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Zhang Y, Wang J, Yi C, Su Y, Yin Z, Zhang S, Jin L, Stoneking M, Yang J, Wang K, Huang H, Li J, Fan S. An ancient regulatory variant of ACSF3 influences the coevolution of increased human height and basal metabolic rate via metabolic homeostasis. CELL GENOMICS 2025:100855. [PMID: 40403731 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/24/2025]
Abstract
Anatomically modern humans (AMHs) exhibit a significant increase in basal metabolic rate (BMR) and height compared to non-human apes. This study investigates the genetic basis underlying these traits. Our analyses reveal a strong genetic correlation between height and BMR. A regulatory mutation, rs34590044-A, was found to be associated with the increased height and BMR in AMHs. rs34590044-A upregulates the expression of ACSF3 by increasing its enhancer activity, leading to increased body length and BMR in mice fed essential amino acids which are characteristic of meat-based diets. In the British population, rs34590044-A has been under positive selection over the past 20,000 years, with a particularly strong signal in the last 5,000 years, as also evidenced by ancient DNA analysis. These results suggest that the emergence of rs34590044-A may have facilitated the adaptation to a meat-enriched diet in AMHs, with increased height and BMR as consequences of this dietary shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuanyou Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany and Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS & Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jian Yang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Shaohua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Lab for Evolutionary Synthesis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Pan Q, Zhang W, Chen X, Li Y, Tu C. A study of trends in body morphology, overweight, and obesity in Chinese adults aged 40-59 years. BMC Public Health 2025; 25:833. [PMID: 40025505 PMCID: PMC11874844 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-21890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/04/2025] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the changing pattern of anthropometry of middle-aged adults aged 40-59 in China from 2000-2020, and to predict the development trend in the next decade, to provide a reference basis for curbing the prevalence of overweight and obesity in them. METHODS A grey GM(1,1) prediction model was established for the cross-sectional data on anthropometric measures of 422,851 adults obtained from five series of national physical fitness surveillance in China. RESULTS 1) From 2000 to 2020, all anthropometric indicators of middle-aged people aged 40-59 years in China maintained growth, with waist circumference increasing at the highest rate, weight at the second highest rate, and height at the slowest rate; 2) Overweight and obesity rates are increasing rapidly, with an average annual increase of 0.37 percentage points and 0.30 percentage points, with a greater increase for men than for women. CONCLUSION Without stronger interventions, overweight and obesity rates among middle-aged adults are likely to continue to increase in the future, and coordinated efforts are needed to slow down the obesity epidemic and improve the physical health of middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- School of Teacher (Physical) Education, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
- College of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Hangzhou Youth Activity Center, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- School of Teacher (Physical) Education, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
- College of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- School of Teacher (Physical) Education, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
- College of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Chunjing Tu
- School of Teacher (Physical) Education, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
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Treherne P, Lee ECS, Rainbow MJ, Kelly LA. Mitigating stress: exploring how our feet change shape with size. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2025; 12:241828. [PMID: 40109938 PMCID: PMC11919486 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
If human skeletal shape increases proportionally with size (isometric scaling), we would expect exponential increases in joint contact stress as individuals become larger. However, if skeletal shape changes as a function of size (allometric scaling), this can mitigate increases in joint contact stress by changing the surface area (SA)-to-volume ratio. Here, we explored whether human foot bones scale with allometry and, if so, to identify the shape features that are associated with bone size. Computed tomography scans of the two largest foot bones (talus, calcaneus) were obtained from 36 healthy individuals. We implemented a scaling analysis for each joint articular surface and bone. We performed a Procrustes ANOVA to establish the shape features associated with bone size. In line with our hypothesis, articular surfaces on the calcaneus scaled with positive allometry relative to bone volume, whereas total bone SA scaled with negative allometry. This indicates that articular surfaces grew at a faster rate than the overall bone SA. Interestingly, the calcaneus appeared more cube-like with increasing size. This may be important for the mitigation of internal bone stresses with increasing skeletal size. Our findings suggest distinct but varied scaling strategies within the foot. This may reflect the requirement to maintain healthy joint contact and internal bone stresses with increasing size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Treherne
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erin C S Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Michael J Rainbow
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Luke A Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Centre for Precision Health and Technology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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4
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Mullin SP, Hardiman R. The Characteristics and Circumstances of Fatal Interpersonal Strangulation in Australian Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2025:8862605251321001. [PMID: 39988982 DOI: 10.1177/08862605251321001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2025]
Abstract
Strangulation involves the application of force to the neck to restrict blood flow or breathing. It is often utilized in both homicides and non-fatal incidences of coercive control, interpersonal altercations, and sexual assaults. The intention of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of interpersonal fatal strangulation in Australian adults through the documentation and analysis of characteristics and circumstances involved in these fatalities. Currently, there is limited research within this field in Australia leading to a medico-legal knowledge deficit that needs to be rectified to ensure public health intervention and preventative death policies and initiatives. Researchers conducted a retrospective review of all closed interpersonal strangulation coronial cases within Australia between 2000 and 2021 using the National Coronial Information System online repository. Researchers identified 195 cases to be included in the study. Strangulation currently accounts for 1.1% to 5.8% of all assault fatalities in Australia per year. Most victims of strangulation are women (68.2%), under the age of 45 (52.3%), and Anglo-European (73.3%). Most individuals are killed by someone they know (89.2%), often in the context of intimate partner violence (52.3%). The leading cause of death within the sample is directly related to the strangulation (90.8%), and the leading manner of death is homicide (94.4%). The study is the first of its kind to utilize descriptive forensic epidemiology to explain the circumstances and characteristics of fatal interpersonal strangulation in Australia providing an Australia-specific medico-legal voice to aid in future research, policy development, and criminal prosecution. The findings within this study are foreseen to contribute to improvements in public health policy surrounding fatal and non-fatal strangulation and assist future medico-legal death investigations, and provide LGBTQ+ and Indigenous Australian representation, which has not been considered in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Hardiman
- The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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5
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Collishaw S. Editorial: Studying child development in a changing world. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2025; 66:151-153. [PMID: 39844364 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025]
Abstract
In this editorial, I reflect on the implications of social, technological and cultural change for children and young people. Whilst we have a reasonably good understanding of trends in certain aspects of child development (e.g. height, weight, cognitive attainment), there are many unanswered questions. We do not know what explains the steep rise in mental health problems among young people, nor are we in position to evaluate and predict the consequences of different societal trends for current and future generations of young people. This is in part due to a reliance on older life course cohorts without adequate measurement of important aspects of children's lives (e.g. their online experiences). There are also some broader questions which require attention - what does it mean to be a child today? How is childhood changing? I consider possible implications and priorities for developmental research; in particular, the importance of listening to young people's perspectives, innovation in measurement in future life course cohorts, and developing more efficient real time monitoring of mental health at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Collishaw
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Tabara Y, Matsumoto T, Murase K, Kawaguchi T, Setoh K, Wakamura T, Hirai T, Chin K, Matsuda F. Descriptive Epidemiology and Prognostic Significance of Diaphragm Thickness in the General Population: The Nagahama Study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2025; 16:e13690. [PMID: 39865394 PMCID: PMC11761687 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diaphragm thickness is a potential marker of sarcopenia in addition to muscle mass and strength at extremities. We aimed to clarify the descriptive epidemiology and prognostic significance of diaphragm thickness in the general population. METHODS The study participants were 3324 community residents (mean age: 61.4 ± 12.8 years) who participated in a longitudinal cohort study. Clinical parameters were obtained during the follow-up survey of the study population. Diaphragm thickness was measured from B-mode ultrasound images obtained in a supine position. Clinical and physical factors independently associated with diaphragm thickness were assessed by a linear regression model and a causal mediation analysis. All-cause mortality was determined by reviewing residential registry records. Prognostic significance of diaphragm thickness for all-cause mortality was examined using a Cox proportional hazard model analysis. RESULTS Diaphragm thickness was greater in men than women (end-expiration, β = 0.161, p < 0.001; end-inspiration, β = 0.156, p < 0.001) and associated with waist circumference (end-expiration, β = 0.259, p < 0.001; end-inspiration, β = 0.128, p < 0.001). Handgrip strength, smoking habit, insulin resistance and exercise habit were not associated with diaphragm thickness. Skeletal muscle mass index showed apparent association with diaphragm thickness, though this association was not observed after adjusting for waist circumference. Over a mean follow-up of 1686 days (15 358 person-years), there were 56 cases of all-cause mortality. Weak handgrip strength (hazard ratio = 0.95, p = 0.044) and low forced vital capacity (hazard ratio = 0.57, p = 0.045) were associated with all-cause mortality, though none of the diaphragm thickness parameters showed a significant association (thickness at end-expiration, p = 0.722; thickness at end-inspiration, p = 0.277; thickening fraction, p = 0.219). CONCLUSIONS Waist circumference but not parameters of sarcopenia was independently associated with diaphragm thickness. Diaphragm thickness was not associated with all-cause mortality. Diaphragm thickness may not be a marker of systemic sarcopenia.
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Grants
- 25293141 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 26670313 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 26293198 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 17H04182 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 17H04126 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 21H04850 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- ek0109070 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- ek0109283 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- ek0109196 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- ek0109348 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- dk0207006 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- dk0207027 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- kk0205008 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- ek0210066 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- ek0210096 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- ek0210116 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- le0110005 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- dk0110040 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan
- Takeda Medical Research Foundation
- Daiwa Securities Health Foundation
- Sumitomo Foundation
- Mitsubishi Foundation
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Takeda Medical Research Foundation
- Daiwa Securities Health Foundation
- Sumitomo Foundation
- Mitsubishi Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Graduate School of Public HealthShizuoka Graduate University of Public HealthShizuokaJapan
- Center for Genomic MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takeshi Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kimihiko Murase
- Department of Respiratory MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kazuya Setoh
- Graduate School of Public HealthShizuoka Graduate University of Public HealthShizuokaJapan
| | - Tomoko Wakamura
- Department of Human Health ScienceKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kazuo Chin
- Center for Genomic MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Care, Division of Sleep MedicineNihon University of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
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Gimeno-Santos E, Vilaró J, Arbilllaga-Etxarri A, Herrero-Cortina B, Ramon MA, Corberó AB, Fernández-Domínguez JC, Zárate-Tejero C, Barberan-Garcia A, Del Corral T, Jiménez-Reguera B, López A, López-Fernández D, Treves PM, Martinez-Alejos R, Muñoz G, Ríos-Cortés A, Ruiz-López K, Miguel-Pagola MS, Sánchez-Cayado N, Valeiro B, Valenza MC, Valenza G, Varas AB, Córdoba S, Vega A, Linares M, Madrid EM, Souto S, Vendrell M, Garcia-Aymerich J. Development and Comparison of Reference Equations for the Six-Minute Walk Test in Spanish Healthy Adults Aged 45-85 Years. Arch Bronconeumol 2025:S0300-2896(25)00026-2. [PMID: 39890527 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2025.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 12/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 02/03/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (i) To develop sex-specific reference equations to predict distance walked (6MWD) in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), in healthy subjects aged 45-85 years, from different geographic areas of Spain; and (ii) to compare developed equations with previously published in a large sample of COPD patients. METHODS First, a cross-sectional multicentre sample of randomly selected healthy subjects from 17 Spanish hospitals and universities performed two 6MWT. Linear regression and fractional polynomial modelling were used to develop the equations. Second, the developed equations were applied to 715 COPD patients from Spanish primary care centres and hospitals, and the % predicted 6MWD obtained was compared with previously published equations using Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. RESULTS 568 healthy subjects were included (51% females, mean (SD) age 62 (11) years), walked a 6MWD of 615 (113) and 557 (93)m in males and females, respectively. The developed equations included age, weight and height, and explained 43% and 51% of the 6MWD variance for males and females, respectively. In the COPD sample (n=715, 14% females, 68 (9) years, FEV1 61 (18) % predicted, 6MWD 464 (97)m), only 1 out of 9 previously published equations for males, and 6 out of 9 for females predicted 6MWD values similar to those of the newly developed Spanish reference equations. CONCLUSIONS The newly developed reference equations provide a more valid prediction of 6MWD in Spanish adults with COPD compared to previously published equations. We suggest their use in future research and clinical practice for the Spanish adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gimeno-Santos
- Barcelona of Global Health Institute (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Vilaró
- Facultat Ciències de la Salut Blanquerna, Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ane Arbilllaga-Etxarri
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Science, Faculty of Health Science Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Cortina
- Precision Medicine in Respiratory Diseases Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Aragon, Spain; Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Ramon
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Pneumology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Physical Therapy Department, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Fernández-Domínguez
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Carlos Zárate-Tejero
- Physical Therapy Department, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anael Barberan-Garcia
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Del Corral
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez-Reguera
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asenet López
- Facultad de Fisioterapia, Universidad de A Coruña, Spain
| | - Daniel López-Fernández
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Gran Canaria, Spain; Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Martinez-Alejos
- Montpellier University Training School of Physiotherapy, Montpellier, France; Kernel Biomedical, Rouen, France
| | - Gerard Muñoz
- Department of Pneumology, Dr Josep Trueta University Hospital, Bronchiectasis Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Girona, Spain; Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES & ENTI, University of Girona and University of Barcelona, Girona, Spain
| | - Antonio Ríos-Cortés
- Santa Lucia's University Hospital, Cartagena, Spain; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Natalia Sánchez-Cayado
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico Quirúrgicas, Área de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Marie Carmen Valenza
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gerald Valenza
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Beatriz Varas
- Escuela Universitaria de Fisioterapia de la ONCE, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Córdoba
- Centro de recuperación de personas con discapacidad física (CRMF), Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Angeles Vega
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria Linares
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva María Madrid
- Santa Lucia's University Hospital, Cartagena, Spain; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Souto
- Facultad de Fisioterapia, Universidad de A Coruña, Spain
| | - Montserrat Vendrell
- Department of Pneumology, Dr Josep Trueta University Hospital, Bronchiectasis Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Girona, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- Barcelona of Global Health Institute (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Hennig L, Krüger M, Bülow R, Ittermann T, Ihler F, Krohn-Jäger F, Krey KF, Daboul A. Morphology and anatomical variability of the external auditory canal: A population-based MRI study. Ann Anat 2025; 257:152319. [PMID: 39214319 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The external auditory canal (EAC) exhibits a complex morphology and strong inter-individual variations. However, these have not yet been comprehensively described in the literature. PURPOSE This study aims to determine the width, height and cross-sectional area of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC and to describe the three-dimensional morphology and variability of different EACs. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 870 subjects (401 male, 469 female, resulting in 1740 EACs) who participated in the longitudinal, population-based cohort study 'Study of Health in Pomerania-START-3'. The height and width were measured in the cartilaginous part of the EAC, between the first and second bend. The variability of the EAC morphology was visualized in three-dimensional models. RESULTS The mean height (vertical length) of the EAC was 8.62 mm (SD = 2.42) on the right, 8.47 mm (SD = 2.36) on the left. The width (horizontal length) was 4.08 mm (SD = 1.6) on the right, 3.93 mm (SD = 1.64) on the left. The EAC cross-section was 28.6 mm2 (SD = 15.19) on the right, 27.15 mm2 (SD = 14.33) on the left. The average cross-sectional area of the EAC in men was higher than in women. Subjects with larger body size had larger cross-sectional areas. Subjects with higher body mass index tended to have smaller cross-sections. Although the average EAC had an oval shape, a three-dimensional comparison of different EACs revealed strong individual variation in morphology. CONCLUSION This study enhances the understanding of otolaryngologists and anatomists regarding the complex morphology and variability of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hennig
- University of Greifswald, Department of Orthodontics, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Markus Krüger
- University of Greifswald, Department of Prosthodontics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robin Bülow
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Till Ittermann
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- University of Greifswald, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Amro Daboul
- University of Greifswald, Department of Prosthodontics, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Bustamante A, Santos C, Maia J, Freitas D, Garganta R, Katzmarzyk PT, Pereira S. Secular Trends in Physical Growth Among Peruvian Children and Adolescents Living at High Altitudes. Am J Hum Biol 2025; 37:e24169. [PMID: 39425528 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim (1) to examine secular trends in height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) among Peruvian children and adolescents living in the city of Junín and (2) to compare their growth status with the World Health Organization (WHO) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference data. METHODS The sample included 2874 Peruvians (n = 1681 in the 2009 cohort and n = 1193 in the 2019 cohort) aged 6-16 years from the district of Junín (4107 m of altitude). Height, weight, and WC were measured using standardized protocols. Within each sex, a two-way between-subjects analysis of variance-age, and cohort as main factors and age-by-cohort as the interaction-was used to test for differences in height, weight, and WC. STATA 17 software was used in all statistical analyses. RESULTS Height revealed a positive secular trend among girls, aged 6-11 years, and among boys up to 14 years of age. Similar positive secular trends in weight and WC were found across all age groups in both boys and girls. Compared to North American peers, children in the 2009 cohort were shorter, lighter, and had a smaller WC. For weight and WC, the 2019 cohort overlapped the 50th percentile across all age groups (except for 16-year-old girls). CONCLUSIONS Both boys' and girls' height, weight, and WC showed positive secular trends between 2009 and 2019, with statistically significant differences varying across age groups. Peruvian youth of both sexes were shorter and lighter than their North American peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcibíades Bustamante
- Research Group of Differential and Developmental Kineanthropometry, School of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Education Enrique Guzmán Y Valle, Lima, Peru
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusofona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Duarte Freitas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusofona University, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Khafizova AA, Negasheva MA, Movsesian AA. Intergenerational trends in body size among Moscow's young adults: socio-demographic influences of the 20th century. J Biosoc Sci 2025; 57:57-74. [PMID: 39773669 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932024000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of socio-demographic and epidemiological factors on the secular changes in body size indicators (height, weight, and BMI) among young adults aged 17-22 years in Moscow from the early 20th century to the present. Published average anthropometric data from screening surveys conducted from 1880/1925-26 to 2020-21 were analysed (4,823 males and 5,952 females), along with demographic data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Findings revealed consistent anthropometric trends and strong associations between secular changes in body size of Moscow youth and socio-demographic indicators such as population size, life expectancy, and infant mortality rates. An increase in height and weight was noted against the backdrop of urbanisation, increased life expectancy, and reduced infant mortality. These results indicate that the urbanisation process and the transformation of the epidemiological landscape in 20th-century Russia - marked by enhancements in public health, modernisation of the healthcare system, and medical advancements - have had a significant impact on changes in body size across generations. Notably, from the mid-20th century onwards, with the exception of the final decade, conditions favourable to growth and development were established, culminating in a significant increase in definitive anthropometric parameters across successive generations. The findings underscore the imperative for policymakers to bolster investments in urban development, healthcare, and education. Such strategic investments are essential for sustaining and amplifying the positive physical development trends witnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainur A Khafizova
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov State University, Russia
| | - Marina A Negasheva
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov State University, Russia
| | - Alla A Movsesian
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov State University, Russia
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11
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Hollensteiner M, Traweger A, Augat P. Anatomic variability of the human femur and its implications for the use of artificial bones in biomechanical testing. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2024; 69:551-562. [PMID: 38997222 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2024-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Aside from human bones, epoxy-based synthetic bones are regarded as the gold standard for biomechanical testing os osteosyntheses. There is a significant discrepancy in biomechanical testing between the determination of fracture stability due to implant treatment in experimental methods and their ability to predict the outcome of stability and fracture healing in a patient. One possible explanation for this disparity is the absence of population-specific variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity in artificial bone, which may influence the geometry and mechanical properties of bone. The goal of this review was to determine whether commercially available artificial bones adequately represent human anatomical variability for mechanical testing of femoral osteosyntheses. To summarize, the availability of suitable bone surrogates currently limits the validity of mechanical evaluations of implant-bone constructs. The currently available synthetic bones neither accurately reflect the local mechanical properties of human bone, nor adequately represent the necessary variability between various populations, limiting their generalized clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Hollensteiner
- Institute for Biomechanics, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute for Biomechanics, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Gu X, Bui LP, Wang F, Wang DD, Springmann M, Willett WC. Global adherence to a healthy and sustainable diet and potential reduction in premature death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319008121. [PMID: 39621925 PMCID: PMC11648617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319008121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
The Planetary Health Diet (PHD), also known as the EAT-Lancet reference diet, was developed to optimize global dietary quality while keeping the environmental impacts of food production within sustainable planetary boundaries. We calculated current national and global adherence to the PHD using the Planetary Health Dietary Index (PHDI). In addition, we used data on diet and mortality from three large US cohorts (n = 206,404 men and women, 54,536 deaths) to estimate the total and cause-specific mortality among adults 20 y of age and older that could be prevented by shifting from current diets to the reference PHD. The PHDI varied substantially across countries, although adherence was universally far from optimal (mean PHDI = 85 out of 140). By improving the global PHDI to 120, approximately 15 million deaths (27% of total deaths) could be prevented annually. Estimates of preventable deaths due to this shift ranged from 2.5 million for cardiovascular diseases to 0.7 million for neurodegenerative diseases. Our analysis suggests that adopting healthy and sustainable diets would have major direct health benefits by reducing mortality due to multiple diseases and could contribute substantially to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. These numbers of preventable deaths are based on evidence that human biology is similar across racial and ethnic groups, but the exact numerical estimates should be interpreted with caution because some assumptions used for the calculations build on limited data. Refinement of these estimates will be possible when additional regional data on diet and mortality become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Linh P. Bui
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
- Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Fenglei Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Dong D. Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02142
| | - Marco Springmann
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QY, United Kingdom
- Food Systems and Health Institute for Global Health, University College London, LondonWC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
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13
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Marcos-Lorenzo D, Lysandrou C, Sudres L, Gil-Martinez A, Swanenburg J, Clark JE, Green DA. 50% body weight loading reduces stature increases and lumbar disc expansion from 4 h hyper-buoyancy floatation versus 15 min sitting upright. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39632504 DOI: 10.1113/ep091745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Microgravity is associated with stature increases, back pain and post-flight intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation. This study aims to determine whether 30 s seated 50% body weight (BW) axial loading is comparable to 15 min sitting upright in 1 g upon changes in stature, anterior lumbar IVD height (via ultrasound), passive vertebral stiffness (VS), and back pain induced by 4 h hyper-buoyancy floatation (HBF) unloading. Sixteen (seven male) healthy volunteers had stature, lumbar IVD height (L2-S1), passive VS (C1-L5) and back pain assessed before and following 4 h HBF, and immediately after participants performed a 30 s seated squat with 50% of their BW or 15 min sitting upright. Four hours of HBF unloading induced significant increments in stature (+1.6 ± 0.5 cm; P < 0.001), IVD height (L2-L3: P = 0.002; L3-L4: P < 0.001; L4-L5: P = 0.013; L5-S1: P < 0.001) and back pain (2.90 ± 1.26; P < 0.001) with no differences between 1 and 1.5 BW. Stature, IVD height increments and back pain were similarly attenuated in both reloading groups. Passive VS was unchanged by 4 h HBF or reloading. HBF-induced back pain positively correlated with stature (P = 0.01) and lumbar IVD height changes (L2-L3: P = 0.03; L3-L4: P = 0.01; L5-S1: P = 0.02). Four hours of HBF increased stature, lumbar IVD height and induced moderate back pain that were similarly (albeit not entirely) ameliorated by both 15 min upright sitting and 30 s of 50% BW axial loading, with no changes in passive VS observed. IVD geometric changes appear key to space adaptation back pain and stature increments that can be rapidly modulated by brief periods of axial loading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Lysandrou
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Sudres
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centro de Estudios Superiores La Salle, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gil-Martinez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centro de Estudios Superiores La Salle, Madrid, Spain
- CranioSPain Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Carlos III Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaap Swanenburg
- Integrative Spinal Research ISR, Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Innovation Cluster Space and Aviation (UZH Space Hub), Air Force Center, University of Zurich, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - James Edward Clark
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Andrew Green
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- KBRwyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Desiree LG, C Wells J, Armando PG, Mario CB, Patricia C. Reference values for body composition in healthy urban Mexican children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:979-994. [PMID: 37845421 PMCID: PMC11537948 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the increasing incidence of chronic degenerative diseases related to changes in tissues, the availability of diagnostic tools with greater accuracy in the estimation of body composition (BC) has become necessary. Interpreting the BC values of individuals requires reference data obtained from a healthy population with the same ethnicity, to identify individuals at risk for the development of negative health outcomes. OBJECTIVE Generate reference values (RV) of body composition (BC) for Mexican children and adolescents. METHODS This was an urban-population-based cross-sectional study of healthy Mexican children and adolescents. BC estimations by anthropometry, multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) where used to create sex- and age-specific RV by means of generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). RESULTS We assessed 2104 subjects, and after confirming a clinically and metabolically healthy status, we measured 1659 subjects aged 5-20 years, [806 females (49%) and 853 males (51%)] by anthropometry, MF-BIA and DXA to create sex- and age- smoothed reference centiles, lambda (L), mu (M), and sigma (S) values. We also built sex- and age-smoothed graphic curves for each variable of interest. CONCLUSIONS We present valid RV and curves for BC variables estimated by anthropometry, MF-BIA and DXA from clinically and metabolically healthy urban Mexican children and adolescents. These RV are different from those reported for other populations, and therefore, should be used for clinical and research purposes involving urban Mexican children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopez-Gonzalez Desiree
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 2. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre. Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Partida-Gaytan Armando
- Associate Clinical Researcher, Clinical Research Direction, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cortina-Borja Mario
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Clark Patricia
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 2. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Zhang S, Li C, Taerken AY. Trend in physical growth among Chinese urban students: Results from five national successive cross-sectional surveys within the past two decades. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24132. [PMID: 38984613 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the orientation, magnitude, and pace of secular trends in body height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) among Chinese urban students aged 7-18 years from 2000 to 2019. METHODS Data were extracted from Chinese urban students aged 7-18 years from the Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2019. The height, weight, and BMI of 548 419, 548 408, and 548 365 urban students aged 7-18 years, respectively, were tested. The mean differences across survey years were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pace of secular trends is expressed as the change every 5 years between every two adjacent survey years. RESULTS Height increments between 1.9 and 6.2 cm, weight increments between 2.7 and 8.6 kg, and BMI increments between 0.9 and 1.9 kg/m2 were observed in boys. For girls, height increments between 1.5 and 4.9 cm, weight increments between 2.2 and 6.0 kg, and BMI increments between 0.7 and 1.7 kg/m2 were observed. The pace of secular trends in height decreased in the last 5 years, and the secular trends in weight and BMI have accelerated in the last 9 years compared with the previous 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Although the secular trend in height among Chinese urban students has slowed, it has not yet reached its genetic potential and continues to increase. The rapid increase in weight and BMI was a cause for concern. Our findings provide a basis for the future formulation of public health interventions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Physical Education, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chengyue Li
- Institute of Physical Education, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
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16
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Chadha Y, Khurana A, Schmoller KM. Eukaryotic cell size regulation and its implications for cellular function and dysfunction. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1679-1717. [PMID: 38900644 PMCID: PMC11495193 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Depending on cell type, environmental inputs, and disease, the cells in the human body can have widely different sizes. In recent years, it has become clear that cell size is a major regulator of cell function. However, we are only beginning to understand how the optimization of cell function determines a given cell's optimal size. Here, we review currently known size control strategies of eukaryotic cells and the intricate link of cell size to intracellular biomolecular scaling, organelle homeostasis, and cell cycle progression. We detail the cell size-dependent regulation of early development and the impact of cell size on cell differentiation. Given the importance of cell size for normal cellular physiology, cell size control must account for changing environmental conditions. We describe how cells sense environmental stimuli, such as nutrient availability, and accordingly adapt their size by regulating cell growth and cell cycle progression. Moreover, we discuss the correlation of pathological states with misregulation of cell size and how for a long time this was considered a downstream consequence of cellular dysfunction. We review newer studies that reveal a reversed causality, with misregulated cell size leading to pathophysiological phenotypes such as senescence and aging. In summary, we highlight the important roles of cell size in cellular function and dysfunction, which could have major implications for both diagnostics and treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagya Chadha
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arohi Khurana
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kurt M Schmoller
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Kim S, Yoo JH, Chueh HW. Tanner's target height formula underestimates final adult height in Korean adolescents and young adults: reassessment of target height based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2019. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024; 8:e002653. [PMID: 39237268 PMCID: PMC11381647 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2024-002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimating children's target height (TH) plays an important role in diagnosing, evaluating and treating many paediatric endocrinological diseases. However, in many countries, employing Tanner's formula to predict children's final adult height (FAH) is considered misleading. Therefore, this study aimed to re-evaluate the validity of Tanner's formula for predicting the TH of Korean adolescents and young adults and develop a new formula suitable for Korean children. DESIGN/SETTING Data were derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2019. PATIENTS A total of 2586 participants (1266 men, 1320 women) were included, excluding participants for whom Tanner's formula could not be calculated because of missing parental height data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tanner-based TH was compared with the FAH. RESULTS The difference between Tanner-based TH and FAH was 4.86±0.178 cm for men and 4.81±0.150 cm for women. Sex-specific univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to determine variables influencing positive height gap (greater than estimated TH). Both men and women with higher education levels were more likely to exhibit a positive height gap. Those with a history of chronic illness were less likely to exhibit a positive height gap, particularly in women. Using a new formula derived using linear regression analysis, the sum of parental heights explained 27.6% and 30.6% of the variance in sons' and daughters' heights, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Tanner's formula for calculating TH tended to underestimate FAH; hence, our new formula may offer a better alternative for estimating TH and evaluating growth in Korean children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Busan, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jae Ho Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Busan, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hee Won Chueh
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Busan, Korea (the Republic of)
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Marphatia A, Busert-Sebela L, Manandhar DS, Reid A, Cortina-Borja M, Saville N, Dahal M, Puri M, Wells JCK. Generational trends in the transition to womanhood in lowland rural Nepal: Changes in the meaning of early marriage. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24088. [PMID: 38687248 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In South Asia, studies show secular trends toward slightly later women's marriage and first reproduction. However, data on related biological and social events, such as menarche and age of coresidence with husband, are often missing from these analyses. We assessed generational trends in key life events marking the transition to womanhood in rural lowland Nepal. METHODS We used data on 110 co-resident mother-in-law (MIL) and daughter-in-law (DIL) dyads. We used paired t-tests and chi-squared tests to evaluate generational trends in women's education, and mean age at menarche, marriage, cohabitation with husband, and first reproduction of MIL and DIL dyads. We examined norms held by MILs and DILs on a daughter's life opportunities. RESULTS On average, MIL was 29 years older than DIL (60 years vs. 31 years). Both groups experienced menarche at average age 13.8 years. MIL was married at average 12.4 years, before menarche, and cohabitated with husbands at average 14.8 years. DIL was simultaneously married and cohabitated with husbands after menarche, at average 15 years. DIL was marginally more educated than MIL but had their first child on average 0.8 years earlier (95% CI -1.4, -0.1). MIL and DIL held similar norms on daughters' education and marriage. CONCLUSION While social norms remain similar, the meaning of "early marriage" and use of menarche in marriage decisions has changed in rural lowland Nepal. Compared to DIL, MIL who was married earlier transitioned to womanhood more gradually. However, DIL was still married young, and had an accelerated trajectory to childbearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marphatia
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Busert-Sebela
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - D S Manandhar
- Mother and Infant Research Activities, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - A Reid
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Cortina-Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Saville
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Dahal
- Center for Research on Environment Health and Population Activities, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - M Puri
- Center for Research on Environment Health and Population Activities, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - J C K Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Yajnik CS. Early life origins of the epidemic of the double burden of malnutrition: life can only be understood backwards. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 28:100453. [PMID: 39135611 PMCID: PMC11318532 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan S. Yajnik
- Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, 411011, India
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20
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Tabara Y, Shoji-Asahina A, Ogawa A, Sato Y. Metabolically healthy obesity and risks of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, a matched cohort study: the Shizuoka study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:1164-1169. [PMID: 38762621 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolically healthy obesity is not always a benign condition. It is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We investigated the prognostic significance of metabolically healthy obesity by comparing clinical profile-matched metabolically healthy obesity and non-obesity groups. METHODS We analyzed a health insurance dataset with annual health checkup data from Japan. The analyzed data included 168,699 individuals aged <65 years. Obesity was defined as ≥25 kg/m2 body mass index. Metabolically healthy was defined as ≤1 metabolic risk factor (high blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or high hemoglobin A1c). Incidence rates of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality identified from the insurance data were compared between metabolically healthy obesity and non-obesity groups (n = 8644 each) using a log-rank test. RESULTS The stroke (obesity: 9.2 per 10,000 person-years; non-obesity: 10.5; log-rank test p = 0.595), myocardial infarction (obesity: 3.7; non-obesity: 3.1; p = 0.613), and all-cause mortality (obesity: 26.6; non-obesity: 23.2; p = 0.304) incidence rates did not differ significantly between the metabolically healthy obesity and non-obesity groups, even when the abdominal obesity was considered in the analysis. The lack of association was also observed in the comparison between the metabolically unhealthy obesity and non-obesity groups (n = 10,965 each). The population with metabolically healthy obesity reported negligibly worse metabolic profiles than the population with non-obesity at the 5.6-year follow-up. CONCLUSION Obesity, when accompanied by a healthy metabolic profile, did not increase the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan.
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Aya Shoji-Asahina
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
| | - Aya Ogawa
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
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Tabara Y, Shoji-Asahina A, Ogawa A, Sato Y. Additive association of blood pressure and short stature with stroke incidence in 450,000 Japanese adults: the Shizuoka study. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:2075-2085. [PMID: 38755286 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Short stature was suggested to be a risk factor for cardiovascular events. Because short stature increases central blood pressure, this study aimed to investigate a longitudinal association between short stature, blood pressure, and incidence of cardiovascular disease by the analysis of insurance-based real-world dataset. We analyzed data from 463,844 adults aged 40 or older with a mean age of 66.7 enrolled in National Health Insurance, excluding individuals who experienced a stroke or myocardial infarction, or required long-term care. Data from annual health checkups were used to obtain baseline clinical information. Comorbidities and incidences of stroke and myocardial infarction were obtained from the insurance data. During a 5.5-year follow-up period, we observed 11,027 cases of stroke. Adults of a short stature exhibited a higher incidence rate in both men (≤155 cm: 99.7, >175 cm: 24.4) and women (≤140 cm: 85.9, >160 cm: 13.7). Although those in the short stature group had higher blood pressure, and often took antihypertensive drugs, the inverse association between height and stroke incidence was independent of these factors (hazard ratio for 5 cm shorter in height; men: 1.06 [1.03-1.09], women: 1.11 [1.06-1.13]). Short stature and blood pressure showed additive association with stoke incidence (log-rank p < 0.001). No significant association was observed with myocardial infarction (men: 1.01 [0.95-1.06], women: 1.06 [0.98-1.14]). In a longitudinal analysis of a large general Japanese population, short stature was linked to an increased risk of stroke in both genders in any blood pressure range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan.
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Aya Shoji-Asahina
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
| | - Aya Ogawa
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
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22
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Lui JC, Palmer AC, Christian P. Nutrition, Other Environmental Influences, and Genetics in the Determination of Human Stature. Annu Rev Nutr 2024; 44:205-229. [PMID: 38759081 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061121-091112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Linear growth during three distinct stages of life determines attained stature in adulthood: namely, in utero, early postnatal life, and puberty and the adolescent period. Individual host factors, genetics, and the environment, including nutrition, influence attained human stature. Each period of physical growth has its specific biological and environmental considerations. Recent epidemiologic investigations reveal a strong influence of prenatal factors on linear size at birth that in turn influence the postnatal growth trajectory. Although average population height changes have been documented in high-income regions, stature as a complex human trait is not well understood or easily modified. This review summarizes the biology of linear growth and its major drivers, including nutrition from a life-course perspective, the genetics of programmed growth patterns or height, and gene-environment interactions that determine human stature in toto over the life span. Implications for public health interventions and knowledge gaps are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda C Palmer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
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23
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Hui D, Sanford E, Lorenz K, Damrauer SM, Assimes TL, Thom CS, Voight BF. Mendelian randomization analyses clarify the effects of height on cardiovascular diseases. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298786. [PMID: 38959188 PMCID: PMC11221663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An inverse correlation between stature and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been observed in several epidemiologic studies, and recent Mendelian randomization (MR) experiments have suggested causal association. However, the extent to which the effect estimated by MR can be explained by cardiovascular, anthropometric, lung function, and lifestyle-related risk factors is unclear, with a recent report suggesting that lung function traits could fully explain the height-CAD effect. To clarify this relationship, we utilized a well-powered set of genetic instruments for human stature, comprising >1,800 genetic variants for height and CAD. In univariable analysis, we confirmed that a one standard deviation decrease in height (~6.5 cm) was associated with a 12.0% increase in the risk of CAD, consistent with previous reports. In multivariable analysis accounting for effects from up to 12 established risk factors, we observed a >3-fold attenuation in the causal effect of height on CAD susceptibility (3.7%, p = 0.02). However, multivariable analyses demonstrated independent effects of height on other cardiovascular traits beyond CAD, consistent with epidemiologic associations and univariable MR experiments. In contrast with published reports, we observed minimal effects of lung function traits on CAD risk in our analyses, indicating that these traits are unlikely to explain the residual association between height and CAD risk. In sum, these results suggest the impact of height on CAD risk beyond previously established cardiovascular risk factors is minimal and not explained by lung function measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hui
- Graduate Program in Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Lorenz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Thom
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Rosário R, Agostinis-Sobrinho C, Padrão P, Lopes O, Moreira P. The relationship between height and fruit/vegetable intakes in adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2024; 30:235-241. [PMID: 35702038 PMCID: PMC11141095 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, fruit and vegetable intake is below recommendations. There is increasing evidence to suggest an association between height and diet. Aim: to analyse the associations of fruit and vegetable intake with attained height in Portuguese adults. Methods: A representative sample of 17 480 Portuguese adults (56.7% women) participated in this cross-sectional study. The survey comprised sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported height and weight. We performed regression models to assess the associations between height and fruit and vegetable consumption. Results: Compared with no intakes, those men with higher fruit and vegetables intake had 0.54 cm (95% CI 0.04; 1.04) greater height. Also, women with higher intakes of vegetables, fruit and vegetables combined were directly associated with a greater height of 0.29 cm (95% CI 0.03; 0.56 in vegetables) and 0.51 cm (95% CI 0.09; 0.93 in fruit and vegetables combined). Conclusion: Greater consumption of fruit and vegetables was directly associated with higher height in adults. From a health promotion perspective, intervention programmes aiming at improving fruit and vegetable intake should be highlighted so that full height potential is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rosário
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Portugal
- Research Center in Child Studies, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Cesar Agostinis-Sobrinho
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of health Sciences - Klaipeda University – Lithuania
- Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the South of Brazil, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Moreira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Portugal
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25
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Lin L, Andersen MK, Stæger FF, Li Z, Hanghøj K, Linneberg A, Grarup N, Jørgensen ME, Hansen T, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A. Analysis of admixed Greenlandic siblings shows that the mean genotypic values for metabolic phenotypes differ between Inuit and Europeans. Genome Med 2024; 16:71. [PMID: 38778393 PMCID: PMC11112775 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease prevalence and mean phenotype values differ between many populations, including Inuit and Europeans. Whether these differences are partly explained by genetic differences or solely due to differences in environmental exposures is still unknown, because estimates of the genetic contribution to these means, which we will here refer to as mean genotypic values, are easily confounded, and because studies across genetically diverse populations are lacking. METHODS Leveraging the unique genetic properties of the small, admixed and historically isolated Greenlandic population, we estimated the differences in mean genotypic value between Inuit and European genetic ancestry using an admixed sibling design. Analyses were performed across 26 metabolic phenotypes, in 1474 admixed sibling pairs present in a cohort of 5996 Greenlanders. RESULTS After FDR correction for multiple testing, we found significantly lower mean genotypic values in Inuit genetic ancestry compared to European genetic ancestry for body weight (effect size per percentage of Inuit genetic ancestry (se), -0.51 (0.16) kg/%), body mass index (-0.20 (0.06) kg/m2/%), fat percentage (-0.38 (0.13) %/%), waist circumference (-0.42 (0.16) cm/%), hip circumference (-0.38 (0.11) cm/%) and fasting serum insulin levels (-1.07 (0.51) pmol/l/%). The direction of the effects was consistent with the observed mean phenotype differences between Inuit and European genetic ancestry. No difference in mean genotypic value was observed for height, markers of glucose homeostasis, or circulating lipid levels. CONCLUSIONS We show that mean genotypic values for some metabolic phenotypes differ between two human populations using a method not easily confounded by possible differences in environmental exposures. Our study illustrates the importance of performing genetic studies in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Lin
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Filip Stæger
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zilong Li
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Hanghøj
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Centre for Public Health in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ida Moltke
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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DeCarli C, Maillard P, Pase MP, Beiser AS, Kojis D, Satizabal CL, Himali JJ, Aparicio HJ, Fletcher E, Seshadri S. Trends in Intracranial and Cerebral Volumes of Framingham Heart Study Participants Born 1930 to 1970. JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:471-480. [PMID: 38526486 PMCID: PMC10964161 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Importance Human brain development and maintenance is under both genetic and environmental influences that likely affect later-life dementia risk. Objective To examine environmental influences by testing whether time-dependent secular differences occurred in cranial and brain volumes and cortical thickness over birth decades spanning 1930 to 1970. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study cohort for participants born in the decades 1930 to 1970. Participants did not have dementia or history of stroke and had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained from March 18, 1999, to November 15, 2019. The final analysis dataset was created in October 2023. Exposure Years of birth ranging from 1925 to 1968. Main Measures Cross-sectional analysis of intracranial, cortical gray matter, white matter, and hippocampal volumes as well as cortical surface area and cortical thickness. The secular measure was the decade in which the participant was born. Covariates included age at MRI and sex. Results The main study cohort consisted of 3226 participants with a mean (SD) age of 57.7 (7.8) years at the time of their MRI. A total of 1706 participants were female (53%) and 1520 (47%) were male. The birth decades ranged from the 1930s to 1970s. Significant trends for larger intracranial, hippocampal, and white matter volumes and cortical surface area were associated with progressive birth decades. Comparing the 1930s birth decade to the 1970s accounted for a 6.6% greater volume (1234 mL; 95% CI, 1220-1248, vs 1321 mL; 95% CI, 1301-1341) for ICV, 7.7% greater volume (441.9 mL; 95% CI, 435.2-448.5, vs 476.3 mL; 95% CI, 467.0-485.7) for white matter, 5.7% greater value (6.51 mL; 95% CI, 6.42-6.60, vs 6.89 mL; 95% CI, 6.77-7.02) for hippocampal volume, and a 14.9% greater value (1933 cm2; 95% CI, 1908-1959, vs 2222 cm2; 95% CI, 2186-2259) for cortical surface area. Repeat analysis applied to a subgroup of 1145 individuals of similar age range born in the 1940s (mean [SD] age, 60.0 [2.8] years) and 1950s (mean [SD] age, 59.0 [2.8] years) resulted in similar findings. Conclusion and Relevance In this study, secular trends for larger brain volumes suggested improved brain development among individuals born between 1930 and 1970. Early life environmental influences may explain these results and contribute to the declining dementia incidence previously reported in the Framingham Heart Study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Pauline Maillard
- Department of Neurology & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Matthew P. Pase
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chonbanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Kojis
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hugo J. Aparicio
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chonbanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chonbanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
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Vemuri P. Improving Trends in Brain Health Explain Declining Dementia Risk? JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:442-443. [PMID: 38526457 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
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Kim H, Jeon SB, Lee IK. Locomotion Techniques for Dynamic Environments: Effects on Spatial Knowledge and User Experiences. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2024; 30:2184-2194. [PMID: 38437127 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2024.3372074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Various locomotion techniques are used to navigate and find way through space in virtual environments (VE), and each technique provides different experiences and performances to users. Previous studies have primarily focused on static environments, whereas there is a need for research from a different perspective of dynamic environments because there are many moving objects in VE, such as other users. In this study, we compare the effects of different locomotion techniques on the user's spatial knowledge and experience, depending on whether the virtual objects are moving or not. The investigated locomotion techniques include joystick, teleportation, and redirected walking (RDW), all commonly used for VR navigation. The results showed that the differences in spatial knowledge and user experience provided by different locomotion techniques can vary depending on whether the environment is static or dynamic. Our results also showed that for a given VE, there are different locomotion techniques that induce fewer collisions between the user and other objects, or reduce the time it takes the user to perform a given task. This study suggests that when designing a locomotion interface for a specific VR application, it is possible to improve the user's spatial knowledge and experience by recommending different locomotion techniques depending on the degree of environment dynamism and and type of task.
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Sanchez-Samaniego G, Mäusezahl D, Hartinger-Peña SM, Hattendorf J, Verastegui H, Fink G, Probst-Hensch N. Pre-pregnancy body mass index and caesarean section in Andean women in Peru: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:304. [PMID: 38654289 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last two decades, Caesarean section rates (C-sections), overweight and obesity rates increased in rural Peru. We examined the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and C-section in the province of San Marcos, Northern Andes-Peru. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study. Participants were women receiving antenatal care in public health establishments from February 2020 to January 2022, who were recruited and interviewed during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth. They answered a questionnaire, underwent a physical examination and gave access to their antenatal care card information. BMI was calculated using maternal height, measured by the study team and self-reported pre-pregnancy weight measured at the first antenatal care visit. For 348/965 (36%) women, weight information was completed using self-reported data collected during the cohort baseline. Information about birth was obtained from the health centre's pregnancy surveillance system. Regression models were used to assess associations between C-section and BMI. Covariates that changed BMI estimates by at least 5% were included in the multivariable model. RESULTS This study found that 121/965 (12.5%) women gave birth by C-section. Out of 495 women with pre-pregnancy normal weight, 46 (9.3%) had C-sections. Among the 335 women with pre-pregnancy overweight, 53 (15.5%) underwent C-sections, while 23 (18.5%) of the 124 with pre-pregnancy obesity had C-sections. After adjusting for age, parity, altitude, food and participation in a cash transfer programme pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity increased the odds of C-section by more than 80% (aOR 1.82; 95% CI 1.16-2.87 and aOR 1.85; 95% CI 1.02-3.38) compared to women with a normal BMI. CONCLUSIONS High pre-pregnancy BMI is associated with an increased odds of having a C-section. Furthermore, our results suggest that high BMI is a major risk factor for C-section in this population. The effect of obesity on C-section was partially mediated by the development of preeclampsia, suggesting that C-sections are being performed due to medical reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Sanchez-Samaniego
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, UPCH, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stella Maria Hartinger-Peña
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, UPCH, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hector Verastegui
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, UPCH, Lima, Peru
| | - Günther Fink
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Bartowiak S, Konarski JM, Strzelczyk R, Malina RM. Secular change in heights of rural adults in west-central poland between 1986 and 2016: The transition from pre- to post-communism. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 53:101377. [PMID: 38537610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Secular change in the heights of adult men and women resident in ten rural communities in west-central Poland in four decennial surveys between 1986 and 2016 is considered. The adults were parents of children attending schools in rural communities in the province of Poznań. During each survey, parents of school children were asked to complete a questionnaire which requested their ages, heights and completed levels of education. Ages were reported in whole years. The self-reported heights were adjusted for the tendency of individuals to overestimate height. Height loss among of individuals 35+ years was estimated with sex-specific equations and was added to the adjusted heights. Secular gains in heights of adult males across the 30 year interval, and across the 1986-1996 and 2006-2016 surveys were, on average, larger than corresponding gains in heights of adult females; the sex difference between 1996 and 2006 surveys was negligible. When heights were regressed on year of birth, heights of males and females born before 1950 (prior to World War II and shortly after) showed minimal and non-significant secular changes, while heights of those born post-1950 showed larger and significant secular gains, more so in males than in females. The results highlight significant secular trends in the heights of rural adults over a 30-year interval. Consistent with other studies in Poland, the positive trends likely reflected political, educational and socio-economic changes and by inference improved nutritional and health conditions across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartowiak
- Theory of Sports Department, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jan M Konarski
- Theory of Sports Department, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Strzelczyk
- Theory of Sports Department, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, USA; School of Public Health and Information Sciences and Department of Anthropology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Santiago-Vieira C, Velasquez-Melendez G, de Cássia Ribeiro-Silva R, de Jesus Pinto E, Barreto ML, Li L. Recent changes in growth trajectories: a population-based cohort study of over 5 million Brazilian children born between 2001 and 2014. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2024; 32:100721. [PMID: 38629028 PMCID: PMC11019368 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background There is limited evidence on recent trends in childhood growth trajectories in Low-/middle-income countries. We investigated how age-trajectories for height and Body Mass Index (BMI) have changed among Brazilian children born in two different time periods after 2000. Methods We used a population-based cohort (part of the "Cohort of 100-Million Brazilians") created by the linkage of three Brazilian administrative databases: the Cadastro Único of the Federal Government, the National System of Live Births and the National Nutritional and Food Surveillance System. We included longitudinal data on 5,750,214 children who were 3 to <10 years of age and born between 2001 and 2014 (20,209,133 observations). We applied fractional polynomial models with random-effects to estimate mean height and BMI trajectories for children. Findings Compared to children born in 2001-2007, the cohort born in 2008-2014 were on average taller, by a z-score of 0.15 in boys and 0.12 in girls. Their height trajectories shifted upwards, by approximately 1 cm in both sexes. Levels of BMI increased little, by a z-score of 0.06 (boys) and 0.04 (girls). Mean BMI trajectories also changed little. However, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased between cohorts, e.g., from 26.8% to 30% in boys and 23.9%-26.6% in girls aged between 5 and <10 years. Interpretation An increase of 1 cm in mean height of Brazilian children during a short period indicates the improvement in maternal and child health, especially those from low-income families due to the new health and welfare policies in Brazil. Although mean BMI changed little, the prevalence of child overweight/obesity slightly increased and remained high. Funding This work was supported by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre; Society for the Study of Human Biology; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG; Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Complexo da Saúde do Ministério da Saúde - Decit/SECTICS/MS. The study also used resources from the Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), which receives funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health and the Secretariat of Science and Technology of the State of Bahia (SECTI-BA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Santiago-Vieira
- School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Ribeiro-Silva
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elizabete de Jesus Pinto
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Brazil
| | - Maurício L. Barreto
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Leah Li
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Feng X, Xu S, Li Y, Liu J. Body size as a metric for the affordable world. eLife 2024; 12:RP90583. [PMID: 38547366 PMCID: PMC10987089 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical body of an organism serves as a vital interface for interactions with its environment. Here, we investigated the impact of human body size on the perception of action possibilities (affordances) offered by the environment. We found that the body size delineated a distinct boundary on affordances, dividing objects of continuous real-world sizes into two discrete categories with each affording distinct action sets. Additionally, the boundary shifted with imagined body sizes, suggesting a causal link between body size and affordance perception. Intriguingly, ChatGPT, a large language model lacking physical embodiment, exhibited a modest yet comparable affordance boundary at the scale of human body size, suggesting the boundary is not exclusively derived from organism-environment interactions. A subsequent fMRI experiment offered preliminary evidence of affordance processing exclusively for objects within the body size range, but not for those beyond. This suggests that only objects capable of being manipulated are the objects capable of offering affordance in the eyes of an organism. In summary, our study suggests a novel definition of object-ness in an affordance-based context, advocating the concept of embodied cognition in understanding the emergence of intelligence constrained by an organism's physical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Feng
- Department of Psychology & Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shan Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuannan Li
- Department of Psychology & Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Psychology & Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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Trompet D, Kurenkova AD, Zhou B, Li L, Dregval O, Usanova AP, Chu TL, Are A, Nedorubov AA, Kasper M, Chagin AS. Stimulation of skeletal stem cells in the growth plate promotes linear bone growth. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e165226. [PMID: 38516888 PMCID: PMC11063944 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, skeletal stem cells were shown to be present in the epiphyseal growth plate (epiphyseal skeletal stem cells, epSSCs), but their function in connection with linear bone growth remains unknown. Here, we explore the possibility that modulating the number of epSSCs can correct differences in leg length. First, we examined regulation of the number and activity of epSSCs by Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Both systemic activation of Hh pathway with Smoothened agonist (SAG) and genetic activation of Hh pathway by Patched1 (Ptch1) ablation in Pthrp-creER Ptch1fl/fl tdTomato mice promoted proliferation of epSSCs and clonal enlargement. Transient intra-articular administration of SAG also elevated the number of epSSCs. When SAG-containing beads were implanted into the femoral secondary ossification center of 1 leg of rats, this leg was significantly longer 1 month later than the contralateral leg implanted with vehicle-containing beads, an effect that was even more pronounced 2 and 6 months after implantation. We conclude that Hh signaling activates growth plate epSSCs, which effectively leads to increased longitudinal growth of bones. This opens therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of differences in leg length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Trompet
- Institute of Medicine, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasiia D. Kurenkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Baoyi Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Medicine, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ostap Dregval
- Institute of Medicine, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna P. Usanova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tsz Long Chu
- Institute of Medicine, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Are
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei A. Nedorubov
- Center for Preclinical Studies, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S. Chagin
- Institute of Medicine, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Negasheva MA, Khafizova AA, Movsesian AA. Secular trends in height, weight, and body mass index in the context of economic and political transformations in Russia from 1885 to 2021. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23992. [PMID: 37724980 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study and analyze the impact of socio-economic factors on secular changes in height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) among Moscow's youth over the time interval from the late 19th-early 20th century to the present. METHODS Anthropometric data, including height, weight, and BMI, were collected through surveys conducted on youths aged 17-20 years in Moscow from the 1880s for males and from the 1920s for females to the present. The dataset includes information on 6434 individuals surveyed from 2000 to 2019, as well as previously published mean values. Economic development indicators, such as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, monthly average income per capita, and the Gini coefficient, were examined to analyze the association between secular trends in body size and socio-economic conditions. RESULTS A positive secular trend in height and weight has been observed among Moscow's youth from the early 20th century to the present. Substantial increases in height occurred during the second half of the previous century, stabilizing in the 2000s. Over the analyzed period, both average body weight and BMI values showed a consistent rise. The pattern for BMI exhibited a U-shaped trend, with a decline from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, followed by a subsequent increase. Strong correlations were found between the secular changes in body size among Moscow's youth and temporal fluctuations in key socio-economic indicators, including GDP per capita, monthly average income per capita, and the Gini coefficient. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates the significant influence of socio-economic conditions on intergenerational changes in body size, as evidenced by the positive secular trend in physique indicators (height, weight, and BMI) among Moscow's youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ainur A Khafizova
- Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla A Movsesian
- Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
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Lee HW, Lee JK, Hwang YI, Seo H, Ahn JH, Kim SR, Kim HJ, Jung KS, Yoo KH, Kim DK. Spirometric Interpretation and Clinical Relevance According to Different Reference Equations. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e20. [PMID: 38288534 PMCID: PMC10825457 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI)-2012 reference equation is currently suggested for interpretation of spirometry results and a new local reference equation has been developed in South Korea. However, lung function profiles according to the different reference equations and their clinical relevance have not been identified in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. METHODS Our cross-sectional study evaluated Choi's, Korean National Health and National Examination Survey (KNHANES)-VI, and GLI-2012 reference equations. We estimated the percentages of predictive forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and airflow limitation severity according to reference equations and analyzed their associations with patient reported outcomes (PROs): COPD assessment test (CAT) score, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD patients (SGRQ-C) score, and six minute walk distance (6MWD). RESULTS In the eligible 2,180 COPD patients, lower predicted values of FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) were found in GLI-2012 compared to Choi's and KNHANES-VI equations. GLI-2012 equation resulted in a lower proportion of patients being classified as FEV1 < 80% or FVC < 80% compared to the other equations. However, the Z-scores of FEV1 and FVC were similar between the KNHANES-VI and GLI-2012 equations. Three reference equations exhibited significant associations between FEV1 (%) and patient-reported outcomes (CAT score, SGRQ-C score, and 6MWD). CONCLUSION GLI-2012 reference equation may not accurately reflect FEV1 (%) in the Korean population, but the Z-score using GLI-2012 equation can be a viable option for assessing FEV1 and airflow limitation in COPD patients. Similar to the other two equations, the GLI-2012 equation demonstrated significant associations with PROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Hwang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hyewon Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - June Hong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Ryeol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ki-Suck Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deog Kyeom Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Boon-Falleur M, Baumard N, André JB. The Effect of Income and Wealth on Behavioral Strategies, Personality Traits, and Preferences. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916231201512. [PMID: 38261647 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231201512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Individuals living in either harsh or favorable environments display well-documented psychological and behavioral differences. For example, people in favorable environments tend to be more future-oriented, trust strangers more, and have more explorative preferences. To account for such differences, psychologists have turned to evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology, in particular, the literature on life-history theory and pace-of-life syndrome. However, critics have found that the theoretical foundations of these approaches are fragile and that differences in life expectancy cannot explain vast psychological and behavioral differences. In this article, we build on the theory of optimal resource allocation to propose an alternative framework. We hypothesize that the quantity of resources available, such as income, has downstream consequences on psychological traits, leading to the emergence of behavioral syndromes. We show that more resources lead to more long-term orientation, more tolerance of variance, and more investment in low marginal-benefit needs. At the behavioral level, this translates, among others, into more large-scale cooperation, more investment in health, and more exploration. These individual-level differences in behavior, in turn, account for cultural phenomena such as puritanism, authoritarianism, and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélusine Boon-Falleur
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS
| | - Nicolas Baumard
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS
| | - Jean-Baptiste André
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS
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Wells JCK, Desoye G, Leon DA. Reconsidering the developmental origins of adult disease paradigm: The 'metabolic coordination of childbirth' hypothesis. Evol Med Public Health 2024; 12:50-66. [PMID: 38380130 PMCID: PMC10878253 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In uncomplicated pregnancies, birthweight is inversely associated with adult non-communicable disease (NCD) risk. One proposed mechanism is maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. Another explanation is that shared genes link birthweight with NCDs. Both hypotheses are supported, but evolutionary perspectives address only the environmental pathway. We propose that genetic and environmental associations of birthweight with NCD risk reflect coordinated regulatory systems between mother and foetus, that evolved to reduce risks of obstructed labour. First, the foetus must tailor its growth to maternal metabolic signals, as it cannot predict the size of the birth canal from its own genome. Second, we predict that maternal alleles that promote placental nutrient supply have been selected to constrain foetal growth and gestation length when fetally expressed. Conversely, maternal alleles that increase birth canal size have been selected to promote foetal growth and gestation when fetally expressed. Evidence supports these hypotheses. These regulatory mechanisms may have undergone powerful selection as hominin neonates evolved larger size and encephalisation, since every mother is at risk of gestating a baby excessively for her pelvis. Our perspective can explain the inverse association of birthweight with NCD risk across most of the birthweight range: any constraint of birthweight, through plastic or genetic mechanisms, may reduce the capacity for homeostasis and increase NCD susceptibility. However, maternal obesity and diabetes can overwhelm this coordination system, challenging vaginal delivery while increasing offspring NCD risk. We argue that selection on viable vaginal delivery played an over-arching role in shaping the association of birthweight with NCD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - David A Leon
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Nguyen TT, Huynh NL, Huynh PN, Zambrano P, Withers M, Cashin J, Chin S, Mathisen R. Bridging the evidence-to-action gap: enhancing alignment of national nutrition strategies in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam with global and regional recommendations. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1277804. [PMID: 38260060 PMCID: PMC10800738 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1277804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition policies are critical frameworks for tackling the triple burden of malnutrition, including undernutrition (i.e., stunting and wasting), overweight, and hidden hunger (i.e., micronutrient deficiencies). We examined (1) the alignment of recent National Nutrition Strategies and Action Plans (NNS) in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam with recent global and regional recommendations and standards with a focus on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition and (2) changes compared to the previous NNS. We extracted information regarding the context, objectives, interventions, indicators, strategies, and coordination mechanisms from the most recent NNSs in Cambodia (2019-2023), Laos (2021-2025), and Vietnam (2021-2030). Recent NNSs aimed to reduce malnutrition among priority populations and described program development, monitoring, and evaluation plans for the following interventions: breastfeeding promotion, improved complementary feeding, dietary diversity, safe water, food security, nutritional/health campaigns, strategies for vulnerable groups, and strengthening of policies related to food and nutrition. Direct interventions to improve women's general nutrition (outside of pregnancy) and adolescent nutrition were not the focus of any NNSs. Although some indicators (e.g., wasting and exclusive breastfeeding) were covered in all recent NNSs, other indicators (e.g., low birth weight and childhood overweight and obesity) were inconsistently incorporated. In comparison to the previous NNS, the following interventions were discontinued in three countries: dietary counseling, maintaining physical activity, monitoring weight gain during pregnancy, maternal micronutrient supplementation, and nutrition and HIV. Despite similarities in structure and content, the recent NNSs of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam do not consistently align with global and regional recommendations. Variations in the types of interventions and indicators included may reflect a shift in priorities, attention, or resources. In conclusion, the NNSs of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam exhibit both structural and content similarities; however, certain interventions and indicators vary across countries and differ from global and regional recommendations. Enhancing alignment while prioritizing country-specific needs, optimizing coordination, ensuring policy efficacy, and updating nutrition strategy data for cross-country comparisons and knowledge exchange is critical to ensure progress on reducing malnutrition in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngoc Long Huynh
- Alive & Thrive, Global Nutrition, FHI 360, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Social Marketing & Communication, FHI 360, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Phuong Nam Huynh
- Scientific Management Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Paul Zambrano
- Alive & Thrive, Global Nutrition, FHI 360, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mellissa Withers
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Cashin
- Alive & Thrive, Global Nutrition, FHI 360, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sedtha Chin
- Alive & Thrive, Global Nutrition, FHI 360, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Roger Mathisen
- Alive & Thrive, Global Nutrition, FHI 360, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Filler G, Díaz González de Ferris ME. Paediatric blood pressure percentiles from United States of America electronic health records. EBioMedicine 2024; 99:104913. [PMID: 38086155 PMCID: PMC10758746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Filler
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; The Lilibeth Caberto Kidney Clinical Research Unit, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
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Li C, Maimaiti S, Zhou Z, Zang L. Secular trends and urban-rural disparities in height of Chinese adolescents aged 18 years from 1985 to 2019. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23988. [PMID: 38214463 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the secular trends and urban-rural disparities in height of Chinese adolescents aged 18 years from 1985 to 2019. METHODS Data were extracted from the Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health from 1985 to 2019, and the heights of a total of 76 554 boys and 75 908 girls aged 18 years were measured. The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to analyze the secular trends in height. Changes in different periods and urban-rural disparities were tested by z-tests and calculating the ratios of the coefficient of variation (CV) of height. RESULTS The height of Chinese boys and girls aged 18 years increased from 168.21 and 157.10 cm in 1985 to 172.15 cm and 160.11 cm in 2019, respectively, with a larger increase in rural areas. The secular trends in height were the largest for boys from 1995 to 2005 and for girls from 2014 to 2019, and the same results were observed in urban and rural areas. The urban-rural disparities for boys and girls decreased by 1.79 and 0.91 cm, respectively, with significant decreases for boys in all regions and for girls in the eastern region. The overall CVs of height increased by 0.13% and 0.25% for boys and girls, respectively, with the largest increase among rural girls. CONCLUSIONS The height of Chinese adolescents aged 18 years continued to increase between 1985 and 2019. The urban-rural disparities narrowed, and inequalities within rural areas for girls increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Li
- Institute of Physical Education, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Sigandan Maimaiti
- School of Physical Education and Health, Changji University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Institute of Physical Education, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liuhong Zang
- Institute of Physical Education, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
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Puche J, Marco-Gracia FJ. Analyzing the effects of the Spanish Civil War on biological well-being through new anthropometric indicators. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2024; 69:19-29. [PMID: 38327147 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2024.2310499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the negative impact of severe economic shocks (such as those associated with wars) on the growth of children and adolescents. Individuals exposed to these shocks during their developmental years exhibited shorter average heights compared to both previous and subsequent generations. Anthropometric research has highlighted the sensitivity of the height variable in understanding the biological well-being of children and adolescents. However, little attention has been paid to the evolution of other anthropometric variables. This study investigates the impact of the famine following the Spanish Civil War on biological well-being in nine municipalities of the Region of Valencia (with over 120,000 observations of individuals born between 1890 and 1955) using two indicators: chest circumference, and the percentage of individuals of short stature. Our findings confirm that both of these anthropometric indicators were responsive to the economic shock of the Civil War. The well-being levels prior to the war took 20 years to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Puche
- Department of Applied Economics, Universidad de Zaragoza and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco J Marco-Gracia
- Department of Applied Economics, Universidad de Zaragoza and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
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Lhoste VPF, Zhou B, Mishra A, Bennett JE, Filippi S, Asaria P, Gregg EW, Danaei G, Ezzati M. Cardiometabolic and renal phenotypes and transitions in the United States population. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 3:46-59. [PMID: 38314318 PMCID: PMC7615595 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and renal conditions have both shared and distinct determinants. In this study, we applied unsupervised clustering to multiple rounds of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 2018, and identified 10 cardiometabolic and renal phenotypes. These included a 'low risk' phenotype; two groups with average risk factor levels but different heights; one group with low body-mass index and high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; five phenotypes with high levels of one or two related risk factors ('high heart rate', 'high cholesterol', 'high blood pressure', 'severe obesity' and 'severe hyperglycemia'); and one phenotype with low diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Prevalence of the 'high blood pressure' and 'high cholesterol' phenotypes decreased over time, contrasted by a rise in the 'severe obesity' and 'low DBP, low eGFR' phenotypes. The cardiometabolic and renal traits of the US population have shifted from phenotypes with high blood pressure and cholesterol toward poor kidney function, hyperglycemia and severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P. F. Lhoste
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anu Mishra
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James E. Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Perviz Asaria
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward W. Gregg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Population Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Goodarz Danaei
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Ahlberg R, Garcia-Argibay M, Rietz ED, Butwicka A, Cortese S, D'Onofrio BM, Ludvigsson JF, Larsson H. Associations Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ADHD Medication, and Shorter Height: A Quasi-Experimental and Family-Based Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:1316-1325. [PMID: 37084883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and shorter height is unclear. This study examined the risk of shorter height in individuals with ADHD, and the influence of prenatal factors, ADHD medication, psychiatric comorbidity, socioeconomic factors, and familial liability. METHOD We drew on Swedish National Registers for 2 different study designs. First, height data for 14,268 individuals with ADHD and 71,339 controls were stratified into 2 groups: (1) before stimulant treatment was introduced in Sweden, and (2) after stimulant treatment was introduced in Sweden. Second, we used a family-based design including 833,172 relatives without ADHD with different levels of relatedness to the individuals with ADHD and matched controls. RESULTS ADHD was associated with shorter height both before (below-average height: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.22-1.41) and after (below-average height: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.13-1.31) stimulants for ADHD were introduced in Sweden, and was of similar magnitude in both cohorts. The association between ADHD and shorter height attenuated after adjustment for prenatal factors, psychiatric disorders, and socioeconomic status. Relatives of individuals with ADHD had an increased risk of shorter height (below-average height in full siblings: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09-1.19; maternal half siblings: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.20; paternal half siblings: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07-1.24, first full cousins: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.08-1.12). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ADHD is associated with shorter height. On a population level, this association was present both before and after ADHD medications were available in Sweden. The association between ADHD and height was partly explained by prenatal factors, psychiatric comorbidity, low socioeconomic status, and a shared familial liability for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Ahlberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Miguel Garcia-Argibay
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Agnieszka Butwicka
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Stockholm, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M D'Onofrio
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Yoon H, Seo J, Yoo SK, Kim PJ, Park J, Choe Y, Yang W. Updated general exposure factors for risk assessment in the Korean population. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:1013-1020. [PMID: 35422491 PMCID: PMC10733140 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increasing need to update the recommended values of Korean exposure factors for adults aged 19 and older, as using exposure factors developed over a decade ago could reduce risk assessment reliability. OBJECTIVE Exposure factor data have been compiled and standardized using the latest national statistical reports and academic literature, as well as studies conducted from 2016 to 2018. METHODS The updated data contained anthropometric parameters, inhalation rates, food and drinking water ingestion rates, and time-activity patterns and provided technical information on Koreans' exposure factors classified by sex, age group, per capita and general population, and doer-only for various exposure assessments. RESULTS Although the average life expectancy, body weight, body surface area, and inhalation rate increased slightly compared to the 2007 Korean Exposure Factor Handbook, differences various in food consumption were remarkable. Because of Asians' similar food preferences, the intake rate of grain products and vegetables in Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese contributed much toward total intake. Koreans spent half their times outdoors compared to Americans and Chinese. SIGNIFICANCE This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared with recommendations provided by exposure factor resources in various countries. IMPACT STATEMENT Exposure to environmental pollutants may significantly vary depending on the exposure factors related to human behaviors and characteristics. Therefore the exposure factors need to be continuously updated along with more extensive survey areas and improved measurement methods. We utilized the existing data with the aim to develop general exposure factors for risk assessment in Korean aged ≥19 years. Measurements and questionnaire surveys were also performed if there were no existing data. This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared to those of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Yoon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkwan Seo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Je Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeon Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngtae Choe
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Pacheco J, Wagner N. Long-term impacts of an early childhood shock on human capital: Evidence from the 1999 economic crisis in Ecuador. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 32:2460-2476. [PMID: 37458691 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides evidence on the lasting effects of the 1999 economic crisis in Ecuador on human capital formation. We show for children born during the crisis that the negative repercussions are still observable more than 10 years after macroeconomic recovery. Taking advantage of micro-level data collected in 2012 and 2014, we assess long-term impacts on health and education. After controlling for age-in-months and survey effects as well as a linear birth year-cohort trend that varies by region, we find that after 12-16 years, the cohorts born during the recession report height-for-age Z-scores that are 0.003 standard deviations (SDs) lower for each month of exposure and have 0.002 fewer years of schooling per month exposed compared to the cohorts born outside the recession years. Children exposed to the entire crisis are 0.063 SDs smaller and have 0.042 years less of schooling. Girls have lower health outcomes than boys. Concomitantly, we show that selective childbearing or excess infant mortality are unlikely to drive our results. The persistence of the negative effects points to the existence of a poverty trap suggesting that policy interventions in response to (economic) crizes should be extended beyond macroeconomic recovery to counteract long-term, micro-level consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Pacheco
- Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha Wagner
- Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Boros E, Ertl DA, Berkenou J, Audrain C, Lecoq AL, Kamenicky P, Briot K, Amouroux C, Zhukouskaya V, Gueorguieva I, Mignot B, Girerd B, Porquet Bordes V, Salles JP, Edouard T, Coutant R, Bacchetta J, Linglart A, Rothenbuhler A. Adult height improved over decades in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia: a cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:469-475. [PMID: 37831782 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to analyze height after cessation of growth (final height [FH]) and its evolution over the last decades in X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) patients in France, as the data on natural history of FH in XLH are lacking. DESIGN We performed a retrospective observational study in a large cohort of French XLH patients with available data on FH measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS We divided patients into 3 groups according to their birth year: group 1 born between 1950 and 1974, group 2 born between 1975 and 2000, and group 3 born between 2001 and 2006, respectively, and compared their FHs. RESULTS A total of 398 patients were included. Mean FHs were the following: for group 1, -2.31 ± 1.11 standard deviation score (SDS) (n = 127), 156.3 ± 9.7 cm in men and 148.6 ± 6.5 cm in women; for group 2, -1.63 ± 1.13 SDS (n = 193), 161.6 ± 8.5 cm in men and 153.1 ± 7.2 cm in women; and for group 3, -1.34 ± 0.87 SDS (n = 78), 165.1 ± 5.5 cm in men and 154.7 ± 6 cm in women. We report a significant increase in mean FH SDS over 3 generations of patients, for both men and women (P < .001). Final height SDS in male (-2.08 ± 1.18) was lower than in female (-1.70 ± 1.12) (P = .002). CONCLUSION The FH of XLH patients in France increased significantly over the last decades. Even though men's FHs improved more than women's, men with XLH remain shorter reflecting a more severe disease phenotype. While the results are promising, most patients with XLH remain short leaving room for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Boros
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1020, Belgium
| | - Diana-Alexandra Ertl
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicetre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filiere OSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicetre Paris-Saclay Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Jugurtha Berkenou
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicetre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filiere OSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicetre Paris-Saclay Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Christelle Audrain
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicetre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filiere OSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicetre Paris-Saclay Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Anne Lise Lecoq
- AP-HP, Centre de Recherche Clinique Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphate, Filière OSCAR, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Peter Kamenicky
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphate, Filière OSCAR, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Karine Briot
- Rheumatology Department, Université Paris-Cité, Cochin Hospital, Paris 75014, France
| | - Cyril Amouroux
- Service de Néphrologie et Endocrinologie Pédiatriques, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
- Centres Maladies Rares Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore et Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Filière de Santé Maladies Rares OSCAR, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Volha Zhukouskaya
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Cochin, Paris 75014, France
- Institut des Maladies Musculo-squelettiques, Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies URP2496 and FHU-DDS-Net, Dental School, and Plateforme d'Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), Université Paris Cité, Montrouge 92129, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphate, Plateforme d'Expertise Maladies Rares Paris Saclay, Filière OSCAR, EndoRare and BOND ERN, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Iva Gueorguieva
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, CHU Lille, Université Lille, Lille 59800, France
| | - Brigitte Mignot
- Service de Médecine Pédiatrique, CHRU J Minjoz, 3 Boulevard Fleming, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Barbara Girerd
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicetre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filiere OSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicetre Paris-Saclay Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Valerie Porquet Bordes
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases and Genetics Unit, Reference Centre for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Competence Centre for Bone Diseases, ERN BOND, OSCAR Network, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Jean Pierre Salles
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Maladies Osseuses, Hôpital des Enfants, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, ENR BOND, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, TSA 70034, Toulouse 31059, France
- INFINITY CENTER, INSERM CNRS UMR 1291, Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases and Genetics Unit, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Régis Coutant
- Unité d' Endocrinologie Diabetologie Pédiatrique and Centre des Maladies Rares de la Réceptivité Hormonale, CHU-Angers, Angers 49055, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphore, Filières Santé Maladies Rares OSCAR et ORKID, Filières Santé ERKNet et BOND, INSERM1033, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicetre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filiere OSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicetre Paris-Saclay Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicetre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filiere OSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicetre Paris-Saclay Hospital, 78 Rue du General Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
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Islam MS, Ahmed AFU, Goni MO, Islam MR, Rahman MM, Bari SU, Rahman Khan MM, Rashid MMO, Hossain GJ, Kamruzzaman M. Anthropometry in predicting Semitendinosus and Gracilis graft diameter for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction among the Bengali population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35402. [PMID: 37800843 PMCID: PMC10552991 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Semitendinosus and Gracilis autografts are commonly used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, its main drawback is individual variation in the tendon diameter. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the anthropometric measurements for the prediction of Semitendinosus and Gracilis combined (quadrupled) strands graft diameter in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction among the Bengali population. Sixty consecutive patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between July 2019 to June 2020 were observed in this cross-sectional study. In all cases, the doubled (2 strands) Gracilis and Semitendinosus tendons were combined to get the final quadrupled (combined 4 strands) graft for use. Anthropometries such as body mass index (BMI), body weight, and height were recorded preoperatively and quadrupled combined tendon diameter was measured at the operating theater. The relationship between these parameters was statistically determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and scatter diagrams were plotted. Among the study subjects, most (54) were male, and the mean age of all subjects was 24 ± 6.92 years. The average graft diameter was 7.20 ± 0.76 mm. Correlations between the mean graft diameter with BMI (r = 0.018, and P = .891), body height (r = 0.011 and P = .933), and weight (r = 0.028 and P = .832) were not significant. Scatter diagrams also showed that the variables were not correlated. Anthropometries like BMI, body weight, or body height cannot be used in predicting Semitendinosus and Gracilis tendon graft diameter for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction among the Bengali population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Samiul Islam
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A.M. Forid Uddin Ahmed
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Muhammad Rafiqul Islam
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mofizur Rahman
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shaukat-Ul- Bari
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Mamun-Or- Rashid
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - G.M. Jahangir Hossain
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamruzzaman
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Haider MM, Kamal N, Khan S, Rahman MM, Dewan MN, Sarkar SS, Shafiq SS, Alam N. Trends in women's height and the effect of early childbearing on height retardation: An analysis of the height of Bangladeshi women born between 1974 and 1998. J Glob Health 2023; 13:07006. [PMID: 37766652 PMCID: PMC10534193 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.07006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depending on race, ethnicity, and region, genetic variants determine human height by 65% to 80%, while the remaining variance of 20% to 35% is influenced by nutrition and other individual or environmental exposures in the early years of life. An improvement in nutrition and health in the early years in a population underprivileged in health and nutrition will likely increase the group's average height. Due to outstanding improvements in these areas in recent decades, we hypothesised that the average height of Bangladeshi women has increased. Moreover, because pregnancy at an early age affects women's health and nutrition, we hypothesised that women who began childbearing early would experience growth retardation compared to women who had pregnancies at a later age. Methods We used data from five national surveys conducted between 2004 and 2018 that collected height data from ever-married women aged 15-49 years. We analysed the height of women aged 20-29 years (born between 1974 and 1998) and examined the mean height by birth years, age at first birth (AFB), economic status, religion and region. We conducted multiple linear regression models, controlling for the differential effects of the socio-demographic characteristics on women's height over time and by AFB. Results The average height of women born between 1974 and 1998 significantly increased by 0.03 cm annually, with fluctuations between 150.3 and 151.6 cm. We also found an association between age at childbearing and height in adulthood - women who began childbearing before age 17 were approximately one centimetre shorter in adulthood than those who began childbearing at a later age. Conclusions We found evidence of an increasing trend in women's height in Bangladesh and an inhibiting effect of early teenage childbearing on attaining the potential growth of women. The findings call for further studies to investigate early childbearing and its consequences on women's and their children's growth in diverse settings, considering socio-cultural customs influencing early marriage and childbearing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shusmita Khan
- Data for Impact, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sabit Saad Shafiq
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Issarapu P, Arumalla M, Elliott HR, Nongmaithem SS, Sankareswaran A, Betts M, Sajjadi S, Kessler NJ, Bayyana S, Mansuri SR, Derakhshan M, Krishnaveni GV, Shrestha S, Kumaran K, Di Gravio C, Sahariah SA, Sanderson E, Relton CL, Ward KA, Moore SE, Prentice AM, Lillycrop KA, Fall CHD, Silver MJ, Chandak GR. DNA methylation at the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene influences height in childhood. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5200. [PMID: 37626025 PMCID: PMC10457295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human height is strongly influenced by genetics but the contribution of modifiable epigenetic factors is under-explored, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). We investigate links between blood DNA methylation and child height in four LMIC cohorts (n = 1927) and identify a robust association at three CpGs in the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene which replicates in a high-income country cohort (n = 879). SOCS3 methylation (SOCS3m)-height associations are independent of genetic effects. Mendelian randomization analysis confirms a causal effect of SOCS3m on height. In longitudinal analysis, SOCS3m explains a maximum 9.5% of height variance in mid-childhood while the variance explained by height polygenic risk score increases from birth to 21 years. Children's SOCS3m is associated with prenatal maternal folate and socio-economic status. In-vitro characterization confirms a regulatory effect of SOCS3m on gene expression. Our findings suggest epigenetic modifications may play an important role in driving child height in LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachand Issarapu
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
| | - Manisha Arumalla
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Suraj S Nongmaithem
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Alagu Sankareswaran
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Modupeh Betts
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
| | - Sara Sajjadi
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Noah J Kessler
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Swati Bayyana
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sohail R Mansuri
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Maria Derakhshan
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
| | - G V Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Smeeta Shrestha
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Chiara Di Gravio
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Eleanor Sanderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
- Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie E Moore
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
- Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Caroline H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matt J Silver
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, India.
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Wells JCK. An evolutionary perspective on social inequality and health disparities: Insights from the producer-scrounger game. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:294-308. [PMID: 37680454 PMCID: PMC10482145 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern with social disparities in health, whether relating to gender, ethnicity, caste, socio-economic position or other axes of inequality. Despite addressing inequality, evolutionary biologists have had surprisingly little to say on why human societies are prone to demonstrating exploitation. This article builds on a recent book, 'The Metabolic Ghetto', describing an overarching evolutionary framework for studying all forms of social inequality involving exploitation. The dynamic 'producer-scrounger' game, developed to model social foraging, assumes that some members of a social group produce food, and that others scrounge from them. An evolutionary stable strategy emerges when neither producers nor scroungers can increase their Darwinian fitness by changing strategy. This approach puts food systems central to all forms of human inequality, and provides a valuable lens through which to consider different forms of gender inequality, socio-economic inequality and racial/caste discrimination. Individuals that routinely adopt producer or scrounger tactics may develop divergent phenotypes. This approach can be linked with life history theory to understand how social dynamics drive health disparities. The framework differs from previous evolutionary perspectives on inequality, by focussing on the exploitation of foraging effort rather than inequality in ecological resources themselves. Health inequalities emerge where scroungers acquire different forms of power over producers, driving increasing exploitation. In racialized societies, symbolic categorization is used to systematically assign some individuals to low-rank producer roles, embedding exploitation in society. Efforts to reduce health inequalities must address the whole of society, altering producer-scrounger dynamics rather than simply targeting resources at exploited groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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