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Hennrich O, Weinmann L, Kulik A, Harms K, Klahn P, Youn JW, Surup F, Mast Y. Biotransformation-coupled mutasynthesis for the generation of novel pristinamycin derivatives by engineering the phenylglycine residue. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:1050-1063. [PMID: 38033732 PMCID: PMC10685826 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptogramins are the last line of defense antimicrobials with pristinamycin as a representative substance used as therapeutics against highly resistant pathogenic bacteria. However, the emergence of (multi)drug-resistant pathogens renders these valuable antibiotics useless; making it necessary to derivatize compounds for new compound characteristics, which is often difficult by chemical de novo synthesis due to the complex nature of the molecules. An alternative to substance derivatization is mutasynthesis. Herein, we report about a mutasynthesis approach, targeting the phenylglycine (Phg) residue for substance derivatization, a pivotal component of streptogramin antibiotics. Mutasynthesis with halogenated Phg(-like) derivatives altogether led to the production of two new derivatized natural compounds, as there are 6-chloropristinamycin I and 6-fluoropristinamycin I based on LC-MS/MS analysis. 6-Chloropristinamycin I and 6-fluoropristinamycin I were isolated by preparative HPLC, structurally confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and tested for antimicrobial bioactivity. In a whole-cell biotransformation approach using an engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) pET28-hmo/pACYC-bcd-gdh strain, Phg derivatives were generated fermentatively. Supplementation with the E. coli biotransformation fermentation broth containing 4-fluorophenylglycine to the pristinamycin mutasynthesis strain resulted in the production of 6-fluoropristinamycin I, demonstrating an advanced level of mutasynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hennrich
- Department Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Leoni Weinmann
- Institute of Microbiology, University Stuttgart, Allmandring 31 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Department Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28 D-72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Karen Harms
- Microbial Drugs Department, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
- Centre of Antimicrobial Resistance Research in Gothenburg (CARe) Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jung-Won Youn
- Institute of Microbiology, University Stuttgart, Allmandring 31 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Frank Surup
- Microbial Drugs Department, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Yvonne Mast
- Department Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Rebenring 56 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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Osada H. Discovery and applications of nucleoside antibiotics beyond polyoxin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:855-864. [PMID: 31554959 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside antibiotics possess various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and herbicidal activities. RIKEN scientists contributed to this area of research with two representative antifungal nucleoside antibiotics, blasticidin S and polyoxin. Blasticidin S was the first antibiotic exploited in agriculture worldwide. Meanwhile, the polyoxins discovered by Isono and Suzuki are still used globally as an agricultural antibiotic. In this review article, the research on nucleoside antibiotics mainly done by Isono and his collaborators is summarized from the discovery of polyoxin to subsequent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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3
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Reconstruction of a hybrid nucleoside antibiotic gene cluster based on scarless modification of large DNA fragments. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:968-979. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Niu G, Zheng J, Tan H. Biosynthesis and combinatorial biosynthesis of antifungal nucleoside antibiotics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:939-947. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Süssmuth RD, Mainz A. Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis-Principles and Prospects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3770-3821. [PMID: 28323366 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are large multienzyme machineries that assemble numerous peptides with large structural and functional diversity. These peptides include more than 20 marketed drugs, such as antibacterials (penicillin, vancomycin), antitumor compounds (bleomycin), and immunosuppressants (cyclosporine). Over the past few decades biochemical and structural biology studies have gained mechanistic insights into the highly complex assembly line of nonribosomal peptides. This Review provides state-of-the-art knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of NRPSs and the variety of their products along with detailed analysis of the challenges for future reprogrammed biosynthesis. Such a reprogramming of NRPSs would immediately spur chances to generate analogues of existing drugs or new compound libraries of otherwise nearly inaccessible compound structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderich D Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andi Mainz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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Süssmuth RD, Mainz A. Nicht-ribosomale Peptidsynthese - Prinzipien und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Andi Mainz
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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7
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Nature's combinatorial biosynthesis and recently engineered production of nucleoside antibiotics in Streptomyces. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:66. [PMID: 28260195 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Modified nucleosides produced by Streptomyces and related actinomycetes are widely used in agriculture and medicine as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral agents. These specialized small-molecule metabolites are biosynthesized by complex enzymatic machineries encoded within gene clusters in the genome. The past decade has witnessed a burst of reports defining the key metabolic processes involved in the biosynthesis of several distinct families of nucleoside antibiotics. Furthermore, genome sequencing of various Streptomyces species has dramatically increased over recent years. Potential biosynthetic gene clusters for novel nucleoside antibiotics are now apparent by analysis of these genomes. Here we revisit strategies for production improvement of nucleoside antibiotics that have defined mechanisms of action, and are in clinical or agricultural use. We summarize the progress for genetically manipulating biosynthetic pathways for structural diversification of nucleoside antibiotics. Microorganism-based biosynthetic examples are provided and organized under genetic principles and metabolic engineering guidelines. We show perspectives on the future of combinatorial biosynthesis, and present a working model for discovery of novel nucleoside natural products in Streptomyces.
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8
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Natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics in Actinomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:401-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nucleoside antibiotics constitute an important family of microbial natural products bearing diverse bioactivities and unusual structural features. Their biosynthetic logics are unique with involvement of complex multi-enzymatic reactions leading to the intricate molecules from simple building blocks. Understanding how nature builds this family of antibiotics in post-genomic era sets the stage for rational enhancement of their production, and also paves the way for targeted persuasion of the cell factories to make artificial designer nucleoside drugs and leads via synthetic biology approaches. In this review, we discuss the recent progress and perspectives on the natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics.
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Qi J, Liu J, Wan D, Cai YS, Wang Y, Li S, Wu P, Feng X, Qiu G, Yang SP, Chen W, Deng Z. Metabolic engineering of an industrial polyoxin producer for the targeted overproduction of designer nucleoside antibiotics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1865-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Dan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - You-sheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yinghu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Shunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Pan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Guofu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Sheng-ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200030 China
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11
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Li J, Li L, Feng C, Chen Y, Tan H. Novel polyoxins generated by heterologously expressing polyoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in the sanN inactivated mutant of Streptomyces ansochromogenes. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:135. [PMID: 23043373 PMCID: PMC3520715 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyoxins are potent inhibitors of chitin synthetases in fungi and insects. The gene cluster responsible for biosynthesis of polyoxins has been cloned and sequenced from Streptomyces cacaoi and tens of polyoxin analogs have been identified already. Results The polyoxin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces cacaoi was heterologously expressed in the sanN inactivated mutant of Streptomyces ansochromogenes as a nikkomycin producer. Besides hybrid antibiotics (polynik A and polyoxin N) and some known polyoxins, two novel polyoxin analogs were accumulated. One of them is polyoxin P that has 5-aminohexuronic acid with N-glycosidically bound thymine as the nucleoside moiety and dehydroxyl-carbamoylpolyoxic acid as the peptidyl moiety. The other analog is polyoxin O that contains 5-aminohexuronic acid bound thymine as the nucleoside moiety, but recruits polyoximic acid as the sole peptidyl moiety. Bioassay against phytopathogenic fungi showed that polyoxin P displayed comparatively strong inhibitory activity, whereas the inhibitory activity of polyoxin O was weak under the same testing conditions. Conclusion Two novel polyoxin analogs (polyoxin P and O) were generated by the heterologous expression of polyoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in the sanN inactivated mutant of Streptomyces ansochromogenes. Polyoxin P showed potent antifungal activity,while the activity of polyoxin O was weak. The strategy presented here may be available for other antibiotics producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jine Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Li J, Li L, Tian Y, Niu G, Tan H. Hybrid antibiotics with the nikkomycin nucleoside and polyoxin peptidyl moieties. Metab Eng 2011; 13:336-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Milagre CDF, Milagre HMS, Moran PJS, Rodrigues JAR. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of alpha-hydroxy-beta-methyl-gamma-hydroxy esters: role of the keto-enol equilibrium to control the stereoselective hydrogenation in a key step. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1410-8. [PMID: 20143825 DOI: 10.1021/jo902227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-hydroxy-beta-methyl-gamma-hydroxy esters not only are found in many natural products and potent drugs but also are useful intermediates in organic synthesis due to their highly functionalized skeleton that can be further manipulated and applied in the synthesis of many compounds with remarkable biological activities. This work was based on a chemoenzymatic approach to obtain these molecules with three contiguous stereogenic centers in a highly enantio- and diastereoselective way. Two distinct linear routes were proposed in which the key steps in both routes consisted of initial stereocontrolled ketoester bioreduction followed by unsaturated carbonyl bioreduction or reduction with Pd-C. Other key reactions in the synthesis include a Wasserman protocol for chain homologation and a Mannich-type olefination with maintenance of enantiomeric excess for all intermediates during the sequence. Whereas route A gave exclusively the skeleton with 3R,4R,5S configuration (99% ee and 11.5% global yield after 7 steps), route B gave the skeleton with 3R,4R,5S and 3R,4S,5R configurations (dr 1:12, 98% ee and 20% global yield after 5 steps).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia D F Milagre
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Han JH, Hwang IC, Cho SH, Jang C, Kim NG, Yu SH, Yu YM, Kim SB. Description of Streptomyces neopeptinius sp. nov., an actinobacterium with broad spectrum antifungal activities. J Microbiol 2008; 46:295-9. [PMID: 18604499 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A streptomycete strain producing broad-spectrum antifungal substances was taxonomically characterized. The strain, designated KNF 2047(T) (= SH-09(T) = KCTC 10586BP(T)), was found to form extensively branching aerial and substrate mycelia, and produce spiny-ornamented spores with loose spiral chains. The whole cell hydrolyzates contained major amount of LL-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids of the phospholipids were saturated and branched fatty acids containing 14~17 carbons, and the major isoprenoid quinones were hexa-and octa-hydrogenated menaquinones with 9 isoprene units. The phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the strain belongs to the genus Streptomyces but forms an independent phyletic line. These results clearly demonstrate that strain KNF2047(T) forms a new center of taxonomic variation within Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces neopeptinius sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Han
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kirschning A, Taft F, Knobloch T. Total synthesis approaches to natural product derivatives based on the combination of chemical synthesis and metabolic engineering. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3245-59. [PMID: 17912378 DOI: 10.1039/b709549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are an extremely diverse and important group of natural products with industrial and biomedical implications. Advances in metabolic engineering of both native and heterologous secondary metabolite producing organisms have allowed the directed synthesis of desired novel products by exploiting their biosynthetic potentials. Metabolic engineering utilises knowledge of cellular metabolism to alter biosynthetic pathways. An important technique that combines chemical synthesis with metabolic engineering is mutasynthesis (mutational biosynthesis; MBS), which advanced from precursor-directed biosynthesis (PDB). Both techniques are based on the cellular uptake of modified biosynthetic intermediates and their incorporation into complex secondary metabolites. Mutasynthesis utilises genetically engineered organisms in conjunction with feeding of chemically modified intermediates. From a synthetic chemist's point of view the concept of mutasynthesis is highly attractive, as the method combines chemical expertise with Nature's synthetic machinery and thus can be exploited to rapidly create small libraries of secondary metabolites. However, in each case, the method has to be critically compared with semi- and total synthesis in terms of practicability and efficiency. Recent developments in metabolic engineering promise to further broaden the scope of outsourcing chemically demanding steps to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Weist S, Süssmuth RD. Mutational biosynthesis—a tool for the generation of structural diversity in the biosynthesis of antibiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:141-50. [PMID: 15702315 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products represent an important source of drugs in a number of therapeutic fields, e.g. antiinfectives and cancer therapy. Natural products are considered as biologically validated lead structures, and evolution of compounds with novel or enhanced biological properties is expected from the generation of structural diversity in natural product libraries. However, natural products are often structurally complex, thus precluding reasonable synthetic access for further structure-activity relationship studies. As a consequence, natural product research involves semisynthetic or biotechnological approaches. Among the latter are mutasynthesis (also known as mutational biosynthesis) and precursor-directed biosynthesis, which are based on the cellular uptake and incorporation into complex antibiotics of relatively simple biosynthetic building blocks. This appealing idea, which has been applied almost exclusively to bacteria and fungi as producing organisms, elegantly circumvents labourious total chemical synthesis approaches and exploits the biosynthetic machinery of the microorganism. The recent revitalization of mutasynthesis is based on advancements in both chemical syntheses and molecular biology, which have provided a broader available substrate range combined with the generation of directed biosynthesis mutants. As an important tool in supporting combinatorial biosynthesis, mutasynthesis will further impact the future development of novel secondary metabolite structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weist
- Biologische Chemie/Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Grabley S, Thiericke R. Bioactive agents from natural sources: trends in discovery and application. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 64:101-54. [PMID: 9933977 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-49811-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
About 30% of the worldwide sales of drugs are based on natural products. Though recombinant proteins and peptides account for increasing sales rates, the superiority of low-molecular mass compounds in human diseases therapy remains undisputed mainly due to more favorable compliance and bioavailability properties. In the past, new therapeutic approaches often derived from natural products. Numerous examples from medicine impressively demonstrate the innovative potential of natural compounds and their impact on progress in drug discovery and development. However, natural products are currently undergoing a phase of reduced attention in drug discovery because of the enormous effort which is necessary to isolate the active principles and to elucidate their structures. To meet the demand of several hundred thousands of test samples that have to be submitted to high-throughput screening (HTS) new strategies in natural product chemistry are necessary in order to compete successfully with combinatorial chemistry. Today, pharmaceutical companies have to spend approximately US $350 million to develop a new drug. Currently, approaches to improve and accelerate the joint drug discovery and development process are expected to arise mainly from innovation in drug target elucidation and lead finding. Breakthroughs in molecular biology, cell biology, and genetic engineering in the 1980 s gave access to understanding diseases on the molecular or on the gene level. Subsequently, constructing novel target directed screening assay systems of promising therapeutic significance, automation, and miniaturization resulted in HTS approaches changing the industrial drug discovery process drastically. Furthermore, elucidation of the human genome will provide access to a dramatically increased number of new potential drug targets that have to be evaluated for drug discovery. HTS enables the testing of an increasing number of samples. Therefore, new concepts to generate large compound collections with improved structural diversity are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grabley
- Hans-Knöll-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung e.V., Jena, Germany.
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18
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Kapeller H, Griengl H. Synthesis of methyl 5-azido-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidenecarba-α-D-allo-hexafuranuronate, the sugar part of carbapolyoxins and carbanikkomycins. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)01042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Kapeller H, Jary W, Hayden W, Griengl H. A chemo-enzymatic synthesis of the N-terminal aminoacid lactone of Nikkomycin B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(96)00507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Sch�z TC, Fiedler HP, Z�hner H. Optimized nikkomycin production by fed-batch and continuous fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00205028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Abstract
A number of substances that directly or indirectly affect the cell walls of fungi have been identified. Those that actively interfere with the synthesis or degradation of polysaccharide components share the property of being produced by soil microbes as secondary metabolites. Compounds specifically interfering with chitin or beta-glucan synthesis have proven effective in studies of preclinical models of mycoses, though they appear to have a restricted spectrum of coverage. Semisynthetic derivatives of some of the natural products have offered improvements in activity, toxicology, or pharmacokinetic behavior. Compounds which act on the cell wall indirectly or by a secondary mechanism of action, such as the azoles, act against diverse fungi but are usually fungistatic in nature. Overall, these compounds are attractive candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Hector
- Cutter Biological, Berkeley, California 94710
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22
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Hege-Treskatis D, King R, Wolf H, Gilles ED. Nutritional control of nikkomycin and juglomycin production by Streptomyces tendae in continuous culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 36:440-5. [PMID: 1368199 DOI: 10.1007/bf00170179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cultures with Streptomyces tendae revealed some interesting facts. In a continuous culture running for more than 2500 h the production of either nikkomycines or juglomycins could be selected by varying the feed composition. Decreasing the phosphate supply in the feed broth from the initial concentration of 2.5 mM to 1.0 mM enhanced the productivity of nikkomycins and decreased the productivity of juglomycins. When switching back to the initial conditions of the experiment after 2000 h nearly the same production behaviour as at the beginning of the fermentation could be observed. This indicated a stable behaviour of the population with regard to nikkomycin productivity. The long continuous fermentation showed the ability of S. tendae Tü 901/8c to produce nikkomycin at a high level for at least 1500 h. In a second continuous culture it was shown that the productivity of the nikkomycins and juglomycins decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing dilution rate. Comparing batch cultures with continuous fermentations, higher juglomycin productivity was found in the latter. These facts indicate that the strain responds to complex interacting physiological controls, by producing either nikkomycins or juglomycins in a higher amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hege-Treskatis
- Institut für Systemdynamik und Regelungstechnik, Universität Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
Structure and biological activity of thirty-six new nucleoside antibiotics which appeared after the 1988 review are described. New synthetic analogs of neplanocin and oxetanocin are also described with special emphasis on their antiviral activities. New biosynthetic findings on nikkomycins, blasticidin S, and griseolic acid are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isono
- Antibiotics Laboratory, RIKEN, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama-ken, Japan
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Hector RF, Zimmer BL, Pappagianis D. Evaluation of nikkomycins X and Z in murine models of coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:587-93. [PMID: 2344165 PMCID: PMC171648 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.4.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nikkomycins X and Z, competitive inhibitors of fungal chitin synthase, were evaluated as therapeutic agents in vitro and in mouse models of coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis. In vitro, the nikkomycins were found to be most effective against the highly chitinous, dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Blastomyces dermatitidis, were less effective against yeasts, and were virtually without effect on the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Additionally, by transmission electron microscopy, nikkomycin Z was highly disruptive to the cell wall and internal structure of the spherule-endospore phase of C. immitis in vitro. In vivo, nikkomycin Z was more effective than nikkomycin X, was also found to be superior on a milligram per milligram basis to the majority of azoles tested in the models of coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis, and was moderately effective in histoplasmosis. A study of the pharmacokinetics in mice showed that nikkomycin Z was rapidly eliminated after intravenous infusion but that absorption after oral administration was sufficiently slow to allow inhibitory levels to persist for more than 2 h. Results of limited toxicology tests suggest that nikkomycin Z was well tolerated at the dosages employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Hector
- Cutter Biological, Berkeley, California 94710
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Vecht-Lifshitz S, Braun S. Fermentation broth of Bacillus thuringiensis as a source of precursors for production of nikkomycins. Lett Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1989.tb00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chapter 4 Nikkomycins and Polyoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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