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Wright WF, Kandiah S, Brady R, Shulkin BL, Palestro CJ, Jain SK. Nuclear Medicine Imaging Tools in Fever of Unknown Origin: Time for a Revisit and Appropriate Use Criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:1148-1153. [PMID: 38441140 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a clinical conundrum for patients and clinicians alike, and imaging studies are often performed as part of the diagnostic workup of these patients. Recently, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging convened and approved a guideline on the use of nuclear medicine tools for FUO. The guidelines support the use of 2-18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in adults and children with FUO. 18F-FDG PET/CT allows detection and localization of foci of hypermetabolic lesions with high sensitivity because of the 18F-FDG uptake in glycolytically active cells that may represent inflammation, infection, or neoplasia. Clinicians should consider and insurers should cover 18F-FDG PET/CT when evaluating patients with FUO, particularly when other clinical clues and preliminary studies are unrevealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Wright
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheetal Kandiah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca Brady
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Barry L Shulkin
- Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher J Palestro
- Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Rath RJ, Herrington JO, Adeel M, Güder F, Dehghani F, Farajikhah S. Ammonia detection: A pathway towards potential point-of-care diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116100. [PMID: 38364327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Invasive methods such as blood collection and biopsy are commonly used for testing liver and kidney function, which are painful, time-consuming, require trained personnel, and may not be easily accessible to people for their routine checkup. Early diagnosis of liver and kidney diseases can prevent severe symptoms and ensure better management of these patients. Emerging approaches such as breath and sweat analysis have shown potential as non-invasive methods for disease diagnosis. Among the many markers, ammonia is often used as a biomarker for the monitoring of liver and kidney functions. In this review we provide an insight into the production and expulsion of ammonia gas in the human body, the different diseases that could potentially use ammonia as biomarker and analytical devices such as chemiresistive gas sensors for non-invasive monitoring of this gas. The review also provides an understanding into the different materials, doping agents and substrates used to develop such multifunctional sensors. Finally, the current challenges and the possible future trends have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronil J Rath
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jack O Herrington
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Syamak Farajikhah
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Jiang L, Wu H, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Song N. Structured diagnostic scheme clinical experience sharing: a prospective study of 320 cases of fever of unknown origin in a tertiary hospital in North China. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:452. [PMID: 37420165 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been little research on the long-term clinical outcomes of patients discharged due to undiagnosed fevers of unknown origin (FUO). The purpose of this study was to determine how fever of unknown origin (FUO) evolves over time and to determine the prognosis of patients in order to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment decisions. METHODS Based on FUO structured diagnosis scheme, prospectively included 320 patients who hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from March 15, 2016 to December 31,2019 with FUO, to analysis the cause of FUO, pathogenetic distribution and prognosis, and to compare the etiological distribution of FUO between different years, genders, ages, and duration of fever. RESULTS Among the 320 patients, 279 were finally diagnosed through various types of examination or diagnostic methods, and the diagnosis rate was 87.2%. Among all the causes of FUO, 69.3% were infectious diseases, of which Urinary tract infection 12.8% and lung infection 9.7% were the most common. The majority of pathogens are bacteria. Among contagious diseases, brucellosis is the most common. Non-infectious inflammatory diseases were responsible for 6.3% of cases, of which systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) 1.9% was the most common; 5% were neoplastic diseases; 5.3% were other diseases; and in 12.8% of cases, the cause was unclear. In 2018-2019, the proportion of infectious diseases in FUO was higher than 2016-2017 (P < 0.05). The proportion of infectious diseases was higher in men and older FUO than in women and young and middle-aged (P < 0.05). According to follow-up, the mortality rate of FUO patients during hospitalization was low at 1.9%. CONCLUSIONS Infectious diseases are the principal cause of FUO. There are temporal differences in the etiological distribution of FUO, and the etiology of FUO is closely related to the prognosis. It is important to identify the etiology of patients with worsening or unrelieved disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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The Diagnostic Performance of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) in Depiction of Acute Spondylodiscitis in an Emergency Department. Tomography 2022; 8:1895-1904. [PMID: 35894025 PMCID: PMC9332551 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The diagnosis of acute spondylodiscitis can be very difficult because clinical onset symptoms are highly variable. The reference examination is MRI, but very often the first diagnostic investigation performed is CT, given its high availability in the acute setting. CT allows rapid evaluation of other alternative diagnoses (e.g., fractures), but scarce literature is available to evaluate the accuracy of CT, and in particular of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), in the diagnosis of suspected spondylodiscitis. The aim of our study was to establish MDCT accuracy and how this diagnostic method could help doctors in the depiction of acute spondylodiscitis in an emergency situation by comparing the diagnostic performance of MDCT with MRI, which is the gold standard. Methods: We searched our radiological archive for all MRI examinations of patients who had been studied for a suspicion of acute spondylodiscitis in the period between January 2017 and January 2021 (n = 162). We included only patients who had undergone MDCT examination prior to MRI examination (n = 25). The overall diagnostic value of MDCT was estimated, using MRI as the gold standard. In particular, the aim of our study was to clarify the effectiveness of CT in radiological cases that require immediate intervention (stage of complications). Therefore, the radiologist, faced with a negative CT finding, can suggest an elective (not urgent) MRI with relative serenity and without therapeutic delays. Results: MDCT allowed identification of the presence of acute spondylodiscitis in 13 of 25 patients. Specificity and positive predictive value were 100% for MDCT, while sensitivity and negative predictive value were 68% and 50%, respectively, achieving an overall accuracy of 76%. In addition, MDCT allowed the identification of paravertebral abscesses (92%), fairly pathognomonic lesions of spondylodiscitis pathology. Conclusions: The MDCT allows identification of the presence of acute spondylodiscitis in the Emergency Department (ED) with a satisfactory accuracy. In the case of a positive CT examination, this allows therapy to be started immediately and reduces complications. However, we suggest performing an elective MRI examination in negative cases in which pathological findings are hard to diagnose with CT alone.
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Chen JC, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhao YY, Gao P, Qiu LH, Hao KJ, Li HB, Yue MG, Zhou YS, Zhu JH, Gao Y, Gao ZC. Current situation and cost-effectiveness of 18F-FDG PET/CT for the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin and inflammation of unknown origin: a single-center, large-sample study from China. Eur J Radiol 2022; 148:110184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yenilmez E, Kakalicoglu D, Bozkurt F, Filiz M, Akkol Camurcu A, Damar Midik EO, Berk Cam H, Arkali E, Bilgic Atli S, Sahin A, Yorulmaz Goktas S, Erkan H, Ceylan MR, Kacar Eker M, Kaya H, Karacaer Z, Tural E, Dokmetas İ, Gorenek L, Kose S. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) on a land on cross-roads between Asia and Europa; a multicentre study from Turkey. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14138. [PMID: 33683769 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The differential diagnosis of Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is still a major clinical challenge despite the advances in diagnostic procedures. In this multicentre study, we aimed to reveal FUO aetiology and factors influencing the final diagnosis of FUO in Turkey. METHODS A total of 214 patients with FUO between the years 2015 and 2019 from 13 tertiary training and research hospitals were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS The etiologic distribution of FUO was infections (44.9%), malignancies (15.42%), autoimmune/inflammatory (11.68%) diseases, miscellaneous diseases (8.41%) and undiagnosed cases (19.62%). Brucellosis (10.25%), extrapulmonary tuberculosis (6.54%) and infective endocarditis (6.54%) were the most frequent three infective causes. Solid malignancies (7.1%) and lymphoma (5.6%), adult-onset still's disease (6.07%) and thyroiditis (5.14%) were other frequent diseases. The aetiological spectrum did not differ in elderly people (P < .05). Infections were less frequent in Western (34.62%) compared with Eastern regions of Turkey (60.71%) (P < .001, OR: 0.31, 95% Cl: 0.19 to 0.60). The ratio of undiagnosed aetiology was significantly higher in elderly people (p: 0.046, OR: 2.34, 95% Cl: 1.00 to 5.48) and significantly lower in Western Turkey (P: .004, OR: 3.07, 95% Cl: 1.39 to 6.71). CONCLUSIONS Brucellosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis and infective endocarditis remain to be the most frequent infective causes of FUO in Turkey. Solid tumours and lymphomas, AOSD and thyroiditis are the other common diseases. The aetiological spectrum did not differ in elderly people, on the other hand, infections were more common in Eastern Turkey. A considerable amount of aetiology remained undiagnosed despite the state-of-the-art technology in healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Yenilmez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - Deniz Kakalicoglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - Fatma Bozkurt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mine Filiz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Akkol Camurcu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Haydarpasa Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - Elif Ozge Damar Midik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kartal Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - Hande Berk Cam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Eren Arkali
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Konak, Turkey
| | - Seval Bilgic Atli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sahin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Sibel Yorulmaz Goktas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Halil Erkan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Konak, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Resat Ceylan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Merve Kacar Eker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - Hava Kaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adana City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
| | - Zehra Karacaer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ersin Tural
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - İlyas Dokmetas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - Levent Gorenek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Turkey
| | - Sukran Kose
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Konak, Turkey
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Wright WF, Auwaerter PG. Fever and Fever of Unknown Origin: Review, Recent Advances, and Lingering Dogma. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa132. [PMID: 32462043 PMCID: PMC7237822 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever has preoccupied physicians since the earliest days of clinical medicine. It has been the subject of scrutiny in recent decades. Historical convention has mostly determined that 37.0°C (98.6°F) should be regarded as normal body temperature, and more modern evidence suggests that fever is a complex physiological response involving the innate immune system and should not be characterized merely as a temperature above this threshold. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) was first defined in 1961 by Petersdorf and Beeson and continues to be a clinical challenge for physicians. Although clinicians may have some understanding of the history of clinical thermometry, how average body temperatures were established, thermoregulation, and pathophysiology of fever, new concepts are emerging. While FUO subgroups and etiologic classifications have remained unchanged since 1991 revisions, the spectrum of diseases, clinical approach to diagnosis, and management are changing. This review considers how newer data should influence both definitions and lingering dogmatic principles. Despite recent advances and newer imaging techniques such as 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, clinical judgment remains an essential component of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Wright
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul G Auwaerter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wafa SEI, Ahmed R, Ling KT, Carey P. A case of fever of unknown origin and recurrent hospital admissions in a cardiac patient: emergence of Enterobacter cloacae. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/9/e231108. [PMID: 31492731 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 72-year-old gentleman with significant cardiac history and a pacemaker in situ initially presented to the emergency department 5 days after he had his pacemaker-unit batteries changed. He had deranged vital signs, productive cough and fever. His chest plain radiograph did not show evidence of infection; however, he had right basal crackles on auscultation, which suggested a lower respiratory tract infection. He was treated with intravenous co-amoxiclav and supportive therapy, which led to his improvement. The patient was discharged but had to be readmitted a total of four times over the span of 4 months due to recurrent fever and associated symptoms. Transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiograms and CT of the neck/thorax/abdomen/pelvis were done to look for endocarditis, pacemaker-unit infection and other sources of infection. However, these did not show any evidence of infection. He did have persistent raised inflammatory markers and two blood cultures growing Enterobacter cloacae. A fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan was done, which showed evidence of pacemaker lead infection. His pacemaker unit was removed, which led to cessation of his symptoms and normalisation of his inflammatory markers. He had no further hospital admissions to date and has been regularly followed up in an outpatient cardiology clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Emir Irfan Wafa
- Cardiology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Burton on Trent, UK.,Cardiology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- Cardiology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Burton on Trent, UK
| | - Kay Teck Ling
- Cardiology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Burton on Trent, UK.,Stroke Medicine, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Burton on Trent, UK
| | - Peter Carey
- Cardiology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Burton on Trent, UK
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9
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Ludwig DR, Amin TN, Manson JJ. Suspected systemic rheumatic diseases in adults presenting with fever. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2019; 33:101426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Fusco FM, Pisapia R, Nardiello S, Cicala SD, Gaeta GB, Brancaccio G. Fever of unknown origin (FUO): which are the factors influencing the final diagnosis? A 2005-2015 systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:653. [PMID: 31331269 PMCID: PMC6647059 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential diagnosis of Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is very extensive, and includes infectious diseases (ID), neoplasms and noninfectious inflammatory diseases (NIID). Many FUO remain undiagnosed. Factors influencing the final diagnosis of FUO are unclear. METHODS To identify factors associated with FUO diagnostic categories, we performed a systematic review of classical FUO case-series published in 2005-2015 and including patients from 2000. Moreover, to explore changing over time, we compared these case-series with those published in 1995-2004. RESULTS Eighteen case-series, including 3164 patients, were included. ID were diagnosed in 37.8% of patients, NIID in 20.9%, and neoplasm in 11.6%, FUO were undiagnosed in 23.2%. NIIDs significantly increased over time. An association exists between study country income level and ID (increasing when the income decreases) and undiagnosed FUO (increasing when the income increases); even if not significant, the use of a pre-defined Minimal Diagnostic Work-up to qualify a fever as FUO seems to correlate with a lower prevalence of infections and a higher prevalence of undiagnosed FUO. The multivariate regression analysis shows significant association between geographic area, with ID being more frequent in Asia and Europe having the higher prevalence of undiagnosed FUO. Significant associations were found with model of study and FUO defining criteria, also. CONCLUSIONS Despite advances in diagnostics, FUO still remains a challenge, with ID still representing the first cause. The main factors influencing the diagnostic categories are the income and the geographic position of the study country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maria Fusco
- Infectious Diseases Unit 1, S. Maria Annunziata Hospital, Central Tuscany Health Unit, Via dell'Antella 54, 50012, Bagno a Ripoli, FI, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Pisapia
- Epidemiology and Pre-clinical Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nardiello
- Infectious Diseases and Viral Hepatitis, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Domenico Cicala
- Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Gaeta
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Agnelli C, Valerio M, Olmedo M, Guinea J, Zatarain‐Nicolás E, del Carmen Martínez‐Jiménez M, Alcalá L, Escribano P, Cebollero Presmanes M, Bouza E, Muñoz P, Martín‐Rabadán P. Fatal disseminated infection by
Gymnascella hyalinospora
in a heart transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13128. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Agnelli
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - Maricela Valerio
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - María Olmedo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - Jesús Guinea
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058) Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Eduardo Zatarain‐Nicolás
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
- Department of Cardiology Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
| | - María del Carmen Martínez‐Jiménez
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Alcalá
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - María Cebollero Presmanes
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
- Department of Pathology Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058) Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058) Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Pablo Martín‐Rabadán
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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Shang J, Yan L, Du L, Liang L, Zhou Q, Liang T, Bai L, Tang H. Recent trends in the distribution of causative diseases of fever of unknown origin. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017; 129:201-207. [PMID: 28093613 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-016-1159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fever of unknown origin is a challenging diagnostic problem and the aim of this research was to analyze trends in the distribution of its causative diseases. This retrospective study makes a comparison between two different clinical series of patients from two different periods: 227 from period 1 (1998-2002) and 602 from period 2 (2008-2012). There were fewer infections (31.72% vs.16.45%) and more miscellaneous causes (5.29% vs. 13.12%) in the period 2 series, whereas no significant differences in autoimmune diseases, malignancies and undiagnosed cases were found. Adult onset Still's disease and lymphoma occupied the largest proportion in autoimmune diseases (75.00%) and malignancies (89.81%), respectively. Interestingly, the autoimmune diseases group, instead of infections, was found to be the leading category of the causative diseases in fever of unknown origin, which is contrary to previous reports. Further, adult onset Still's disease and lymphoma were suggested to be valued more highly in view of the large and rising proportions found in this study. These trends could support the diagnosis and treatment of fever of unknown origin better in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Libo Yan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingbo Liang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Sun PG, Cheng B, Wang JF, He P. Fever of unknown origin revealed to be primary splenic lymphoma: A rare case report with review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 6:177-181. [PMID: 28357088 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is a common clinical presentation of a number of diseases. A sustained unexplained fever >38.3°C lasting for >3 weeks without an established diagnosis despite intensive diagnostic evaluation is referred to as fever of unknown origin (FUO). FUO remains a clinical challenge for physicians, as it may be attributed to a wide range of disorders, mainly infections, malignancies, non-infectious inflammatory diseases and miscellaneous diseases. We herein report the case of a 59-year-old male patient who presented with prolonged unexplained fever and was found to have a diffusely enlarged hypermetabolic spleen, as shown on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography examination. Following splenectomy, histopathological examination revealed primary splenic lymphoma (PSL) of B-cell origin. The patient received 6 courses of systemic chemotherapy with rituximab, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-ECHOP regimen) and responded well to treatment. Thus, in patients with FUO and splenomegaly, the possibility of PSL should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Ge Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bei Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Mulders-Manders C, Simon A, Bleeker-Rovers C. Rheumatologic diseases as the cause of fever of unknown origin. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016; 30:789-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Kumar P, Jain VK, Kumar A, Sindhu N, Kumar T, Charaya G, Surbhi, Kumar S, Agnihotri D, Sridhar. Clinical and hemato-biochemical studies on fever of unknown origin in buffaloes. Vet World 2016; 8:1225-9. [PMID: 27047022 PMCID: PMC4774660 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1225-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken to ascertain the clinical observation and haemato-biochemical studies on fever of unknown origin (FUO) in buffaloes which were presented for treatment at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar. Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted on total 106 clinical cases presented at “TVCC, LUVAS, Hisar.” Diseased animals having history of fever and increased rectal temperature were considered for the current study. Diagnosis of FUO was done on the basis of negative parasitological examination, culture examination, fecal and urine test. The cases in which etiology could not be established (such as pneumonia, metritis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, urinary tract infection, trypanosomosis, diaphragmatic hernia, Brucellosis, and foreign body) were considered as true cases of FUO. Results: Out of 106 clinical cases different etiologies were identified in 76 (71.70%) cases including pneumonia, traumatic pericarditis, trypanosomosis, bacteremia, etc. and 30 cases (28.30%) remained undiagnosed even after detailed investigation. The mean rectal temperature (104.43±0.16°F), respiration rate (56.57±1.51/min) and pulse rate (83.40±1.77/min) of animals (n=30) suffering from FUO were significantly higher, whereas ruminal movement (1.00±0.23) was significantly lower compared to healthy control group. The mean value of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and packed cell volume were significantly lower, whereas mean value of neutrophils was significantly higher compared to that of healthy control animals. Mean value of serum levels of glucose, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were found to be significantly higher, whereas mean value of calcium value was significantly lower in all clinically affected animals compared to the healthy control group. Conclusion: About 28.30% cases of fever in buffaloes were found to be of unknown origin. Haemato-biochemical findings in cases of FUO in buffaloes revealed relative neutrophilia with lymphopenia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, significantly increased AST, ALT, and CPK along with adversely altered kidney function indicators (elevated BUN and serum creatinine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - V K Jain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Neelesh Sindhu
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Gaurav Charaya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Surbhi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Divya Agnihotri
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Sridhar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
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16
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Abstract
Fever is the most common symptom in children and can be classified as fever with or without focus. Fever without focus can be less than 7 d and is subclassified as fever without localizing signs and fever of unknown origin (FUO). FUO is defined as a temperature greater than 38.3 °C, for more than 3 wk or failure to reach a diagnosis after 1 wk of inpatient investigations. The most common causes of FUO in children are infections, connective tissue disorders and neoplasms. Infectious diseases most commonly implicated in children with FUO are salmonellosis, tuberculosis, malaria and rickettsial diseases. Juvenile rheumatic arthritis is the connective tissue disease frequently associated with FUO. Malignancy is the third largest group responsible for FUO in children. Diagnostic approach of FUO includes detailed history and examination supported with investigations. Age, history of contact, exposure to wild animals and medications should be noted. Examination should include, apart from general appearance, presence of sweating, rashes, tonsillitis, sinusitis and lymph node enlargement. Other signs such as abdominal tenderness and hepatosplenomegly should be looked for. The muscles and bones should be carefully examined for connective tissue disorders. Complete blood count, blood smear examination and level of acute phase reactants should be part of initial investigations. Radiological imaging is useful aid in diagnosing FUO. Trials of antimicrobial agents should not be given as they can obscure the diagnosis of the disease in FUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, S. N. Medical College, Agra, India.
- , 1/23 Civil Lines, Kidwai Park, Raja Mandi, Agra, 282002, India.
| | - Dipti Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, S. N. Medical College, Agra, India
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17
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Abstract
More than 50 years after the first definition of fever of unknown origin (FUO), it still remains a diagnostic challenge. Evaluation starts with the identification of potential diagnostic clues (PDCs), which should guide further investigations. In the absence of PDCs a standardised diagnostic protocol should be followed with PET-CT as the imaging technique of first choice. Even with a standardised protocol, in a large proportion of patients from western countries the cause for FUO cannot be identified. The treatment of FUO is guided by the final diagnosis, but when no cause is found, antipyretic drugs can be prescribed. Corticosteroids should be avoided in the absence of a diagnosis, especially at an early stage. The prognosis of FUO is determined by the underlying cause. The majority of patients with unexplained FUO will eventually show spontaneous remission of fever. We describe the definition, diagnostic workup, causes and treatment of FUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Mulders-Manders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Bleeker-Rovers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Sioka C, Assimakopoulos A, Fotopoulos A. The diagnostic role of (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with fever of unknown origin. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:601-8. [PMID: 25823953 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of aetiology for fever of unknown origin (FUO) is challenging, due to the high rates of undiagnosed cases. The current diagnostic approach includes initially first-line procedures such as general examination and various laboratory tests and basic imaging techniques followed by second-line tests such as more advanced imaging techniques including (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) and tissue biopsies. If no diagnosis is obtained, more invasive measures may be in order such as liver biopsy and exploratory laparotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review article is based on the relative published material found on MEDLINE and PubMed up to August 2014. We looked for the terms 'fever of unknown origin, FDG PET' in combination with 'cancer, infection and autoimmune disease'. RESULTS Several clinical studies have investigated the utility of the FDG PET during the diagnostic approach of FUO. Recent evidence suggests that FDG PET has the advantage of total body imaging and may depict all common causes of FUO such as infections, noninfectious inflammatory causes and tumours because they all exhibit glucose hypermetabolism. Depiction of an abnormal lesion on FDG PET could guide clinicians to the next diagnostic procedure (another imaging method, culture, biopsy or surgery) to establish the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests that FDG PET, when available, may provide critical diagnostic information early during evaluation of FUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissa Sioka
- Neurosurgical Research Institute, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Andreas Fotopoulos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Robine A, Hot A, Maucort-Boulch D, Iwaz J, Broussolle C, Sève P. Fever of unknown origin in the 2000s: Evaluation of 103 cases over eleven years. Presse Med 2014; 43:e233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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Kaya A, Ergul N, Kaya SY, Kilic F, Yilmaz MH, Besirli K, Ozaras R. The management and the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:805-15. [PMID: 23977936 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.814436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged fever presents a challenge for the patient and the physician. Fever with a temperature higher than 38.3°C on several occasions that lasts for at least 3 weeks and lacks a clear diagnosis after 1 week of study in the hospital is called a fever of unknown origin (FUO). More than 200 diseases can cause FUO, and the information gathered from history taking, physical examination, laboratory and imaging studies should be evaluated with care. History taking and physical examination may provide some localizing signs and symptoms pointing toward a diagnosis. Infection, cancers, noninfectious inflammatory diseases and some miscellaneous diseases are the main etiologies, and some patients remain undiagnosed despite investigations. Tuberculosis, lymphoma and adult-onset Still's disease are the main diseases. Fluorodeoxyglucose PET is a promising imaging modality in FUO. Establishing a uniform algorithm for FUO management is difficult. Every patient should be carefully evaluated individually considering the previous FUO management experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Kaya
- Infectious Diseases Department, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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