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Hao L, Li S, Deng J, Li N, Yu F, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Shi X, Hu X. The current status and future of PD-L1 in liver cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1323581. [PMID: 38155974 PMCID: PMC10754529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of immunotherapy in tumor, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has played an important role in the treatment of advanced unresectable liver cancer. However, the efficacy of ICIs varies greatly among different patients, which has aroused people's attention to the regulatory mechanism of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in the immune escape of liver cancer. PD-L1 is regulated by multiple levels and signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including gene variation, epigenetic inheritance, transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, and post-translational modification. More studies have also found that the high expression of PD-L1 may be the main factor affecting the immunotherapy of liver cancer. However, what is the difference of PD-L1 expressed by different types of cells in the microenvironment of HCC, and which type of cells expressed PD-L1 determines the effect of tumor immunotherapy remains unclear. Therefore, clarifying the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 in liver cancer can provide more basis for liver cancer immunotherapy and combined immune treatment strategy. In addition to its well-known role in immune regulation, PD-L1 also plays a role in regulating cancer cell proliferation and promoting drug resistance of tumor cells, which will be reviewed in this paper. In addition, we also summarized the natural products and drugs that regulated the expression of PD-L1 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Hao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenghao Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shijiazhuang Fifth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinli Shi
- Center of Experimental Management, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Gao Z, Li XG, Feng SR, Chen JF, Song K, Shi YH, Tang Z, Liu WR, Zhang X, Huang A, Luo XM, Zeng HY, Gao Q, Shi GM, Ke AW, Zhou J, Fan J, Fu XT, Ding ZB. Autophagy suppression facilitates macrophage M2 polarization via increased instability of NF-κB pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110685. [PMID: 37494837 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a highly heterogeneous circumstance composed of multiple components, while tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells with highly plastic and are always educated by tumor cells to structure an advantageous pro-tumor immune microenvironment. Despite emerging evidence focalizing the role of autophagy in other immune cells, the regulatory mechanism of autophagy in macrophage polarization remains poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells educated macrophages toward M2-like phenotype polarization under the condition of coculture. Moreover, we observed that inhibition of macrophage autophagy promoted M2-like macrophage polarization, while the tendency was impeded when autophagy was motivated. Mechanistically, macrophage autophagy inhibition inactivates the NF-κB pathway by increasing the instability of TAB3 via ubiquitination degradation, which leads to the M2-like phenotype polarization of macrophages. Both immunohistochemistry staining using human HCC tissues and experiment in vivo verified autophagy inhibition is correlated with M2 macrophage polarization. Altogether, we illustrated that macrophage autophagy was involved in the process of HCC cells domesticating M2 macrophage polarization via the NF-κB pathway. These results provide a new target to interfere with the polarization of macrophages to M2-like phenotype during HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Ru Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Feng Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Song
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan-Ming Luo
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiu-Tao Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of liver Surgery, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China.
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Hu Y, Zhang X, Li Q, Zhou Q, Fang D, Lu Y. An immune and epigenetics-related scoring model and drug candidate prediction for hepatic carcinogenesis via dynamic network biomarker analysis and connectivity mapping. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4619-4633. [PMID: 37817777 PMCID: PMC10561057 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high mortality. This study aimed to build a prognostic signature for HCC patients based on immune-related genes (IRGs) and epigenetics-related genes (EPGs). RNA-seq data from Gene Expression Omnibus were used for dynamic network biomarker (DNB) analysis to identify 56 candidate IRG-EPG-DNBs and their first-neighbor genes. These genes were screened using LASSO-Cox regression analysis to finally obtain five candidate genes-RNF2, YBX1, EZH2, CAD, and PSMD1-which constituted the prognostic signature panel. According to this panel, patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas and International Cancer Genome Consortium were divided into high- and low-risk groups. The prognosis, clinicopathological features, and immune cell infiltration significantly differed between the two risk groups. The prognostic ability of the signature panel and expression profiling were further validated using online databases. We used an independent cohort of patients to validate the expression profiles of the five genes using reverse transcription-PCR. CMap and CellMiner predicted four small molecule drug-protein pairs based on the five prognostic genes. Of them, two market drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (AT-13387 and KU-55933) have emerged as candidates for HCC study. This new signature panel may serve as a potential prognostic marker, engendering the possibility of novel personalized therapy with classification of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingya Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qianmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongdong Fang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiyu Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Shang Z, Wu X, Zheng S, Wei Y, Hong Z, Ye D. A systematic pan-cancer analysis identifies TRIM28 as an immunological and prognostic predictor and involved in immunotherapy resistance. J Cancer 2023; 14:2798-2810. [PMID: 37781084 PMCID: PMC10539564 DOI: 10.7150/jca.86742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28), as a transcriptional cofactor, has pleiotropic biological effects, such as silencing genes, promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation, and facilitating DNA repair. It is reported that TRIM28 is also correlated with immune infiltration in liver cancer that highlights an unnoticed function of TRIM28 in immune system. However, the prognostic and immunotherapeutic role of TRIM28 in human cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, we conducted a systematic pan-cancer analysis and partial experimental validation of TRIM28 as an immunological and prognostic predictor and its involvement in immunotherapy resistance. We found that TRIM28 expression was higher in various tumor tissues than in normal tissues. Higher TRIM28 expression was associated with poorer prognosis in multiple cancers. The expression of TRIM28 was positively correlated with the presence of T cells, macrophages and neutrophils, and TRIM28 also promoted the infiltration of a series of immune cell. Moreover, TRIM28 affected a wide range of cancer-related scores, and the abnormal expression of TRIM28 was also involved in tumor mutational burden, drug sensitivity, and microsatellite instability in cancer. The results suggest that TRIM28 is a potentially valuable immune response indicator and a molecular biomarker for predicting the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Shang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinqiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfeng Zheng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Wei
- Institute for translational brain research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Hong
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
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Multiomics characteristics and immunotherapeutic potential of EZH2 in pan-cancer. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232355. [PMID: 36545914 PMCID: PMC9842950 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a significant epigenetic regulator that plays a critical role in the development and progression of cancer. However, the multiomics features and immunological effects of EZH2 in pan-cancer remain unclear. Transcriptome and clinical raw data of pan-cancer samples were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and subsequent data analyses were conducted by using R software (version 4.1.0). Furthermore, numerous bioinformatics analysis databases also reapplied to comprehensively explore and elucidate the oncogenic mechanism and therapeutic potential of EZH2 from pan-cancer insight. Finally, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical assays were performed to verify the differential expression of EZH2 gene in various cancers at the mRNA and protein levels. EZH2 was widely expressed in multiple normal and tumor tissues, predominantly located in the nucleoplasm. Compared with matched normal tissues, EZH2 was aberrantly expressed in most cancers either at the mRNA or protein level, which might be caused by genetic mutations, DNA methylation, and protein phosphorylation. Additionally, EZH2 expression was correlated with clinical prognosis, and its up-regulation usually indicated poor survival outcomes in cancer patients. Subsequent analysis revealed that EZH2 could promote tumor immune evasion through T-cell dysfunction and T-cell exclusion. Furthermore, expression of EZH2 exhibited a strong correlation with several immunotherapy-associated responses (i.e., immune checkpoint molecules, tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), mismatch repair (MMR) status, and neoantigens), suggesting that EZH2 appeared to be a novel target for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Xian F, Ren D, Bie J, Xu G. Prognostic value of programmed cell death ligand 1 expression in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119168. [PMID: 37138876 PMCID: PMC10149806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is highly expressed in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues. But there is still a dispute over the prognostic value of PD-L1 in patients with ICC. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in patients with ICC. Methods We performed a meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines. We searched the literature from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to December 5, 2022. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to analyze the overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and time to relapse. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test. Results Ten trials with 1944 cases were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the low-PD-L1 group had a statistically significant advantage in OS (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.38-1.79, P <0.00001), RFS (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.34-1.97, P <0.00001), and time to relapse (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.25-2.05, P = 0.0002) compared with the high-PD-L1 group. High programmed cell death (PD1)levels, on the other hand, were correlated with poorer OS (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.43-2.70; P <0.0001) and RFS (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.21-2.91; P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis showed that PD-L1 could act as an independent predictor for OS (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14-1.91; P = 0.003) and RFS (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.22-2.47; P = 0.002), and PD1 acted as an independent predictor for OS (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.15-2.38; P = 0.006). Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated that high PD-L1/PD1 expression is associated with poor survival in ICC. PD-L1/PD1 may be a valuable prognostic and predictive biomarker and potential therapeutic target in ICC. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022380093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xian
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Oncology, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jun Bie
- Department of Oncology, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Guohui Xu,
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Gao M, Guo Y, Li J, Chen X, Yuan Y, Ma W. The Clinicopathological Significance and Prognostic Value of PD-L2 in Patients with HCC, ICC and PAAD: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY: ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.29337/ijsonco.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Jin X, Zhang K, Fang T, Zeng X, Yan X, Tang J, Liang Z, Xie L, Zhao D. Low-dose PD-1 inhibitor combined with lenvatinib for preemptive treatment of recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Case report and literature review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:951303. [PMID: 36119543 PMCID: PMC9478730 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.951303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), as one of the curative methods for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has brought hope to patients with HCC. However, treatment options for HCC recurrence and metastasis after liver transplantation are limited. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, have been successfully used in advanced or metastatic HCC, but the data on the safety of PD-1 inhibitor after liver transplantation is limited. In this article, we report a 47-year-old patient with acute-on-chronic liver failure and multiple HCC who was successfully treated with liver transplantation. On the 45th day after OLT, the patient’s alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3) were increased, and imaging examination showed no residual tumor. The patient had high risk factors for tumor recurrence before operation, so the possibility of tumor recurrence was considered. When the tumor markers showed an upward trend, we immediately treated the patient with lenvatinib 8 mg, after half a month, the AFP and AFP-L3 continued to increase compared with before. Then we used low-dose nivolumab 40mg, the patient’s AFP and AFP-L3 gradually decreased. One month later, a second low-dose nivolumab 40mg was given, and the patient’s tumor markers gradually decreased to normal. No acute rejection and other complications occurred during the treatment. So far, we have followed up this patient for 2 years, and no tumor recurrence was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case using a low dose of nivolumab in combination with lenvatinib to prevent recurrence of HCC after liver transplantation.
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Distinct antibody clones detect PD-1 checkpoint expression and block PD-L1 interactions on live murine melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12491. [PMID: 35864188 PMCID: PMC9304406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (abs) targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint pathway have revolutionized tumor therapy. Because T-cell-directed PD-1 blockade boosts tumor immunity, anti-PD-1 abs have been developed for examining T-cell-PD-1 functions. More recently, PD-1 expression has also been reported directly on cancer cells of various etiology, including in melanoma. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of studies validating anti-PD-1 ab clone utility in specific assay types for characterizing tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1. Here, we demonstrate reactivity of several anti-murine PD-1 ab clones and recombinant PD-L1 with live B16-F10 melanoma cells and YUMM lines using multiple independent methodologies, positive and negative PD-1-specific controls, including PD-1-overexpressing and PD-1 knockout cells. Flow cytometric analyses with two separate anti-PD-1 ab clones, 29F.1A12 and RMP1-30, revealed PD-1 surface protein expression on live murine melanoma cells, which was corroborated by marked enrichment in PD-1 gene (Pdcd1) expression. Immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometric sequencing confirmed PD-1 protein expression by B16-F10 cells. Recombinant PD-L1 also recognized melanoma cell-expressed PD-1, the blockade of which by 29F.1A12 fully abrogated PD-1:PD-L1 binding. Together, our data provides multiple lines of evidence establishing PD-1 expression by live murine melanoma cells and validates ab clones and assay systems for tumor cell-directed PD-1 pathway investigations.
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Wang J, Ma X, Ma Z, Ma Y, Wang J, Cao B. Research Progress of Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors on Digestive System Cancers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810539. [PMID: 35493526 PMCID: PMC9043345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors has gradually entered a new era of precision medicine. In view of the limited clinical benefits of immunotherapy in patients with digestive system cancers, as well as the side-effects and high treatment costs, development of biomarkers to predict the efficacy of immune therapy is a key imperative. In this article, we review the available evidence of the value of microsatellite mismatch repair, tumor mutation burden, specific mutated genes or pathways, PD-L1 expression, immune-related adverse reactions, blood biomarkers, and patient-related biomarkers in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy against digestive system cancers. Establishment of dynamic personalized prediction models based on multiple biomarkers is a promising area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Comprehensive Medicine, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Chen Z, Liu S, Xie P, Zhang B, Yu M, Yan J, Jin L, Zhang W, Zhou B, Li X, Xiao Y, Xu Y, Ye Q, Li H, Guo L. Tumor-derived PD1 and PD-L1 could promote hepatocellular carcinoma growth through autophagy induction in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 605:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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12
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Zhang X, Pan B, Qiu J, Ke X, Shen S, Wang X, Tang N. lncRNA MIAT targets miR‐411‐5p/STAT3/PD‐L1 axis mediating hepatocellular carcinoma immune response. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:102-111. [PMID: 35429078 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Cancer Center of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Banglun Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Cancer Center of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Jiacheng Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Cancer Center of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaoling Ke
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Cancer Center of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Shuling Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Cancer Center of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Cancer Center of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Nanhong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Cancer Center of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center for Molecular Medicine Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
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Xu B, Sun HC. Camrelizumab: an investigational agent for hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 31:337-346. [PMID: 34937475 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2022121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although many approaches have been used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the clinical benefits were limited, particularly for advanced HCC. However, recent treatments with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy and its combination with other therapies, have demonstrated remarkable results. Camrelizumab, a selective, humanized, high-affinity IgG4 PD-1 monoclonal antibody, has been approved as a second-line treatment in patients with advanced HCC by NMPA in China. AREAS COVERED This paper introduces anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies for advanced HCC and progresses to discuss the pharmacology, safety, and efficacy of camrelizumab in the treatment of advanced HCC. It also considers future research directions for camrelizumab in this setting. EXPERT OPINION The PD-1 binding epitope of camrelizumab is different from other PD-1 inhibitors. The IC50 and EC50 of camrelizumab for inhibiting the binding of PD-1 and PD-L1 is similar to pembrolizumab, is significantly lower than other PD-1 inhibitors, and has a higher affinity for PD-1 site. Camrelizumab exhibits a promising antitumor activity and an acceptable safety profile similar to other PD-1 inhibitors in advanced HCC. Apatinib (a VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor) can reduce the incidence of camrelizumab-specific reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation (RCCEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Chen Z, Zhao N, Wang Q, Xi Y, Tian X, Wu H, Xu Y. PD-L1 Protein Expression and Gene Amplification Correlate with the Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:6365-6375. [PMID: 34408496 PMCID: PMC8366785 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s309946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate PD-L1 protein expression and gene amplification in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and analyse their correlation with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of LUSC patients. Patients and Methods Tissue samples from 164 LUSC patients were collected. PD-L1 protein was detected by immunochemistry (IHC), and PD-L1 gene amplification was investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization in LUSC patients. Results The positive expression rate of PD-L1 in LUSC was 47.6% (78/164), and the amplification rate of PD-L1 was 6.7% (11/164); both rates were higher than those of paratumor tissue. Both PD-L1 positive expression and gene amplification were correlated with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). PD-L1 protein expression, PD-L1 gene amplification, late stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients. Among these factors, late stage, lymph node metastasis, PD-L1 protein expression and PD-L1 gene amplification were independent prognostic factors for LUSC. Conclusion Positive PD-L1 protein expression and gene amplification are involved in the malignant progression and metastasis of LUSC. Both PD-L1 protein expression and gene amplification are associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, 032200, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Shanxi Fenyang Hospital, Fenyang, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, 032200, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, 032200, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital (Shanxi Institute of Oncology), Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoai Tian
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Fenyang Hospital, Fenyang, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, 032200, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yirong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, 032200, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Shanxi Fenyang Hospital, Fenyang, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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15
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Guo Y, Luo W, Huang S, Zhao W, Chen H, Ma Y, Ye M, Nie Y, Zhang Y, Huang C, Zhou Q, He X, Chen M. DTYMK Expression Predicts Prognosis and Chemotherapeutic Response and Correlates with Immune Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:871-885. [PMID: 34377684 PMCID: PMC8349219 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s312604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the liver. Identifying specific molecular markers that can predict HCC prognosis is extremely important. The protein deoxythymidylate kinase (DTYMK) has been reported to contribute to unfavorable prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients, but its role in the prediction of HCC patient prognosis has not been clarified. Methods Samples from the TCGA and GEO databases were consecutively enrolled for gene expression analysis, clinicopathology analysis, immune microenvironment analysis and chemotherapeutic response prediction. The results were validated using 86 samples from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of DTYMK on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Functional enrichment analysis was used to describe the marker pathways that were significantly related to DTYMK. TIMER (Tumor Immune Estimation Resource), TISIDB (Tumor and Immune System Interaction DataBase) and CIBERSORT (Cell type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts) were used to explore the immune microenvironment. Results We found that DTYMK expression upregulation is associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients and tightly related to the pathways regulating the cell cycle and acid metabolism. Our findings revealed that hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with high DTYMK expression were more sensitive to sorafenib and many other chemotherapeutic drugs. We also found an inhibiting effect of DTYMK on the immune microenvironment in the process of tumorigenesis. Discussion We found that DTYMK has potential as a new prognostic and chemotherapeutic response biomarker for HCC patients and correlates with the immune microenvironment in HCC. However, there are some deficiencies in our study. First, this is a retrospective study that may lead to selection bias. Second, the protein expression of DTYMK was investigated via immunohistochemical analysis. Finally, we did not explore the exact underlying molecular mechanisms of DTYMK in tumorigenesis in this study, which is needed to be clarified in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Guo
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Luo
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanzhou Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Huadi Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Ma
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Maodong Ye
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Nie
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Hui Ya Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Huizhou, Guangdong, 516081, People's Republic of China.,Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Maogen Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Sukowati CHC, El-Khobar KE, Tiribelli C. Immunotherapy against programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma: Importance of molecular variations, cellular heterogeneity, and cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:795-824. [PMID: 34367478 PMCID: PMC8316870 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy related to diverse etiological factors. Different oncogenic mechanisms and genetic variations lead to multiple HCC molecular classifications. Recently, an immune-based strategy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was presented in HCC therapy, especially with ICIs against the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1. However, despite the success of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 in other cancers, a substantial proportion of HCC patients fail to respond. In this review, we gather current information on biomarkers of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment and the contribution of HCC heterogeneity and hepatic cancer stem cells (CSCs). Genetic variations of PD-1 and PD-L1 are associated with chronic liver disease and progression to cancer. PD-L1 expression in tumoral tissues is differentially expressed in CSCs, particularly in those with a close association with the tumor microenvironment. This information will be beneficial for the selection of patients and the management of the ICIs against PD-1/PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Trieste 34149, Italy
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17
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He M, Cheng C, Tu J, Ji SS, Lou D, Bai B. Agrin expression is correlated with tumor development and poor prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211009722. [PMID: 34018826 PMCID: PMC8150497 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211009722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the role of agrin in the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Methods Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of target genes. The correlation between agrin expression and prognosis was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis were examined in CCA cells and tissues using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, cell cycle analysis, transwell migration assay, and nude mouse tumorigenicity assay in vivo, respectively. Results Agrin expression was significantly upregulated in CCA tissues compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues, and agrin expression was correlated with poorer tumor characteristics such as portal vein tumor thrombus, intrahepatic metastasis, and worse survival. Forced agrin expression in CCA cells apparently promoted proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression, but agrin depletion had the opposite effects. Furthermore, agrin-depleted CCA cells developed fewer and smaller tumors than control cells in vivo. Mechanistic analyses indicated that agrin activated the Hippo signaling pathway and induced the translocation of YAP to the nucleus. Conclusions Agrin promoted CCA progression by activating the Hippo signaling pathway, suggesting its promise as a target for CCA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei He
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junxue Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sha-Sha Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan Lou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Binglong Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
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18
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Guo J, Wang S, Han Y, Jia Z, Wang R. Effects of transarterial chemoembolization on the immunological function of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:554. [PMID: 34084221 PMCID: PMC8161415 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) on the immune function of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 114 patients with HCC were selected and their peripheral blood was collected before and 1 month after TACE treatment. Flow cytometry and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were performed to analyze the changes in immune function in patients before and after treatment. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted for survival analysis. The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) expression before TACE treatment were significantly higher in patients with poor TACE response compared with those patients with well response. Higher PD-L1 mRNA expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells after TACE predicted a superior prognosis. After TACE treatment, the proportion of CD4+/CD8+ cells were decreased while the expression levels of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) were significantly increased. To conclude, TACE could reduce the proportion of CD4+/CD8+ cells and improve the mRNA expression levels of PD1 in patients with HCC. The expression levels of PD1 and PD-L1 were closely related to the therapeutic effect of TACE and the prognosis of patients with HCC. TACE combined with immunotherapy may have potential clinical value for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Interventional Department of Liver Diseases, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Saixia Wang
- Integrated Outpatient Department, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Han
- Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Department, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Jia
- Department of General Practice, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Runchao Wang
- Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Department, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Hu J, Qiu D, Yu A, Hu J, Deng H, Li H, Yi Z, Chen J, Zu X. YTHDF1 Is a Potential Pan-Cancer Biomarker for Prognosis and Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:607224. [PMID: 34026603 PMCID: PMC8134747 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.607224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1) has been indicated proven to participate in the cross-presentation of tumor antigens in dendritic cells and the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. However, the role of YTHDF1 in prognosis and immunology in human cancers remains largely unknown. Methods All original data were downloaded from TCGA and GEO databases and integrated via R 3.2.2. YTHDF1 expression was explored with the Oncomine, TIMER, GEPIA, and BioGPS databases. The effect of YTHDF1 on prognosis was analyzed via GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, and the PrognoScan database. The TISIDB database was used to determine YTHDF1 expression in different immune and molecular subtypes of human cancers. The correlations between YTHDF1 expression and immune checkpoints (ICP), tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and neoantigens in human cancers were analyzed via the SangerBox database. The relationships between YTHDF1 expression and tumor-infiltrated immune cells were analyzed via the TIMER and GEPIA databases. The relationships between YTHDF1 and marker genes of tumor-infiltrated immune cells in urogenital cancers were analyzed for confirmation. The genomic alterations of YTHDF1 were investigated with the c-BioPortal database. The differential expression of YTHDF1 in urogenital cancers with different clinical characteristics was analyzed with the UALCAN database. YTHDF1 coexpression networks were studied by the LinkedOmics database. Results In general, YTHDF1 expression was higher in tumors than in paired normal tissue in human cancers. YTHDF1 expression had strong relationships with prognosis, ICP, TMB, MSI, and neoantigens. YTHDF1 plays an essential role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and participates in immune regulation. Furthermore, significant strong correlations between YTHDF1 expression and tumor immune-infiltrated cells (TILs) existed in human cancers, and marker genes of TILs were significantly related to YTHDF expression in urogenital cancers. TYHDF1 coexpression networks mostly participated in the regulation of immune response and antigen processing and presentation. Conclusion YTHDF1 may serve as a potential prognostic and immunological pan-cancer biomarker. Moreover, YTHDF1 could be a novel target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anze Yu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huihuang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenglin Yi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Autophagy, an accomplice or antagonist of drug resistance in HCC? Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:266. [PMID: 33712559 PMCID: PMC7954824 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignancy characterized by poor prognosis and a low 5-year survival rate. Drug treatment is proving to be effective in anti-HCC. However, only a small number of HCC patients exhibit sensitive responses, and drug resistance occurs frequently in advanced patients. Autophagy, an evolutionary process responsible for the degradation of cellular substances, is closely associated with the acquisition and maintenance of drug resistance for HCC. This review focuses on autophagic proteins and explores the intricate relationship between autophagy and cancer stem cells, tumor-derived exosomes, and noncoding RNA. Clinical trials involved in autophagy inhibition combined with anticancer drugs are also concerned.
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21
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Zang K, Hui L, Wang M, Huang Y, Zhu X, Yao B. TIM-3 as a Prognostic Marker and a Potential Immunotherapy Target in Human Malignant Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Bioinformatics Validation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:579351. [PMID: 33692946 PMCID: PMC7938756 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.579351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a novel immune checkpoint molecular, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM-3) is emerging as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. However, the predictive role of TIM-3 in cancer remains largely undetermined. This study was designed to investigate the role of TIM-3 in cancer. Methods Publications were searched using multiple databases. The hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. To further confirm the prognostic effect of TIM-3, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were applied. Functional analysis of TIM-3 was also investigated. Results 28 studies with 7284 patients with malignant tumors were identified. Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, TIM-3 was an independent prognostic indicator for poor overall survival (OS) (HR= 1.54, 95% CI = 1.19-1.98, P = 0.001). However, TIM-3 was not correlated with cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival (DFS). Particularly, TIM-3 showed a worse prognosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma and gastric cancer; but it showed a favorable prognosis in breast cancer. Functional analysis showed that TIM-3 was closely correlated with immune responses such as T-cell activation and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, TIM-3 expression was found to be related to worse OS in 9491 TCGA patients (HR = 1.2, P < 0.001), but was not associated with DFS. Conclusions TIM-3 was an independent prognostic factor. Meanwhile, TIM-3 played a crucial role in tumor immune responses. This supports TIM-3 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zang
- Department of ICU, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Liangliang Hui
- Department of ICU, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of ICU, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of ICU, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Department of ICU, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of ICU, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
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Tao P, Hong L, Tang W, Lu Q, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Ma L, Xue R. Comprehensive Characterization of Immunological Profiles and Clinical Significance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:574778. [PMID: 33552954 PMCID: PMC7862794 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.574778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapies targeting immune molecules have rapidly been adopted and advanced the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nonetheless, no studies have reported a systematic analysis between immunological profiles and clinical significance in HCC. METHODS We comprehensively investigated immune patterns and systematically correlated 22 types of both adaptive and innate immune cells with genomic characteristics and clinical outcomes based on 370 HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database through a metagene approach (known as CIBERSORT). Based on the Quantitative Pathology Imaging and Analysis System coupled with integrated high-dimensional bioinformatics analysis, we further independently validated six immune subsets (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, CD14+ monocytes, CD56+ NK cells, and CD68+ macrophages), and shortlisted three (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD56+ NK cells) of which to investigate their association with clinical outcomes in two independent Zhongshan cohorts of HCC patients (n = 258 and n = 178). Patient prognosis was further evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS By using the CIBERSORT method, the immunome landscape of HCC was constructed based on integrated transcriptomics analysis and multiplexed sequential immunohistochemistry. Further, the patients were categorized into four immune subgroups featured with distinct clinical outcomes. Strikingly, significant inter-tumoral and intra-tumoral immune heterogeneity was further identified according to the in-depth interrogation of the immune landscape. CONCLUSION This work represents a potential useful resource for the immunoscore establishment for prognostic prediction in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanrong Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital (South), Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liu C, Liu R, Wang B, Lian J, Yao Y, Sun H, Zhang C, Fang L, Guan X, Shi J, Han S, Zhan F, Luo S, Yao Y, Zheng T, Zhang Y. Blocking IL-17A enhances tumor response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001895. [PMID: 33462141 PMCID: PMC7813395 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-PD-1 therapy, have limited efficacy in patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC). Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) activity leads to a protumor microenvironment, dependent on its ability to induce the production of inflammatory mediators, mobilize myeloid cells and reshape the tumor environment. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-17A in resistance to antitumor immunity and to explore the feasibility of anti-IL-17A combined with anti-PD-1 therapy in MSS CRC murine models. METHODS The expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its regulation by miR-15b-5p were investigated in MSS CRC cell lines and tissues. The effects of miR-15b-5p on tumorigenesis and anti-PD-1 treatment sensitivity were verified both in vitro and in colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and APCmin/+ murine models. In vivo efficacy and mechanistic studies were conducted using antibodies targeting IL-17A and PD-1 in mice bearing subcutaneous CT26 and MC38 tumors. RESULTS Evaluation of clinical pathological specimens confirmed that PD-L1 mRNA levels are associated with CD8+ T cell infiltration and better prognosis. miR-15b-5p was found to downregulate the expression of PD-L1 at the protein level, inhibit tumorigenesis and enhance anti-PD-1 sensitivity in CAC and APCmin/+ CRC models. IL-17A led to high PD-L1 expression in CRC cells through regulating the P65/NRF1/miR-15b-5p axis. Combined IL-17A and PD-1 blockade had efficacy in CT26 and MC38 tumors, with more cytotoxic T lymphocytes cells and fewer myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumors. CONCLUSIONS IL-17A increases PD-L1 expression through the p65/NRF1/miR-15b-5p axis and promotes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy. Blocking IL-17A improved the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in MSS CRC murine models. IL-17A might serve as a therapeutic target to sensitize patients with MSS CRC to ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bojun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Haoxiu Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shuling Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Zhan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shengnan Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanfei Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tongsen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China .,Heilongjiang Cancer Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
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Sheng QJ, Tian WY, Dou XG, Zhang C, Li YW, Han C, Fan YX, Lai PP, Ding Y. Programmed death 1, ligand 1 and 2 correlated genes and their association with mutation, immune infiltration and clinical outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:1255-1271. [PMID: 33250959 PMCID: PMC7667459 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i11.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact regulation network of programmed death 1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) signaling in immune escape is largely unknown. We aimed to describe the gene expression profiles related to PD-1 as well as its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, thus deciphering their possible biological processes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
AIM To find the possible mechanism of function of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in HCC.
METHODS Based on the expression data of HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas, the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 related genes were screened by weighted correlation network analysis method and the biological processes of certain genes were enriched. Relation of PD1/PD-L1/PD-L2 with immune infiltration and checkpoints was investigated by co-expression analysis. The roles of PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 in determination of clinical outcome were also analyzed.
RESULTS Mutations of calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 E, catenin beta 1, ryanodine receptor 2, tumor suppressor protein p53, and Titin altered PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 expression profiles in HCC. PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 related genes were mainly enriched in biological procedures of T cell activation, cell adhesion, and other important lymphocyte effects. In addition, PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 was related with immune infiltration of CD8 T cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and myeloid dendritic cells. Immune checkpoints of CTLA4, CD27, CD80, CD86, and CD28 were significantly related to the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 axis. Clinically, PD-1 and PD-L2 expression was correlated with recurrence (P = 0.005 for both), but there was no significant correlation between their expression and HCC patient survival.
CONCLUSION Mutations of key genes influence PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 expression. PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 related genes participate in T cell activation, cell adhesion, and other important lymphocyte effects. The finding that PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 is related to immune infiltration and other immune checkpoints would expand our understanding of promising anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ju Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wen-Yue Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Dou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yao-Xin Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Lai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
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Prognostic and clinicopathological utility of PD-L2 expression in patients with digestive system cancers: A meta-analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106946. [PMID: 33182023 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2)has been detected in various cancers. However, its prognostic value in digestive system cancers (DSCs) remains unclear. Accordingly, this meta-analysis investigated the prognostic and clinicopathological utility of PD-L2 in patients with DSCs. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov., Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases for eligible studies up to April 30, 2020. The hazard ratio (HR), odds ratio (OR), and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of the outcomes were calculated. RESULTS Twenty two studies with 4886 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that PD-L2 overexpression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR 1.470, 95% CI: 1.252-1.728, p < 0.001) and worse disease-free survival (DFS) (HR1.598, 95% CI: 1.398-1.826, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that elevated PD-L2 was a significant prognostic indicator of worse OS in hepatocellular carcinoma (HR 1.703, 95% CI: 1.456-1.991, p < 0.001) and colorectal cancer (HR 3.811, 95% CI: 1.718-8.454, p = 0.001). Concerning clinicopathologic factors, PD-L2 overexpression was associated with lymphatic metastasis (OR 1.394., 95% CI: 1.101-1.764, p = 0.006), tumor metastasis (OR 1.599, 95% CI: 1.072-2.383, p = 0.021), and the histopathological stage (OR 0.704, 95% CI: 0.566-0.875, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION PD-L2 overexpression in DSCs after surgery might predict a poor prognosis, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Larger patient cohorts are needed to validate its prognostic role.
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Yu J, Chen GG, Lai PBS. Targeting hepatocyte growth factor/c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: Rationale and therapeutic strategies. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:507-524. [PMID: 33026703 DOI: 10.1002/med.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The outcome of current standard treatments, as well as targeted therapies in advanced stages, are still unsatisfactory. Attention has been drawn to novel strategies for better treatment efficacy. Hepatocyte growth factor/c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (HGF/c-Met) axis has been known as an essential element in the regulation of liver diseases and as an oncogenic factor in HCC. In this review, we collected the evidence of HGF/c-Met as a tumor progression and prognostic marker, discussed the anti-c-Met therapy in vitro, summarized the outcome of c-Met inhibitors in clinical trials, and identified potential impetus for future anti-c-Met treatments. We also analyzed the inconsistency of HGF/c-Met from various publications and offered reasonable explanations based on the current understanding in this area. In conclusion, HGF/c-Met plays a crucial role in the progression and growth of HCC, and the strategies to inhibit this pathway may facilitate the development of new and effective treatments for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Yu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Xu D, Wang Y, Zhou K, Wu J, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yu Z, Liu L, Liu X, Li B, Zheng J. Development and Validation of a Novel 8 Immune Gene Prognostic Signature Based on the Immune Expression Profile for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8125-8140. [PMID: 32884295 PMCID: PMC7439501 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s263047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune microenvironment plays a vital role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study explored novel immune-related biomarkers to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. Methods RNA-Seq data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Univariate Cox regression was used to identify prognosis-related genes; the Lasso method was used to construct the prognosis risk model. Validation was performed on the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) cohort, and the C-index was calculated to evaluate its overall predictive performance. Western blots were conducted to evaluate the expression of genes. Results There were 320 immune-related genes, 40 of which were significantly related to prognosis. Eight immune gene signatures (CKLF, IL12A, CCL20, PRELID1, GLMN, ACVR2A, CD7, and FYN) were established by Lasso Cox regression analysis. This immune signature performed well in different cohorts and can be an independent risk factor for prognosis. In addition, the overall predictive performance of this model was higher than the other models reported previously. Conclusion The predictive immune model will enable patients with HCC to be more accurately managed in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Geriatrics Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailun Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzheng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Bidan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
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Mining Database for the Expression and Clinical Significance of NF- κB Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:2572048. [PMID: 32879628 PMCID: PMC7448221 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2572048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest diseases affecting humans. Its incidence has been increasing over the last decade. It is characterized by poor prognosis as well as lack of therapeutic regimens for patients in the advanced stages. It is therefore important to develop effective biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy of HCC. Research suggests that the NF-κB family plays vital roles in immune response, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and the progress of malignancy in various cancers. However, its role in HCC remains unidentified. Methodology. The expression and clinical significance of the NF-κB family in HCC were analyzed using several bioinformatics tools including UALCAN, The Human Protein Atlas, GEPIA, GSCALite, David, GeneMANIA, and TIMER. Results The mRNA expression levels of RelA, RelB, NF-κB1, and NF-κB2 were significantly elevated in HCC. The mRNA levels of RelB and NF-κB2 were significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues in subgroup analyses based on patient's race, gender, age, weight, tumor grade, cancer stage, and nodal metastasis status. Moreover, HCC patients with elevated levels of RelB and NF-κB2 had a worse overall survival and disease-free survival. Methylation downregulated the expressions of RelA, RelB, and NF-κB1 in HCC. NF-κB family was also significantly involved in various hallmark cancer-related pathways such as the apoptosis, EMT, RTK, and cell cycle pathways. Similarly, the expression of RelB and NF-κB2 was positively correlated with the abundance of immune cells and the expression of immune biomarkers. Several kinase and miRNA targets of RelB and NF-κB2 were also identified. Conclusion RelB and NF-κB2 are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy of HCC.
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Zhao M, Zhang J, Chen S, Wang Y, Tian Q. Influence of Programmed Death Ligand-1-Gene Polymorphism rs822336 on the Prognosis and Safety of Postoperative Patients with NSCLC Who Received Platinum-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6755-6766. [PMID: 32801904 PMCID: PMC7414937 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s255072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was done to investigate the influence of PDL1-gene polymorphism on the prognosis and safety of postoperative patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had received platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods A total of 289 postoperative patients with NSCLC who had received platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy from January 2012 to June 2019 participated in this study. Recurrence status and adverse reactions were documented during adjuvant chemotherapy. Overall survival (OS) data were obtained through telephone follow-up. DNA extracted from hematologic specimens was genotyped for PDL1-gene polymorphism. Associations between genotype status and prognosis were assessed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, and multivariate adjustment was performed using Cox regression analysis. Results Median disease-free survival of the 289 patients with NSCLC was 3.3 years and median OS 4.9 years. With regard to the PDL1 gene polymorphism, only rs822336 was of clinical significance in the subsequent analysis. The minor-allele frequency of rs822336 was 0.21, and distribution of the three genotypes was in accordance with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P=0.807). Survival analysis according to genotype status suggested that median disease-free survival of patients with GG and GC/CC genotypes was 2.8 and 4.1 years, respectively (P=0.01). Median OS of patients with GG and GC/CC genotypes was 4.1 and 5.4 years, respectively (P=0.008). However, the safety analysis failed to find a significant association between the polymorphism and adverse reactions. Interestingly, expression analysis of RNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicated that PDL1-mRNA expression of patients with the GG genotype was significantly higher than for the GC/CC genotype (P<0.001). Conclusion The prognosis of postoperative patients with NSCLC who have received platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy may be influenced by the rs822336 polymorphism through mediation of the mRNA expression of PDL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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Increased both PD-L1 and PD-L2 expressions on monocytes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was associated with a poor prognosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10377. [PMID: 32587357 PMCID: PMC7316832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibodies has been approved to treat HCC. Some PD-1 ligands (PD–L1 and PD–L2) negative tumors respond to treatment of anti-PD-1 antibodies, and this fact may be caused by the expression of PD-1 ligands on non-tumor cells. PD–L1 was recently found to be expressed on CD14+ cells from cancer patients. We investigate PD-1 ligands expression on CD14+ cells of patients with HCC and the role of CD14+ cells in an antitumor response. In this study, 87 patients diagnosed with HCC were enrolled. CD14+ cells from patients with HCC expressed PD–L1 (4.5–95.5%) and PD–L2 (0.2–95.0%). According to cut-off values, we classified patients as those either with PD–L1+PD–L2+CD14+ cells or other types of CD14+ cells. The overall survival of patients with PD–L1+PD–L2+CD14+ cells was shorter than that of patients with other types of CD14+ cells (p = 0.0023). PD–L1+PD–L2+CD14+ cells produced IL-10 and CCL1, and showed little tumoricidal activity against HepG2 cells. The tumoricidal activity of CD8+ cells from patients with PD–L1+PD–L2+CD14+ cells were suppressed by co-cultivation with CD14+ cells from the syngeneic patient. Furthermore, anti-PD-1 antibody restored their tumoricidal activity of CD8+ cells. In conclusion, some patients with HCC have PD–L1+PD–L2+CD14+ cells that suppress their antitumor response. These inhibitory functions of CD14+ cells may be associated with a poor prognosis in these patients.
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Miliotis CN, Slack FJ. Multi-layered control of PD-L1 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6. [PMID: 34212113 PMCID: PMC8244904 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. In approximately 10% of GC cases, cancer cells show ubiquitous and monoclonal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. A significant feature of EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC) is high lymphocytic infiltration and high expression of immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This highlights EBVaGC as a strong candidate for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Indeed, several recent studies have shown that EBV positivity in GC correlates with positive response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade therapy. Understanding the mechanisms that control PD-L1 expression in EBVaGC can indicate new predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy, as well as therapeutic targets for combination therapy. Various mechanisms have been implicated in PD-L1 expression regulation, including structural variations, post-transcriptional control, oncogenic activation of intrinsic signaling pathways, and increased sensitivity to extrinsic signals. This review provides the most recent updates on the multilayered control of PD-L1 expression in EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Miliotis
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Long L, Chen M, Yuan Y, Ming AL, Guo W, Wu K, Chen H. High expression of PKM2 synergizes with PD-L1 in tumor cells and immune cells to predict worse survival in human lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:4442-4452. [PMID: 32489463 PMCID: PMC7255362 DOI: 10.7150/jca.42610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 represents a breakthrough in the treatment of lung cancer. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is not only a critical player in glycolysis, but also conducive to tumor progression and immune response. While both have been linked to lung adenocarcinoma (AC), the correlation and clinical significance of PKM2 and PD-L1 expression in human lung AC tissues remains not entirely explored. Methods: Expression of PKM2 and PD-L1 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in 74 lung AC cases and the corresponding noncancerous tissues. Simultaneously, multiplex immunofluorescence was used to detect PKM2, PD-L1, CK, CD3, and CD68 in the lung AC tissues. We measured expression patterns and co-localization of these markers, evaluating their association with clinicopathological features and overall survival. Validation of findings was conducted using mRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) of 515 lung AC cases. Results: High expression of PKM2 in tumor cells was significantly related with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (p=0.035, p=0.017, respectively). Moreover, PKM2 expression in tumor cells was positively correlated with tumor PD-L1 expression. High expression of PKM2, PD-L1 in tumor cells and immune cells predicted high mortality rate and poorer survival rates, respectively. Additionally, multivariate Cox regression models indicated that high expression of PKM2 in tumor cells was an independent prognostic factor. Based on TCGA genomic data, high PKM2 mRNA expression was significantly associated with poorer survival (p=0.001). Conclusion: High expression of PKM2 synergizes with PD-L1 in tumor cells and immune cells to predict poorer survival rates in patients with lung AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Long
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Mengxi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Alex Lau Ming
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Kaisong Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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Su J, Dai B, Yuan W, Wang G, Zhang Z, Li Z, Liu J, Song J. The influence of PD-L1 genetic variation on the prognosis of R0 resection colorectal cancer patients received capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy: a long-term follow-up, real-world retrospective study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:969-978. [PMID: 32314029 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the influence of PD-L1 genetic variation on the prognosis of R0 resection colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who received capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy in real world. METHODS A total of 315 CRC patients underwent R0 surgical resection and received capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy were included. Clinical characteristics were collected from the hospital record system, prognosis was obtained by telephone follow-up. Peripheral blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimen of CRC patients were performed for the genotyping of polymorphism and mRNA expression of PD-L1, respectively. Analysis on the association between genotypes and prognosis was conducted. RESULTS The median disease-free survival (DFS) of the 315 CRC patients was 5.1 years, the median overall survival (OS) was 6.0 years. Regarding the PD-L1 gene polymorphism analysis, the prevalence of 901T>C among the CRC patients was as follows: TT genotype 221 cases (70.16%), TC genotype 86 cases (27.30%), CC genotype 8 cases (2.54%), the minor allele frequency was 0.16, the distribution of three genotypes was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P = 0.915). Moreover, the prognosis analysis indicated that the median DFS of patients with TT and TC/CC genotype was 5.4 and 4.0 years, respectively (P = 0.008). The median OS of patients with the two genotypes was 6.4 and 5.0 years (P = 0.007). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the TC/CC genotypes were an independent factor for DFS (odds ratio = 1.56, P = 0.018). Furthermore, the mRNA expression results indicated that the mRNA expression of PD-L1 in PBMC of the patients with TC/CC genotype was significantly higher than patients with TT genotype (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The prognosis of R0 resection CRC patients received capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy in real world may be influenced by PD-L1 901T>C polymorphism through mediation of the mRNA expression of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Su
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Baiyun Dai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guixian Wang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Junmin Song
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Yu S, Wang Y, Hou J, Li W, Wang X, Xiang L, Tan D, Wang W, Jiang L, Claret FX, Jiao M, Guo H. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma: Tregs is correlated with poor overall survival. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231003. [PMID: 32240238 PMCID: PMC7117689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic interrogation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) is key to the prediction of clinical outcome and development of immunotherapies. However, little is known about the TIICs of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its impact on the prognosis of patients and potential for immunotherapy. We applied CIBERSORT of 1090 tumors to infer the infiltration of 22 subsets of TIICs using gene expression data. Unsupervised clustering analysis by 22 TIICs revealed 4 clusters of tumors, mainly defined by macrophages and T cells, with distinct prognosis and associations with immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-1, CD274, CTLA-4, LAG-3 and IFNG. We found tumors with decreased number of M1 macrophages or increased regulatory T cells were associated with poor prognosis. Based on the multivariate Cox analysis, a nomogram was also established for clinical application. In conclusion, composition of the TIICs in HCC was quite different, which is an important determinant of prognosis with great potential to identify candidates for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiZhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
- Department of Respirology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jia Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - WenYuan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - LuoChengLing Xiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - DeLi Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - WenJuan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - LiLi Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Francois X. Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Min Jiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
- * E-mail: (MJ); (HG)
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
- * E-mail: (MJ); (HG)
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Cervello M, Emma MR, Augello G, Cusimano A, Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Akula SM, Abrams SL, Steelman LS, Gulino A, Belmonte B, Montalto G, McCubrey JA. New landscapes and horizons in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3053-3094. [PMID: 32018226 PMCID: PMC7041742 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the sixth most frequent form of cancer and leads to the fourth highest number of deaths each year. HCC results from a combination of environmental factors and aging as there are driver mutations at oncogenes which occur during aging. Most of HCCs are diagnosed at advanced stage preventing curative therapies. Treatment in advanced stage is a challenging and pressing problem, and novel and well-tolerated therapies are urgently needed. We will discuss further advances beyond sorafenib that target additional signaling pathways and immune checkpoint proteins. The scenario of possible systemic therapies for patients with advanced HCC has changed dramatically in recent years. Personalized genomics and various other omics approaches may identify actionable biochemical targets, which are activated in individual patients, which may enhance therapeutic outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify predictive biomarkers and aberrantly activated signaling pathways capable of guiding the clinician in choosing the most appropriate therapy for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria R. Emma
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Augello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Shaw M. Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Stephen L. Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Linda S. Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Lu F, Zhou Q, Liu L, Zeng G, Ci W, Liu W, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Wang P, Zhang A, Gao Y, Yu L, He Q, Chen L. A tumor suppressor enhancing module orchestrated by GATA4 denotes a therapeutic opportunity for GATA4 deficient HCC patients. Theranostics 2020; 10:484-497. [PMID: 31903133 PMCID: PMC6929984 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Effective targeting therapies are limited in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinic. Characterization of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and elucidation their signaling cascades could shed light on new strategies for developing targeting therapies for HCC. Methods: We checked genome-wide DNA copy number variation (CNV) of HCC samples, focusing on deleted genes for TSG candidates. Clinical data, in vitro and in vivo data were collected to validate the tumor suppressor functions. Results: Focal deletion of GATA4 gene locus was the most prominent feature across all liver cancer samples. Ectopic expression of GATA4 resulted in senescence of HCC cell lines. Mechanistically, GATA4 exerted tumor suppressive role by orchestrating the assembly of a tumor suppressor enhancing module: GATA4 directly bound and potently inhibited the mRNA transcription activity of β-catenin; meanwhile, β-catenin was recruited by GATA4 to promoter regions and facilitated transcription of GATA4 target genes, which were TSGs per se. Expression of GATA4 was effective to shrink GATA4-deficient HCC tumors in vivo. We also showed that β-catenin inhibitor was capable of shrinking GATA4-deficient tumors. Conclusions: Our study unveiled a previously unnoticed tumor suppressor enhancing module assembled by ectopically expressed GATA4 in HCC cells and denoted a therapeutic opportunity for GATA4 deficient HCC patients. Our study also presented an interesting case that an oncogenic transcription factor conditionally functioned as a tumor suppressor when recruited by a TSG transcription factor.
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Immune Cell Infiltration in the Microenvironment of Liver Oligometastasis from Colorectal Cancer: Intratumoural CD8/CD3 Ratio Is a Valuable Prognostic Index for Patients Undergoing Liver Metastasectomy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121922. [PMID: 31810350 PMCID: PMC6966431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A comprehensive investigation into immune cell infiltration provides more accurate and reliable prognostic information for patients with colorectal liver oligometastases (CLO) after liver metastasectomy. Methods: Simultaneous detection of the immune constituents CD3+, CD8+, Foxp3+ T, and α-SMA+ cells in the liver oligometastasis of 133 patients was conducted using a four-colour immunohistochemical multiplex technique. Immune cells were quantified, and tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) ratios were subsequently calculated. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) for TIL ratios were analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression models. Results: Significantly fewer CD3+, CD8+, and Foxp3+ T cells were observed in the intratumoural region than in the peritumoural region of liver metastases. CD3+, CD8+, Foxp3+ T, and α-SMA+ cells showed significantly positive correlations with each other both in the intratumoural and peritumoural regions of liver metastases. Only the CD8/CD3 TIL ratio demonstrated a positive correlation between intratumoural and peritumoural regions of liver metastases (r = 0.541, p < 0.001). Patients with high intratumoural CD8/CD3 ratios had significantly longer 3-year RFS (59.0% vs. 47.4%, p = 0.035) and 3-year OS rates (83.3% vs. 65.8%, p = 0.007) than those with low intratumoural CD8/CD3 ratios. Multivariate analyses revealed that the intratumoural CD8/CD3 ratio was independently associated with RFS (HR = 0.593; 95% CI = 0.357–0.985; p = 0.043) and OS (HR = 0.391; 95% CI = 0.193–0.794; p = 0.009). Conclusion: These findings offer a better understanding of the prognostic value of immune cell infiltration on liver oligometastasis from colorectal cancer.
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Zhang X, Liu T, Li Z, Feng Y, Corpe C, Liu S, Zhang J, He X, Liu F, Xu L, Shen L, Li S, Xia Q, Peng X, Zhou X, Chen W, Zhang X, Xu J, Wang J. Hepatomas are exquisitely sensitive to pharmacologic ascorbate (P-AscH -). Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:8109-8126. [PMID: 31754384 PMCID: PMC6857065 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Ascorbate is an essential micronutrient known for redox functions at normal physiologic concentrations. In recent decades, pharmacological ascorbate has been found to selectively kill tumour cells. However, the dosing frequency of pharmacologic ascorbate in humans has not yet been defined. Methods: We determined that among five hepatic cell lines, Huh-7 cells were the most sensitive to ascorbate. The effects of high-dose ascorbate on hepatoma were therefore assessed using Huh-7 cells and xenograft tumour mouse model. Results: In Huh-7 cells, ascorbate induced a significant increase in the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, apoptosis and intracellular levels of ROS. High doses of ascorbate (4.0 pmol cell-1), but not low doses of ascorbate (1.0 pmol cell-1), also served as a pro-drug that killed hepatoma cells by altering mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, in a Huh-7 cell xenograft tumour mouse model, intraperitoneal injection of ascorbate (4.0 g/kg/3 days) but not a lower dose of ascorbate (2.0 g/kg/3 days) significantly inhibited tumour growth. Gene array analysis of HCC tumour tissue from xenograft mice given IP ascorbate (4.0 g/kg/3 days) identified changes in the transcript levels of 192 genes/ncRNAs involved in insulin receptor signalling, metabolism and mitochondrial respiration. Consistent with the array data, gene expression levels of AGER, DGKK, ASB2, TCP10L2, Lnc-ALCAM-3, and Lnc-TGFBR2-1 were increased 2.05-11.35 fold in HCC tumour tissue samples from mice treated with high-dose ascorbate, and IHC staining analysis also verified that AGER/RAGE and DGKK proteins were up-regulated, which implied that AGER/RAGE and DGKK activation might be related to oxidative stress, leading to hepatoma cell death. Conclusions: Our studies identified multiple mechanisms are responsible for the anti-tumour activity of ascorbate and suggest high doses of ascorbate with less frequency will act as a novel therapeutic agent for liver cancer in vivo.
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Tian MX, Liu WR, Wang H, Zhou YF, Jin L, Jiang XF, Tao CY, Tang Z, Zhou PY, Fang Y, Qu WF, Ding ZB, Peng YF, Dai Z, Qiu SJ, Zhou J, Lau WY, Fan J, Shi YH. Tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes signature predicts survival in patients with early/intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Med 2019; 17:106. [PMID: 31164128 PMCID: PMC6549297 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratumoral immune infiltrates have manifested a robust prognostic signature in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We hypothesized that a novel tissue-related immune signature (TRIS) could improve the prediction of postoperative survival for patients diagnosed with early/intermediate HCC. METHODS Twenty-eight immune features were immunohistochemically examined on 352 HCC specimens. The LASSO Cox regression model was used to construct a five-feature-based TRIS. The univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed. Based on independent predictors, the immune-clinical prognostic index (ICPI) was established. Performance assessment was measured with C-index and compared with seven traditional staging systems. The independent validation cohort (n = 393) was included to validate the model. RESULTS By using the LASSO method, the TRIS were constructed on the basis of five immune features, CD3intratumoral (T), CD27T, CD68peritumoral (P), CD103T, and PD1T. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that the TRIS was an independent prognostic predictor. In the training cohort, γ-glutamyl transferase, tumor diameter, tumor differentiation, and TRIS were incorporated into the ICPI. The ICPI presented satisfactory discrimination ability, with C-index values of 0.691 and 0.686 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Compared with seven conventional staging systems (C-index, training cohort, 0.548-0.597; validation cohort, 0.519-0.610), the ICPI exhibited better performance for early/intermediate-stage HCCs. Further, the patients were categorized into three subgroups with X-tile software, and the stratified ICPI presented a superior corrected Akaike information criterion and homogeneity in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our ICPI was a useful and reliable prognostic tool which may offer good individualized prediction capability for HCC patients with early/intermediate stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xin Tian
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fu Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Fei Jiang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yang Tao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yun Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Qu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Fei Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Yee Lau
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Carreau NA, Diefenbach CS. Immune targeting of the microenvironment in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma: insights for the hematologist. Ther Adv Hematol 2019; 10:2040620719846451. [PMID: 31105921 PMCID: PMC6501496 DOI: 10.1177/2040620719846451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While up to 80% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) are cured with first-line therapy, relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease remains a clinical challenge and is fatal for many young patients. HL is unique in that the tumor cells (Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg; HRS cells) are a small fraction (<1%) of the tumor bulk, with the remaining tumor composed of the cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The support and integrity of the TME is necessary for HRS cell growth and survival. Targeting the programmed death 1 pathway has shown exciting activity in relapsed HL and led to United States Food and Drug Administration approval of the checkpoint inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, for R/R HL. Novel combinations with checkpoint blockade therapy (CBT), targeted approaches such as combinations of CBT with brentuximab vedotin or chemotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, and the use of CBT to potentially sensitize to subsequent therapy are being investigated as treatment approaches. As understanding of the HL TME grows, hopefully this will increase the number of rational therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Carreau
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine & NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine S Diefenbach
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine & NYU Langone Medical Center, 240 East 38 Street, 19 Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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