and genome editing technologies have been successfully established in the lepidopteran insect model, the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, providing great potential for functional genomics and practical applications. However, the current lack of cis-regulatory elements in B. mori gene manipulation research limits further exploitation in functional gene analysis. In the present study, we characterized a B. mori endogenous promoter, Bmvgp, which is a 798-bp DNA sequence adjacent to the 5'-end of the vitellogenin gene (Bmvg). PiggyBac-based transgenic analysis shows that Bmvgp precisely directs expression of a reporter gene, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), in a sex-, tissue- and stage-specific manner. In transgenic animals, EGFP expression can be detected in the female fat body from larval-pupal ecdysis to the following pupal and adult stage. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that EGFP expression can be activated by 20-hydroxyecdysone, which is consistent with endogenous Bmvg expression. These data indicate that Bmvgp is an effective endogenous cis-regulatory element in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Tom M, Manfrin C, Giulianini PG, Pallavicini A. Crustacean oxi-reductases protein sequences derived from a functional genomic project potentially involved in ecdysteroid hormones metabolism - a starting point for function examination. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:71-80. [PMID: 24055302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptomic assembly originated from hypodermis and Y organ of the crustacean Pontastacus leptodactylus is used here for in silico characterization of oxi-reductase enzymes potentially involved in the metabolism of ecdysteroid molting hormones. RNA samples were extracted from male Y organ and its neighboring hypodermis in all stages of the molt cycle. An equimolar RNA mix from all stages was sequenced using next generation sequencing technologies and de novo assembled, resulting with 74,877 unique contigs. These transcript sequences were annotated by examining their resemblance to all GenBank translated transcripts, determining their Gene Ontology terms and their characterizing domains. Based on the present knowledge of arthropod ecdysteroid metabolism and more generally on steroid metabolism in other taxa, transcripts potentially related to ecdysteroid metabolism were identified and their longest possible conceptual protein sequences were constructed in two stages, correct reading frame was deduced from BLASTX resemblances, followed by elongation of the protein sequence by identifying the correct translation frame of the original transcript. The analyzed genes belonged to several oxi-reductase superfamilies including the Rieske non heme iron oxygenases, cytochrome P450s, short-chained hydroxysteroid oxi-reductases, aldo/keto oxireductases, lamin B receptor/sterol reductases and glucose-methanol-cholin oxi-reductatses. A total of 68 proteins were characterized and the most probable participants in the ecdysteroid metabolism where indicated. The study provides transcript and protein structural information, a starting point for further functional studies, using a variety of gene-specific methods to demonstrate or disprove the roles of these proteins in relation to ecdysteroid metabolism in P. leptodactylus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Tom
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O.B 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel.
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30
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Gao P, Chen AL, Zhao QL, Shen XJ, Qiu ZY, Xia DG, Tang SM, Zhang GZ. Differentially expressed genes in the ovary of the sixth day of pupal "Ming" lethal egg mutant of silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gene 2013; 527:161-6. [PMID: 23769927 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The "Ming" lethal egg mutant (l-em) is a vitelline membrane mutant in silkworm, Bombyx mori. The eggs laid by the l-em mutant lose water, ultimately causing death within an hour. Previous studies have shown that the deletion of BmEP80 is responsible for the l-em mutation in silkworm, B. mori. In the current study, digital gene expression (DGE) was performed to investigate the difference of gene expression in ovaries between wild type and l-em mutant on the sixth day of the pupal stage to obtain a global view of gene expression profiles using the ovaries of three l-em mutants and three wild types. The results showed a total of 3,463,495 and 3,607,936 clean tags in the wild type and the l-em mutant libraries, respectively. Compared with those of wild type, 239 differentially expressed genes were detected in the l-em mutant, wherein 181 genes are up-regulated and 58 genes are down-regulated in the mutant strain. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis results showed that no pathway was significantly enriched and three pathways are tightly related to protein synthesis among the five leading pathways. Moreover, the expression profiles of eight important differentially expressed genes related to oogenesis changed. These results provide a comprehensive gene expression analysis of oogenesis and vitellogenesis in B. mori which facilitates understanding of both the specific molecular mechanism of the 1-em mutant and Lepidopteran oogenesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
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31
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Park MS, Egi Y, Takeda M, Sakamoto K. The clock protein PERIOD is expressed in goblet cells of the larval midgut in the silkworm,Bombyx mori. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2013.830506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Sun W, Shen YH, Yang WJ, Cao YF, Xiang ZH, Zhang Z. Expansion of the silkworm GMC oxidoreductase genes is associated with immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:935-945. [PMID: 23022604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases constitute a large gene family in insects. Some of these enzymes play roles in developmental or physiological process, such as ecdysteroid metabolism. However, little is known about the functional diversity of the insect GMC family. Here, we identified 43 GMC genes in the silkworm genome, the largest number of GMC genes among all the insect genomes sequenced to date. Similar to the other insects, there is a highly conserved GMC cluster within the second intron of the silkworm flotillin-2 (flo-2) gene. However, the silkworm GMC genes outside of the conserved GMC cluster have experienced a large expansion. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the silkworm GMCβ subfamily contained 22 copies and made a major contribution to expansion of the silkworm GMC genes. Eighteen of the 22 members of the silkworm GMCβ subfamily are located outside of the conserved GMC cluster, and are known as silkworm expansion genes (SEs). Relative-rate tests showed that SEs evolved significantly faster than the GMCβ genes inside the conserved GMC cluster. Accordingly, the third position GC content (GC3s) and codon bias of SEs are significantly different from those of the GMCβ genes in the conserved GMC cluster. The elevated evolutionary rate of the silkworm GMCβ genes outside of the conserved GMC cluster may reflect the evolution of function diversity. At least 24 of the 43 silkworm GMC genes were differently transcribed and expressed in a tissue- or stage-specific manner during the larval stage. Strikingly, microarray data revealed that four different pathogens upregulated most of the silkworm GMCβ genes. Furthermore, RNA interference of representative upregulated GMCβ genes reduced the survival rate of the silkworm when infected by pathogens. Taken together, the results suggested that expansion of the silkworm GMC oxidoreductase genes is associated with immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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33
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Santhanam A, Liang SY, Chen DY, Chen GC, Meng TC. Midgut-enriched receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP52F is required forDrosophiladevelopment during larva-pupa transition. FEBS J 2012; 280:476-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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