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Yi F, Li Y, Song A, Shi X, Hu S, Wu S, Shao L, Chu Z, Xu K, Li L, Tran LSP, Li W, Cai Y. Positive roles of the Ca 2+ sensors GbCML45 and GbCML50 in improving cotton Verticillium wilt resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13483. [PMID: 38829344 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
As a universal second messenger, cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) functions in multifaceted intracellular processes, including growth, development and responses to biotic/abiotic stresses in plant. The plant-specific Ca2+ sensors, calmodulin and calmodulin-like (CML) proteins, function as members of the second-messenger system to transfer Ca2+ signal into downstream responses. However, the functions of CMLs in the responses of cotton (Gossypium spp.) after Verticillium dahliae infection, which causes the serious vascular disease Verticillium wilt, remain elusive. Here, we discovered that the expression level of GbCML45 was promoted after V. dahliae infection in roots of cotton, suggesting its potential role in Verticillium wilt resistance. We found that knockdown of GbCML45 in cotton plants decreased resistance while overexpression of GbCML45 in Arabidopsis thaliana plants enhanced resistance to V. dahliae infection. Furthermore, there was physiological interaction between GbCML45 and its close homologue GbCML50 by using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence assays, and both proteins enhanced cotton resistance to V. dahliae infection in a Ca2+-dependent way in a knockdown study. Detailed investigations indicated that several defence-related pathways, including salicylic acid, ethylene, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signalling pathways, as well as accumulations of lignin and callose, are responsible for GbCML45- and GbCML50-modulated V. dahliae resistance in cotton. These results collectively indicated that GbCML45 and GbCML50 act as positive regulators to improve cotton Verticillium wilt resistance, providing potential targets for exploitation of improved Verticillium wilt-tolerant cotton cultivars by genetic engineering and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuzhe Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Aosong Song
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xinying Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shanci Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lili Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zongyan Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Jilin Da'an Agro-Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Experiment Station, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Jilin Da'an Agro-Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Experiment Station, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Resistance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Jilin Da'an Agro-Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Experiment Station, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yingfan Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biological Breeding and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sanya Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Spoel SH, Dong X. Salicylic acid in plant immunity and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1451-1464. [PMID: 38163634 PMCID: PMC11062473 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used herbal medicine in human history and a major defence hormone in plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens and abiotic stresses, salicylic acid (SA) has attracted major research interest. With applications of modern technologies over the past 30 years, studies of the effects of SA on plant growth, development, and defence have revealed many new research frontiers and continue to deliver surprises. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of SA metabolism, perception, and signal transduction mechanisms in plant immunity. An overarching theme emerges that SA executes its many functions through intricate regulation at multiple steps: SA biosynthesis is regulated both locally and systemically, while its perception occurs through multiple cellular targets, including metabolic enzymes, redox regulators, transcription cofactors, and, most recently, an RNA-binding protein. Moreover, SA orchestrates a complex series of post-translational modifications of downstream signaling components and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates that function as cellular signalling hubs. SA also impacts wider cellular functions through crosstalk with other plant hormones. Looking into the future, we propose new areas for exploration of SA functions, which will undoubtedly uncover more surprises for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Dai XY, Lan HJ, Chen Y, Liu TY, Zhao YT, Liu JZ. Knocking out NtSARD1a/1b/1c/1d by CRISPR/CAS9 technology reduces the biosynthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and compromises immunity in tetraploid Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 342:112051. [PMID: 38417717 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phyto-hormone that is essential for plant immunity. SARD1 (SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1), a member of the CBP60 (CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN60) gene family, is one of the major transcription factors regulating the expression of the genes in SA biosynthesis. SARD1 has been extensively studied in model plant Arabidopsis. However, the function of SARD1 homologues in SA biosynthesis and immune responses have rarely been investigated in other plant species. In this study, the CRISPR/CAS9 (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats/CAS9) technology was used in creating transgenic tobacco mutant lines with 6-8 alleles of four NtSARD1 homologous genes (NtSARD1a/1b/1c/1d) knocked out. No significant difference in morphological phenotype was observed between the transgenic knockout lines and the wild type tobacco plants, indicating that knocking out NtSARD1s does not affect the growth and development in tobacco. However, knocking out or partially knocking out of NtSARD1a/b/c/d resulted in a significantly reduced expression of NtICS1, the key gene in SA biosynthesis pathway, and thus the subsequently decreased SA/SAG accumulations in response to Pst DC3000 (Pseudomonas syrangae pv.tomato DC3000) infection, indicating a key role of NtSARD1 genes in SA biosynthesis in tobacco. As a consequence of reduced SA/SAG accumulation, the Pst DC3000-induced expression of NtPR genes as well as the resistance to Pst DC3000 were both significantly reduced in these knockout lines compared with the wild type tobacco plants. Interestingly, the reductions in the SA/SAG level, NtPR gene induction and Pst DC3000 resistance were positively correlated with the number of alleles being knocked out. Furthermore, LUC reporter gene driven by the promoter of NtICS1 containing two G(A/T)AATT(T/G) motifs could be activated by NtSARD1a, suggesting that NtSARD1a could bind to the core G(A/T)AATT(T/G) motifs and thus activate the expression of LUC reporter. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the NtSARD1 proteins play essential roles in SA biosynthesis and immune responses in tobacco. Our results also demonstrated that the CRISPR/CAS9 technology can overcome gene redundancy and is a powerful tool to study gene functions in polyploid plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yong Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Hu-Jiao Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Tian-Yao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China.
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Nabi Z, Manzoor S, Nabi SU, Wani TA, Gulzar H, Farooq M, Arya VM, Baloch FS, Vlădulescu C, Popescu SM, Mansoor S. Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity: crosstalk and cooperation of PRR and NLR-mediated plant defense pathways during host-pathogen interactions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:587-604. [PMID: 38737322 PMCID: PMC11087456 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular basis underlying plant-pathogen interactions is imperative for the development of sustainable resistance strategies against pathogens. Plants employ a dual-layered immunological detection and response system wherein cell surface-localized Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and intracellular Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs) play pivotal roles in initiating downstream signalling cascades in response to pathogen-derived chemicals. Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) is associated with PRRs and is activated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures, known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns. When PTI proves ineffective due to pathogenic effectors, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) frequently confers resistance. In ETI, host plants utilize NLRs to detect pathogen effectors directly or indirectly, prompting a rapid and more robust defense response. Additionally epigenetic mechanisms are participating in plant immune memory. Recently developed technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 helps in exposing novel prospects in plant pathogen interactions. In this review we explore the fascinating crosstalk and cooperation between PRRs and NLRs. We discuss epigenomic processes and CRISPR/Cas9 regulating immune response in plants and recent findings that shed light on the coordination of these defense layers. Furthermore, we also have discussed the intricate interactions between the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling pathways in plants, offering insights into potential synergistic interactions that would be harnessed for the development of novel and sustainable resistance strategies against diverse group of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarka Nabi
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Subaya Manzoor
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Sajad Un Nabi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, 191132 India
| | | | - Humira Gulzar
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Mehreena Farooq
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOH-SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025 India
| | - Vivak M. Arya
- Division of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, India
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, 33100 Yenişehir, Mersin Turkey
| | - Carmen Vlădulescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Simona Mariana Popescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
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Rocher F, Dou S, Philippe G, Martin ML, Label P, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Integrative systems biology of wheat susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum uncovers a conserved gene regulatory network and identifies master regulators targeted by fungal core effectors. BMC Biol 2024; 22:53. [PMID: 38443953 PMCID: PMC10916188 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant diseases are driven by an intricate set of defense mechanisms counterbalanced by the expression of host susceptibility factors promoted through the action of pathogen effectors. In spite of their central role in the establishment of the pathology, the primary components of plant susceptibility are still poorly understood and challenging to trace especially in plant-fungal interactions such as in Fusarium head blight (FHB) of bread wheat. Designing a system-level transcriptomics approach, we leveraged the analysis of wheat responses from a susceptible cultivar facing Fusarium graminearum strains of different aggressiveness and examined their constancy in four other wheat cultivars also developing FHB. RESULTS In this study, we describe unexpected differential expression of a conserved set of transcription factors and an original subset of master regulators were evidenced using a regulation network approach. The dual-integration with the expression data of pathogen effector genes combined with database mining, demonstrated robust connections with the plant molecular regulators and identified relevant candidate genes involved in plant susceptibility, mostly able to suppress plant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, taking advantage of wheat cultivars of contrasting susceptibility levels, a refined list of 142 conserved susceptibility gene candidates was proposed to be necessary host's determinants for the establishment of a compatible interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasized major FHB determinants potentially controlling a set of conserved responses associated with susceptibility in bread wheat. They provide new clues for improving FHB control in wheat and also could conceivably leverage further original researches dealing with a broader spectrum of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rocher
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie Des Céréales, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samir Dou
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie Des Céréales, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Géraldine Philippe
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie Des Céréales, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif Sur Yvette, 91190, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif Sur Yvette, 91190, France
- UMR MIA Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Label
- Physique Et Physiologie Intégratives de L'Arbre en Environnement Fluctuant, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 547, Aubière, Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie Des Céréales, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie Des Céréales, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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6
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Wang C, Luan S. Calcium homeostasis and signaling in plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 77:102485. [PMID: 38043138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling consists of three steps: (1) initiation of a change in cellular Ca2+ concentration in response to a stimulus, (2) recognition of the change through direct binding of Ca2+ by its sensors, (3) transduction of the signal to elicit downstream responses. Recent studies have uncovered a central role for Ca2+ signaling in both layers of immune responses initiated by plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular receptors, respectively. These advances in our understanding are attributed to several lines of research, including invention of genetically-encoded Ca2+ reporters for the recording of intracellular Ca2+ signals, identification of Ca2+ channels and their gating mechanisms, and functional analysis of Ca2+ binding proteins (Ca2+ sensors). This review analyzes the recent literature that illustrates the importance of Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling in plant innate immunity, featuring intricate Ca2+dependent positive and negative regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Wang Y, Liao X, Shang W, Qin J, Xu X, Hu X. The secreted feruloyl esterase of Verticillium dahliae modulates host immunity via degradation of GhDFR. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13431. [PMID: 38353627 PMCID: PMC10866084 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiwen Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiangming Xu
- Pest & Pathogen Ecology, NIAB East MallingWest MallingUK
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Qiu P, Zheng B, Yuan H, Yang Z, Lindsey K, Wang Y, Ming Y, Zhang L, Hu Q, Shaban M, Kong J, Zhang X, Zhu L. The elicitor VP2 from Verticillium dahliae triggers defence response in cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:497-511. [PMID: 37883523 PMCID: PMC10826990 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a widespread and destructive soilborne vascular pathogenic fungus that causes serious diseases in dicot plants. Here, comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the number of genes upregulated in defoliating pathotype V991 was significantly higher than in the non-defoliating pathotype 1cd3-2 during the early response of cotton. Combined with analysis of the secretome during the V991-cotton interaction, an elicitor VP2 was identified, which was highly upregulated at the early stage of V991 invasion, but was barely expressed during the 1cd3-2-cotton interaction. Full-length VP2 could induce cell death in several plant species, and which was dependent on NbBAK1 but not on NbSOBIR1 in N. benthamiana. Knock-out of VP2 attenuated the pathogenicity of V991. Furthermore, overexpression of VP2 in cotton enhanced resistance to V. dahliae without causing abnormal plant growth and development. Several genes involved in JA, SA and lignin synthesis were significantly upregulated in VP2-overexpressing cotton. The contents of JA, SA, and lignin were also significantly higher than in the wild-type control. In summary, the identified elicitor VP2, recognized by the receptor in the plant membrane, triggers the cotton immune response and enhances disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Baoxin Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | | | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Ming
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Jie Kong
- Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesUrumqiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
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Ye MY, Lan HJ, Liu JZ. GmCBP60b Plays Both Positive and Negative Roles in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:378. [PMID: 38203547 PMCID: PMC10778643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
CBP60b (CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60b) is a member of the CBP60 transcription factor family. In Arabidopsis, AtCBP60b not only regulates growth and development but also activates the transcriptions in immune responses. So far, CBP60b has only been studied extensively in the model plant Arabidopsis and rarely in crops. In this study, Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-mediated gene silencing (BPMV-VIGS) was used to silence GmCBP60b.1/2 in soybean plants. The silencing of GmCBP60b.1/2 resulted in typical autoimmunity, such as dwarfism and enhanced resistance to both Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg). To further understand the roles of GmCBP60b in immunity and circumvent the recalcitrance of soybean transformation, we generated transgenic tobacco lines that overexpress GmCBP60b.1. The overexpression of GmCBP60b.1 also resulted in autoimmunity, including spontaneous cell death on the leaves, highly induced expression of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes, significantly elevated accumulation of defense hormone salicylic acid (SA), and significantly enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000 (Pseudomonas syrangae pv. tomato DC3000). The transient coexpression of a luciferase reporter gene driven by the promoter of soybean SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (GmSARD1) (ProGmSARD1::LUC), together with GmCBP60b.1 driven by the 35S promoter, led to the activation of the LUC reporter gene, suggesting that GmCBP60b.1 could bind to the core (A/T)AATT motifs within the promoter region of GmSARD1 and, thus, activate the expression of the LUC reporter. Taken together, our results indicate that GmCBP60b.1/2 play both positive and negative regulatory roles in immune responses. These results also suggest that the function of CBP60b is conserved across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yan Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.-Y.Y.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hu-Jiao Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.-Y.Y.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.-Y.Y.); (H.-J.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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10
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Chen L, Ma X, Sun T, Zhu QH, Feng H, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang X, Sun J, Li Y. VdPT1 Encoding a Neutral Trehalase of Verticillium dahliae Is Required for Growth and Virulence of the Pathogen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:294. [PMID: 38203466 PMCID: PMC10778863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Verticillum dahliae is a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus causing destructive Verticillium wilt disease. We previously found a trehalase-encoding gene (VdPT1) in V. dahliae being significantly up-regulated after sensing root exudates from a susceptible cotton variety. In this study, we characterized the function of VdPT1 in the growth and virulence of V. dahliae using its deletion-mutant strains. The VdPT1 deletion mutants (ΔVdPT1) displayed slow colony expansion and mycelial growth, reduced conidial production and germination rate, and decreased mycelial penetration ability and virulence on cotton, but exhibited enhanced stress resistance, suggesting that VdPT1 is involved in the growth, pathogenesis, and stress resistance of V. dahliae. Host-induced silencing of VdPT1 in cotton reduced fungal biomass and enhanced cotton resistance against V. dahliae. Comparative transcriptome analysis between wild-type and mutant identified 1480 up-regulated and 1650 down-regulated genes in the ΔVdPT1 strain. Several down-regulated genes encode plant cell wall-degrading enzymes required for full virulence of V. dahliae to cotton, and down-regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, DNA replication, and amino acid biosynthesis seemed to be responsible for the decreased growth of the ΔVdPT1 strain. In contrast, up-regulation of several genes related to glycerophospholipid metabolism in the ΔVdPT1 strain enhanced the stress resistance of the mutated strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaohu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Tiange Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China;
| | - Yongtai Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
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11
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Zeng H, Zhu Q, Yuan P, Yan Y, Yi K, Du L. Calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein-mediated plant responses to biotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3680-3703. [PMID: 37575022 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a set of finely regulated mechanisms to respond to various biotic stresses. Transient changes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) concentration have been well documented to act as cellular signals in coupling environmental stimuli to appropriate physiological responses with astonishing accuracy and specificity in plants. Calmodulins (CaMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are extensively characterized as important classes of Ca2+ sensors. The spatial-temporal coordination between Ca2+ transients, CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins is critical for plant responses to environmental stresses. Ca2+ -loaded CaMs/CMLs interact with and regulate a broad spectrum of target proteins, such as ion transporters (including channels, pumps, and antiporters), transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, metabolic enzymes and proteins with unknown biological functions. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying how CaMs/CMLs are involved in the regulation of plant responses to diverse biotic stresses including pathogen infections and herbivore attacks. Recent discoveries of crucial functions of CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins in biotic stress resistance revealed through physiological, molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses have been described, and intriguing insights into the CaM/CML-mediated regulatory network are proposed. Perspectives for future directions in understanding CaM/CML-mediated signalling pathways in plant responses to biotic stresses are discussed. The application of accumulated knowledge of CaM/CML-mediated signalling in biotic stress responses into crop cultivation would improve crop resistance to various biotic stresses and safeguard our food production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqing Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Keke Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Kim W, Jeon H, Lee H, Sohn KH, Segonzac C. The Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum Type III Effector RipL Delays Flowering and Promotes Susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cells 2023; 46:710-724. [PMID: 37968984 PMCID: PMC10654456 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant defense responses to microbial infection are tightly regulated and integrated with the developmental program for optimal resources allocation. Notably, the defense- associated hormone salicylic acid (SA) acts as a promoter of flowering while several plant pathogens actively target the flowering signaling pathway to promote their virulence or dissemination. Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum inject tens of effectors in the host cells that collectively promote bacterial proliferation in plant tissues. Here, we characterized the function of the broadly conserved R. pseudosolanacearum effector RipL, through heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana . RipL-expressing transgenic lines presented a delayed flowering, which correlated with a low expression of flowering regulator genes. Delayed flowering was also observed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently expressing RipL. In parallel, RipL promoted plant susceptibility to virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae in the effector-expressing lines or when delivered by the type III secretion system. Unexpectedly, SA accumulation and SA-dependent immune signaling were not significantly affected by RipL expression. Rather, the RNA-seq analysis of infected RipL-expressing lines revealed that the overall amplitude of the transcriptional response was dampened, suggesting that RipL could promote plant susceptibility in an SA-independent manner. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning RipL effect on flowering and immunity may reveal novel effector functions in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhui Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyelim Jeon
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeonjung Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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13
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Zuo W, Depotter JRL, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Doehlemann G. A transcriptional activator effector of Ustilago maydis regulates hyperplasia in maize during pathogen-induced tumor formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6722. [PMID: 37872143 PMCID: PMC10593772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis causes common smut in maize, which is characterized by tumor formation in aerial parts of maize. Tumors result from the de novo cell division of highly developed bundle sheath and subsequent cell enlargement. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis are still largely unknown. Here, we characterize the U. maydis effector Sts2 (Small tumor on seedlings 2), which promotes the division of hyperplasia tumor cells. Upon infection, Sts2 is translocated into the maize cell nucleus, where it acts as a transcriptional activator, and the transactivation activity is crucial for its virulence function. Sts2 interacts with ZmNECAP1, a yet undescribed plant transcriptional activator, and it activates the expression of several leaf developmental regulators to potentiate tumor formation. On the contrary, fusion of a suppressive SRDX-motif to Sts2 causes dominant negative inhibition of tumor formation, underpinning the central role of Sts2 for tumorigenesis. Our results not only disclose the virulence mechanism of a tumorigenic effector, but also reveal the essential role of leaf developmental regulators in pathogen-induced tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zuo
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
| | - Jasper R L Depotter
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
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14
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Chen YY, Zhu C, Zhao JH, Liu T, Gao F, Zhang YC, Duan CG. DNA methylation-dependent epigenetic regulation of Verticillium dahliae virulence in plants. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:185-201. [PMID: 37970467 PMCID: PMC10638132 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
As a conserved epigenetic mark, DNA cytosine methylation, at the 5' position (5-mC), plays important roles in multiple biological processes, including plant immunity. However, the involvement of DNA methylation in the determinants of virulence of phytopathogenic fungi remains elusive. In this study, we profiled the DNA methylation patterns of the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae, one of the major causal pathogens of Verticillium wilt disease that causes great losses in many crops, and explored its contribution in fungal pathogenicity. We reveal that DNA methylation modification is present in V. dahliae and is required for its full virulence in host plants. The major enzymes responsible for the establishment of DNA methylation in V. dahliae were identified. We provided evidence that DNA methyltransferase-mediated establishment of DNA methylation pattern positively regulates fungal virulence, mainly through repressing a conserved protein kinase VdRim15-mediated Ca2+ signaling and ROS production, which is essential for the penetration activity of V. dahliae. In addition, we further demonstrated that histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), another heterochromatin marker that is closely associated with 5-mC in eukaryotes, also participates in the regulation of V. dahliae pathogenicity, through a similar mechanism. More importantly, DNA methyltransferase genes VdRid, VdDnmt5, as well as H3K9me3 methyltransferase genes, were greatly induced during the early infection phase, implying that a dynamic regulation of 5-mC and H3K9me3 homeostasis is required for an efficient infection. Collectively, our findings uncover an epigenetic mechanism in the regulation of phytopathogenic fungal virulence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00117-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ting Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Qilu Zhongke Academy of Modern Microbiology Technology, Jinan, 250000 China
| | - Ying-Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Cheng-Guo Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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15
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Hayashibara CADA, Lopes MDS, Tobias PA, dos Santos IB, Figueredo EF, Ferrarezi JA, Marques JPR, Marcon J, Park RF, Teixeira PJPL, Quecine MC. In Planta Study Localizes an Effector Candidate from Austropuccinia psidii Strain MF-1 to the Nucleus and Demonstrates In Vitro Cuticular Wax-Dependent Differential Expression. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:848. [PMID: 37623619 PMCID: PMC10455828 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Austropuccinia psidii is a biotrophic fungus that causes myrtle rust. First described in Brazil, it has since spread to become a globally important pathogen that infects more than 480 myrtaceous species. One of the most important commercial crops affected by A. psidii is eucalypt, a widely grown forestry tree. The A. psidii-Eucalyptus spp. interaction is poorly understood, but pathogenesis is likely driven by pathogen-secreted effector molecules. Here, we identified and characterized a total of 255 virulence effector candidates using a genome assembly of A. psidii strain MF-1, which was recovered from Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil. We show that the expression of seven effector candidate genes is modulated by cell wax from leaves sourced from resistant and susceptible hosts. Two effector candidates with different subcellular localization predictions, and with specific gene expression profiles, were transiently expressed with GFP-fusions in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Interestingly, we observed the accumulation of an effector candidate, Ap28303, which was upregulated under cell wax from rust susceptible E. grandis and described as a peptidase inhibitor I9 domain-containing protein in the nucleus. This was in accordance with in silico analyses. Few studies have characterized nuclear effectors. Our findings open new perspectives on the study of A. psidii-Eucalyptus interactions by providing a potential entry point to understand how the pathogen manipulates its hosts in modulating physiology, structure, or function with effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alessandra de Almeida Hayashibara
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Mariana da Silva Lopes
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Peri A. Tobias
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Isaneli Batista dos Santos
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | | | - Jessica Aparecida Ferrarezi
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Joelma Marcon
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Robert F. Park
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia;
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Department of Biological Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maria Carolina Quecine
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
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16
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Wu XM, Zhang BS, Zhao YL, Wu HW, Gao F, Zhang J, Zhao JH, Guo HS. DeSUMOylation of a Verticillium dahliae enolase facilitates virulence by derepressing the expression of the effector VdSCP8. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4844. [PMID: 37563142 PMCID: PMC10415295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, the most notorious plant pathogen of the Verticillium genus, causes vascular wilts in a wide variety of economically important crops. The molecular mechanism of V. dahliae pathogenesis remains largely elusive. Here, we identify a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease (VdUlpB) from V. dahliae, and find that VdUlpB facilitates V. dahliae virulence by deconjugating SUMO from V. dahliae enolase (VdEno). We identify five lysine residues (K96, K254, K259, K313 and K434) that mediate VdEno SUMOylation, and SUMOylated VdEno preferentially localized in nucleus where it functions as a transcription repressor to inhibit the expression of an effector VdSCP8. Importantly, VdUlpB mediates deSUMOylation of VdEno facilitates its cytoplasmic distribution, which allows it to function as a glycolytic enzyme. Our study reveals a sophisticated pathogenic mechanism of VdUlpB-mediated enolase deSUMOylation, which fortifies glycolytic pathway for growth and contributes to V. dahliae virulence through derepressing the expression of an effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo-Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hua-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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Li R, Ma XY, Zhang YJ, Zhang YJ, Zhu H, Shao SN, Zhang DD, Klosterman SJ, Dai XF, Subbarao KV, Chen JY. Genome-wide identification and analysis of a cotton secretome reveals its role in resistance against Verticillium dahliae. BMC Biol 2023; 21:166. [PMID: 37542270 PMCID: PMC10403859 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular space between the cell wall and plasma membrane is a battlefield in plant-pathogen interactions. Within this space, the pathogen employs its secretome to attack the host in a variety of ways, including immunity manipulation. However, the role of the plant secretome is rarely studied for its role in disease resistance. RESULTS Here, we examined the secretome of Verticillium wilt-resistant Gossypium hirsutum cultivar Zhongzhimian No.2 (ZZM2, encoding 95,327 predicted coding sequences) to determine its role in disease resistance against the wilt causal agent, Verticillium dahliae. Bioinformatics-driven analyses showed that the ZZM2 genome encodes 2085 secreted proteins and that these display disequilibrium in their distribution among the chromosomes. The cotton secretome displayed differences in the abundance of certain amino acid residues as compared to the remaining encoded proteins due to the localization of these putative proteins in the extracellular space. The secretome analysis revealed conservation for an allotetraploid genome, which nevertheless exhibited variation among orthologs and comparable unique genes between the two sub-genomes. Secretome annotation strongly suggested its involvement in extracellular stress responses (hydrolase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and extracellular region, etc.), thus contributing to resistance against the V. dahliae infection. Furthermore, the defense response genes (immunity marker NbHIN1, salicylic acid marker NbPR1, and jasmonic acid marker NbLOX4) were activated to varying degrees when Nicotina benthamiana leaves were agro-infiltrated with 28 randomly selected members, suggesting that the secretome plays an important role in the immunity response. Finally, gene silencing assays of 11 members from 13 selected candidates in ZZM2 displayed higher susceptibility to V. dahliae, suggesting that the secretome members confer the Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the cotton secretome plays an important role in Verticillium wilt resistance, facilitating the development of the resistance gene markers and increasing the understanding of the mechanisms regulating disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Xi-Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ye-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - He Zhu
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
- The Cotton Research Center of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Cotton Industry Technology System Liaohe Comprehensive Experimental Station, Liaoning Provincial Institute of Economic Crops, Liaoyang, 111000, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China.
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis c/o United States Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, USA.
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China.
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18
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Eisermann I, Garduño‐Rosales M, Talbot NJ. The emerging role of septins in fungal pathogenesis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:242-253. [PMID: 37265147 PMCID: PMC10952683 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens undergo specific morphogenetic transitions in order to breach the outer surfaces of plants and invade the underlying host tissue. The ability to change cell shape and switch between non-polarised and polarised growth habits is therefore critical to the lifestyle of plant pathogens. Infection-related development involves remodelling of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane and cell wall at specific points during fungal pathogenesis. Septin GTPases are components of the cytoskeleton that play pivotal roles in actin remodelling, micron-scale plasma membrane curvature sensing and cell polarity. Septin assemblages, such as rings, collars and gauzes, are known to have important roles in cell shape changes and are implicated in formation of specialised infection structures to enter plant cells. Here, we review and compare the reported functions of septins of plant pathogenic fungi, with a special focus on invasive growth. Finally, we discuss septins as potential targets for broad-spectrum antifungal plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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19
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Waldo BD, Branham SE, Levi A, Wechter WP, Rutter WB. Distinct Genomic Loci Underlie Quantitative Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii Galling and Reproduction in Citrullus amarus. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2126-2132. [PMID: 36548923 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-22-2228-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii is a virulent species of root-knot nematode that threatens watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production in the southeastern United States. There are no known sources of root-knot nematode resistance in cultivated C. lanatus. Specific genotypes of a wild watermelon relative, C. amarus, are resistant against M. incognita but the genetics that underly this resistance are still unknown and it is not clear that this same resistance will be effective against M. enterolobii. To identify and characterize new sources of resistance to M. enterolobii, we screened 108 diverse C. amarus lines alongside a susceptible C. lanatus cultivar (Charleston Gray) for resistance against M. enterolobii. Different C. amarus genotypes ranged from resistant to susceptible for the three resistance phenotypes measured; mean percent root system galled ranged from 10 to 73%, mean egg mass counts ranged from 0.3 to 64.5, and mean eggs per gram of root ranged from 326 to 146,160. We used each of these three resistance phenotypes combined with whole-genome resequencing data to conduct a genome-wide association scan that identified significant associations between M. enterolobii resistance and 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the C. amarus genome. Interestingly, SNPs associated with reduced galling and egg masses were located within a single quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome Ca03, while reductions in nematode eggs per gram of root were associated with separate QTL on chromosomes Ca04 and Ca08. The results of this study suggest that multiple genes are involved with M. enterolobii resistance in C. amarus and the SNPs identified will assist with efforts to breed for M. enterolobii resistance in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Waldo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Sandra E Branham
- Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Amnon Levi
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414
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20
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Harris W, Kim S, Vӧlz R, Lee YH. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens: Distinct strategies to be one step ahead. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:637-650. [PMID: 36942744 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens, vital in determining the success of pathogenic colonization. Secreted effectors undermine a multitude of host cellular processes depending on their target destination. Effectors are classified by their localization as either extracellular (apoplastic) or intracellular. Intracellular effectors can be further subclassified by their compartment such as the nucleus, cytoplasm or chloroplast. Nuclear effectors bring into question the role of the plant nucleus' intrinsic defence strategies and their vulnerability to effector-based manipulation. Nuclear effectors interfere with multiple nuclear processes including the epigenetic regulation of the host chromatin, the impairment of the trans-kingdom antifungal RNAi machinery, and diverse classes of immunity-associated host proteins. These effector-targeted pathways are widely conserved among different hosts and regulate a broad array of plant cellular processes. Thus, these nuclear sites constitute meaningful targets for effectors to subvert the plant defence system and acquire resources for pathogenic propagation. This review provides an extensive and comparative compilation of diverse plant microbe nuclear effector libraries, thereby highlighting the distinct and conserved mechanisms these effectors employ to modulate plant cellular processes for the pathogen's profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Vӧlz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Wang J, Wang D, Ji X, Wang J, Klosterman SJ, Dai X, Chen J, Subbarao KV, Hao X, Zhang D. The Verticillium dahliae Small Cysteine-Rich Protein VdSCP23 Manipulates Host Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119403. [PMID: 37298354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil-borne fungal disease and seriously threatens the yield of economic crops worldwide. During host infection, V. dahliae secretes many effectors that manipulate host immunity, among which small cysteine-rich proteins (SCPs) play an important role. However, the exact roles of many SCPs from V. dahliae are unknown and varied. In this study, we show that the small cysteine-rich protein VdSCP23 inhibits cell necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, electrolyte leakage and the expression of defense-related genes. VdSCP23 is mainly localized in the plant cell plasma membrane and nucleus, but its inhibition of immune responses was independent of its nuclear localization. Site-directed mutagenesis and peptide truncation showed that the inhibition function of VdSCP23 was independent of cysteine residues but was dependent on the N-glycosylation sites and the integrity of VdSCP23 protein structure. Deletion of VdSCP23 did not affect the growth and development of mycelia or conidial production in V. dahliae. Unexpectedly, VdSCP23 deletion strains still maintained their virulence for N. benthamiana, Gossypium hirsutum and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. This study demonstrates an important role for VdSCP23 in the inhibition of plant immune responses; however, it is not required for normal growth or virulence in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Dan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaobin Ji
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
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22
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Umer MJ, Zheng J, Yang M, Batool R, Abro AA, Hou Y, Xu Y, Gebremeskel H, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang B. Insights to Gossypium defense response against Verticillium dahliae: the Cotton Cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:142. [PMID: 37121989 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, also referred as "The Cotton Cancer," is responsible for causing Verticillium wilt in cotton crops, a destructive disease with a global impact. To infect cotton plants, the pathogen employs multiple virulence mechanisms such as releasing enzymes that degrade cell walls, activating genes that contribute to virulence, and using protein effectors. Conversely, cotton plants have developed numerous defense mechanisms to combat the impact of V. dahliae. These include strengthening the cell wall by producing lignin and depositing callose, discharging reactive oxygen species, and amassing hormones related to defense. Despite the efforts to develop resistant cultivars, there is still no permanent solution to Verticillium wilt due to a limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive both resistance and pathogenesis is currently prevalent. To address this challenge, cutting-edge technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and gene delivery via nano-carriers could be employed as effective alternatives to control the disease. This article intends to present an overview of V. dahliae virulence mechanisms and discuss the different cotton defense mechanisms against Verticillium wilt, including morphophysiological and biochemical responses and signaling pathways including jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and strigolactones (SLs). Additionally, the article highlights the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gene expression regulation, as well as the different methods employed to identify and functionally validate genes to achieve resistance against this disease. Gaining a more profound understanding of these mechanisms could potentially result in the creation of more efficient strategies for combating Verticillium wilt in cotton crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamir Ali Abro
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - ZhongLi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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23
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Wang Z, Li T, Zhang X, Feng J, Liu Z, Shan W, Joosten MHAJ, Govers F, Du Y. A Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector targets a potato ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein to inhibit the proteasome activity and hamper plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:781-797. [PMID: 36653957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing proteins (UDPs) are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system because of their ability to interact with the 26S proteasome. Here, we identified potato StUDP as a target of the Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi06432 (PITG_06432), which supresses the salicylic acid (SA)-related immune pathway. By overexpressing and silencing of StUDP in potato, we show that StUDP negatively regulates plant immunity against P. infestans. StUDP interacts with, and destabilizes, the 26S proteasome subunit that is referred to as REGULATORY PARTICLE TRIPLE-A ATP-ASE (RPT) subunit StRPT3b. This destabilization represses the proteasome activity. Proteomic analysis and Western blotting show that StUDP decreases the stability of the master transcription factor SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1) in SA biosynthesis. StUDP negatively regulates the SA signalling pathway by repressing the proteasome activity and destabilizing StSARD1, leading to a decreased expression of the SARD1-targeted gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 and thereby a decrease in SA content. Pi06432 stabilizes StUDP, and it depends on StUDP to destabilize StRPT3b and thereby supress the proteasome activity. Our study reveals that the P. infestans effector Pi06432 targets StUDP to hamper the homeostasis of the proteasome by the degradation of the proteasome subunit StRPT3b and thereby suppresses SA-related immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiashu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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24
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Singh SK, Shree A, Verma S, Singh K, Kumar K, Srivastava V, Singh R, Saxena S, Singh AP, Pandey A, Verma PK. The nuclear effector ArPEC25 from the necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta rabiei targets the chickpea transcription factor CaβLIM1a and negatively modulates lignin biosynthesis, increasing host susceptibility. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1134-1159. [PMID: 36585808 PMCID: PMC10015165 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens deploy a barrage of secreted effectors to subvert host immunity, often by evading, disrupting, or altering key components of transcription, defense signaling, and metabolic pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms of effectors and their host targets are largely unexplored in necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Here, we describe the effector protein Ascochyta rabiei PEXEL-like Effector Candidate 25 (ArPEC25), which is secreted by the necrotroph A. rabiei, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and is indispensable for virulence. After entering host cells, ArPEC25 localizes to the nucleus and targets the host LIM transcription factor CaβLIM1a. CaβLIM1a is a transcriptional regulator of CaPAL1, which encodes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the regulatory, gatekeeping enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. ArPEC25 inhibits the transactivation of CaβLIM1a by interfering with its DNA-binding ability, resulting in negative regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and decreased levels of intermediates of lignin biosynthesis, thereby suppressing lignin production. Our findings illustrate the role of fungal effectors in enhancing virulence by targeting a key defense pathway that leads to the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites and antifungal compounds. This study provides a template for the study of less explored necrotrophic effectors and their host target functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreenivas Kumar Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ankita Shree
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sandhya Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kunal Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Samiksha Saxena
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Agam Prasad Singh
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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25
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Sun L, Wu X, Diao J, Zhang J. Pathogenesis mechanisms of phytopathogen effectors. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1592. [PMID: 36593734 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants commonly face the threat of invasion by a wide variety of pathogens and have developed sophisticated immune mechanisms to defend against infectious diseases. However, successful pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms to overcome host immunity and cause diseases. Different cell structures and unique cellular organelles carried by plant cells endow plant-specific defense mechanisms, in addition to the common framework of innate immune system shared by both plants and animals. Effectors serve as crucial virulence weapons employed by phytopathogens to disarm the plant immune system and promote infection. Here we summarized the many diverse strategies by which phytopathogen effectors overcome plant defense and prospected future perspectives. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Diao
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Verticillium dahliae Effector VdCE11 Contributes to Virulence by Promoting Accumulation and Activity of the Aspartic Protease GhAP1 from Cotton. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0354722. [PMID: 36656049 PMCID: PMC9927275 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03547-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne plant fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt, a disease that reduces the yields of many economically important crops. Despite its worldwide distribution and harmful impacts, much remains unknown regarding how the numerous effectors of V. dahliae modulate plant immunity. Here, we identified the intracellular effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana to counter leaf pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. VdCE11 also contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity, since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further, VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. Taken together, these results indicate a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby the secreted effector VdCE11 increases cotton susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1. IMPORTANCE Verticclium dahliae is a plant fungal pathogen that causes a destructive vascular disease on a large number of plant hosts, resulting in great threat to agricultural production. In this study, we identified a V. dahliae effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, VdCE11 contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further research showed that VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. These results suggested that a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby VdCE11 increases susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1 in the host.
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27
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Wang Y, Tang M, Zhang Y, Huang M, Wei L, Lin Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Li B, Yu X. Coordinated regulation of plant defense and autoimmunity by paired trihelix transcription factors ASR3/AITF1 in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:914-929. [PMID: 36266950 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive pathogens and induce robust transcriptional reprogramming to rapidly achieve immunity. The mechanisms of how immune-related genes are transcriptionally regulated remain largely unknown. Previously, the trihelix transcriptional factor ARABIDOPSIS SH4-RELATED 3 (ASR3) was shown to negatively regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we identified another trihelix family member ASR3-Interacting Transcriptional Factor 1 (AITF1) as an interacting protein of ASR3. ASR3-Interacting Transcriptional Factor 1 and ASR3 form heterogenous and homogenous dimers in planta. Both aitf1 and asr3 single mutants exhibited increased resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, but the double mutant showed reduced resistance, suggesting AITF1 and ASR3 interdependently regulate immune gene expression and resistance. Overexpression of AITF1 triggered autoimmunity dependently on its DNA-binding ability and the presence of ASR3. Notably, autoimmunity caused by overexpression of AITF1 was dependent on a TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) protein suppressor of AITF1-induced autoimmunity 1 (SAA1), as well as enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), the central regulator of TNL signaling. ASR3-Interacting Transcriptional Factor 1 and ASR3 directly activated SAA1 expression through binding to the GT-boxes in SAA1 promoter. Collectively, our results revealed a mechanism of trihelix transcription factor complex in regulating immune gene expression, thereby modulating plant disease resistance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Meng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mengling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Maurus I, Harting R, Herrfurth C, Starke J, Nagel A, Mohnike L, Chen YY, Schmitt K, Bastakis E, Süß MT, Leonard M, Heimel K, Valerius O, Feussner I, Kronstad JW, Braus GH. Verticillium dahliae Vta3 promotes ELV1 virulence factor gene expression in xylem sap, but tames Mtf1-mediated late stages of fungus-plant interactions and microsclerotia formation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011100. [PMID: 36716333 PMCID: PMC9910802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium transcription activator of adhesion 3 (Vta3) is required for plant root colonization and pathogenicity of the soil-borne vascular fungus Verticillium dahliae. RNA sequencing identified Vta3-dependent genetic networks required for growth in tomato xylem sap. Vta3 affects the expression of more than 1,000 transcripts, including candidates with predicted functions in virulence and morphogenesis such as Egh16-like virulence factor 1 (Elv1) and Master transcription factor 1 (Mtf1). The genes encoding Elv1 and Mtf1 were deleted and their functions in V. dahliae growth and virulence on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were investigated using genetics, plant infection experiments, gene expression studies and phytohormone analyses. Vta3 contributes to virulence by promoting ELV1 expression, which is dispensable for vegetative growth and conidiation. Vta3 decreases disease symptoms mediated by Mtf1 in advanced stages of tomato plant colonization, while Mtf1 induces the expression of fungal effector genes and tomato pathogenesis-related protein genes. The levels of pipecolic and salicylic acids functioning in tomato defense signaling against (hemi-) biotrophic pathogens depend on the presence of MTF1, which promotes the formation of resting structures at the end of the infection cycle. In summary, the presence of VTA3 alters gene expression of virulence factors and tames the Mtf1 genetic subnetwork for late stages of plant disease progression and subsequent survival of the fungus in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Maurus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Starke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nagel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Mohnike
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Bastakis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marian T. Süß
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Leonard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kai Heimel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Chen B, Zhu QH, Zhang X, Sun T, Liu F, Yang Y, Sun J, Li Y. Identification of sugar transporter genes and their roles in the pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae on cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1123523. [PMID: 36778686 PMCID: PMC9910176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Verticillium wilt (VW) caused by Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne vascular fungal disease that severely affects cotton yield and fiber quality. Sugar metabolism plays an important role in the growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. However, limited information is known about the sugar transporter genes and their roles in the growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. METHOD In this study, genome-wide identification of sugar transporter genes in V. dahliae was conducted and the expression profiles of these genes in response to root exudates from cotton varieties susceptible or resistant to V. dahliae were investigated based on RNA-seq data. Tobacco Rattle Virus-based host-induced gene silencing (TRV-based HIGS) and artificial small interfering RNAs (asiRNAs) were applied to investigate the function of candidate genes involved in the growth and pathogenic process of V. dahliae. RESULTS A total of 65 putative sugar transporter genes were identified and clustered into 8 Clades. Of the 65 sugar transporter genes, 9 were found to be induced only by root exudates from the susceptible variety, including VdST3 and VdST12 that were selected for further functional study. Silencing of VdST3 or VdST12 in host plants by TRV-based HIGS reduced fungal biomass and enhanced cotton resistance against V. dahliae. Additionally, silencing of VdST12 and VdST3 by feeding asiRNAs targeting VdST12 (asiR815 or asiR1436) and VdST3 (asiR201 or asiR1238) inhibited fungal growth, exhibiting significant reduction in hyphae and colony diameter, with a more significant effect observed for the asiRNAs targeting VdST12. The inhibitory effect of asiRNAs on the growth of V. dahliae was enhanced with the increasing concentration of asiRNAs. Silencing of VdST12 by feeding asiR815+asiR1436 significantly decreased the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. DISCUSSION The results suggest that VdST3 and VdST12 are sugar transporter genes required for growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae and that asiRNA is a valuable tool for functional characterization of V. dahliae genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tiange Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Cotton Research Institute, Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Li X, Yang R, Liang Y, Gao B, Li S, Bai W, Oliver MJ, Zhang D. The ScAPD1-like gene from the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis enhances resistance to Verticillium dahliae via phenylpropanoid gene regulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:75-91. [PMID: 36416176 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soloist is a member of a distinct and small subfamily within the AP2/ERF transcriptional factor family that play important roles in plant biotic and abiotic stress responses. There are limited studies of Soloist genes and their functions are poorly understood. We characterized the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance function of the ScSoloist gene (designated as ScAPD1-like) from the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis. ScAPD1-like responded to multiple abiotic, biotic stresses and plant hormone treatments. ScAPD1-like protein located to the nucleus and bound to several DNA elements. Overexpression of ScAPD1-like in Arabidopsis did not alter abiotic stress resistance or inhibit Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection. However, overexpression of ScAPD1-like significantly increased the resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis and S. caninervis to Verticillium dahliae infection, decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation and improved reactive oxygen species scavenging activity. ScAPD1-like overexpression plants altered the abundance of transcripts for lignin synthesis and promoted lignin accumulation in Arabidopsis. ScAPD1-like directly bind to RAV1, AC elements, and TATA-box in the promoters of AtPAL1 and AtC4H genes, respectively, in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays demonstrated ScAPD1-like directly bound to PAL and C4H genes promoters in Arabidopsis and their homologs in S. caninervis. In S. caninervis, ScAPD1-like overexpression and RNAi directly regulated the abundance of ScPAL and ScC4H transcripts and modified the metabolites of phenylpropanoid pathway. We provide insight into the function of Soloist in plant defense mechanisms that likely occurs through activation of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. ScAPD1-like is a promising candidate gene for breeding strategies to improve resistance to Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Shimin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenwan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Melvin J Oliver
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Urumqi, 830011, China
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Guo J, Cao P, Yuan L, Xia G, Zhang H, Li J, Wang F. Revealing the contribution of GbPR10.5D1 to resistance against Verticillium dahliae and its regulation for structural defense and immune signaling. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20271. [PMID: 36281215 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As an important family of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, the functional diversification and roles of PR10s in biotic stress have been well documented. However, the molecular basis of PR10s in plant defense responses against pathogens remains to be further understood. In the present study, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationship and function of a novel PR10 named GbPR10.5D1 in Sea-Island (or Pima or Egyptian) cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), which has been identified as a Verticillium dahliae Kleb.-induced protein in a previous proteomics study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GbPR10.5D1, located on chromosome 2, is a unique member of GbPR10. The expression of GbPR10.5D1 was preferably in the root and induced upon V. dahliae infection. GbPR10.5D1 proteins were distributed in both nucleus and cytoplasm. GbPR10.5D1-virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) cotton plants were more susceptible to infection by V. dahliae, whereas overexpression (OE) of GbPR10.5D1 in cotton enhanced the resistance. By comparative transcriptome analysis between GbPR10.5D1-OE and wild-type (WT) plants and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) verification, we found transcriptional activation of genes involved in cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling under normal conditions. Upon pathogen infection, defense signaling, fatty acid degradation, and glycerolipid metabolism were specifically activated in GbPR10.5D1-OE plants; biological processes (BPs), including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, DNA replication, and cell wall organization, were specifically repressed in WT plants. Collectively, we proposed that GbPR10.5D1 possibly mediated lipid metabolism pathway to strengthen structural defense and activate defense signaling, which largely released the repression of cell growth caused by V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Univ., Baoding, 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Peihua Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Univ., Baoding, 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Leitian Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Univ., Baoding, 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huanyang Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuncheng, Shanxi, 044000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuncheng, Shanxi, 044000, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Univ., Baoding, 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Transcription Factor VdCf2 Regulates Growth, Pathogenicity, and the Expression of a Putative Secondary Metabolism Gene Cluster in Verticillium dahliae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0138522. [PMID: 36342142 PMCID: PMC9680623 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01385-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae
is an important soilborne phytopathogen which can ruinously attack numerous host plants and cause significant economic losses. Transcription factors (TFs) were reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as hyphal growth and virulence of pathogenic fungi.
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Wang Y, Shen C, Jiang Q, Wang Z, Gao C, Wang W. Seed priming with calcium chloride enhances stress tolerance in rice seedlings. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111381. [PMID: 35853520 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a crucial second messenger in plant cells and contributes to plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. Plant defense priming with natural or synthetic compounds leads to quicker and stronger resistance responses. However, whether pretreatment of plant seeds with calcium could improve their resistance to stress remains poorly understood. In this study, we showed that rice seedlings grown from calcium chloride (CaCl2)-pretreated seeds displayed enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and the rice bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo). Seed priming with CaCl2 also led to enhanced rice tolerance to salt and cold. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst increased significantly upon immunity activation in the leaves of rice seedlings grown from CaCl2-pretreated seeds. Additionally, we analyzed the rice calmodulin-binding protein 60 (OsCBP60) family and found that there were 19 OsCBP60s in rice cultivar Zhonghua 11 (ZH11). The transcripts of several OsCBP60s were chitin- and M. oryzae-inducible, suggesting that they may contribute to rice resistance. Taken together, these data indicate that seed priming with CaCl2 can effectively enhance rice tolerance to multiple stresses, perhaps by boosting the burst of ROS, and OsCBP60 family members may also play an essential role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengbin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiaochu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhanchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chenyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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34
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Wu M, Li Q, Xia G, Zhang Y, Wang F. New insights into defense responses against Verticillium dahliae infection revealed by a quantitative proteomic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:980-994. [PMID: 35908800 DOI: 10.1071/fp22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a highly destructive fungal disease that attacks a broad range of plants, including many major crops. However, the mechanism underlying plant immunity toward Verticillium dahliae is very complex and requires further study. By combining bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we investigated plant defence responses against V. dahliae infection in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. A total of 301 increased and 214 decreased differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between mock and infected wild type (WT) plants were acquired and bioinformatics analyses were then conducted and compared (increased vs decreased) in detail. In addition to the currently known mechanisms, several new clues about plant immunity against V. dahliae infection were found in this study: (1) exosome formation was dramatically induced by V. dahliae attack; (2) tryptophan-derived camalexin and cyanogenic biosynthesis were durably promoted in response to infection; and (3) various newly identified components were activated for hub immunity responses. These new clues provide valuable information that extends the current knowledge about the molecular basis of plant immunity against V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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35
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Sun L, Qin J, Wu X, Zhang J, Zhang J. TOUCH 3 and CALMODULIN 1/4/6 cooperate with calcium-dependent protein kinases to trigger calcium-dependent activation of CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G and regulate fungal resistance in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4088-4104. [PMID: 35863056 PMCID: PMC9516039 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants utilize localized cell-surface and intracellular receptors to sense microbes and activate the influx of calcium, which serves as an important second messenger in eukaryotes to regulate cellular responses. However, the mechanisms through which plants decipher calcium influx to activate immune responses remain largely unknown. Here, we show that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger calcium-dependent phosphorylation of CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G (CBP60g) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE5 (CPK5) phosphorylates CBP60g directly, thereby enhancing its transcription factor activity. TOUCH 3 (TCH3) and its homologs CALMODULIN (CAM) 1/4/6 and CPK4/5/6/11 are required for PAMP-induced CBP60g phosphorylation. TCH3 interferes with the auto-inhibitory region of CPK5 and promotes CPK5-mediated CBP60g phosphorylation. Furthermore, CPKs-mediated CBP60g phosphorylation positively regulates plant resistance to soil-borne fungal pathogens. These lines of evidence uncover a novel calcium signal decoding mechanism during plant immunity through which TCH3 relieves auto-inhibition of CPK5 to phosphorylate and activate CBP60g. The findings reveal cooperative interconnections between different types of calcium sensors in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 710023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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De Mandal S, Jeon J. Nuclear Effectors in Plant Pathogenic Fungi. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:259-268. [PMID: 36404902 PMCID: PMC9645283 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear import of proteins is a fundamental process in the eukaryotes including plant. It has become evident that such basic process is exploited by nuclear effectors that contain nuclear localization signal (NLS) and are secreted into host cells by fungal pathogens of plants. However, only a handful of nuclear effectors have been known and characterized to date. Here, we first summarize the types of NLSs and prediction tools available, and then delineate examples of fungal nuclear effectors and their roles in pathogenesis. Based on the knowledge on NLSs and what has been gleaned from the known nuclear effectors, we point out the gaps in our understanding of fungal nuclear effectors that need to be filled in the future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit De Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Ustilaginoidea virens Nuclear Effector SCRE4 Suppresses Rice Immunity via Inhibiting Expression of a Positive Immune Regulator OsARF17. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810527. [PMID: 36142440 PMCID: PMC9501289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens has become one of the most important diseases in rice. The large effector repertory in U. virens plays a crucial role in virulence. However, current knowledge of molecular mechanisms how U. virens effectors target rice immune signaling to promote infection is very limited. In this study, we identified and characterized an essential virulence effector, SCRE4 (Secreted Cysteine-Rich Effector 4), in U. virens. SCRE4 was confirmed as a secreted nuclear effector through yeast secretion, translocation assays and protein subcellular localization, as well as up-regulation during infection. The SCRE4 gene deletion attenuated the virulence of U. virens to rice. Consistently, ectopic expression of SCRE4 in rice inhibited chitin-triggered immunity and enhanced susceptibility to false smut, substantiating that SCRE4 is an essential virulence factor. Furthermore, SCRE4 transcriptionally suppressed the expression of OsARF17, an auxin response factor in rice, which positively regulates rice immune responses and resistance against U. virens. Additionally, the immunosuppressive capacity of SCRE4 depended on its nuclear localization. Therefore, we uncovered a virulence strategy in U. virens that transcriptionally suppresses the expression of the immune positive modulator OsARF17 through nucleus-localized effector SCRE4 to facilitate infection.
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Yan T, Zhou X, Li J, Li G, Zhao Y, Wang H, Li H, Nie Y, Li Y. FoCupin1, a Cupin_1 domain-containing protein, is necessary for the virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1001540. [PMID: 36110302 PMCID: PMC9468701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is an important soilborne fungal pathogen that causes the most devastating banana disease. Effectors secreted by microbes contribute to pathogen virulence on host plants in plant-microbe interactions. However, functions of Foc TR4 effectors remain largely unexplored. In this study, we characterized a novel cupin_1 domain-containing protein (FoCupin1) from Foc TR4. Sequence analysis indicated that the homologous proteins of FoCupin1 in phytopathogenic fungi were evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, FoCupin1 could suppress BAX-mediated cell death and significantly downregulate the expression of defense-related genes in tobacco by using the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system. FoCupin1 was highly induced in the early stage of Foc TR4 infection. The deletion of FoCupin1 gene did not affect Foc TR4 growth and conidiation. However, FoCupin1 deletion significantly reduced Foc TR4 virulence on banana plants, which was further confirmed by biomass assay. The expression of the defense-related genes in banana was significantly induced after inoculation with FoCupin1 mutants. These results collectively indicate FoCupin1 is a putative effector protein that plays an essential role in Foc TR4 pathogenicity. These findings suggest a novel role for cupin_1 domain-containing proteins and deepen our understanding of effector-mediated Foc TR4 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yan
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieling Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanjun Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaping Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huaping Li,
| | - Yanfang Nie
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yanfang Nie,
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yunfeng Li,
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Nakano M, Omae N, Tsuda K. Inter-organismal phytohormone networks in plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102258. [PMID: 35820321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are produced by plants and play central roles in interactions with pathogenic and beneficial microbes as well as plant growth and development. Each phytohormone pathway consists of its biosynthesis, transport, perception, and signaling and is intertwined with each other at various levels to form phytohormone networks in plants. Different kinds of microbes also produce phytohormones that exert physiological roles within microbes and manipulate phytohormone networks in plants by using phytohormones, their mimics, and proteinaceous effectors. In turn, plant-derived phytohormones can directly or indirectly through plant signaling networks affect microbial metabolism and community assembly. Therefore, phytohormone networks in plants and microbes are connected through plant and microbial phytohormones and other molecules to form inter-organismal phytohormone networks. In this review, we summarize recent progress on molecular mechanisms of inter-organismal phytohormone networks and discuss future steps necessary for advancing our understanding of phytohormone networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Natsuki Omae
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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40
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Yin C, Li J, Wang D, Zhang D, Song J, Kong Z, Wang B, Hu X, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. A secreted ribonuclease effector from Verticillium dahliae localizes in the plant nucleus to modulate host immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1122-1140. [PMID: 35363930 PMCID: PMC9276946 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The arms race between fungal pathogens and plant hosts involves recognition of fungal effectors to induce host immunity. Although various fungal effectors have been identified, the effector functions of ribonucleases are largely unknown. Herein, we identified a ribonuclease secreted by Verticillium dahliae (VdRTX1) that translocates into the plant nucleus to modulate immunity. The activity of VdRTX1 causes hypersensitive response (HR)-related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton. VdRTX1 possesses a signal peptide but is unlikely to be an apoplastic effector because its nuclear localization in the plant is necessary for cell death induction. Knockout of VdRTX1 significantly enhanced V. dahliae virulence on tobacco while V. dahliae employs the known suppressor VdCBM1 to escape the immunity induced by VdRTX1. VdRTX1 homologs are widely distributed in fungi but transient expression of 24 homologs from other fungi did not yield cell death induction, suggesting that this function is specific to the VdRTX1 in V. dahliae. Expression of site-directed mutants of VdRTX1 in N. benthamiana leaves revealed conserved ligand-binding sites that are important for VdRTX1 function in inducing cell death. Thus, VdRTX1 functions as a unique HR-inducing effector in V. dahliae that contributes to the activation of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Mei Yin
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Food Science TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jun‐Jiao Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan‐Dan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian Song
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Kong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bao‐Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jie‐Yin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Feng Dai
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Food Science TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Huang L, Li G, Wang Q, Meng Q, Xu F, Chen Q, Liu F, Hu Y, Luo M. GhCYP710A1 Participates in Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt by Regulating Stigmasterol Synthesis and Plasma Membrane Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158437. [PMID: 35955570 PMCID: PMC9368853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is an important economic crop. Cotton Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae seriously damages production. Phytosterols play roles in plant-pathogen interaction. To explore the function and related mechanism of phytosterols in the interaction between Verticillium dahliae and cotton plants, and the resistance to Verticillium wilt, in this study, we analyzed the changes of sterol composition and content in cotton roots infected by Verticillium dahliae, and identified the sterol C22-desaturase gene GhCYP710A1 from upland cotton. Through overexpressing and silencing the gene in cotton plant, and ectopically expressing the gene in Arabidopsis, we characterized the changes of sterol composition and the resistance to Verticillium wilt in transgenic plants. The infection of Verticillium dahliae resulted in the content of total sterol and each sterol category decreasing in cotton root. The ratio of stigmasterol to sitosterol (St/Si) increased, indicating that the conversion of sitosterol to stigmasterol was activated. Consistently, the expression level of GhCYP710A1 was upregulated after infection. The GhCYP710A1 has the conservative domain that is essential for sterol C22-desaturase in plant and is highly expressed in root and stem, and its subcellular location is in the endoplasmic reticulum. The ectopic expression of GhCYP710A1 gene promoted the synthesis of stigmasterol in Arabidopsis. The St/Si value is dose-dependent with the expression level of GhCYP710A1 gene. Meanwhile, the resistance to Verticillium wilt of transgenic Arabidopsis increased and the permeability of cell membrane decreased, and the content of ROS decreased after V991 (a strain of Verticillium dahliae) infection. Consistently, the resistance to Verticillium wilt significantly increased in the transgenic cotton plants overexpressing GhCYP710A1. The membrane permeability and the colonization of V991 strain in transgenic roots were decreased. On the contrary, silencing GhCYP710A1 resulted in the resistance to Verticillium wilt being decreased. The membrane permeability and the colonization of V991 were increased in cotton roots. The expression change of GhCYP710A1 and the content alteration of stigmasterol lead to changes in JA signal transduction, hypersensitivity and ROS metabolism in cotton, which might be a cause for regulating the Verticillium wilt resistance of cotton plant. These results indicated that GhCYP710A1 might be a target gene in cotton resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Guiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Qian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yulin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.H.); (G.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (F.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Silencing of a Cotton Actin-Binding Protein GhWLIM1C Decreases Resistance against Verticillium dahliae Infection. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141828. [PMID: 35890462 PMCID: PMC9316592 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LIM proteins are widely spread in various types of plant cells and play diversely crucial cellular roles through actin cytoskeleton assembly and gene expression regulation. Till now, it has not been clear whether LIM proteins function in plant pathogen defense. In this study, we characterized a LIM protein, GhWLIM1C, in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We found that GhWLIM1C could bind and bundle the actin cytoskeleton, and it contains two LIM domains (LIM1 and LIM2). Both the two domains could bind directly to the actin filaments. Moreover, the LIM2 domain additionally bundles the actin cytoskeleton, indicating that it possesses a different biochemical activity than LIM1. The expression of GhWLIM1C responds to the infection of the cotton fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae). Silencing of GhWLIM1C decreased cotton resistance to V. dahliae. These may be associated with the down regulated plant defense response, including the PR genes expression and ROS accumulation in the infected cotton plants. In all, these results provide new evidence that a plant LIM protein functions in plant pathogen resistance and the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton are closely related to the triggering of the plant defense response.
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Chitin Synthase Genes Are Differentially Required for Growth, Stress Response, and Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070681. [PMID: 35887437 PMCID: PMC9320267 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop wilt disease caused by Verticillium dahliae usually leads to serious yield loss. Chitin, an important component of most fungal cell walls, functions to maintain the rigidity of cell walls and septa. Chitin synthesis mainly relies on the activity of chitin synthase (CHS). Eight CHS genes have been predicted in V. dahliae. In this study, we characterized the functions of these genes in terms of growth, stress responses, penetration, and virulence. Results showed that VdCHS5 is important for conidia germination and resistance to hyperosmotic stress. Conidial production is significantly decreased in Vdchs1, Vdchs4, and Vdchs8 mutants. VdCHS1, VdCHS2, VdCHS4, VdCHS6, VdCHS7, and VdCHS8 genes are important for cell wall integrity, while all mutants are important for cell membrane integrity. All of the VdCHS genes, except for VdCHS3, are required for the full pathogenicity of V. dahliae to Arabidopsis thaliana and cotton plants. The in vitro and in vivo penetration of Vdchs1, Vdchs4, Vdchs6, and Vdchs7 mutants was impaired, while that of the other mutants was normal. Overall, our results indicate that the VdCHS genes exert diverse functions to regulate the growth and development, conidial germination, conidial production, stress response, penetration, and virulence in V. dahliae.
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Transcriptional regulation of plant innate immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:607-620. [PMID: 35726519 PMCID: PMC9528082 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional reprogramming is an integral part of plant immunity. Tight regulation of the immune transcriptome is essential for a proper response of plants to different types of pathogens. Consequently, transcriptional regulators are proven targets of pathogens to enhance their virulence. The plant immune transcriptome is regulated by many different, interconnected mechanisms that can determine the rate at which genes are transcribed. These include intracellular calcium signaling, modulation of the redox state, post-translational modifications of transcriptional regulators, histone modifications, DNA methylation, modulation of RNA polymerases, alternative transcription inititation, the Mediator complex and regulation by non-coding RNAs. In addition, on their journey from transcription to translation, mRNAs are further modulated through mechanisms such as nuclear RNA retention, storage of mRNA in stress granules and P-bodies, and post-transcriptional gene silencing. In this review, we highlight the latest insights into these mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss some emerging technologies that promise to greatly enhance our understanding of the regulation of the plant immune transcriptome in the future.
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Action Mechanisms of Effectors in Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126758. [PMID: 35743201 PMCID: PMC9224169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.
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Zhang DD, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY. The secretome of Verticillium dahliae in collusion with plant defence responses modulates Verticillium wilt symptoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1810-1822. [PMID: 35478378 PMCID: PMC9542920 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil‐borne pathogen that enters hosts through the roots and proliferates in the plant water‐conducting elements to cause Verticillium wilt. Historically, Verticillium wilt symptoms have been explained by vascular occlusion, due to the accumulation of mycelia and plant biomacromolecule aggregation, and also by phytotoxicity caused by pathogen‐secreted toxins. Beyond the direct cytotoxicity of some members of the secretome, this review systematically discusses the roles of the V. dahliae secretome in vascular occlusion, including the deposition of polysaccharides as an outcome of plant cell wall destruction, the accumulation of fungal mycelia, and modulation of plant defence responses. By modulating plant defences and hormone levels, the secretome manipulates the vascular environment to induce Verticillium wilt. Thus, the secretome of V. dahliae colludes with plant defence responses to modulate Verticillium wilt symptoms, and thereby bridges the historical concepts of both toxin production by the pathogen and vascular occlusion as the cause of wilting symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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47
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
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A Kinesin Vdkin2 Required for Vacuole Formation, Mycelium Growth, and Penetration Structure Formation of Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040391. [PMID: 35448622 PMCID: PMC9030024 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne vascular fungus Verticillium dahliae infects hundreds of dicotyledonous plants, causing severe wilt diseases. During the initial colonization, V. dahliae develops a penetration peg to enable infection of cotton roots. In some phytopathogenic fungi, vacuoles play a critical role in normal formation of the infection structure. Kinesin 2 protein is associated with vacuole formation in Ustilago maydis. To identify the function of vacuoles in the V. dahliae infection structure, we identified VdKin2, an ortholog of kinesin 2, in V. dahliae and investigated its function through gene knockout. VdKin2 mutants showed severe defects in virulence and were suppressed during initial infection and root colonization based on observation of green fluorescent protein-labeled V. dahliae. We also found that deletion of VdKin2 compromised penetration peg formation and the derived septin neck. Disruption strains were viable and showed normal microsclerotia formation, whereas mycelium growth and conidial production were reduced, with shorter and more branched hyphae. Furthermore, the VdKin2 mutant, unlike wild-type V. dahliae, lacked a large basal vacuole, accompanied by a failure to generate concentrated lipid droplets. Taken together, VdKin2 regulates vacuole formation by V. dahliae, which is required for conidiation, mycelium growth, and penetration structure formation during initial plant root infection.
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Choudhary A, Senthil-Kumar M. Drought attenuates plant defence against bacterial pathogens by suppressing the expression of CBP60g/SARD1 during combined stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1127-1145. [PMID: 35102557 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are frequently exposed to drought and bacterial pathogens simultaneously. However, information on how the drought and defence pathways interact and orchestrate global transcriptional regulation is limited. Here, we show that moderate drought stress enhances the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Using transcriptome meta-analysis, we found that drought and bacterial stress antagonistically modulate a large set of genes predominantly involved in salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling networks. We identified that the levels of SA and ABA are dynamically regulated during the course of stress. Importantly, under combined stress, drought through the ABA pathway downregulates the induction of Calmodulin-binding Protein 60 g (CBP60g) and Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1 (SARD1), two transcription factors crucial for SA production upon bacterial infection. We also identified an important role of NPR1-LIKE PROTEIN 3 and 4 (NPR3/4) transcriptional repressors in the drought-mediated negative regulation of CBP60g/SARD1 expression. Using a genetic approach, we show that CBP60g/SARD1 expression is the key determinant of plant defence against bacterial pathogens under combined stress. Thus, these transcription factors act as critical nodes for the crosstalk between drought and bacterial stress signalling under combined stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Choudhary
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Verticillium dahliae CFEM proteins manipulate host immunity and differentially contribute to virulence. BMC Biol 2022; 20:55. [PMID: 35197059 PMCID: PMC8867779 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Verticillium dahliae is a fungal pathogen that causes a vascular wilt on many economically important crops. Common fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) domain proteins including secreted types have been implicated in virulence, but their roles in this pathogen are still unknown. Results Nine secreted small cysteine-rich proteins (VdSCPs) with CFEM domains were identified by bioinformatic analyses and their differential suppression of host immune responses were evaluated. Two of these proteins, VdSCP76 and VdSCP77, localized to the plant plasma membrane owing to their signal peptides and mediated broad-spectrum suppression of all immune responses induced by typical effectors. Deletion of either VdSCP76 or VdSCP77 significantly reduced the virulence of V. dahliae on cotton. Furthermore, VdSCP76 and VdSCP77 suppressed host immunity through the potential iron binding site conserved in CFEM family members, characterized by an aspartic acid residue in seven VdSCPs (Asp-type) in contrast with an asparagine residue (Asn-type) in VdSCP76 and VdSCP77. V. dahliae isolates carrying the Asn-type CFEM members were more virulent on cotton than those carrying the Asp-type. Conclusions In the iron-insufficient xylem, V. dahliae is likely to employ the Asp-type CFEM members to chelate iron, and Asn-type CFEM members to suppress immunity, for successful colonization and propagation in host plants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01254-x.
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