1
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Sankaralingam P, Wang S, Liu Y, Oegema KF, O'Connell KF. The kinase ZYG-1 phosphorylates the cartwheel protein SAS-5 to drive centriole assembly in C. elegans. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00157-y. [PMID: 38744971 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrioles organize centrosomes, the cell's primary microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs). Centrioles double in number each cell cycle, and mis-regulation of this process is linked to diseases such as cancer and microcephaly. In C. elegans, centriole assembly is controlled by the Plk4 related-kinase ZYG-1, which recruits the SAS-5-SAS-6 complex. While the kinase activity of ZYG-1 is required for centriole assembly, how it functions has not been established. Here we report that ZYG-1 physically interacts with and phosphorylates SAS-5 on 17 conserved serine and threonine residues in vitro. Mutational scanning reveals that serine 10 and serines 331/338/340 are indispensable for proper centriole assembly. Embryos expressing SAS-5S10A exhibit centriole assembly failure, while those expressing SAS-5S331/338/340A possess extra centrioles. We show that in the absence of serine 10 phosphorylation, the SAS-5-SAS-6 complex is recruited to centrioles, but is not stably incorporated, possibly due to a failure to coordinately recruit the microtubule-binding protein SAS-4. Our work defines the critical role of phosphorylation during centriole assembly and reveals that ZYG-1 might play a role in preventing the formation of excess centrioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Sankaralingam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen F Oegema
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kevin F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Laporte MH, Gambarotto D, Bertiaux É, Bournonville L, Louvel V, Nunes JM, Borgers S, Hamel V, Guichard P. Time-series reconstruction of the molecular architecture of human centriole assembly. Cell 2024; 187:2158-2174.e19. [PMID: 38604175 PMCID: PMC11060037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Centriole biogenesis, as in most organelle assemblies, involves the sequential recruitment of sub-structural elements that will support its function. To uncover this process, we correlated the spatial location of 24 centriolar proteins with structural features using expansion microscopy. A time-series reconstruction of protein distributions throughout human procentriole assembly unveiled the molecular architecture of the centriole biogenesis steps. We found that the process initiates with the formation of a naked cartwheel devoid of microtubules. Next, the bloom phase progresses with microtubule blade assembly, concomitantly with radial separation and rapid cartwheel growth. In the subsequent elongation phase, the tubulin backbone grows linearly with the recruitment of the A-C linker, followed by proteins of the inner scaffold (IS). By following six structural modules, we modeled 4D assembly of the human centriole. Collectively, this work provides a framework to investigate the spatial and temporal assembly of large macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine H Laporte
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davide Gambarotto
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Éloïse Bertiaux
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorène Bournonville
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Louvel
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José M Nunes
- University of Geneva, Department of Genetic and evolution, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Borgers
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Hamel
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Guichard
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland.
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3
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Wong SS, Wainman A, Saurya S, Raff JW. Regulation of centrosome size by the cell-cycle oscillator in Drosophila embryos. EMBO J 2024; 43:414-436. [PMID: 38233576 PMCID: PMC10898259 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitotic centrosomes assemble when centrioles recruit large amounts of pericentriolar material (PCM) around themselves. In early C. elegans embryos, mitotic centrosome size appears to be set by the limiting amount of a key component. In Drosophila syncytial embryos, thousands of mitotic centrosomes are assembled as the embryo proceeds through 13 rounds of rapid nuclear division, driven by a core cell cycle oscillator. These divisions slow during nuclear cycles 11-13, and we find that centrosomes respond by reciprocally decreasing their growth rate, but increasing their growth period-so that they grow to a relatively consistent size at each cycle. At the start of each cycle, moderate CCO activity initially promotes centrosome growth, in part by stimulating Polo/PLK1 recruitment to centrosomes. Later in each cycle, high CCO activity inhibits centrosome growth by suppressing the centrosomal recruitment and/or maintenance of centrosome proteins. Thus, in fly embryos, mitotic centrosome size appears to be regulated predominantly by the core cell cycle oscillator, rather than by the depletion of a limiting component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Shing Wong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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4
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Jaiswal S, Sanghi S, Singh P. Separation-of-function MCPH-associated mutations in CPAP affect centriole number and length. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261297. [PMID: 37823337 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cylindrical ultrastructures characterized by their definite size and robustness. The molecular capping protein, CPAP (also known as CENPJ) engages its N-terminal region with the centriole microtubules to regulate their length. Nevertheless, the conserved C-terminal glycine-rich G-box of CPAP, which interacts with the centriole inner cartwheel protein STIL, is frequently mutated in primary microcephaly (MCPH) patients. Here, we show that two different MCPH-associated variants, E1235V and D1196N in the CPAP G-box, affect distinct functions at centrioles. The E1235V mutation reduces CPAP centriole recruitment and causes overly long centrioles. The D1196N mutation increases centriole numbers without affecting centriole localization. Both mutations prevent binding to STIL, which controls centriole duplication. Our work highlights the involvement of an alternative CEP152-dependent route for CPAP centriole localization. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that E1235V leads to an increase in G-box flexibility, which could have implications on its molecular interactions. Collectively, we demonstrate that a CPAP region outside the microtubule-interacting domains influences centriole number and length, which translates to spindle defects and reduced cell viability. Our work provides new insights into the molecular causes of primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Jaiswal
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342037, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srishti Sanghi
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342037, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342037, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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5
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Ozhelvaci F, Steczkiewicz K. Identification and Classification of Papain-like Cysteine Proteinases. J Biol Chem 2023:104801. [PMID: 37164157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine peptidases form a big and highly diverse superfamily of proteins involved in many important biological functions, such as protein turnover, deubiquitination, tissue remodeling, blood clotting, virulence, defense, and cell wall remodeling. High sequence and structure diversity observed within these proteins hinders their comprehensive classification as well as the identification of new representatives. Moreover, in general protein databases, many families already classified as papain-like lack details regarding their mechanism of action or biological function. Here, we use transitive remote homology searches and 3D modeling to newly classify 21 families to the papain-like cysteine peptidase superfamily. We attempt to predict their biological function, and provide structural chacterization of 89 protein clusters defined based on sequence similarity altogether spanning 106 papain-like families. Moreover, we systematically discuss observed diversity in sequences, structures, and catalytic sites. Eventually, we expand the list of human papain-related proteins by seven representatives, including dopamine receptor-interacting protein (DRIP1) as potential deubiquitinase, and centriole duplication regulating CEP76 as retaining catalytically active peptidase-like domain. The presented results not only provide structure-based rationales to already existing peptidase databases but also may inspire further experimental research focused on peptidase-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ozhelvaci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Steczkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Primary microcephaly families mapped with different microcephalic genes by using whole exome sequencing; Insilco 3D Model's prediction of STIL, CENPJ, and CEP135 protein. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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How COVID-19 Hijacks the Cytoskeleton: Therapeutic Implications. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060814. [PMID: 35743845 PMCID: PMC9225596 DOI: 10.3390/life12060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus invades and replicates within host cells by “hijacking” biomolecular machinery, gaining control of the microtubule cytoskeleton. After attaching to membrane receptors and entering cells, the SARS-CoV-2 virus co-opts the dynamic intra-cellular cytoskeletal network of microtubules, actin, and the microtubule-organizing center, enabling three factors that lead to clinical pathology: (1) viral load due to intra-cellular trafficking, (2) cell-to-cell spread by filopodia, and (3) immune dysfunction, ranging from hyper-inflammatory cytokine storm to ineffective or absent response. These factors all depend directly on microtubules and the microtubule-organizing center, as do cell functions such as mitosis and immune cell movement. Here we consider how the SARS-CoV-2 virus may “hijack” cytoskeletal functions by docking inside the microtubule-organizing center’s centriole “barrels”, enabling certain interactions between the virus’s positively charged spike (“S”) proteins and negatively charged C-termini of the microtubules that the centriole comprises, somewhat like fingers on a keyboard. This points to the potential benefit of therapies aimed not directly at the virus but at the microtubules and microtubule-organizing center of the host cell on which the virus depends. These therapies could range from anti-microtubule drugs to low-intensity ultrasound (megahertz mechanical vibrations) externally applied to the vagus nerve at the neck and/or to the spleen (since both are involved in mediating inflammatory response). Given that ultrasound imaging machines suitable for vagal/splenic ultrasound are available for clinical trials in every hospital, we recommend an alternative therapeutic approach for COVID-19 based on addressing and normalizing the host cell microtubules and microtubule-organizing centers co-opted by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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8
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Vásquez-Limeta A, Lukasik K, Kong D, Sullenberger C, Luvsanjav D, Sahabandu N, Chari R, Loncarek J. CPAP insufficiency leads to incomplete centrioles that duplicate but fragment. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213119. [PMID: 35404385 PMCID: PMC9007748 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are structures that assemble centrosomes. CPAP is critical for centrosome assembly, and its mutations are found in patients with diseases such as primary microcephaly. CPAP’s centrosomal localization, its dynamics, and the consequences of its insufficiency in human cells are poorly understood. Here we use human cells genetically engineered for fast degradation of CPAP, in combination with superresolution microscopy, to address these uncertainties. We show that three independent centrosomal CPAP populations are dynamically regulated during the cell cycle. We confirm that CPAP is critical for assembly of human centrioles, but not for recruitment of pericentriolar material on already assembled centrioles. Further, we reveal that CPAP insufficiency leads to centrioles with incomplete microtubule triplets that can convert to centrosomes, duplicate, and form mitotic spindle poles, but fragment owing to loss of cohesion between microtubule blades. These findings further our basic understanding of the role of CPAP in centrosome biogenesis and help understand how CPAP aberrations can lead to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vásquez-Limeta
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Kimberly Lukasik
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Catherine Sullenberger
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Delgermaa Luvsanjav
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Natalie Sahabandu
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
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9
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Hoffmann I. Role of Polo-like Kinases Plk1 and Plk4 in the Initiation of Centriole Duplication-Impact on Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:786. [PMID: 35269408 PMCID: PMC8908989 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes nucleate and anchor microtubules and therefore play major roles in spindle formation and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Duplication of the centrosome occurs, similar to DNA, only once during the cell cycle. Aberration of the centrosome number is common in human tumors. At the core of centriole duplication is the conserved polo-like kinase 4, Plk4, and two structural proteins, STIL and Sas-6. In this review, I summarize and discuss developments in our understanding of the first steps of centriole duplication and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hoffmann
- F045, Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Microtubule and Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Male Meiotic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040695. [PMID: 35203341 PMCID: PMC8870657 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila dividing spermatocytes offer a highly suitable cell system in which to investigate the coordinated reorganization of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton systems during cell division of animal cells. Like male germ cells of mammals, Drosophila spermatogonia and spermatocytes undergo cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis, but abscission does not take place. Thus, clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes undergo meiotic divisions in synchrony, resulting in cysts of 32 secondary spermatocytes and then 64 spermatids connected by specialized structures called ring canals. The meiotic spindles in Drosophila males are substantially larger than the spindles of mammalian somatic cells and exhibit prominent central spindles and contractile rings during cytokinesis. These characteristics make male meiotic cells particularly amenable to immunofluorescence and live imaging analysis of the spindle microtubules and the actomyosin apparatus during meiotic divisions. Moreover, because the spindle assembly checkpoint is not robust in spermatocytes, Drosophila male meiosis allows investigating of whether gene products required for chromosome segregation play additional roles during cytokinesis. Here, we will review how the research studies on Drosophila male meiotic cells have contributed to our knowledge of the conserved molecular pathways that regulate spindle microtubules and cytokinesis with important implications for the comprehension of cancer and other diseases.
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11
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Zaqout S, Kaindl AM. Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly: Not Just a Small Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:784700. [PMID: 35111754 PMCID: PMC8802810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.784700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly or reduced head circumference results from a multitude of abnormal developmental processes affecting brain growth and/or leading to brain atrophy. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is the prototype of isolated primary (congenital) microcephaly, affecting predominantly the cerebral cortex. For MCPH, an accelerating number of mutated genes emerge annually, and they are involved in crucial steps of neurogenesis. In this review article, we provide a deeper look into the microcephalic MCPH brain. We explore cytoarchitecture focusing on the cerebral cortex and discuss diverse processes occurring at the level of neural progenitors, early generated and mature neurons, and glial cells. We aim to thereby give an overview of current knowledge in MCPH phenotype and normal brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Zaqout
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Tian Y, Yan Y, Fu J. Nine-fold symmetry of centriole: The joint efforts of its core proteins. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100262. [PMID: 34997615 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The centriole is a widely conserved organelle required for the assembly of centrosomes, cilia, and flagella. Its striking feature - the nine-fold symmetrical structure, was discovered over 70 years ago by transmission electron microscopy, and since elaborated mostly by cryo-electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy. Here, we review the discoveries that led to the current understanding of how the nine-fold symmetrical structure is built. We focus on the recent findings of the centriole structure in high resolution, its assembly pathways, and its nine-fold distributed components. We propose a model that the assembly of the nine-fold symmetrical centriole depends on the concerted efforts of its core proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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13
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Kasera H, Kumar S, Singh P. Yeast 2-hybrid assay for investigating the interaction between the centrosome proteins PLK4 and STIL. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 169:97-114. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Abstract
In this review, Phan et al. discuss the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development, and review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Last, they also extend their discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair Primary microcephaly is a brain growth disorder characterized by a severe reduction of brain size and thinning of the cerebral cortex. Many primary microcephaly mutations occur in genes that encode centrosome proteins, highlighting an important role for centrosomes in cortical development. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers that participate in several processes, including controlling polarity, catalyzing spindle assembly in mitosis, and building primary cilia. Understanding which of these processes are altered and how these disruptions contribute to microcephaly pathogenesis is a central unresolved question. In this review, we revisit the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development. We review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Finally, we also extend our discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair.
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15
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Stenzel L, Schreiner A, Zuccoli E, Üstüner S, Mehler J, Zanin E, Mikeladze-Dvali T. PCMD-1 bridges the centrioles and the pericentriolar material scaffold in C. elegans. Development 2021; 148:dev198416. [PMID: 34545391 PMCID: PMC10659035 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Correct cell division relies on the formation of a bipolar spindle. In animal cells, microtubule nucleation at the spindle poles is facilitated by the pericentriolar material (PCM), which assembles around a pair of centrioles. Although centrioles are essential for PCM assembly, the proteins that anchor the PCM to the centrioles are less known. Here, we investigate the molecular function of PCMD-1 in bridging the PCM and the centrioles in Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrate that the centrosomal recruitment of PCMD-1 is dependent on the outer centriolar protein SAS-7. The most C-terminal part of PCMD-1 is sufficient to target it to the centrosome, and the coiled-coil domain promotes its accumulation by facilitating self-interaction. We reveal that PCMD-1 interacts with the PCM scaffold protein SPD-5, the mitotic kinase PLK-1 and the centriolar protein SAS-4. Using an ectopic translocation assay, we show that PCMD-1 can selectively recruit downstream PCM scaffold components to an ectopic location in the cell, indicating that PCMD-1 is able to anchor the PCM scaffold proteins at the centrioles. Our work suggests that PCMD-1 is an essential functional bridge between the centrioles and the PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stenzel
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alina Schreiner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Elisa Zuccoli
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sim Üstüner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Judith Mehler
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tamara Mikeladze-Dvali
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Siskos N, Stylianopoulou E, Skavdis G, Grigoriou ME. Molecular Genetics of Microcephaly Primary Hereditary: An Overview. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050581. [PMID: 33946187 PMCID: PMC8145766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroCephaly Primary Hereditary (MCPH) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a significant reduction of the occipitofrontal head circumference and mild to moderate mental disability. Patients have small brains, though with overall normal architecture; therefore, studying MCPH can reveal not only the pathological mechanisms leading to this condition, but also the mechanisms operating during normal development. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous, with 27 genes listed so far in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. In this review, we discuss the role of MCPH proteins and delineate the molecular mechanisms and common pathways in which they participate.
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17
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Ruehle MD, Stemm-Wolf AJ, Pearson CG. Sas4 links basal bodies to cell division via Hippo signaling. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151794. [PMID: 32435796 PMCID: PMC7401811 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal bodies (BBs) are macromolecular complexes required for the formation and cortical positioning of cilia. Both BB assembly and DNA replication are tightly coordinated with the cell cycle to ensure their accurate segregation and propagation to daughter cells, but the mechanisms ensuring coordination are unclear. The Tetrahymena Sas4/CPAP protein is enriched at assembling BBs, localizing to the core BB structure and to the base of BB-appendage microtubules and striated fiber. Sas4 is necessary for BB assembly and cortical microtubule organization, and Sas4 loss disrupts cell division furrow positioning and DNA segregation. The Hippo signaling pathway is known to regulate cell division furrow position, and Hippo molecules localize to BBs and BB-appendages. We find that Sas4 loss disrupts localization of the Hippo activator, Mob1, suggesting that Sas4 mediates Hippo activity by promoting scaffolds for Mob1 localization to the cell cortex. Thus, Sas4 links BBs with an ancient signaling pathway known to promote the accurate and symmetric segregation of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa D Ruehle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Alexander J Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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18
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Maddi ER, Natesh R. Optimization strategies for expression and purification of soluble N-terminal domain of human centriolar protein SAS-6 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 183:105856. [PMID: 33640460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 (SAS-6), a highly conserved centriolar protein, constitutes the center of the cartwheel assembly that scaffolds centrioles early in their biogenesis. Abnormalities in cartwheel assembly lead to chromosomal dysfunctions. The molecular structure of human SAS-6 (HsSAS-6) and cartwheel hub and how they direct centriole symmetry is unknown. No crystal structure of wildtype HsSAS-6 has been reported to date, since soluble recombinant partial/full-length HsSAS-6 expression and purification posed grand challenges. In the present study we have explored optimization of ten different N terminal SAS-6 fusion proteins expression in a variety of E. coli hosts. During optimization we have included some of the most commonly used purification tags: Histidine tag, maltose-binding protein (MBP), small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) tag and modified MBP tag with surface entropy reduction mutations. We demonstrate several levels of tag assisted solubility and stable expression strategies. We find that the MBP tag accompanied by Surface Entropy Reduction mutations (MBP/SER) in a fixed arm approach rescues the folded SAS-6N protein with significantly improved solubility. This expression of HsSAS-6N in E. coli Rosetta DE3 pLysS expression strain gave rise to high protein expression yielding around 6.0-11.5 mg of soluble protein per liter of growth culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Reddy Maddi
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Ramanathan Natesh
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Kerala, India.
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19
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Shiga S, Makabe K. Structural analysis of the β-sheet edge of peptide self-assembly using a model protein. Proteins 2021; 89:845-852. [PMID: 33576533 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins self-assemble into β-sheet-rich fibrils, amyloid, which extends its structure by incorporating peptide/protein molecules from solution. At the elongation edge, the peptide/protein molecule binds to the edge of the amyloid β-sheet. Such processes are transient and elusive when observing molecular details by experimental methods. We used a model protein system, peptide self-assembly mimic (PSAM), which mimics an amyloid-like structure within a globular protein by capping both edges of single-layer β sheet (SLB) with certain domains. We constructed a PSAM variant that lacks the capping domain on the C-terminal side to observe the structure of the β-sheet edge of the peptide self-assembly. This variant, which we termed PSAM-edge, proved to be soluble with a monomeric form. Urea-induced unfolding experiments revealed that PSAM-edge displayed two-state cooperative unfolding, indicating the N-terminal capping domain and extended SLB folded as one unit. The crystal structure showed that SLB was almost completely structured except for a few terminal residues. A molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that the SLB structure was retained while the C-terminal four residues fluctuated, which was consistent with the crystal structure. Our findings indicate that SLB is stable even when one side of the β-sheet edge is exposed to a solvent. This stability may prevent the dissociation of the attached peptide from the peptide self-assembly. Because of the scarcity of SLB proteins with exposed β-sheet edges in nature, successful construction of the PSAM-edge expands our understanding of protein folding and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Shiga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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20
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Fatalska A, Dzhindzhev NS, Dadlez M, Glover DM. Interaction interface in the C-terminal parts of centriole proteins Sas6 and Ana2. Open Biol 2020; 10:200221. [PMID: 33171067 PMCID: PMC7729032 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The centriole is a ninefold symmetrical structure found at the core of centrosomes and, as a basal body, at the base of cilia, whose conserved duplication is regulated by Plk4 kinase. Plk4 phosphorylates a single serine residue at the N-terminus of Ana2 to promote Ana2's loading to the site of procentriole formation. Four conserved serines in Ana2's STAN motif are then phosphorylated by Plk4, enabling Sas6 recruitment. Crystallographic data indicate that the coiled-coil domain of Ana2 forms a tetramer but the structure of full-length Ana2 has not been solved. Here, we have employed hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to uncover the conformational dynamics of Ana2, revealing the high flexibility of this protein with one rigid region. To determine the elusive nature of the interaction surfaces between Ana2 and Sas6, we have confirmed complex formation between the phosphomimetic form of Ana2 (Ana2-4D) and Sas6 in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of this complex by HDX-MS identifies short critical regions required for this interaction, which lie in the C-terminal parts of both proteins. Mutational studies confirmed the relevance of these regions for the Ana2-Sas6 interaction. The Sas6 site required for Ana2 binding is distinct from the site required for Sas6 to bind Gorab and Sas6 is able to bind both these protein partners simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Fatalska
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - David M. Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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21
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Klena N, Le Guennec M, Tassin AM, van den Hoek H, Erdmann PS, Schaffer M, Geimer S, Aeschlimann G, Kovacik L, Sadian Y, Goldie KN, Stahlberg H, Engel BD, Hamel V, Guichard P. Architecture of the centriole cartwheel-containing region revealed by cryo-electron tomography. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106246. [PMID: 32954513 PMCID: PMC7667884 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are evolutionarily conserved barrels of microtubule triplets that form the core of the centrosome and the base of the cilium. While the crucial role of the proximal region in centriole biogenesis has been well documented, its native architecture and evolutionary conservation remain relatively unexplored. Here, using cryo-electron tomography of centrioles from four evolutionarily distant species, we report on the architectural diversity of the centriole's proximal cartwheel-bearing region. Our work reveals that the cartwheel central hub is constructed from a stack of paired rings with cartwheel inner densities inside. In both Paramecium and Chlamydomonas, the repeating structural unit of the cartwheel has a periodicity of 25 nm and consists of three ring pairs, with 6 radial spokes emanating and merging into a single bundle that connects to the microtubule triplet via the D2-rod and the pinhead. Finally, we identified that the cartwheel is indirectly connected to the A-C linker through the triplet base structure extending from the pinhead. Together, our work provides unprecedented evolutionary insights into the architecture of the centriole proximal region, which underlies centriole biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Klena
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maeva Le Guennec
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Tassin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hugo van den Hoek
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Philipp S Erdmann
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miroslava Schaffer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Lubomir Kovacik
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yashar Sadian
- Bioimaging and Cryogenic Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth N Goldie
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Virginie Hamel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Guichard
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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McLamarrah TA, Speed SK, Ryniawec JM, Buster DW, Fagerstrom CJ, Galletta BJ, Rusan NM, Rogers GC. A molecular mechanism for the procentriole recruitment of Ana2. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:132764. [PMID: 31841145 PMCID: PMC7041687 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
McLamarrah et al. characterize an early step in centriole duplication. They show that Plk4 hyperphosphorylates Ana2, which increases the affinity of Ana2 for the G-box domain of Sas4, promoting Ana2’s accumulation at the procentriole and, consequently, daughter centriole formation. During centriole duplication, a preprocentriole forms at a single site on the mother centriole through a process that includes the hierarchical recruitment of a conserved set of proteins, including the Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), Ana2/STIL, and the cartwheel protein Sas6. Ana2/STIL is critical for procentriole assembly, and its recruitment is controlled by the kinase activity of Plk4, but how this works remains poorly understood. A structural motif called the G-box in the centriole outer wall protein Sas4 interacts with a short region in the N terminus of Ana2/STIL. Here, we show that binding of Ana2 to the Sas4 G-box enables hyperphosphorylation of the Ana2 N terminus by Plk4. Hyperphosphorylation increases the affinity of the Ana2–G-box interaction, and, consequently, promotes the accumulation of Ana2 at the procentriole to induce daughter centriole formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A McLamarrah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Sarah K Speed
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John M Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Daniel W Buster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Carey J Fagerstrom
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian J Galletta
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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23
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Panda P, Kovacs L, Dzhindzhev N, Fatalska A, Persico V, Geymonat M, Riparbelli MG, Callaini G, Glover DM. Tissue specific requirement of Drosophila Rcd4 for centriole duplication and ciliogenesis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151861. [PMID: 32543652 PMCID: PMC7401805 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rcd4 is a poorly characterized Drosophila centriole component whose mammalian counterpart, PPP1R35, is suggested to function in centriole elongation and conversion to centrosomes. Here, we show that rcd4 mutants exhibit fewer centrioles, aberrant mitoses, and reduced basal bodies in sensory organs. Rcd4 interacts with the C-terminal part of Ana3, which loads onto the procentriole during interphase, ahead of Rcd4 and before mitosis. Accordingly, depletion of Ana3 prevents Rcd4 recruitment but not vice versa. We find that neither Ana3 nor Rcd4 participates directly in the mitotic conversion of centrioles to centrosomes, but both are required to load Ana1, which is essential for such conversion. Whereas ana3 mutants are male sterile, reflecting a requirement for Ana3 for centriole development in the male germ line, rcd4 mutants are fertile and have male germ line centrioles of normal length. Thus, Rcd4 is essential in somatic cells but is not absolutely required in spermatogenesis, indicating tissue-specific roles in centriole and basal body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Panda
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Levente Kovacs
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Agnieszka Fatalska
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Veronica Persico
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Geymonat
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
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24
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Wainman A. Expansion microscopy on Drosophila spermatocyte centrioles. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 161:217-245. [PMID: 33478691 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila spermatocyte centrioles are ideal for imaging studies. Their large, characteristic V conformation is both easy to identify and measure using standard imaging techniques. However, certain detailed features, such as their ninefold symmetry, are only visible below the diffraction limit of light. This is therefore a system that can benefit from the increased effective resolution potentially achievable by expansion microscopy. Here, I provide detailed protocols of two types of expansion microscopy methodologies applied to Drosophila spermatocyte centrioles, and discuss which is able to achieve the highest effective resolution in this system. I describe how to precisely measure these organelles post-expansion, and discuss how they can therefore be used as "molecular rulers" to troubleshoot and compare expansion techniques. I also provide protocols to combine expansion microscopy with super-resolution imaging in this tissue, discussing potential pitfalls. I conclude that expansion microscopy provides an effective alternative for thick tissues that are not amenable for traditional super-resolution techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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25
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Gartenmann L, Vicente CC, Wainman A, Novak ZA, Sieber B, Richens JH, Raff JW. Drosophila Sas-6, Ana2 and Sas-4 self-organise into macromolecular structures that can be used to probe centriole and centrosome assembly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244574. [PMID: 32409564 PMCID: PMC7328145 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Centriole assembly requires a small number of conserved proteins. The precise pathway of centriole assembly has been difficult to study, as the lack of any one of the core assembly proteins [Plk4, Ana2 (the homologue of mammalian STIL), Sas-6, Sas-4 (mammalian CPAP) or Asl (mammalian Cep152)] leads to the absence of centrioles. Here, we use Sas-6 and Ana2 particles (SAPs) as a new model to probe the pathway of centriole and centrosome assembly. SAPs form in Drosophila eggs or embryos when Sas-6 and Ana2 are overexpressed. SAP assembly requires Sas-4, but not Plk4, whereas Asl helps to initiate SAP assembly but is not required for SAP growth. Although not centrioles, SAPs recruit and organise many centriole and centrosome components, nucleate microtubules, organise actin structures and compete with endogenous centrosomes to form mitotic spindle poles. SAPs require Asl to efficiently recruit pericentriolar material (PCM), but Spd-2 (the homologue of mammalian Cep192) can promote some PCM assembly independently of Asl. These observations provide new insights into the pathways of centriole and centrosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gartenmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Catarina C Vicente
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zsofi A Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Boris Sieber
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jennifer H Richens
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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26
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Fujiwara H, Shiga S, Makabe K. Cooperative unfolding of a single-layer β-sheet protein, CPAP G-box. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:105-109. [PMID: 32197835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CPAP is a centriolar protein and its C-terminal domain, G-box or TCP, has a very unique structure that comprises a single-layer β-sheet without hydrophobic core packing. Here we characterized its biophysical properties, including its stability against chemical denaturation. Interestingly, upon urea-induced equilibrium unfolding, the CPAP G-box showed cooperative unfolding behavior that is the hallmark of globular proteins. We analyzed the m-value, a measure of the cooperative transition, from the urea-induced unfolding and found that the estimated m-value from surface burial upon folding is consistent with the experimental value, supporting the two-state unfolding. Next, we constructed deletion mutants of the terminal β-strands and found that the mutants showed reduced stability. The unique structure and characteristics of CPAP G-box provides an interesting opportunity to observe how the core-less flat β-sheet protein can be folded in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jyonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shota Shiga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jyonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jyonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
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27
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Zhou X, Zhi Y, Yu J, Xu D. The Yin and Yang of Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly Genes: Insights from Neurogenesis and Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051691. [PMID: 32121580 PMCID: PMC7084222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cells of neurogenesis and carcinogenesis share many properties, including proliferative rate, an extensive replicative potential, the potential to generate different cell types of a given tissue, and an ability to independently migrate to a damaged area. This is also evidenced by the common molecular principles regulating key processes associated with cell division and apoptosis. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurogenic mitotic disorder that is characterized by decreased brain size and mental retardation. Until now, a total of 25 genes have been identified that are known to be associated with MCPH. The inactivation (yin) of most MCPH genes leads to neurogenesis defects, while the upregulation (yang) of some MCPH genes is associated with different kinds of carcinogenesis. Here, we try to summarize the roles of MCPH genes in these two diseases and explore the underlying mechanisms, which will help us to explore new, attractive approaches to targeting tumor cells that are resistant to the current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Zhou
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yiqiang Zhi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jurui Yu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-17085937559
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28
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The Singularity of the Drosophila Male Germ Cell Centriole: The Asymmetric Distribution of Sas4 and Sas6. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010115. [PMID: 31947732 PMCID: PMC7016748 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila spermatocytes have giant centrioles that display unique properties. Both the parent centrioles maintain a distinct cartwheel and nucleate a cilium-like region that persists during the meiotic divisions and organizes a structured sperm axoneme. Moreover, the parent centrioles are morphologically undistinguishable, unlike vertebrate cells in which mother and daughter centrioles have distinct structural features. However, our immunofluorescence analysis of the parent centrioles in mature primary spermatocytes revealed an asymmetric accumulation of the typical Sas4 and Sas6 proteins. Notably, the fluorescence intensity of Sas4 and Sas6 at the daughter centrioles is greater than the intensity found at the mother ones. In contrast, the centrioles of wing imaginal disc cells display an opposite condition in which the loading of Sas4 and Sas6 at the mother centrioles is greater. These data underlie a subtle asymmetry among the parent centrioles and point to a cell type diversity of the localization of the Sas4 and Sas6 proteins.
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29
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Xu Q, Biancalana M, Grant JC, Chiu H, Jaroszewski L, Knuth MW, Lesley SA, Godzik A, Elsliger M, Deacon AM, Wilson IA. Structures of single-layer β-sheet proteins evolved from β-hairpin repeats. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1676-1689. [PMID: 31306512 PMCID: PMC6699103 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Free-standing single-layer β-sheets are extremely rare in naturally occurring proteins, even though β-sheet motifs are ubiquitous. Here we report the crystal structures of three homologous, single-layer, anti-parallel β-sheet proteins, comprised of three or four twisted β-hairpin repeats. The structures reveal that, in addition to the hydrogen bond network characteristic of β-sheets, additional hydrophobic interactions mediated by small clusters of residues adjacent to the turns likely play a significant role in the structural stability and compensate for the lack of a compact hydrophobic core. These structures enabled identification of a family of secreted proteins that are broadly distributed in bacteria from the human gut microbiome and are putatively involved in the metabolism of complex carbohydrates. A conserved surface patch, rich in solvent-exposed tyrosine residues, was identified on the concave surface of the β-sheet. These new modular single-layer β-sheet proteins may serve as a new model system for studying folding and design of β-rich proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Xu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCalifornia
- GMCA@APS, Argonne National LaboratoryLemontIllinois
| | - Matthew Biancalana
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, Smilow Research CenterNew YorkNew York
| | | | - Hsiu‐Ju Chiu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCalifornia
| | - Lukasz Jaroszewski
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCalifornia
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems BiologySanford‐Burnham Medical Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Division of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia
| | - Mark W. Knuth
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Protein Sciences DepartmentGenomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Scott A. Lesley
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Protein Sciences DepartmentGenomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Merck & Co., Inc.South San FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Adam Godzik
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCalifornia
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems BiologySanford‐Burnham Medical Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Division of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia
| | - Marc‐André Elsliger
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Ashley M. Deacon
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCalifornia
- Accelero BiostructuresSan CarlosCalifornia
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, www.jcsg.org
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
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30
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Fujiwara H, Hongo K, Hori Y, Yoshida N, Makabe K. β-sheet elasticity of peptide self-assembly mimic, PSAM, with a grafted sequence characterized by comprehensive analyses of isomorphous crystals. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Li J, Liu H, Raval MH, Wan J, Yengo CM, Liu W, Zhang M. Structure of the MORN4/Myo3a Tail Complex Reveals MORN Repeats as Protein Binding Modules. Structure 2019; 27:1366-1374.e3. [PMID: 31279628 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tandem repeats are basic building blocks for constructing proteins with diverse structures and functions. Compared with extensively studied α-helix-based tandem repeats such as ankyrin, tetratricopeptide, armadillo, and HEAT repeat proteins, relatively little is known about tandem repeat proteins formed by β hairpins. In this study, we discovered that the MORN repeats from MORN4 function as a protein binding module specifically recognizing a tail cargo binding region from Myo3a. The structure of the MORN4/Myo3a complex shows that MORN4 forms an extended single-layered β-sheet structure and uses a U-shaped groove to bind to the Myo3a tail with high affinity and specificity. Sequence and structural analyses further elucidated the unique sequence features for folding and target binding of MORN repeats. Our work establishes that the β-hairpin-based MORN repeats are protein-protein interaction modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Manmeet H Raval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Christopher M Yengo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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32
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Moyer TC, Holland AJ. PLK4 promotes centriole duplication by phosphorylating STIL to link the procentriole cartwheel to the microtubule wall. eLife 2019; 8:46054. [PMID: 31115335 PMCID: PMC6570480 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles play critical roles in organizing the assembly of the mitotic spindle and templating the formation of primary cilia. Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle and is regulated by Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). Although significant progress has been made in understanding centriole composition, we have limited knowledge of how PLK4 activity controls specific steps in centriole formation. Here, we show that PLK4 phosphorylates its centriole substrate STIL on a conserved site, S428, to promote STIL binding to CPAP. This phospho-dependent binding interaction is conserved in Drosophila and facilitates the stable incorporation of both STIL and CPAP into the centriole. We propose that procentriole assembly requires PLK4 to phosphorylate STIL in two different regions: phosphorylation of residues in the STAN motif allow STIL to bind SAS6 and initiate cartwheel assembly, while phosphorylation of S428 promotes the binding of STIL to CPAP, linking the cartwheel to microtubules of the centriole wall. A cell’s DNA is the chemical instruction manual for everything it does. Each cell in our bodies contains over two meters of DNA, which is divided into 46 packages of information called chromosomes. When the body needs to make more cells, for example during growth or repair, existing cells divide in two in order to replicate themselves. This means that they also need to copy all of their DNA and then deliver identical sets of chromosomes to each new cell. Animal cells use structures called centrioles to help them divide their sets of chromosomes accurately. When cells are about to divide, they make a new set of centrioles by assembling a variety of proteins. This assembly process must be carefully controlled; if too many or too few centrioles are built, cell division errors can occur that lead to the generation of new cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes. The enzyme PLK4 helps to assemble centrioles, but its exact role in the construction process has remained largely unknown. For example, how it might modify different components of the centriole, and why this matters, is poorly understood. By performing cell biological and biochemical experiments using human cells, Moyer and Holland show that PLK4 interacts with a protein called STIL that is found in the central part of the centriole. The modification of STIL at a specific location by PLK4 was needed to link it to another protein in the outer wall of the centriole, and was also necessary for the cells to build new centrioles. Cells in which PLK4 was unable to modify STIL had too few centrioles when they were beginning to divide. Testing the activity of PLK4 in fruit flies revealed that it plays a similar role as in human cells. This suggests that the modification of STIL by PLK4 is important for normal cell division across different species. The results presented by Moyer and Holland help us to understand how dividing cells build the complex machinery that enables them to pass on their genetic material accurately. Future work that builds on these findings could provide insight into human diseases, such as brain development disorders and cancer, where centrioles are either defective or present in the wrong number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Chistopher Moyer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Andrew Jon Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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33
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Ye Y, Zhu J, Ai Q, Wang C, Liao M, Fan H. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Changes in Vero Cells in Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1623-1633. [PMID: 30730140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have caused significant lethality rates in neonatal piglets, which pose a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Available commercial vaccines fail to protect against the emergence of high virulence of PEDV variants. Therefore, the endemic state of the PEDV infection in suckling piglets highlights the urgent need for uncovering the molecular determinants of the disease pathogenesis. In this study, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), combined with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was performed to determine proteomic differences between PEDV-infected and mock-infected Vero cells at 18 h postinfection. The SILAC-based approach identified 4508 host-cell proteins, of which 120 were significantly up-regulated and 103 were significantly down-regulated at ≥95% confidence. Alterations in the expression of selected proteins were verified by Western blot. Several signaling metabolic pathways including mevalonate pathway I and the superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis were triggered by the infection of the highly virulent strain and are linked to host innate immunity. 25-HC, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway, exhibited potent antiviral activity against PEDV infection. Meanwhile, the cell-cycle-related functions were significantly regulated, which may likely be responsible for the viral replication and pathogenicity of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology , Jiangxi Agricultural University , Nanchang 330045 , China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Qiangyun Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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34
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Gharbaran R, Somenarain L. Putative Cellular and Molecular Roles of Zika Virus in Fetal and Pediatric Neuropathologies. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2019; 22:5-21. [PMID: 30149771 DOI: 10.1177/1093526618790742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the World Health Organization declared an end to the recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and its association with adverse fetal and pediatric outcome, on November 18, 2016, the virus still remains a severe public health threat. Laboratory experiments thus far supported the suspicions that ZIKV is a teratogenic agent. Evidence indicated that ZIKV infection cripples the host cells' innate immune responses, allowing productive replication and potential dissemination of the virus. In addition, studies suggest potential transplacental passage of the virus and subsequent selective targeting of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Depletion of NPCs by ZIKV is associated with restricted brain growth. And while microcephaly can result from infection at any gestational stages, the risk is greater during the first trimester. Although a number of recent studies revealed some of specific molecular and cellular roles of ZIKV proteins of this mosquito-borne flavivirus, the mechanisms by which it produces it suspected pathophysiological effects are not completely understood. Thus, this review highlights the cellular and molecular evidence that implicate ZIKV in fetal and pediatric neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Gharbaran
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York
| | - Latchman Somenarain
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York
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35
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Bridging centrioles and PCM in proper space and time. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:793-801. [PMID: 30429283 PMCID: PMC6281471 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout biology, specifying cellular events at the correct location and time is necessary for ensuring proper function. The formation of robust microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) in mitosis is one such event that must be restricted in space to centrosomes to prevent ectopic MTOC formation elsewhere in the cell, a situation that can result in multipolar spindle formation and aneuploidy. The process of reaching maximum centrosome MTOC activity in late G2, known as centrosome maturation, ensures accurate timing of nuclear envelope breakdown and proper chromosome attachment. Although centrosome maturation has been recognized for over a century, the spatial and temporal regulatory mechanisms that direct MTOC activation are poorly understood. Here, we review Sas-4/CPAP, Asterless/Cep152, Spd-2/Cep192, and PLP/Pericentrin, a group of proteins we refer to as 'bridge' proteins that reside at the surface of centrioles, perfectly positioned to serve as the gatekeepers of proper centrosome maturation at the perfect place and time.
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36
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Shahid U, Singh P. Emerging Picture of Deuterosome-Dependent Centriole Amplification in MCCs. Cells 2018; 7:E152. [PMID: 30262752 PMCID: PMC6210342 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) have several hair-like structures called cilia, which are required to propel substances on their surface. A cilium is organized from a basal body which resembles a hollow microtubule structure called a centriole. In terminally differentiated MCCs, hundreds of new basal bodies/centrioles are formed via two parallel pathways: the centriole- and deuterosome-dependent pathways. The deuterosome-dependent pathway is also referred to as "de novo" because unlike the centriole-dependent pathway which requires pre-existing centrioles, in the de novo pathway multiple new centrioles are organized around non-microtubule structures called deuterosomes. In the last five years, some deuterosome-specific markers have been identified and concurrent advancements in the super-resolution techniques have significantly contributed to gaining insights about the major stages of centriole amplification during ciliogenesis. Altogether, a new picture is emerging which also challenges the previous notion that deuterosome pathway is de novo. This review is primarily focused on studies that have contributed towards the better understanding of deuterosome-dependent centriole amplification and presents a developing model about the major stages identified during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umama Shahid
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Nagour Road, Karwar 342037, India.
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Nagour Road, Karwar 342037, India.
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37
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Tillery MML, Blake-Hedges C, Zheng Y, Buchwalter RA, Megraw TL. Centrosomal and Non-Centrosomal Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOCs) in Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2018; 7:E121. [PMID: 30154378 PMCID: PMC6162459 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the best-understood microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and is essential in particular cell types and at specific stages during Drosophila development. The centrosome is not required zygotically for mitosis or to achieve full animal development. Nevertheless, centrosomes are essential maternally during cleavage cycles in the early embryo, for male meiotic divisions, for efficient division of epithelial cells in the imaginal wing disc, and for cilium/flagellum assembly in sensory neurons and spermatozoa. Importantly, asymmetric and polarized division of stem cells is regulated by centrosomes and by the asymmetric regulation of their microtubule (MT) assembly activity. More recently, the components and functions of a variety of non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (ncMTOCs) have begun to be elucidated. Throughout Drosophila development, a wide variety of unique ncMTOCs form in epithelial and non-epithelial cell types at an assortment of subcellular locations. Some of these cell types also utilize the centrosomal MTOC, while others rely exclusively on ncMTOCs. The impressive variety of ncMTOCs being discovered provides novel insight into the diverse functions of MTOCs in cells and tissues. This review highlights our current knowledge of the composition, assembly, and functional roles of centrosomal and non-centrosomal MTOCs in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M L Tillery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Caitlyn Blake-Hedges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Buchwalter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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38
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Revisiting Centrioles in Nematodes-Historic Findings and Current Topics. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080101. [PMID: 30096824 PMCID: PMC6115991 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Theodor Boveri is considered as the “father” of centrosome biology. Boveri’s fundamental findings have laid the groundwork for decades of research on centrosomes. Here, we briefly review his early work on centrosomes and his first description of the centriole. Mainly focusing on centriole structure, duplication, and centriole assembly factors in C. elegans, we will highlight the role of this model in studying germ line centrosomes in nematodes. Last but not least, we will point to future directions of the C. elegans centrosome field.
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39
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A combined 3D-SIM/SMLM approach allows centriole proteins to be localized with a precision of ∼4-5 nm. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R1054-R1055. [PMID: 29017036 PMCID: PMC5640508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Centrioles are small barrel-shaped structures that form centrosomes and cilia [1]. Centrioles assemble around a central cartwheel comprising the Sas-6 and Ana2/STIL proteins. The amino termini of nine Sas-6 dimers form a central hub of ∼12 nm radius from which nine dimer spokes radiate, placing the Sas-6 carboxyl termini at the outer edge of the ∼60 nm radius cartwheel [2]. Several centriole proteins are distributed in a toroid around the cartwheel, and super-resolution light microscopy studies have measured the average radii of these ∼100–200 nm radius toroids with a ‘precision’ — or standard deviation (s.d. or 1σ) — of ±∼10–40 nm. The organization of Ana2/STIL within the cartwheel, however, has not been resolvable. Here, we develop methods to calculate the average toroidal radius of centriolar proteins in the ∼20–60 nm range with a s.d. of just ±∼4–5 nm, revealing that the amino and carboxyl termini of Ana2 are located in the outer cartwheel region.
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40
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Nigg EA, Holland AJ. Once and only once: mechanisms of centriole duplication and their deregulation in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:297-312. [PMID: 29363672 PMCID: PMC5969912 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Centrioles are conserved microtubule-based organelles that form the core of the centrosome and act as templates for the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles have important roles in most microtubule-related processes, including motility, cell division and cell signalling. To coordinate these diverse cellular processes, centriole number must be tightly controlled. In cycling cells, one new centriole is formed next to each pre-existing centriole in every cell cycle. Advances in imaging, proteomics, structural biology and genome editing have revealed new insights into centriole biogenesis, how centriole numbers are controlled and how alterations in these processes contribute to diseases such as cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, recent work has uncovered the existence of surveillance pathways that limit the proliferation of cells with numerical centriole aberrations. Owing to this progress, we now have a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing centriole biogenesis, opening up new possibilities for targeting these pathways in the context of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich A. Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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41
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Liu Y, Gupta GD, Barnabas DD, Agircan FG, Mehmood S, Wu D, Coyaud E, Johnson CM, McLaughlin SH, Andreeva A, Freund SMV, Robinson CV, Cheung SWT, Raught B, Pelletier L, van Breugel M. Direct binding of CEP85 to STIL ensures robust PLK4 activation and efficient centriole assembly. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1731. [PMID: 29712910 PMCID: PMC5928214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are required for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. They are composed of a centriole pair that recruits and organizes the microtubule-nucleating pericentriolar material. Centriole duplication is tightly controlled in vivo and aberrations in this process are associated with several human diseases, including cancer and microcephaly. Although factors essential for centriole assembly, such as STIL and PLK4, have been identified, the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive this process are incompletely understood. Combining protein proximity mapping with high-resolution structural methods, we identify CEP85 as a centriole duplication factor that directly interacts with STIL through a highly conserved interaction interface involving a previously uncharacterised domain of STIL. Structure-guided mutational analyses in vivo demonstrate that this interaction is essential for efficient centriolar targeting of STIL, PLK4 activation and faithful daughter centriole assembly. Taken together, our results illuminate a molecular mechanism underpinning the spatiotemporal regulation of the early stages of centriole duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gagan D Gupta
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Deepak D Barnabas
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Fikret G Agircan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Shahid Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Christopher M Johnson
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stephen H McLaughlin
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Antonina Andreeva
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stefan M V Freund
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Sally W T Cheung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Mark van Breugel
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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42
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Bianchi S, Rogala KB, Dynes NJ, Hilbert M, Leidel SA, Steinmetz MO, Gönczy P, Vakonakis I. Interaction between the Caenorhabditis elegans centriolar protein SAS-5 and microtubules facilitates organelle assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:722-735. [PMID: 29367435 PMCID: PMC6003225 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles that organize the microtubule network and seed the formation of cilia and flagella. New centrioles assemble through a stepwise process dependent notably on the centriolar protein SAS-5 in Caenorhabditis elegans SAS-5 and its functional homologues in other species form oligomers that bind the centriolar proteins SAS-6 and SAS-4, thereby forming an evolutionarily conserved structural core at the onset of organelle assembly. Here, we report a novel interaction of SAS-5 with microtubules. Microtubule binding requires SAS-5 oligomerization and a disordered protein segment that overlaps with the SAS-4 binding site. Combined in vitro and in vivo analysis of select mutants reveals that the SAS-5-microtubule interaction facilitates centriole assembly in C. elegans embryos. Our findings lead us to propose that the interdependence of SAS-5 oligomerization and microtubule binding reflects an avidity mechanism, which also strengthens SAS-5 associations with other centriole components and, thus, promotes organelle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bianchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kacper B Rogala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Dynes
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Hilbert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Vakonakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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43
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McLamarrah TA, Buster DW, Galletta BJ, Boese CJ, Ryniawec JM, Hollingsworth NA, Byrnes AE, Brownlee CW, Slep KC, Rusan NM, Rogers GC. An ordered pattern of Ana2 phosphorylation by Plk4 is required for centriole assembly. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1217-1231. [PMID: 29496738 PMCID: PMC5881488 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Centriole duplication is tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle to ensure one duplication event per centriole. McLamarrah et al. show that a stepwise pattern of Ana2 phosphorylation by Plk4 facilitates proper centriole duplication. Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) initiates an early step in centriole assembly by phosphorylating Ana2/STIL, a structural component of the procentriole. Here, we show that Plk4 binding to the central coiled-coil (CC) of Ana2 is a conserved event involving Polo-box 3 and a previously unidentified putative CC located adjacent to the kinase domain. Ana2 is then phosphorylated along its length. Previous studies showed that Plk4 phosphorylates the C-terminal STil/ANa2 (STAN) domain of Ana2/STIL, triggering binding and recruitment of the cartwheel protein Sas6 to the procentriole assembly site. However, the physiological relevance of N-terminal phosphorylation was unknown. We found that Plk4 first phosphorylates the extreme N terminus of Ana2, which is critical for subsequent STAN domain modification. Phosphorylation of the central region then breaks the Plk4–Ana2 interaction. This phosphorylation pattern is important for centriole assembly and integrity because replacement of endogenous Ana2 with phospho-Ana2 mutants disrupts distinct steps in Ana2 function and inhibits centriole duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A McLamarrah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Daniel W Buster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brian J Galletta
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cody J Boese
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - John M Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Natalie Ann Hollingsworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Amy E Byrnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christopher W Brownlee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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44
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Arquint C, Cubizolles F, Morand A, Schmidt A, Nigg EA. The SKP1-Cullin-F-box E3 ligase βTrCP and CDK2 cooperate to control STIL abundance and centriole number. Open Biol 2018; 8:170253. [PMID: 29445034 PMCID: PMC5830536 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of centriole duplication has been implicated in cancer and primary microcephaly. Accordingly, it is important to understand how key centriole duplication factors are regulated. E3 ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in controlling the levels of several duplication factors, including PLK4, STIL and SAS-6, but the precise mechanisms ensuring centriole homeostasis remain to be fully understood. Here, we have combined proteomics approaches with the use of MLN4924, a generic inhibitor of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligases, to monitor changes in the cellular abundance of centriole duplication factors. We identified human STIL as a novel substrate of SCF-βTrCP. The binding of βTrCP depends on a DSG motif within STIL, and serine 395 within this motif is phosphorylated in vivo SCF-βTrCP-mediated degradation of STIL occurs throughout interphase and mutations in the DSG motif causes massive centrosome amplification, attesting to the physiological importance of the pathway. We also uncover a connection between this new pathway and CDK2, whose role in centriole biogenesis remains poorly understood. We show that CDK2 activity protects STIL against SCF-βTrCP-mediated degradation, indicating that CDK2 and SCF-βTrCP cooperate via STIL to control centriole biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arquint
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Cubizolles
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Morand
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Patwardhan D, Mani S, Passemard S, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V. STIL balancing primary microcephaly and cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:65. [PMID: 29352115 PMCID: PMC5833631 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell division and differentiation are two fundamental physiological processes that need to be tightly balanced to achieve harmonious development of an organ or a tissue without jeopardizing its homeostasis. The role played by the centriolar protein STIL is highly illustrative of this balance at different stages of life as deregulation of the human STIL gene expression has been associated with either insufficient brain development (primary microcephaly) or cancer, two conditions resulting from perturbations in cell cycle and chromosomal segregation. This review describes the recent advances on STIL functions in the control of centriole duplication and mitotic spindle integrity, and discusses how pathological perturbations of its finely tuned expression result in chromosomal instability in both embryonic and postnatal situations, highlighting the concept that common key factors are involved in developmental steps and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruti Patwardhan
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre for Neuroscience, IISC Bangalore, India
| | - Shyamala Mani
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Curadev Pharma, B 87, Sector 83, Noida, UP, 201305,, India
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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46
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Rale MJ, Kadzik RS, Petry S. Phase Transitioning the Centrosome into a Microtubule Nucleator. Biochemistry 2017; 57:30-37. [PMID: 29256606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are self-assembling, micron-scale, nonmembrane bound organelles that nucleate microtubules (MTs) and organize the microtubule cytoskeleton of the cell. They orchestrate critical cellular processes such as ciliary-based motility, vesicle trafficking, and cell division. Much is known about the role of the centrosome in these contexts, but we have a less comprehensive understanding of how the centrosome assembles and generates microtubules. Studies over the past 10 years have fundamentally shifted our view of these processes. Subdiffraction imaging has probed the amorphous haze of material surrounding the core of the centrosome revealing a complex, hierarchically organized structure whose composition and size changes profoundly during the transition from interphase to mitosis. New biophysical insights into protein phase transitions, where a diffuse protein spontaneously separates into a locally concentrated, nonmembrane bounded compartment, have provided a fresh perspective into how the centrosome might rapidly condense from diffuse cytoplasmic components. In this Perspective, we focus on recent findings that identify several centrosomal proteins that undergo phase transitions. We discuss how to reconcile these results with the current model of the underlying organization of proteins in the centrosome. Furthermore, we reflect on how these findings impact our understanding of how the centrosome undergoes self-assembly and promotes MT nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rale
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Rachel S Kadzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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47
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Roche DB, Viet PD, Bakulina A, Hirsh L, Tosatto SCE, Kajava AV. Classification of β-hairpin repeat proteins. J Struct Biol 2017; 201:130-138. [PMID: 29017817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of new protein structures that possess tandem repeats have emerged. Many of these proteins are comprised of tandem arrays of β-hairpins. Today, the amount and variety of the data on these β-hairpin repeat (BHR) structures have reached a level that requires detailed analysis and further classification. In this paper, we classified the BHR proteins, compared structures, sequences of repeat motifs, functions and distribution across the major taxonomic kingdoms of life and within organisms. As a result, we identified six different BHR folds in tandem repeat proteins of Class III (elongated structures) and one BHR fold (up-and-down β-barrel) in Class IV ("closed" structures). Our survey reveals the high incidence of the BHR proteins among bacteria and viruses and their possible relationship to the structures of amyloid fibrils. It indicates that BHR folds will be an attractive target for future structural studies, especially in the context of age-related amyloidosis and emerging infectious diseases. This work allowed us to update the RepeatsDB database, which contains annotated tandem repeat protein structures and to construct sequence profiles based on BHR structural alignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Roche
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), UMR 5237 CNRS, Université Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Cedex 5, Montpellier 34293, France; Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Phuong Do Viet
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), UMR 5237 CNRS, Université Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Cedex 5, Montpellier 34293, France; Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Anastasia Bakulina
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Layla Hirsh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy; Engineering Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrey V Kajava
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), UMR 5237 CNRS, Université Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Cedex 5, Montpellier 34293, France; Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Montpellier, France.
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48
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Cristofoli F, De Keersmaecker B, De Catte L, Vermeesch JR, Van Esch H. Novel STIL Compound Heterozygous Mutations Cause Severe Fetal Microcephaly and Centriolar Lengthening. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:282-293. [PMID: 29230157 DOI: 10.1159/000479666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
STIL (SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus) is a core component of the centriole duplication process. STIL mutations have been associated with both autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) and holoprosencephaly. In this report, we describe a family with multiple miscarriages and 2 terminations of pregnancy due to marked fetal microcephaly, delayed cortical gyrification, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. Whole exome sequencing allowed us to identify novel compound heterozygous mutations in STIL. The mutations lie, respectively, in the CPAP/CENPJ and the hsSAS6 interacting domains of STIL. M-phase synchronized amniocytes from both affected fetuses did not display an aberrant number of centrioles, as shown previously for either STIL-depleted or overexpressing cells. However, we observed an elongation of at least 1 centriole for each duplicated centrosome. These preliminary results may point to a novel mechanism causing MCPH and embryonic lethality in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart De Keersmaecker
- Laboratories for Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Catte
- Laboratories for Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratories for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratories for Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Laboratories for Genetics of Cognition, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratories for Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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49
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Duerinckx S, Abramowicz M. The genetics of congenitally small brains. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:76-85. [PMID: 28912110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (PM) refers to a congenitally small brain, resulting from insufficient prenatal production of neurons, and serves as a model disease for brain volumic development. Known PM genes delineate several cellular pathways, among which the centriole duplication pathway, which provide interesting clues about the cellular mechanisms involved. The general interest of the genetic dissection of PM is illustrated by the convergence of Zika virus infection and PM gene mutations on congenital microcephaly, with CENPJ/CPAP emerging as a key target. Physical (protein-protein) and genetic (digenic inheritance) interactions of Wdr62 and Aspm have been demonstrated in mice, and should now be sought in humans using high throughput parallel sequencing of multiple PM genes in PM patients and control subjects, in order to categorize mutually interacting genes, hence delineating functional pathways in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Duerinckx
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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50
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Feng Z, Caballe A, Wainman A, Johnson S, Haensele AFM, Cottee MA, Conduit PT, Lea SM, Raff JW. Structural Basis for Mitotic Centrosome Assembly in Flies. Cell 2017; 169:1078-1089.e13. [PMID: 28575671 PMCID: PMC5457487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In flies, Centrosomin (Cnn) forms a phosphorylation-dependent scaffold that recruits proteins to the mitotic centrosome, but how Cnn assembles into a scaffold is unclear. We show that scaffold assembly requires conserved leucine zipper (LZ) and Cnn-motif 2 (CM2) domains that co-assemble into a 2:2 complex in vitro. We solve the crystal structure of the LZ:CM2 complex, revealing that both proteins form helical dimers that assemble into an unusual tetramer. A slightly longer version of the LZ can form micron-scale structures with CM2, whose assembly is stimulated by Plk1 phosphorylation in vitro. Mutating individual residues that perturb LZ:CM2 tetramer assembly perturbs the formation of these micron-scale assemblies in vitro and Cnn-scaffold assembly in vivo. Thus, Cnn molecules have an intrinsic ability to form large, LZ:CM2-interaction-dependent assemblies that are critical for mitotic centrosome assembly. These studies provide the first atomic insight into a molecular interaction required for mitotic centrosome assembly. The conserved PReM and CM2 domains of Cnn co-assemble into micron-scale structures The crystal structure of the PReM-LZ:CM2 complex is solved to 1.82 Å Mutations that block PReM-LZ:CM2 assembly in vitro block centrosome assembly in vivo Phosphorylation of PReM by Polo/Plk1 promotes scaffold assembly in vitro and in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Anna Caballe
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Steven Johnson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Andreas F M Haensele
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Matthew A Cottee
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Paul T Conduit
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Susan M Lea
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Jordan W Raff
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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