1
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Shirakura Y, Shobugawa Y, Saito R. Geographic variation in inpatient medical expenditure among older adults aged 75 years and above in Japan: a three-level multilevel analysis of nationwide data. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1306013. [PMID: 38481853 PMCID: PMC10933056 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1306013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Japan, a country at the forefront of population ageing, significant geographic variation has been observed in inpatient medical expenditures for older adults aged 75 and above (IMEP75), both at the small- and large-area levels. However, our understanding of how different levels of administrative (geographic) units contribute to the overall geographic disparities remains incomplete. Thus, this study aimed to assess the degree to which geographic variation in IMEP75 can be attributed to municipality-, secondary medical area (SMA)-, and prefecture-level characteristics, and identify key factors associated with IMEP75. Methods Using nationwide aggregate health insurance claims data of municipalities for the period of April 2018 to March 2019, we conducted a multilevel linear regression analysis with three levels: municipalities, SMA, and prefectures. The contribution of municipality-, SMA-, and prefecture-level correlates to the overall geographic variation in IMEP75 was evaluated using the proportional change in variance across six constructed models. The effects of individual factors on IMEP75 in the multilevel models were assessed by estimating beta coefficients with their 95% confidence intervals. Results We analysed data of 1,888 municipalities, 344 SMAs, and 47 prefectures. The availability of healthcare resources at the SMA-level and broader regions to which prefectures belonged together explained 57.3% of the overall geographic variance in IMEP75, whereas the effects of factors influencing healthcare demands at the municipality-level were relatively minor, contributing an additional explanatory power of 2.5%. Factors related to long-term and end-of-life care needs and provision such as the proportion of older adults certified as needing long-term care, long-term care benefit expenditure per recipient, and the availability of hospital beds for psychiatric and chronic care and end-of-life care support at home were associated with IMEP75. Conclusion To ameliorate the geographic variation in IMEP75 in Japan, the reallocation of healthcare resources across SMAs should be considered, and drivers of broader regional disparities need to be further explored. Moreover, healthcare systems for older adults must integrate an infrastructure of efficient long-term care and end-of-life care delivery outside hospitals to alleviate the burden on inpatient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shirakura
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Active Ageing, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Department of Active Ageing, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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2
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Korfage IJ, Polinder S, Preston N, van Delden JJ, Geraerds SAJ, Dunleavy L, Faes K, Miccinesi G, Carreras G, Moeller Arnfeldt C, Kars MC, Lippi G, Lunder U, Mateus C, Pollock K, Deliens L, Groenvold M, van der Heide A, Rietjens JA. Healthcare use and healthcare costs for patients with advanced cancer; the international ACTION cluster-randomised trial on advance care planning. Palliat Med 2022; 37:707-718. [PMID: 36515362 DOI: 10.1177/02692163221142950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advance care planning supports patients to reflect on and discuss preferences for future treatment and care. Studies of the impact of advance care planning on healthcare use and healthcare costs are scarce. AIM To determine the impact on healthcare use and costs of an advance care planning intervention across six European countries. DESIGN Cluster-randomised trial, registered as ISRCTN63110516, of advance care planning conversations supported by certified facilitators. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Patients with advanced lung or colorectal cancer from 23 hospitals in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia and the UK. Data on healthcare use were collected from hospital medical files during 12 months after inclusion. RESULTS Patients with a good performance status were underrepresented in the intervention group (p< 0.001). Intervention and control patients spent on average 9 versus 8 days in hospital (p = 0.07) and the average number of X-rays was 1.9 in both groups. Fewer intervention than control patients received systemic cancer treatment; 79% versus 89%, respectively (p< 0.001). Total average costs of hospital care during 12 months follow-up were €32,700 for intervention versus €40,700 for control patients (p = 0.04 with bootstrap analyses). Multivariable multilevel models showed that lower average costs of care in the intervention group related to differences between study groups in country, religion and WHO-status. No effect of the intervention on differences in costs between study groups was observed (p = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS Lower care costs as observed in the intervention group were mainly related to patients' characteristics. A definite impact of the intervention itself could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J Korfage
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Preston
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Johannes Jm van Delden
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra A Jlm Geraerds
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lesley Dunleavy
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kristof Faes
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido Miccinesi
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological network, prevention and research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Carreras
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological network, prevention and research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Caroline Moeller Arnfeldt
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Palliative Medicine, The Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marijke C Kars
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Urska Lunder
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Ceu Mateus
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kristian Pollock
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Luc Deliens
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mogens Groenvold
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Palliative Medicine, The Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Ac Rietjens
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Li L, Hu L, Ji J, Mckendrick K, Moreno J, Kelley AS, Mazumdar M, Aldridge M. Determinants of Total End-of-Life Health Care Costs of Medicare Beneficiaries: A Quantile Regression Forests Analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1065-1071. [PMID: 34153101 PMCID: PMC9071433 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify and rank the importance of key determinants of end-of-life (EOL) health care costs, and to understand how the key factors impact different percentiles of the distribution of health care costs. METHOD We applied a principled, machine learning-based variable selection algorithm, using Quantile Regression Forests, to identify key determinants for predicting the 10th (low), 50th (median), and 90th (high) quantiles of EOL health care costs, including costs paid for by Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), private HMOs, and patient's out-of-pocket expenditures. RESULTS Our sample included 7 539 Medicare beneficiaries who died between 2002 and 2017. The 10th, 50th, and 90th quantiles of EOL health care cost are $5 244, $35 466, and $87 241, respectively. Regional characteristics, specifically, the EOL-Expenditure Index, a measure for regional variation in Medicare spending driven by physician practice, and the number of total specialists in the hospital referral region were the top 2 influential determinants for predicting the 50th and 90th quantiles of EOL costs but were not determinants of the 10th quantile. Black race and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with lower EOL health care costs among decedents with lower total EOL health care costs but were associated with higher costs among decedents with the highest total EOL health care costs. CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with EOL health care costs varied across different percentiles of the cost distribution. Regional characteristics and decedent race/ethnicity exemplified factors that did not impact EOL costs uniformly across its distribution, suggesting the need to use a "higher-resolution" analysis for examining the association between risk factors and health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Li
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liangyuan Hu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiayi Ji
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karen Mckendrick
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jaison Moreno
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy S Kelley
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madhu Mazumdar
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Aldridge
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Baum MY, Gallo JJ, Nolan MT, Langa KM, Halpern SD, Macis M, Nicholas LH. Does it Matter Who Decides? Outcomes of Surrogate Decision-Making for Community-Dwelling, Cognitively Impaired Older Adults Near the End of Life. J Pain Symptom Manage 2021; 62:1126-1134. [PMID: 34153462 PMCID: PMC8648882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cognitively impaired older adults frequently need surrogate decision-making near the end-of-life. It is unknown whether differences in the surrogate's relationship to the decedent are associated with different end-of-life treatment choices. OBJECTIVES To describe differences in end-of-life care for community dwelling, cognitively impaired older adults when children and spouses are involved in decision-making. METHODS Retrospective observational study. RESULTS Among 742 community-dwelling adults with cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment or dementia) prior to death, children participated in end-of-life decisions for 615 patients (83%) and spouses participated in decisions for 258 patients (35%), with both children and spouses participating for 131 patients (18%). When controlling for demographic characteristics, decedents with only a spouse decision-maker were less likely to undergo a life-sustaining treatment than decedents with only children decision-makers (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the probability of in-hospital death or burdensome transfers across facilities across decedent-decision-maker relationships. Differences in rates of life-sustaining treatment were greater when we restricted to decedents with dementia. CONCLUSION Decedents with cognitive impairment or dementia were less likely to receive life-sustaining treatments when spouses versus children were involved with end-of-life treatment decisions but were no less likely to experience other measures of potentially burdensome end-of-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Y Baum
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph J Gallo
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marie T Nolan
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott D Halpern
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mario Macis
- Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren Hersch Nicholas
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado.
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5
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Sullivan DR, Teno JM, Reinke LF. Evolution of Palliative Care in the Department of Veterans Affairs: Lessons from an Integrated Health Care Model. J Palliat Med 2021; 25:15-20. [PMID: 34665652 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2021.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Palliative care (PC) is beneficial, however, in many settings it is under-resourced and unable to consistently meet the needs of patients and their families. A lack of national health policy support for PC contributes to underutilization and the low value care experienced by many patients with serious illness at the end of life. Through a series of transformative health care structure and process improvements including developing robust initiatives and promoting institutional culture change, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has significantly improved the quality of PC among veterans. VA's strategic simultaneous top-down and bottom-up approach to develop programs, policies, and initiatives provides important perspectives and deserves attention toward advancing PC in the broader U.S. health care system. Although opportunities for improvement exist, the comprehensive framework within VA should help inform the future of program development and serve as a model for integrated and accountable care organizations to emulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Sullivan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA.,Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care, Veterans Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joan M Teno
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lynn F Reinke
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Puget Sound Health Care System, Health Services Research & Development, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Haines L, Wang W, Harhay M, Martin N, Halpern S, Courtright K. Opportunities to Improve Palliative Care Delivery in Trauma Critical Illness. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2021; 39:633-640. [PMID: 34467775 DOI: 10.1177/10499091211042303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recommendations to integrate palliative care (PC) into care for critically ill trauma patients, little is known about current PC practices in trauma care to inform opportunities for improvement. OBJECTIVE Describe patterns of PC delivery among a large, critically ill trauma cohort. SETTING/SUBJECTS Retrospective cohort study of adult (≥18 years) trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) at an urban, level one trauma center in the United States from March 1, 2017 to March 1, 2019. METHODS We linked the electronic medical record with the institutional trauma registry. PC process measures included a PC consult order, advance care planning (ACP) note, and hospice use. Unadjusted results are reported for the total population, decedents, and subgroups at risk for poor outcomes (age ≥55 years, Black race ≥1 pre-existing comorbidity, and severe injury) after trauma. RESULTS Among 1309 eligible admissions, 902 (68.9%) were male, 640 (48.9%) were Black, and 654 (50.0%) were ≥55 years old. Eighty-one (6.2%) patients received a PC consult order, 66 (5.0%) had an ACP note, and 13 (1.1%) were discharged to hospice. Among decedents (N = 91; 7%), 28 (30.8%) received a PC consult order and 36 (39.6%) had an ACP note. For high-risk subgroups, PC consult orders and ACP note rates ranged from 4.5-12.8% and 4.5-11.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION PC delivery was rare among this cohort, including those at high risk for poor outcomes. Urgent efforts are needed to identify barriers to and develop targeted interventions for high quality PC delivery in trauma ICU care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Haines
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Michael Harhay
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Niels Martin
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott Halpern
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Courtright
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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7
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Wu ET, Wang CC, Huang SC, Chen CH, Jou ST, Chen YC, Wu MH, Lu FL. End-of-Life Care in Taiwan: Single-Center Retrospective Study of Modes of Death. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2021; 22:733-742. [PMID: 33767073 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Medical advances and the National Health Insurance coverage in Taiwan mean that mortality in the PICU is low. This study describes change in modes of death and end-of-life care in a single center, 2011-2017. SETTING Multidisciplinary PICU in a tertiary referral Children's Hospital in Taiwan. PATIENTS There were 316 deaths in PICU patients. INTERVENTIONS Palliative care consultation in the PICU service occurred after the 2013 "Hospice Palliative Care Act" revision. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the whole cohort, 22 of 316 patients (7%) were determined as "death by neurologic criteria". There were 94 of 316 patients (30%) who had an event needing cardiopulmonary resuscitation within 24 hours of death: 17 of these patients (17/94; 18%) died after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation without a do-not-resuscitate order, and the other 77 of 94 patients (82%) had a do-not-resuscitate order after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Overall, there were 200 of 316 patients (63%) who had a do-not-resuscitate order and were entered into the palliative program: 169 of 200 (85%) died after life-sustaining treatment was limited, and the other 31 of 200 (15%) died after life-sustaining treatment was withdrawn. From 2011 to 2017, the time-trend in end-of-life care showed the following associations: 1) a decrease in PICU mortality utilization rate, from 22% to 7% (p < 0.001); 2) a decrease in use of catecholamine infusions after do-not-resuscitate consent, from 87% to 47% (p = 0.001), in patients having limitation in life-sustaining treatment; and 3) an increase in withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, from 4% to 31% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In our practice in a single PICU-center in Taiwan, we have seen that the integration of a palliative care consultation service, developed after the revision of a national "Palliative Care Act," was associated with increased willingness to accept withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and a lowered PICU care intensity at the end-of-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Ting Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chien Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ho Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiann-Tarng Jou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Charng Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hwan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Weissman JS, Reich AJ, Prigerson HG, Gazarian P, Tjia J, Kim D, Rodgers P, Manful A. Association of Advance Care Planning Visits With Intensity of Health Care for Medicare Beneficiaries With Serious Illness at the End of Life. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2021; 2:e211829. [PMID: 35977213 PMCID: PMC8796875 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Question What is the association of a billed advance care planning (ACP) visit with intensive use of health care services at the end of life (EOL) for Medicare beneficiaries with serious illness? Findings In this cohort study of claims data of 955 777 Medicare beneficiaries with serious illness who died in 2017 and 2018, billed ACP visits that occurred during the decedents’ EOL course but before the last month of life were relatively uncommon. However, their occurrence was associated with less intensive use of EOL health care services. Meaning The findings of this cohort study suggest that ACP is associated with less intensive use of EOL health care services. Importance Advance care planning (ACP) is intended to maximize the concordance of preferences with end-of-life (EOL) care and is assumed to lead to less intensive use of health care services. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services began reimbursing clinicians for ACP discussions with patients in 2016. Objective To determine whether billed ACP visits are associated with intensive use of health care services at EOL. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective patient-level cohort analysis of seriously ill patients included Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who met criteria for serious illness from January 1 to December 31, 2016, and died from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018. Analyses were completed from November 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures Five measures of EOL health care services used (inpatient admission, emergency department visit, and/or intensive care unit stay within 30 days of death; in-hospital death; and timing of first hospice bill) and a measure of EOL expenditures. Analyses were adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility, and expenditure by hospital referral region (high, medium, or low). The primary exposure was receipt of a billed ACP service classified as none, timely (>1 month before death), or late (first ACP visit ≤1 month before death). Results Of the 955 777 Medicare beneficiaries who met criteria for serious illness in 2016 and died in 2017 or 2018, 522 737 (54.7%) were women, 764 666 (80.0%) were 75 years or older, and 822 684 (86.1%) were non-Hispanic White individuals. Among the study population, 81 131 (8.5%) had a timely ACP visit, and an additional 22 804 (2.4%) had a late ACP visit. After multivariable adjustment, compared with patients without any billed ACP visit, patients with a timely ACP visit experienced significantly less intensive EOL care on 4 of 5 measures, including in-hospital death (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.84-0.87), hospital admission (aOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.83-0.85), intensive care unit admission (aOR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85-0.88), and emergency department visit (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.82-0.84). Only small or insignificant differences in late hospice use or mean total EOL expenditures were noted. Compared with patients without ACP, patients with late ACP experienced more intensive EOL care, including in-hospital death (aOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.19-1.26), hospital admission (aOR, 5.28; 95% CI, 5.07-5.50), intensive care unit admission (aOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.53-1.62), and emergency department visit (aOR, 3.87; 95% CI, 3.72-4.02). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of US Medicare beneficiaries, billed ACP services during the EOL course of patients with serious illness were relatively uncommon, but if they occurred before the last month of life, they were associated with less intensive use of EOL services. Further research on the variables affecting hospice use and expenditures in the EOL period and the differential effect of late ACP is recommended to understand the relative role of ACP in achieving goal-concordant care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S. Weissman
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda J. Reich
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Holly G. Prigerson
- Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Priscilla Gazarian
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Tjia
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Dae Kim
- Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Phil Rodgers
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Adoma Manful
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Gupta A, Jin G, Reich A, Prigerson HG, Ladin K, Kim D, Ashana DC, Cooper Z, Halpern SD, Weissman JS. Association of Billed Advance Care Planning with End-of-Life Care Intensity for 2017 Medicare Decedents. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68:1947-1953. [PMID: 32853429 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reimburses clinicians for advance care planning (ACP) discussions with Medicare patients. The objective of the study was to examine the association of CMS-billed ACP visits with end-of-life (EOL) healthcare utilization. DESIGN Patient-level analyses of claims for the random 20% Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) sample of decedents in 2017. To account for multiple comparisons, Bonferroni adjusted P value <.008 was considered statistically significant. SETTING Nationally representative sample of Medicare FFS beneficiaries. PARTICIPANTS A total of 237,989 Medicare FFS beneficiaries who died in 2017 and included those with and without a billed ACP visit during 2016-17. INTERVENTION The key exposure variable was receipt of first billed ACP (none, >1 month before death). MEASUREMENTS Six measures of EOL healthcare utilization or intensity (inpatient admission, emergency department [ED] visit, intensive care unit [ICU] stay, and expenditures within 30 days of death, in-hospital death, and first hospice within 3 days of death). Analyses was adjusted for age, race, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, expenditure by Dartmouth hospital referral region (high, medium, or low), and dual eligibility. RESULTS Overall, 6.3% (14,986) of the sample had at least one billed ACP visit. After multivariable adjustment, patients with an ACP visit experienced significantly less intensive EOL care on four of six measures: hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = .77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .74-.79), ED visit (OR = .77; 95% CI = .75-.80), or ICU stay (OR = .78; 95% CI = .74-.81) within a month of death; and they were less likely to die in the hospital (OR = .79; 95% CI = .76-.82). There were no differences in the rate of late hospice enrollment (OR = .97; 95% CI = .92-1.01; P = .119) or mean expenditures ($242.50; 95% CI = -$103.63 to $588.61; P = .169). CONCLUSION Billed ACP visits were relatively uncommon among Medicare FFS decedents, but their occurrence was associated with less intensive EOL utilization. Further research on the variables affecting hospice use and expenditures in the EOL period is recommended to understand the relative role of ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avni Gupta
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Public Health Policy and Management, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Ginger Jin
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda Reich
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly G Prigerson
- Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keren Ladin
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Community Health, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Research on Ethics, Aging, and Community Health (REACH), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dae Kim
- Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepshikha Charan Ashana
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zara Cooper
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott D Halpern
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel S Weissman
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Ornstein KA, Roth DL, Huang J, Levitan EB, Rhodes JD, Fabius CD, Safford MM, Sheehan OC. Evaluation of Racial Disparities in Hospice Use and End-of-Life Treatment Intensity in the REGARDS Cohort. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2014639. [PMID: 32833020 PMCID: PMC7445597 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although hospice use is increasing and patients in the US are increasingly dying at home, racial disparities in treatment intensity at the end of life, including hospice use, remain. OBJECTIVE To examine differences between Black and White patients in end-of-life care in a population sample with well-characterized causes of death. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used data from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, an ongoing population-based cohort study with enrollment between January 25, 2003, and October 3, 2007, with linkage to Medicare claims data. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine racial and regional differences in end-of-life outcomes and in stroke mortality among 1212 participants with fee-for-service Medicare who died between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2015, owing to natural causes and excluding sudden death, with oversampling of Black individuals and residents of Southeastern states in the United States. Initial analyses were conducted in March 2019, and final primary analyses were conducted in February 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomes of interest were hospice use of 3 or more days in the last 6 months of life derived from Medicare claims files. Other outcomes included multiple hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and use of intensive procedures in the last 6 months of life. Cause of death was adjudicated by an expert panel of clinicians using death certificates, proxy interviews, autopsy reports, and medical records. RESULTS The sample consisted of 1212 participants (630 men [52.0%]; 378 Black individuals [31.2%]; mean [SD] age at death, 81.0 [8.6] years) of 2542 total deaths. Black decedents were less likely than White decedents to use hospice for 3 or more days (132 of 378 [34.9%] vs 385 of 834 [46.2%]; P < .001). After stratification by cause of death, substantial racial differences in treatment intensity and service use were found among persons who died of cardiovascular disease but not among patients who died of cancer. In analyses adjusted for cause of death (dementia, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other) and clinical and demographic variables, Black decedents were significantly less likely to use 3 or more days of hospice (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.96) and were more likely to have multiple emergency department visits (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.01-1.80) and hospitalizations (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.02-1.89) and undergo intensive treatment (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.40-2.70) in the last 6 months of life compared with White decedents. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite the increase in the use of hospice care in recent decades, racial disparities in the use of hospice remain, especially for noncancer deaths. More research is required to better understand racial disparities in access to and quality of end-of-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Ornstein
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - David L. Roth
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jin Huang
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily B. Levitan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham
| | - J. David Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham
| | - Chanee D. Fabius
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Monika M. Safford
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Orla C. Sheehan
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Ankuda CK, Ornstein KA, Covinsky KE, Bollens-Lund E, Meier DE, Kelley AS. Switching Between Medicare Advantage And Traditional Medicare Before And After The Onset Of Functional Disability. Health Aff (Millwood) 2020; 39:809-818. [PMID: 32364865 PMCID: PMC7951954 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Medicare Advantage (MA) plans have increasing flexibility to provide nonmedical services to support older adults aging in place in the community. However, prior research has suggested that enrollees with functional disability (hereafter, "disability") were more likely than those without disability to leave MA plans. This indicates that MA plans might not meet the needs of older adults with disability. We used data for 2011-16 from the National Health and Aging Trends Study linked to Medicare claims to measure and characterize switches in either direction between Medicare Advantage and traditional Medicare in the twelve months before and after onset of disability. While the rate of switches from Medicare Advantage to traditional Medicare increased slightly after disability onset, people with greater levels of disability were more likely to switch to traditional Medicare, compared to those with lower levels: 36 percent of those who switched from Medicare Advantage to traditional Medicare needed help with two or more activities of daily living, compared to 14.3 percent of those who switched from traditional Medicare to Medicare Advantage. This indicates the potential benefit of including functional measures in MA plan risk adjustment and quality measures. Furthermore, the highest-need older adults with disability may experience lower-quality care in Medicare Advantage and thus leave before accessing the program's expanded benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire K Ankuda
- Claire K. Ankuda ( Claire. ankuda@mssm. edu ) is an assistant professor in the Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in New York City
| | - Katherine A Ornstein
- Katherine A. Ornstein is an associate professor in the Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine and the Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Kenneth E Covinsky
- Kenneth E. Covinsky is a professor of medicine in the Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Evan Bollens-Lund
- Evan Bollens-Lund is a data analyst in the Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Diane E Meier
- Diane E. Meier is a professor in the Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Amy S Kelley
- Amy S. Kelley is an associate professor in the Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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12
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Rodin D, Chien AT, Ellimoottil C, Nguyen PL, Kakani P, Mossanen M, Rosenthal M, Landrum MB, Sinaiko AD. Physician and facility drivers of spending variation in locoregional prostate cancer. Cancer 2020; 126:1622-1631. [PMID: 31977081 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer, with a wide range of treatment options. Payment reform to reduce unnecessary spending variation is an important strategy for reducing waste, but its magnitude and drivers within prostate cancer are unknown. METHODS In total, 38,971 men aged ≥66 years with localized prostate cancer who were enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service and were included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database from 2009 to 2014 were included. Multilevel linear regression with physician and facility random effects was used to examine the contributions of urologists, radiation oncologists, and their affiliated facilities to variation in total patient spending in the year after diagnosis within geographic region. The authors assessed whether spending variation was driven by patient characteristics, disease risk, or treatments. Physicians and facilities were sorted into quintiles of adjusted patient-level spending, and differences between those that were high-spending and low-spending were examined. RESULTS Substantial variation in spending was driven by physician and facility factors. Differences in cancer treatment modalities drove more variation across physicians than differences in patient and disease characteristics (72% vs 2% for urologists, 20% vs 18% for radiation oncologists). The highest spending physicians spent 46% more than the lowest and had more imaging tests, inpatient care, and radiotherapy spending. There were no differences across spending quintiles in the use of robotic surgery by urologists or the use of brachytherapy by radiation oncologists. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences were observed for patients with similar demographics and disease characteristics. This variation across both physicians and facilities suggests that efforts to reduce unnecessary spending must address decision making at both levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rodin
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyna T Chien
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chad Ellimoottil
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul L Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pragya Kakani
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Mossanen
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meredith Rosenthal
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Beth Landrum
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna D Sinaiko
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Yu CW, Alavinia SM, Alter DA. Impact of socioeconomic status on end-of-life costs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Palliat Care 2020; 19:35. [PMID: 32293403 PMCID: PMC7087362 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-020-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic inequalities in access to, and utilization of medical care have been shown in many jurisdictions. However, the extent to which they exist at end-of-life (EOL) remains unclear. METHODS Studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ProQuest, Web of Science, Web of Knowledge, and OpenGrey databases were searched through December 2019 with hand-searching of in-text citations. No publication date or language limitations were set. Studies assessing SES (e.g. income) in adults, correlated to EOL costs in last year(s) or month(s) of life were selected. Two independent reviewers performed data abstraction and quality assessment, with inconsistencies resolved by consensus. RESULTS A total of twenty articles met eligibility criteria. Two meta-analyses were performed on studies that examined total costs in last year of life - the first examined costs without adjustments for confounders (n = 4), the second examined costs that adjusted for confounders, including comorbidities (n = 2). Among studies which did not adjust for comorbidities, SES was positively correlated with EOL costs (standardized mean difference, 0.13 [95% confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.24]). However, among studies adjusting for comorbidities, SES was inversely correlated with EOL expenditures (regression coefficient, -$150.94 [95% confidence interval, -$177.69 to -$124.19], 2015 United States Dollars (USD)). Higher ambulatory care and drug expenditure were consistently found among higher SES patients irrespective of whether or not comorbidity adjustment was employed. CONCLUSION Overall, an inequality leading to higher end-of-life expenditure for higher SES patients existed to varying extents, even within countries providing universal health care, with greatest differences seen for outpatient and prescription drug costs. The magnitude and directionality of the relationship in part depended on whether comorbidity risk-adjustment methodology was employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caberry W. Yu
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, 15 Arch St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - S. Mohammad Alavinia
- Neural Engineering & Therapeutics Team, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, 550 University Ave, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Cir, Toronto, Canada
| | - David A. Alter
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 27 King’s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1 Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, 4th Floor, 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6 Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 550 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2 Canada
- IC/ES (Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), 2075 Bayview Avenue, G1-06, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5 Canada
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14
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Herrel LA, Zhu Z, Griggs JJ, Kaye DR, Dupree JM, Ellimoottil CS, Miller DC. Association Between Delivery System Structure and Intensity of End-of-Life Cancer Care. JCO Oncol Pract 2020; 16:e590-e600. [PMID: 32069191 DOI: 10.1200/jop.19.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the type of delivery system is associated with intensity of care at the end of life for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used SEER registry data linked with Medicare claims to evaluate intensity of end-of-life care for patients who died of one of ten common cancers diagnosed from 2009 through 2014. Patients were categorized as receiving the majority of their care in an integrated delivery system, designated cancer center, health system that was both integrated and a certified cancer center, or health system that was neither. We evaluated adherence to seven nationally endorsed end-of-life quality measures using generalized linear models across four delivery system types. RESULTS Among 100,549 beneficiaries who died of cancer during the study interval, we identified only modest differences in intensity of end-of-life care across delivery system structures. Health systems with no cancer center or integrated affiliation demonstrated higher proportions of patients with multiple hospitalizations in the last 30 days of life (11.3%), death in an acute care setting (25.9%), and lack of hospice use in the last year of life (31.6%; all P < .001). Patients enrolled in hospice had lower intensity care across multiple end-of-life quality measures. CONCLUSION Intensity of care at the end of life for patients with cancer was higher at delivery systems with no integration or cancer focus. Maximal supportive care delivered through hospice may be one avenue to reduce high-intensity care at the end of life and may impact quality of care for patients dying from cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Herrel
- The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ziwei Zhu
- The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jennifer J Griggs
- The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deborah R Kaye
- The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James M Dupree
- The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chandy S Ellimoottil
- The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David C Miller
- The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI
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15
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Azad NS, Leeds IL, Wanjau W, Shin EJ, Padula WV. Cost-utility of colorectal cancer screening at 40 years old for average-risk patients. Prev Med 2020; 133:106003. [PMID: 32001308 PMCID: PMC8710143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in patients under the age of 50. The purpose of this study was to assess the cost-utility of available screening modalities starting at 40 years in the general population compared to standard screening at 50 years old. A decision tree modeling average-risk of CRC in the United States population was constructed for the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of the five most common and effective CRC screening modalities in average-risk 40-year olds versus deferring screening until 50 years old (standard of care) under a limited societal perspective. All parameters were derived from existing literature. We evaluated the incremental cost-utility ratio of each comparator at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000/QALY and included multivariable probabilistic sensitivity analysis. All screening modalities assessed were more cost-effective with increased QALYs than current standard care (no screening until 50). The most favorable intervention by net monetary benefit was flexible sigmoidoscopy ($3284 per person). Flexible sigmoidoscopy, FOBT, and FIT all dominated the current standard of care. Colonoscopy and FIT-DNA were both cost-effective (respectively, $4777 and $11,532 per QALY). The cost-effective favorability of flexible sigmoidoscopy diminished relative to colonoscopy with increasing willingness-to-pay. Regardless of screening modality, CRC screening at 40 years old is cost-effective with increased QALYs compared to current screening initiation at 50 years old, with flexible sigmoidoscopy most preferred. Consideration should be given for a general recommendation to start screening at age 40 for average risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer S Azad
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Gastrointestinal Oncology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ira L Leeds
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Waruguru Wanjau
- Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Eun J Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - William V Padula
- Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical & Health Economics, Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Hughes MC, Vernon E. "We Are Here to Assist All Individuals Who Need Hospice Services": Hospices' Perspectives on Improving Access and Inclusion for Racial/Ethnic Minorities. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2020; 6:2333721420920414. [PMID: 32490039 PMCID: PMC7238442 DOI: 10.1177/2333721420920414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Racial/ethnic minority populations in the United States are less likely to utilize hospice services nearing their end of life, potentially diminishing their quality of care while also increasing medical costs. Objective: Explore the minority hospice utilization gap from the hospice perspective by examining perceived barriers and facilitators as well as practices and policies. Method: Qualitative surveys were conducted with 41 hospices across the United States. Qualitative data analysis included performing a limited content analysis, including the identification of themes and representative quotations. Results: Commonly reported barriers to hospice care for racial/ethnic minorities included culture/beliefs, mistrust of the medical system, and language barriers. A major theme pertaining to successful minority hospice enrollment was an inclusive culture that provided language services, staff cultural training, and a diverse staff. Another major theme was the importance of community outreach activities that extended beyond the medical community and forming relationships with churches, racial/ethnic minority community leaders, and Native American reservations. Conclusion: The importance of incorporating a culture of inclusivity by forming committees, providing language services, and offering culturally competent care emerged in this qualitative study. Building strong external relationships with community groups such as churches is a strategy used to increase racial/ethnic minority utilization of hospice.
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17
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Abstract
Patient and family demands for the initiation or continuation of life-sustaining medically non-beneficial treatments continues to be a major issue. This is especially relevant in intensive care units, but is also a challenge in other settings, most notably with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Differences of opinion between physicians and patients/families about what are appropriate interventions in specific clinical situations are often fraught with highly strained emotions, and perhaps none more so when the family bases their desires on religious belief. In this essay, I discuss non-beneficial treatments in light of these sorts of disputes, when there is a clash between the nominally secular world of fact- and evidence-based medicine and the faith-based world of hope for a miraculous cure. I ask the question whether religious belief can justify providing treatment that has either no or a vanishly small chance of restoring meaningful function. I conclude that non-beneficial therapy by its very definition cannot be helpful, and indeed is often harmful, to patients and hence cannot be justified no matter what the source or kind of reasons used to support its use. Therefore, doctors may legitimately refuse to provide such treatments, so long as they do so for acceptable clinical reasons. They must also offer alternatives, including second (and third) opinions, as well the option of transferring the care of the patient to a more accommodating physician or institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Rosoff
- Trent Center for Bioethics, Humanities and History of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 108 Seeley G. Mudd Building, Box 3040, 10 Bryan-Searle Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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18
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Gazarian PK, Cronin J, Baker KM, Friel BJ. Patient and nurse perspectives on advance care planning in acute care. Appl Nurs Res 2019; 50:151203. [PMID: 31677930 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2019.151203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla K Gazarian
- University of Massachusetts Boston, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393, United States.
| | - Julie Cronin
- University of Massachusetts Boston, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393, United States.
| | - Kayla M Baker
- University of Massachusetts Boston, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393, United States.
| | - Barbara J Friel
- University of Massachusetts Boston, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393, United States.
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19
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Ribbink ME, van Seben R, Reichardt LA, Aarden JJ, van der Schaaf M, van der Esch M, Engelbert RH, Twisk JW, Bosch JA, MacNeil Vroomen JL, Buurman BM, Kuper I, de Jonghe A, Leguit-Elberse M, Kamper A, Posthuma N, Brendel N, Wold J. Determinants of Post-acute Care Costs in Acutely Hospitalized Older Adults: The Hospital-ADL Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 20:1300-1306.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Gidwani-Marszowski R, Asch SM, Mor V, Wagner TH, Faricy-Anderson K, Illarmo S, Hsin G, Patel MI, Ramchandran K, Lorenz KA, Needleman J. Health System and Beneficiary Costs Associated With Intensive End-of-Life Medical Services. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1912161. [PMID: 31560384 PMCID: PMC6777391 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite recommendations to reduce intensive medical treatment at the end of life, many patients with cancer continue to receive such services. OBJECTIVE To quantify expected beneficiary and health system costs incurred in association with receipt of intensive medical services in the last month of life. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study used data collected nationally from Medicare and the Veterans Health Administration for care provided in fiscal years 2010 to 2014. Participants were 48 937 adults aged 66 years or older who died of solid tumor and were continuously enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare and the Veterans Health Administration in the 12 months prior to death. The data were analyzed from February to August 2019. EXPOSURES American Society of Clinical Oncology metrics regarding medically intensive services provided in the last month of life, including hospital stay, intensive care unit stay, chemotherapy, 2 or more emergency department visits, or hospice for 3 or fewer days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Costs in the last month of life associated with receipt of intensive medical services were evaluated for both beneficiaries and the health system. Costs were estimated from generalized linear models, adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidities and conditioning on geographic region. RESULTS Of 48 937 veterans who received care through the Veterans Health Administration and Medicare, most were white (90.8%) and male (98.9%). More than half (58.9%) received at least 1 medically intensive service in the last month of life. Patients who received no medically intensive service generated a mean (SD) health system cost of $7660 ($1793), whereas patients who received 1 or more medically intensive services generated a mean (SD) health system cost of $23 612 ($5528); thus, the additional financial consequence to the health care system for medically intensive services was $15 952 (95% CI, $15 676-$16 206; P < .001). The biggest contributor to these differences was $21 093 (95% CI, $20 364-$21 689) for intensive care unit stay, while the smallest contributor was $3460 (95% CI, $2927-$3880) for chemotherapy. Mean (SD) expected beneficiary costs for the last month of life were $133 ($50) for patients with no medically intensive service and $1257 ($408) for patients with at least 1 medically intensive service (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Given the low income of many elderly patients in the United States, the financial consequences of medically intensive services may be substantial. Costs of medically intensive services at the end of life, including patient financial consequences, should be considered by both physicians and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risha Gidwani-Marszowski
- Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Steven M. Asch
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Vincent Mor
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Todd H. Wagner
- Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Katherine Faricy-Anderson
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Samantha Illarmo
- Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
| | - Gary Hsin
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Manali I. Patel
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Division of Medical Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Center for Health Policy/Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Karl A. Lorenz
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jack Needleman
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
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Hughes MC, Vernon E. Closing the Gap in Hospice Utilization for the Minority Medicare Population. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2019; 5:2333721419855667. [PMID: 31276019 PMCID: PMC6598325 DOI: 10.1177/2333721419855667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Medicare spends about 20% more on the last year of life for Black and Hispanic people than White people. With lower hospice utilization rates, racial/ethnic minorities receive fewer hospice-related benefits such as lesser symptoms, lower costs, and improved quality of life. For-profit hospices have higher dropout rates than nonprofit hospices, yet target racial/ethnic minority communities more through community outreach. This analysis examined the relationship between hospice utilization and for-profit hospice status and conducted an economic analysis of racial/ethnic minority utilization. Method: Cross-sectional analysis of 2014 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), U.S. Census, and Hospice Analytics data. Measures included Medicare racial/ethnic minority hospice utilization, for-profit hospice status, estimated cost savings, and several demographic and socioeconomic variables. Results: The prevalence of for-profit hospices was associated with significantly increased hospice utilization among racial/ethnic minorities. With savings of about $2,105 per Medicare hospice enrollee, closing the gap between the White and racial/ethnic minority populations would result in nearly $270 million in annual cost savings. Discussion: Significant disparities in hospice use related to hospice for-profit status exist among the racial/ethnic minority Medicare population. CMS and state policymakers should consider lower racial/ethnic minority hospice utilization and foster better community outreach at all hospices to decrease patient costs and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Courtney Hughes
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, USA.,Relias Institute, Morrisville, NC, USA
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Grace Yi EH. Does Acculturation Matter? End-of-Life Care Planning and Preference of Foreign-born Older Immigrants in the United States. Innov Aging 2019; 3:igz012. [PMID: 31206041 PMCID: PMC6561643 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Advance care planning (ACP) is a critical component of health care affecting the quality of later life. Responding to the increase in the older immigrant population in the United States, this empirical study explored the racial/ethnic gaps in ACP behaviors among older immigrants and examined the end-of-life (EOL) care planning and preferences of foreign-born immigrant older adults focusing on race/ethnicity, acculturation, health need factors, and enabling social factors (financial capability, public assistance, and informal supports) after controlling predisposing factors (sociodemographic characteristics). Research Design and Methods Using a subsample from the National Health and Aging Trends Study 2011 and 2012, hierarchical logistic regression models of the EOL plan and preferences were examined with 50 multiple imputation data sets (n = 232). Results Descriptive statistics reveal lower ACP engagement of immigrants from racial/ethnic minority groups. In logistic models, however, only Black immigrants were less likely than Whites to have EOL conversations. Among acculturation factors, age at immigration was only negatively associated with having a durable power of attorney for health, but not significantly associated with other ACP behaviors. Instead, health and social factors, primarily need in health and informal support (i.e., number of coresidents and receiving financial help from family members), were associated with different types of ACP components. Receiving public assistance (i.e., receiving Medicaid and SSI) were positively associated with EOL treatment preferences. Discussion and Implications Older foreign-born immigrants, in general, showed lower ACP engagement than the overall older population. Moreover, minority immigrants were lower on ACP engagement than both White immigrants. This study highlights the need for formal and informal assistance for enhancing EOL planning for older immigrants. Adding to the culturally competent approach, policy efforts should address social and health factors that accrued throughout individuals’ life spans and affect older immigrants’ EOL preparation and care.
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23
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Yadav KN, Josephs M, Gabler NB, Detsky ME, Halpern SD, Hart JL. What's behind the white coat: Potential mechanisms of physician-attributable variation in critical care. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216418. [PMID: 31095596 PMCID: PMC6522043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Critical care intensity is known to vary across regions and centers, yet the mechanisms remain unidentified. Physician behaviors have been implicated in the variability of intensive care near the end of life, but physician characteristics that may underlie this association have not been determined. Purpose We sought to identify behavioral attributes that vary among intensivists to generate hypotheses for mechanisms of intensivist-attributable variation in critical care delivery. Methods We administered a questionnaire to intensivists who participated in a prior cohort study in which intensivists made prognostic estimates. We evaluated the degree to which scores on six attribute measures varied across intensivists. Measures were selected for their relevance to preference-sensitive critical care: a modified End-of-Life Preferences (EOLP) scale, Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT-R), Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE), Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty (PRU) scale, Collett-Lester Fear of Death (CLFOD) scale, and a test of omission bias. We conducted regression analyses assessing relationships between intensivists’ attribute scores and their prognostic accuracy, as physicians’ prognostic accuracy may influence preference-sensitive decisions. Results 20 of 25 eligible intensivists (80%) completed the questionnaire. Intensivists’ scores on the EOLP, LOT-R, PRU, CLFOD, and omission bias measures varied considerably, while their responses on the JSE scale did not. There were no consistent associations between attribute scores and prognostic accuracy. Conclusions Intensivists vary in feasibly measurable attributes relevant to preference-sensitive critical care delivery. These attributes represent candidates for future research aimed at identifying mechanisms of clinician-attributable variation in critical care and developing effective interventions to reduce undue variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep N. Yadav
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Josephs
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicole B. Gabler
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Detsky
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, UHN/Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Scott D. Halpern
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joanna L. Hart
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dolja-Gore X, Harris ML, Kendig H, Byles JE. Factors associated with length of stay in hospital for men and women aged 85 and over: A quantile regression approach. Eur J Intern Med 2019; 63:46-55. [PMID: 30803835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Explore characteristics of hospital use for adults aged 85 and over in their last year of life and examine factors associated with cumulative overnight length of stay (LOS). DATA SOURCE/STUDY SETTING NSW 45 and Up Study linked with hospital data. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study. METHODS Quantile regression models were performed for men and women (N = 3145) to examine heterogeneity in predictors of overnight hospital admissions. Coefficients were estimated at the 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles of the LOS distribution. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 86% had at least one hospitalisation in their last year of life, with 60% dying in hospital. For men, first admission for organ failure was associated with a 26 day increase at the 90th LOS percentile, and a 0.22 day increase at the 10th percentile compared to men with cancer. Women admitted with influenza had decreased LOS of 20.5 days at the 75th percentile and 6 to 8 fewer days at the lower percentiles compared to those women with cancer. CONCLUSIONS Poor health behaviours were a major driver of highest LOS among older men, pointing to opportunities to achieve health care savings through prevention. For older women, influenza was associated with shorter LOS, which could be an indicator of the high and rapid mortality rates at older ages, and may be easily prevented. Other factors associated with LOS among women, included where they lived before they were admitted, and discharge destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Dolja-Gore
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Melissa L Harris
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Hal Kendig
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Mills Road, Acton, ACT, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research, Australia.
| | - Julie E Byles
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research, Australia.
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Meeker MA, McGinley JM, Jezewski MA. Metasynthesis: Dying adults' transition process from cure-focused to comfort-focused care. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:2059-2071. [PMID: 30734354 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe and explain the process of transition from cure-focused to comfort-focused health care as perceived and reported by patients, family members, and healthcare providers. BACKGROUND Moving into the last phase of life due to advanced illness constitutes a developmental transition with increased vulnerability for patients and family. DESIGN Qualitative metasynthesis. DATA SOURCES Medline, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases searched from inception through March 2016. Primary research reports published from 1990 to 2015, using qualitative designs to report transition experiences of patients, family members, and/or healthcare providers were included. REVIEW METHODS Key elements were extracted and organized into matrices. Findings from each report were analysed using qualitative coding. RESULTS The sample was 56 unique reports from 50 primary studies. Patients and families emphasized the importance of receiving understandable information, emotional support, respect for personhood and control. The critical juncture of 'realizing terminality' preceded a transition to comfort-focused care. Subsequently, a shift in goals of care emphasizing comfort and quality of life could occur. Continued provision of information, effective support, respect and control promoted 'reframing perceptions' and capacity to embrace a changed identity. Reframing allowed patient and family to find meaning and value in this last phase of life and to embrace the opportunity to prepare for death, nurture relationships, and focus on quality of living. CONCLUSION Understanding the developmental process that can be engaged by patients and families at the end of life provides a theoretical basis that can inform choice and timing of interventions to reduce suffering and enhance positive outcomes.
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de Vries K, Banister E, Dening KH, Ochieng B. Advance care planning for older people: The influence of ethnicity, religiosity, spirituality and health literacy. Nurs Ethics 2019; 26:1946-1954. [PMID: 30943848 DOI: 10.1177/0969733019833130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this discussion paper we consider the influence of ethnicity, religiosity, spirituality and health literacy on Advance Care Planning for older people. Older people from cultural and ethnic minorities have low access to palliative or end-of-life care and there is poor uptake of advance care planning by this group across a number of countries where advance care planning is promoted. For many, religiosity, spirituality and health literacy are significant factors that influence how they make end-of-life decisions. Health literacy issues have been identified as one of the main reasons for a communication gaps between physicians and their patients in discussing end-of-life care, where poor health literacy, particularly specific difficulty with written and oral communication often limits their understanding of clinical terms such as diagnoses and prognoses. This then contributes to health inequalities given it impacts on their ability to use their moral agency to make appropriate decisions about end-of-life care and complete their Advance Care Plans. Currently, strategies to promote advance care planning seem to overlook engagement with religious communities. Consequently, policy makers, nurses, medical professions, social workers and even educators continue to shape advance care planning programmes within the context of a medical model. The ethical principle of justice is a useful approach to responding to inequities and to promote older peoples' ability to enact moral agency in making such decisions.
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Hill AD, Stukel TA, Fu L, Scales DC, Laupacis A, Rubenfeld GD, Wunsch H, Downar J, Rockwood K, Heyland DK, Sinha SK, Zimmermann C, Gandhi S, Myers J, Ross HJ, Kozak JF, Berry S, Dev SP, La Delfa I, Fowler RA. Trends in site of death and health care utilization at the end of life: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open 2019; 7:E306-E315. [PMID: 31028054 PMCID: PMC6488480 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20180097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of health care utilization at the end of life may be a marker of care that does not align with patient-stated preferences. We sought to describe trends in end-of-life care and factors associated with dying in hospital. METHODS We conducted a population-level retrospective cohort study of adult decedents in Ontario between Apr. 1, 2004, and Mar. 31, 2015, using linked administrative data sets, including the Office of the Registrar General for Deaths database, the hospital Discharge Abstract Database, the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System and physicians' billing claims (Ontario Health Insurance Plan). The primary outcome was place of death. To determine health care utilization and health care costs during the 6 months before death, we also identified admissions to hospital and to the intensive care unit, emergency department visits, and receipt of mechanical ventilation and palliative care. RESULTS In the last 6 months of life, 77.3% of 962 462 decedents presented to an emergency department, 68.4% were admitted to hospital, 19.4% were admitted to an intensive care unit, and 13.9% received mechanical ventilation. Forty-five percent of all deaths occurred in hospital, a proportion that declined marginally over time, whereas receipt of palliative care increased during terminal hospital admissions (from 14.0% in fiscal year 2004/05 to 29.3% in 2014/15, p < 0.001) and in the last 6 months of life (from 28.1% in 2004/05 to 57.7% in 2014/15, p < 0.001). The proportion of decedents who presented to the emergency department, were admitted to hospital or were admitted to the intensive care unit in the last 6 months of life did not change over 11 years. The mean total health care costs in the last 6 months of life were highest among those dying in hospital, with most costs attributable to inpatient medical care. INTERPRETATION Health care utilization in the last 6 months of life was substantial and did not decrease over time. It is possible that increased capacity for palliative, hospice and home care at the end of life may help to better align health system resources with the preferences of most patients, a topic that should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Hill
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Therese A Stukel
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Longdi Fu
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Damon C Scales
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Andreas Laupacis
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Gordon D Rubenfeld
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Hannah Wunsch
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - James Downar
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Daren K Heyland
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Samir K Sinha
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Camilla Zimmermann
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Sonal Gandhi
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jeff Myers
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Heather J Ross
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jean F Kozak
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Scott Berry
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Shelly P Dev
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Ignazio La Delfa
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
| | - Robert A Fowler
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Hill, Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler) and of Medicine (Gandhi, Berry), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hill); ICES (Stukel, Fu, Scales); Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Stukel, Fowler), Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Scales, Rubenfeld, Wunsch, Dev, Fowler), Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), Department of Anesthesia (Wunsch), Department of Medicine (Sinha, Gandhi, La Delfa), Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), and Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Myers), University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Laupacis) and Department of Palliative Care (La Delfa), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care (Downar), Division of Palliative Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology (Rockwood), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Heyland), Queen's University, Kingston Ont.; Department of Medicine (Sinha) and Division of Palliative Care (Myers), Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine (Sinha), Division of Palliative Care, Department of Supportive Care (Zimmermann), and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Ross), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (Kozak), University of British Columbia; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kozak), Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
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28
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Overbeek A, Polinder S, Haagsma J, Billekens P, de Nooijer K, Hammes BJ, Muliaditan D, van der Heide A, Rietjens JA, Korfage IJ. Advance Care Planning for frail older adults: Findings on costs in a cluster randomised controlled trial. Palliat Med 2019; 33:291-300. [PMID: 30269650 DOI: 10.1177/0269216318801751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Advance Care Planning aims at improving alignment of care with patients’ preferences. This may affect costs of medical care. Aim: To determine the costs of an Advance Care Planning programme and its effects on the costs of medical care and on concordance of care with patients’ preferences. Design/settings/participants: In a cluster randomised trial, 16 residential care homes were randomly allocated to the intervention group, where frail, older participants were offered facilitated Advance Care Planning conversations or to the control group. We calculated variable costs of Advance Care Planning per participant including personnel and travel costs of facilitators. Furthermore, we assessed participants’ healthcare use during 12 months applying a broad perspective (including medical care, inpatient days in residential care homes, home care) and calculated costs of care per participant. Finally, we investigated whether treatment goals were in accordance with preferences. Analyses were conducted for 97 participants per group. Trial registration number: NTR4454. Results: Average variable Advance Care Planning costs were €76 per participant. The average costs of medical care were not significantly different between the intervention and control group (€2360 vs €2235, respectively, p = 0.36). Costs of inpatient days in residential care homes (€41,551 vs €46,533) and of home care (€14,091 vs €17,361) were not significantly different either. Concordance of care with preferences could not be assessed since treatment goals were often not recorded. Conclusion: The costs of an Advance Care Planning programme were limited. Advance Care Planning did not significantly affect the costs of medical care for frail older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Overbeek
- 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juanita Haagsma
- 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kim de Nooijer
- 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Muliaditan
- 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ida J Korfage
- 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Linzey JR, Burke JF, Nadel JL, Williamson CA, Savastano LE, Wilkinson DA, Pandey AS. Incidence of the initiation of comfort care immediately following emergent neurosurgical and endovascular procedures. J Neurosurg 2018; 131:1725-1733. [PMID: 30554183 DOI: 10.3171/2018.7.jns181226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unknown what proportion of patients who undergo emergent neurosurgical procedures initiate comfort care (CC) measures shortly after the operation. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the proportion and predictive factors of patients who initiated CC measures within the same hospital admission after undergoing emergent neurosurgery. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included all adult patients who underwent emergent neurosurgical and endovascular procedures at a single center between 2009 and 2014. Primary and secondary outcomes were initiation of CC measures during the initial hospitalization and determination of predictive factors, respectively. RESULTS Of the 1295 operations, comfort care was initiated in 111 (8.6%) during the initial admission. On average, CC was initiated 9.3 ± 10.0 days postoperatively. One-third of the patients switched to CC within 3 days. In multivariate analysis, patients > 70 years of age were significantly more likely to undergo CC than those < 50 years (70-79 years, p = 0.004; > 80 years, p = 0.0001). Two-thirds of CC patients had been admitted with a cerebrovascular pathology (p < 0.001). Admission diagnosis of cerebrovascular pathology was a significant predictor of initiating CC (p < 0.0001). A high Hunt and Hess grade of IV or V in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage was significantly associated with initiation of CC compared to a low grade (27.1% vs 2.9%, p < 0.001). Surgery starting between 15:01 and 06:59 hours had a 1.70 times greater odds of initiating CC compared to surgery between 07:00 and 15:00. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of CC after emergent neurosurgical and endovascular procedures is relatively common, particularly when an elderly patient presents with a cerebrovascular pathology after typical operating hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig A Williamson
- Departments of2Neurology and
- 3Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luis E Savastano
- 3Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - D Andrew Wilkinson
- 3Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aditya S Pandey
- 3Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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30
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Sinaiko AD, Chien AT, Hassett MJ, Kakani P, Rodin D, Meyers DJ, Fraile B, Rosenthal MB, Landrum MB. What drives variation in spending for breast cancer patients within geographic regions? Health Serv Res 2018; 54:97-105. [PMID: 30318592 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate and describe factors driving variation in spending for breast cancer patients within geographic region. DATA SOURCE Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database from 2009-2013. STUDY DESIGN The proportion of variation in monthly medical spending within geographic region attributed to patient and physician factors was estimated using multilevel regression models with individual patient and physician random effects. Using sequential models, we estimated the contribution of differences in patient and disease characteristics or use of cancer treatment modalities to patient-level and physician-level variance in spending. Services associated with high spending physicians were estimated using linear regression. DATA EXTRACTION METHOD A total of 20 818 women with a breast cancer diagnosis in 2010-2011. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We observed substantial between-patient and between-provider variation in spending following diagnosis and at the end-of-life. Immediately following diagnosis, 48% of between-patient and 31% of between-physician variation were driven by differences in delivery of cancer treatment modalities to similar patients. At the end-of-life, patients of high spending physicians had twice as many inpatient days, double the chemotherapy spending, and slightly more hospice days. CONCLUSIONS Similar patients receive very different treatments, which yield significant differences in spending. Efforts to reduce unwanted variation may need to target treatment choices within patient-doctor discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Sinaiko
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alyna T Chien
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Hassett
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Danielle Rodin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Meyers
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Belen Fraile
- Department of Finance, Value and Population Health Management, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meredith B Rosenthal
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Beth Landrum
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ornstein KA, Zhu CW, Bollens-Lund E, Aldridge MD, Andrews H, Schupf N, Stern Y. Medicare Expenditures and Health Care Utilization in a Multiethnic Community-based Population With Dementia From Incidence to Death. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2018; 32:320-325. [PMID: 29734263 PMCID: PMC6215747 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While individuals live with dementia for many years, utilization and expenditures from disease onset through the end-of-life period have not been examined in ethnically diverse samples. METHODS We used a multiethnic, population-based, prospective study of cognitive aging (Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project) linked to Medicare claims to examine total Medicare expenditures and health care utilization among individuals with clinically diagnosed incident dementia from disease onset to death. RESULTS High-intensity treatment (hospitalizations, life-sustaining procedures) was common and mean Medicare expenditures per year after diagnosis was $69,000. Non-Hispanic blacks exhibited higher spending relative to Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites 1 year after diagnosis. Non-Hispanic blacks had higher total (mean=$205,000) Medicare expenditures from diagnosis to death compared with non-Hispanic whites (mean=$118,000). Hispanics' total expenditures and utilization after diagnosis was similar to non-Hispanic whites despite living longer with dementia. DISCUSSION Health care spending for patients with dementia after diagnosis through the end-of-life is high and varies by ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Ornstein
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Carolyn W Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Evan Bollens-Lund
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Melissa D Aldridge
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | - Nicole Schupf
- Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Department of Neurology, Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University Medical Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain
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Udelsman B, Chien I, Ouchi K, Brizzi K, Tulsky JA, Lindvall C. Needle in a Haystack: Natural Language Processing to Identify Serious Illness. J Palliat Med 2018; 22:179-182. [PMID: 30251922 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2018.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alone, administrative data poorly identifies patients with palliative care needs. OBJECTIVE To identify patients with uncommon, yet devastating, illnesses using a combination of administrative data and natural language processing (NLP). DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective cohort study using the electronic medical records of a healthcare network totaling over 2500 hospital beds. We sought to identify patient populations with two unique disease processes associated with a poor prognosis: pneumoperitoneum and leptomeningeal metastases from breast cancer. MEASUREMENTS Patients with pneumoperitoneum or leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer were identified through administrative codes and NLP. RESULTS Administrative codes alone resulted in identification of 6438 patients with possible pneumoperitoneum and 557 patients with possible leptomeningeal metastasis. Adding NLP to this analysis reduced the number of patients to 869 with pneumoperitoneum and 187 with leptomeningeal metastasis secondary to breast cancer. Administrative codes alone yielded a 13% positive predictive value (PPV) for pneumoperitoneum and 25% PPV for leptomeningeal metastasis. The combination of administrative codes and NLP achieved a PPV of 100%. The entire process was completed within hours. CONCLUSIONS Adding NLP to the use of administrative codes allows for rapid identification of seriously ill patients with otherwise difficult to detect disease processes and eliminates costly, tedious, and time-intensive manual chart review. This method enables studies to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, including palliative interventions, for unique populations of seriously ill patients who cannot be identified by administrative codes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks Udelsman
- 1 Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isabel Chien
- 2 Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kei Ouchi
- 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kate Brizzi
- 5 Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,6 Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James A Tulsky
- 2 Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,7 Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotta Lindvall
- 2 Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,7 Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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33
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O'Hanlon CE, Walling AM, Okeke E, Stevenson S, Wenger NS. A Framework to Guide Economic Analysis of Advance Care Planning. J Palliat Med 2018; 21:1480-1485. [PMID: 30096252 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2018.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advance care planning (ACP) is fundamental to guiding medical care at the end of life. Understanding the economic impact of ACP is critical to implementation, but most economic evaluations of ACP focus on only a few actors, such as hospitals. OBJECTIVE To develop a framework for understanding and quantifying the economic effects of ACP, particularly its distributional consequences, for use in economic evaluations. DESIGN Literature review of economic analyses of ACP and related costs to estimate magnitude and direction of costs and benefits for each actor and how data on these costs and benefits could be obtained or estimated. RESULTS ACP can lead to more efficient allocation of resources by reducing low-value care and reallocating resources to high-value care, and can increase welfare by aligning care to patient preferences. This economic framework considers the costs and benefits of ACP that accrue to or are borne by six actors: the patient, the patient's family and caregivers, healthcare providers, acute care settings, subacute and home care settings, and payers. Program implementation costs and nonhealthcare costs, such as time costs borne by patients and caregivers, are included. Findings suggest that out-of-pocket costs for patients and families will likely change if subacute or home care is substituted for acute care, and subacute care utilization is likely to increase while primary healthcare providers and acute care settings may experience heterogeneous effects. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive economic evaluation of ACP should consider how costs and benefits accrue to different actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E O'Hanlon
- 1 Pardee RAND Graduate School , RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
| | - Anne M Walling
- 2 Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,3 Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,4 RAND Health, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Sharon Stevenson
- 6 Bellweather Care, Inc. and Okapi Venture Capital, Laguna Beach, California
| | - Neil S Wenger
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,4 RAND Health, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
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Wang SY, Hsu SH, Huang S, Doan KC, Gross CP, Ma X. Regional Practice Patterns and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Intensity of End-of-Life Care. Health Serv Res 2018; 53:4291-4309. [PMID: 29951996 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether regional practice patterns impact racial/ethnic differences in intensity of end-of-life care for cancer decedents. DATA SOURCES The linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database. STUDY DESIGN We classified hospital referral regions (HRRs) based on mean 6-month end-of-life care expenditures, which represented regional practice patterns. Using hierarchical generalized linear models, we examined racial/ethnic differences in the intensity of end-of-life care across levels of HRR expenditures. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS There was greater variation in intensity of end-of-life care among Hispanics, Asians, and whites in high-expenditure HRRs than in low-expenditure HRRs. CONCLUSIONS Local practice patterns may influence racial/ethnic differences in end-of-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Wang
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT.,Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale Cancer Center and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sylvia H Hsu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT.,Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Siwan Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT.,Beijing PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Consulting (Shanghai) Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Kathy C Doan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Cary P Gross
- Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale Cancer Center and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT.,Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale Cancer Center and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Chandoevwit W, Phatchana P. Inpatient care expenditure of the elderly with chronic diseases who use public health insurance: Disparity in their last year of life. Soc Sci Med 2018; 207:64-70. [PMID: 29730551 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Thai elderly are eligible for the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CS) or Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) depending on their pre-retirement or their children work status. This study aimed to investigate the disparity in inpatient care expenditures in the last year of life among Thai elderly individuals who used the two public health insurance schemes. Using death registration and inpatient administrative data from 2007 to 2011, our subpopulation group included the elderly with four chronic disease groups: diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, heart disease, and cancer. Among 1,242,150 elderly decedents, about 40% of them had at least one of the four chronic disease conditions and were hospitalized in their last year of life. The results showed that the means of inpatient care expenditures in the last year of life paid by CS and UCS per decedent were 99,672 Thai Baht and 52,472 Thai Baht, respectively. On average, UCS used higher healthcare resources by diagnosis-related group relative weight measure per decedent compared with CS. In all cases, the rates of payment for inpatient treatment per diagnosis-related group adjusted relative weight were higher for CS than UCS. This study found that the disparities in inpatient care expenditures in the last year of life stemmed mainly from the difference in payment rates. To mitigate this disparity, unified payment rates for various types of treatment that reflect costs of hospital care across insurance schemes were recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawan Chandoevwit
- Faculty of Economics, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraphab Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Phasith Phatchana
- Thailand Development Research Institute, 565 Ramkhamhaeng Rd. Soi 39, Bangkok, 10310, Thailand.
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Cost of Medical Care of Patients with Advanced Serious Illness in Singapore (COMPASS): prospective cohort study protocol. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:459. [PMID: 29688843 PMCID: PMC5913880 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced cancer significantly impacts quality of life of patients and families as they cope with symptom burden, treatment decision-making, uncertainty and costs of treatment. In Singapore, information about the experiences of advanced cancer patients and families and the financial cost they incur for end-of-life care is lacking. Understanding of this information is needed to inform practice and policy to ensure continuity and affordability of care at the end of life. The primary objectives of the Cost of Medical Care of Patients with Advanced Serious Illness in Singapore (COMPASS) cohort study are to describe changes in quality of life and to quantify healthcare utilization and costs of patients with advanced cancer at the end of life. Secondary objectives are to investigate patient and caregiver preferences for diagnostic and prognostic information, preferences for end-of-life care, caregiver burden and perceived quality of care and to explore how these change as illness progresses and finally to measure bereavement adjustment. The purpose of this paper is to present the COMPASS protocol in order to promote scientific transparency. Methods This cohort study recruits advanced cancer patients (n = 600) from outpatient medical oncology clinics at two public tertiary healthcare institutions in Singapore. Patients and their primary informal caregiver are surveyed every 3 months until patients’ death; caregivers are followed until 6 months post patient death. Patient medical and billing records are obtained and merged with patient survey data. The treating medical oncologists of participating patients are surveyed to obtain their beliefs regarding care delivery for the patient. Discussion The study will allow combination of self-report, medical, and cost data from various sources to present a comprehensive picture of the end-of-life experience of advanced cancer patients in a unique Asian setting. This study is responsive to Singapore’s National Strategy for Palliative Care which aims to identify opportunities to meet the growing need for high quality care for Singapore’s aging population. Results will also be of interest to policy makers and researchers beyond Singapore who are interested to understand and improve the end-of-life experience of cancer patients. Trial registration NCT02850640 (Prospectively registered on June 9, 2016).
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37
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Moss KO, Deutsch NL, Hollen PJ, Rovnyak VG, Williams IC, Rose KM. End-of-Life Plans for African American Older Adults With Dementia. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2018. [PMID: 29540073 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118761094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans are perceived to be least likely of all racial and ethnic groups to prepare for the end of life. However, verbal plans for the end of life are of particular importance to this population and may help understand why they are less likely to possess a formal end-of-life care planning document. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of formal and/or informal end-of-life care plans that existed among a convenience sample of African American older adults with dementia. For this descriptive study, data were collected from African American family caregivers (N = 65) of older adults with dementia. Descriptive statistics were conducted. Caregivers in this sample reported high rates of formal and/or informal end-of-life plans for their care recipients. Agency forms (power of attorney, health-care surrogate, or guardianship forms) had been obtained by 74% of the care recipients, while 63% of them possessed a formal end-of-life care planning document. All combined, 88% of the caregivers possessed at least 1 document or verbal information concerning end-of-life care for their care recipient or at least there was an assigned surrogate. Although limited, these findings reflect more end-of-life planning in this population than previous studies reported and could improve the quality of end-of-life outcomes in this population by giving health-care providers increased understanding of African American end-of-life planning preferences. This may, in turn, help the providers to inform and educate these care recipients and their family caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Moss
- 1 Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nancy L Deutsch
- 2 Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patricia J Hollen
- 3 Malvina Yuille Boyd Professor of Oncology Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Ishan C Williams
- 4 School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Karen M Rose
- 5 McMahan-McKinley Professor in Gerontological Nursing, College of Nursing, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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38
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Hung YN, Wen FH, Liu TW, Chen JS, Tang ST. Hospice Exposure Is Associated With Lower Health Care Expenditures in Taiwanese Cancer Decedents' Last Year of Life: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2018; 55:755-765.e5. [PMID: 29080802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence for the association of hospice exposure with lower health care expenditures at end of life (EOL) remains inconclusive and neglects EOL care being concentrated in patients' last few months. OBJECTIVE The association between hospice exposure and health care expenditures in cancer patients' last one, three, six, and 12 months was evaluated. METHODS In this population-based, retrospective cohort study, Taiwanese cancer decedents in 2001-2010 (N = 195,228) were matched 1:1, with proportions of matched hospice users reaching 87.8%, by a hospice-utilization propensity score. For each matched pair, exposure to hospice (time from hospice enrollment to death) was matched to equivalent periods for hospice nonusers before death. Hospice-care associations with health care expenditures were evaluated by hospice use/exposure interactions with multilevel linear regression modeling using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS The unadjusted main effect showed lower total mean health care expenditures for hospice users than for hospice nonusers only in the last one and three months (rate ratio [95% CI]: 0.86 [0.81, 0.90] and 0.93 [0.89, 0.96], respectively). However, after accounting for exposure time, hospice care was significantly associated with lower health care expenditures at exposures of ≤30, ≤60, and ≤180 days for health care expenditures measured in the last one and three months, six months, and 12 months, respectively. Savings for patients with lengthy hospice stays were neutralized or even disappeared. CONCLUSION Hospice care was associated with lower health care expenditures when it could actively intervene in EOL care. Hospice philosophy should be applied not only shortly before death but also throughout the dying trajectory to achieve maximum cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ni Hung
- School of Gerontology Health Management and Master's Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Fur-Hsing Wen
- Department of International Business, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Tsang-Wu Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jen-Shi Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Siew Tzuh Tang
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing, Tao-Yuan, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan R.O.C; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan R.O.C.
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Moss KO, Deutsch NL, Hollen PJ, Rovnyak VG, Williams IC, Rose KM. Understanding End-of-Life Decision-Making Terminology Among African American Older Adults. J Gerontol Nurs 2018; 44:33-40. [PMID: 28990634 PMCID: PMC5884144 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20171002-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine understanding of end-of-life (EOL) decision-making terminology among family caregivers of African American older adults with dementia. This qualitative descriptive study was part of a larger mixed-methods study from which a subset of caregivers (n = 18) completed interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analyses guided by methods of qualitative analysis. Caregiver interpretation of EOL decision-making terminology varied between associations before and/or after death. EOL decision making was most often a family decision, based on past experiences, and included reliance on resources such as faith or spirituality and health care providers. Patients and families attach meaning to health care terms that should be aligned with health care providers' understanding of those terms. Results provide insight to improve EOL decision making in this population via tailored interventions for patients, families, and health care providers. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44(2), 33-40.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O. Moss
- Post-Doctoral Fellow (T32 NR014213), Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 2120 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-4904, Office: 216-368-0510 (Office), Phone: 407-765-2416 (Mobile),
| | - Nancy L. Deutsch
- Professor, Curry School of Education, Director, Youth-Nex: The University of Virginia Center to Promote Effective Youth Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Patricia J. Hollen
- Malvina Yuille Boyd Professor of Oncology Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Virginia G. Rovnyak
- Senior Scientist, School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ishan C. Williams
- Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Karen M. Rose
- Professor of Nursing, McMahan-McKinley Professor in Gerontological Nursing, College of Nursing, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
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40
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Hart JL, Gabler NB, Cooney E, Bayes B, Yadav KN, Bryce C, Halpern SD. Are Demographic Characteristics Associated with Advance Directive Completion? A Secondary Analysis of Two Randomized Trials. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:145-147. [PMID: 29159444 PMCID: PMC5789110 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-017-4223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Hart
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nicole B Gabler
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cooney
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Bayes
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kuldeep N Yadav
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cindy Bryce
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Halpern
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
AIM To examine the intensity of care at the end of life among older adults in Korea and to identify the individual and institutional factors associated with care intensity. METHODS This secondary data analysis included a sample of 6278 decedents aged 65 years or older who were identified from the 2009 to 2010 Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort Claims data. We examined the medical care received by the cohort in the last 30 days of their lives. RESULTS Overall, 36.5% of the sample received at least 1 intensive care procedure in the last 30 days of their lives; 26.3% of patients experienced intensive care unit admission, with an average stay of 7.45 days, 19.5% received mechanical ventilation, 12.3% received cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and 15.5% had a feeding tube placement. A statistical analysis using a multiple logistic regression model with random effects showed that younger age, higher household income, primary diagnoses of diseases (ischemic heart disease, infectious disease, chronic lung disease, or chronic heart disease), and characteristics of care setting (large hospitals and facilities located in metropolitan areas) were significantly associated with the likelihood of receiving high-intensity care at the end of life. CONCLUSION A substantial number of older adults in Korea experienced high-intensity end-of-life care. Both individual and institutional factors were associated with the likelihood of receiving high-intensity care. Gaining an understanding of the intensity of care at the end of life and the impact of the determinants would advance efforts to improve quality of care at the end of life for older adults in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Kim
- 1 College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sangwook Kang
- 2 Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- 3 Center for Nursing Excellence in Palliative Care, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Hunt LJ, Lee SJ, Harrison KL, Smith AK. Secondary Analysis of Existing Datasets for Dementia and Palliative Care Research: High-Value Applications and Key Considerations. J Palliat Med 2017; 21:130-142. [PMID: 29265949 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a guide to researchers selecting a dataset pertinent to the study of palliative care for people with dementia and to aid readers who seek to critically evaluate a secondary analysis study in this domain. BACKGROUND The impact of dementia at end-of-life is large and growing. Secondary dataset analysis can play a critical role in advancing research on palliative care for people with dementia. METHODS We conducted a broad search of a variety of resources to: 1. identity datasets that include information germane to dementia and palliative care research; 2. review relevant applications of secondary dataset analysis in the published literature; and 3. explore potential validity and reliability concerns. RESULTS We synthesize findings regarding: 1. Methodological approaches for determining the presence of dementia; 2. Inclusion and measurement of key palliative care items as they relate to people with dementia; and 3. Sampling and study design issues, including the role and implications of proxy-respondents. We describe and compare a selection of high-value existing datasets relevant to palliative care and dementia research. DISCUSSION While secondary analysis of existing datasets requires consideration of key limitations, it can be a powerful tool for efficiently enhancing knowledge of palliative care needs among people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Hunt
- 1 Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco, California
| | - See J Lee
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco, California.,3 Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Krista L Harrison
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco, California.,3 Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alexander K Smith
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco, California.,3 Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Kelley AS, Bollens-Lund E. Identifying the Population with Serious Illness: The "Denominator" Challenge. J Palliat Med 2017; 21:S7-S16. [PMID: 29125784 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To ensure seriously ill people and their families receive high-quality primary and specialty palliative care services, rigorous methods are needed to prospectively identify this population. OBJECTIVE To define and operationalize a definition of serious illness for the purpose of identifying patients and caregivers who need primary or specialty palliative care services. DESIGN/SETTING Two stages of work included (1) building expert consensus around a conceptual definition of serious illness and (2) using the National Health and Aging Trends Study linked to Medicare claims data to test a range of operational definitions composed of diagnoses, utilization, and markers of care needs. MEASUREMENTS One-year outcomes included mean total Medicare costs, mortality, and percent hospitalized, as well as those reporting ≥2 measures of need and functional impairment. Sensitivity, specificity, and c-statistics (unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, race, and Medicaid status) were calculated for each definition across the outcomes. RESULTS Conceptually, "Serious illness" is a health condition that carries a high risk of mortality AND either negatively impacts a person's daily function or quality of life, OR excessively strains their caregivers. The range of operational definitions simulated all had low sensitivity and high specificity across all outcomes. None of the definitions reached an unadjusted c-statistic >0.6 (or adjusted >0.7) for identifying a population with ≥2 indicators of care needs. CONCLUSIONS Standard administrative data are inadequate to identify this population. Defining the seriously ill denominator with high specificity, as described here, will focus efforts toward the highest-need segment of the population, who may indeed benefit most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Kelley
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Evan Bollens-Lund
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
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Szpakowski N, Qiu F, Masih S, Kurdyak P, Wijeysundera HC. Economic Impact of Subsequent Depression in Patients With a New Diagnosis of Stable Angina: A Population-Based Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006911. [PMID: 29021276 PMCID: PMC5721880 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Depression is strongly linked to increased morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic stable angina; however, its associated healthcare costs have been less well studied. Our objective was to identify the characteristics of chronic stable patients found to have depression and to determine the impact of an occurrence of depression on healthcare costs within 1 year of a diagnosis of stable angina. Methods and Results In this population‐based study conducted in Ontario, Canada, we identified patients diagnosed with stable angina based on angiogram between October 1, 2008, and September 30, 2013. Depression was ascertained by physician billing codes and hospital admission diagnostic codes contained within administrative databases. The primary outcome was cumulative mean 1‐year healthcare costs following index angiogram. Generalized linear models were developed with a logarithmic link and γ distribution to determine predictors of cost. Our cohort included 22 917 patients with chronic stable angina. Patients with depression had significantly higher mean 1‐year healthcare costs ($32 072±$41 963) than patients without depression ($23 021±$25 741). After adjustment for baseline comorbidities, depression was found to be a significant independent predictor of cost, with a cost ratio of 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.29–1.37). Higher costs in depressed patients were seen in all healthcare sectors, including acute and ambulatory care. Conclusions Depression is an important driver of healthcare costs in patients following a diagnosis of chronic stable angina. Further research is needed to understand whether improvements in the approach to diagnosis and treatment of depression will translate to reduced expenditures in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Szpakowski
- Schulich Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Qiu
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Masih
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Kurdyak
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harindra C Wijeysundera
- Schulich Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Barker S, Lynch M, Hopkinson J. Decision making for people living with dementia by their carers at the end of life: a rapid scoping review. Int J Palliat Nurs 2017; 23:446-456. [DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2017.23.9.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kelley AS, Bollens-Lund E, Covinsky KE, Skinner JS, Morrison RS. Prospective Identification of Patients at Risk for Unwarranted Variation in Treatment. J Palliat Med 2017; 21:44-54. [PMID: 28772096 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding factors associated with treatment intensity may help ensure higher value healthcare. OBJECTIVE To investigate factors associated with Medicare costs among prospectively identified, seriously ill older adults and examine if baseline prognosis influences the impact of these factors. DESIGN/SUBJECTS Prospective observation of Health and Retirement Study cohort with linked Medicare claims. MEASUREMENTS We identified people with incident serious illness (a serious medical condition, for example, metastatic cancer or functional impairment); calculated subjects' one-year mortality risk; and then followed them for one year. We examined relationships between individual and regional characteristics and total Medicare costs, and then stratified analyses by one-year mortality risk: low, moderate, and high. RESULTS From 2002 to 2012, 5208 subjects had incident serious illness: mean age 78 years, 60% women, 76% non-Hispanic white, and 39% hospitalized in the past year. During one-year follow-up, 12% died. Total Medicare costs averaged $20,607. In multivariable analyses, indicators of poor health (e.g., cancer, advanced heart and lung disease, multimorbidity, functional impairment, and others) were significantly associated with higher costs (p < 0.05). However, among those with high mortality risk, health-related variables were not significant. Instead, African American race (rate ratio [RR] 1.56) and moderate-to-high spending regions (RR 1.31 and 1.54, respectively) were significantly associated with higher costs. For this high-risk population, residence in high-spending regions was associated with $31,476 greater costs among African Americans, and $11,162 among other racial groups, holding health constant. CONCLUSIONS Among seriously ill older adults, indicators of poor health are associated with higher costs. Yet, among those with poorest prognoses, nonmedical characteristics-race and regional practice patterns-have greater influence on treatment. This suggests there may be novel opportunities to improve care quality and value by assuring patient-centered, goal-directed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Kelley
- 1 Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York.,2 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, James J Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York
| | - Evan Bollens-Lund
- 1 Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Kenneth E Covinsky
- 3 Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan S Skinner
- 4 Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice , Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | - R Sean Morrison
- 1 Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York.,2 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, James J Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York
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The relationship between health services standardized costs and mortality is non-linear: Results from a large HMO population. Health Policy 2017; 121:1008-1014. [PMID: 28751033 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Older age, male gender, and poor socioeconomic status have been found to predict mortality. Studies have also documented an elevation in health services standardized costs (HSSC) and expenditures in the last years of life. We examined the contribution of HSSC in the last years of life in predicting mortality beyond predictors that have been established in the literature, and whether the impact of HSSC on mortality is linear. Vulnerability, operationalized as being exempt from co-payments due to poverty, being a holocaust survivor, or other reasons, was examined as potentially mediating the relationship between HSSC and mortality. We used longitudinal data obtained from the largest Health Maintenance Organization in Israel. Subjects were insured persons who were over age 65 in 2006 (n=423,140). Predictors included demographics, co-morbidity, and HSSC. All factors significantly predicted time to death. For HSSC, high levels displayed the highest Hazard Ratios (HR), with medium levels having the lowest HRs. The higher mortality rate in the low HSSC group might indicate a risk of underutilizing health services. Vulnerable status remained a predictor of mortality even within a system of universal access to healthcare. There is a need for establishing mechanisms to identify those underutilizing health services. A universal health care system is insufficient for providing equal health care, indicating a need for additional means to increase equality.
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Cohen-Mansfield J, Skornick-Bouchbinder M, Brill S. Trajectories of End of Life: A Systematic Review. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 73:564-572. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiska Cohen-Mansfield
- Minerva Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of End of Life
- The Herczeg Institute on Aging, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Shai Brill
- Minerva Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of End of Life
- Beit-Rivka Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Aldridge MD, Bradley EH. Epidemiology And Patterns Of Care At The End Of Life: Rising Complexity, Shifts In Care Patterns And Sites Of Death. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017; 36:1175-1183. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D. Aldridge
- Melissa D. Aldridge ( ) is an associate professor in the Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in New York City
| | - Elizabeth H. Bradley
- Elizabeth H. Bradley is president of and a professor of political science and science, technology, and society at Vassar College, in Poughkeepsie, New York
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May P, Garrido MM, Aldridge MD, Cassel JB, Kelley AS, Meier DE, Normand C, Penrod JD, Smith TJ, Morrison RS. Prospective Cohort Study of Hospitalized Adults With Advanced Cancer: Associations Between Complications, Comorbidity, and Utilization. J Hosp Med 2017; 12:407-413. [PMID: 28574529 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inpatient hospital stays account for more than a third of direct medical cancer care costs. Evidence on factors driving these costs can inform planning of services, as well as consideration of equity in access. OBJECTIVE To measure the association between hospital costs, and demographic, clinical, and system factors, for a cohort of adults with advanced cancer. DESIGN Prospective multisite cohort study. SETTING Four medical and cancer centers. PATIENTS Adults with advanced cancer admitted to a participating hospital between 2007 and 2011, excluding those with dementia. Final analytic sample included 1020 patients. METHODS With receipt of palliative care controlled for, the associations between hospital cost and patient factors were estimated. Factors covered the domains of demographics (age, sex, race), socioeconomics and systems (education, insurance, living will, proxy), clinical care (diagnoses, complications deemed to pose a threat to life or bodily functions, comorbidities, symptom burden, activities of daily living), and prior healthcare utilization (home help, analgesic prescribing). OUTCOME MEASURE Direct hospital costs. RESULTS A major (markedly abnormal) complication (+$8267; P < 0.01), a minor but not a major complication (+$5289; P < 0.01), and number of comorbidities (+$852; P < 0.01) were associated with higher cost, and admitting diagnosis of electrolyte disorders (-$4759; P = 0.01) and increased age (-$53; P = 0.03) were associated with lower cost. CONCLUSIONS Complications and comorbidity burden drive inhospital utilization for adults with advanced cancer. There is little evidence of sociodemographic associations and no apparent impact of advance directives. Attempts to control growth of hospital cancer costs require consideration of how the most resource-intensive patients are identified promptly and prioritized for cost-effective care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:407-413.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter May
- Centre for Health Policy and Management, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Melissa M Garrido
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Amy S Kelley
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Diane E Meier
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Charles Normand
- Centre for Health Policy and Management, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan D Penrod
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - R Sean Morrison
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
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