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Varzari A, Tudor E, Corloteanu A, Axentii E, Vladei I, Deyneko IV. Association between STAT4 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in the Moldavian population. Int J Immunogenet 2024. [PMID: 38654468 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) plays a crucial role in the host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study investigates the association between STAT4 gene polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) risk in the Moldavian population. A total of 272 TB patients and 251 community-matched controls underwent screening for functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs897200 and rs7574865 in the STAT4 gene. The minor T allele and the TT/CT genotype of rs897200 demonstrated a significant association with reduced pulmonary TB risk (allelic model: adjusted OR = .74, p = .025; log-additive model: adjusted OR = .72, p = .02; and dominant model: adjusted OR = .65, p = .023), indicating a protective effect. Similar associations, characterized by an even more pronounced reduction in risk, were observed among females and late-onset TB patients (>44 years). No significant associations were found for rs7574865. In addition, a combined genotype analysis incorporating 43 SNPs from our previous studies revealed potential associations, such as STAT4 rs897200 CT with IFNG rs2430561 AA (adjusted OR = .36, p = .0025) and STAT4 rs897200 CT with TNFA rs1800629 GA (adjusted OR = .33, p = .0012). This study emphasizes the significant association of STAT4 rs897200 with pulmonary TB risk in the Moldavian population, underscoring its role in the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varzari
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Elena Tudor
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Andrei Corloteanu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Ecaterina Axentii
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Iurie Vladei
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Igor V Deyneko
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Zhou J, Yang Y, Xie Z, Lu D, Huang J, Lan L, Guo B, Yang X, Wang Q, Li Z, Zhang Y, Yang X, Ai S, Liu N, Cui P, Liang H, Ye L, Huang J. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolites during AIDS: implications for CD4 + T cell reduction and immune activation. AIDS 2024; 38:633-644. [PMID: 38061029 PMCID: PMC10942204 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying the gut microbiota associated with host immunity in the AIDS stage. DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional study. METHODS We recruited people with HIV (PWH) in the AIDS or non-AIDS stage and evaluated their gut microbiota and metabolites by using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Machine learning models were used to analyze the correlations between key bacteria and CD4 + T cell count, CD4 + T cell activation, bacterial translocation, gut metabolites, and KEGG functional pathways. RESULTS We recruited 114 PWH in the AIDS stage and 203 PWH in the non-AIDS stage. The α-diversity of gut microbiota was downregulated in the AIDS stage ( P < 0.05). Several machine learning models could be used to identify key gut microbiota associated with AIDS, including the logistic regression model with area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and Brier scores of 0.854, 0.813, 0.813, and 0.160, respectively. The decreased key bacteria ASV1 ( Bacteroides sp.), ASV8 ( Fusobacterium sp.), ASV30 ( Roseburia sp.), ASV37 ( Bacteroides sp.), and ASV41 ( Lactobacillus sp.) in the AIDS stage were positively correlated with the CD4 + T cell count, the EndoCAb IgM level, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid abundance, and the predicted cell growth pathway, and negatively correlated with the CD3 + CD4 + CD38 + HLA-DR + T cell count and the sCD14 level. CONCLUSION Machine learning has the potential to recognize key gut microbiota related to AIDS. The key five bacteria in the AIDS stage and their metabolites might be related to CD4 + T cell reduction and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Yuecong Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | | | - Dongjia Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | | | - Liuyang Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Baodong Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Xiping Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Qing Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Xing Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
| | - Sufang Ai
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning
| | | | - Ping Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease
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3
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Zhang S, Kang T, Malacrinò A, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Lin W, Wu H. Pseudostellaria heterophylla improves intestinal microecology through modulating gut microbiota and metabolites in mice. J Sci Food Agric 2024. [PMID: 38459926 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudostellaria heterophylla is a Chinese medicine and healthy edible that is widely used to for its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antitussive properties. However, the potential function of P. heterophylla in intestinal microecology remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of P. heterophylla on immune functions and evaluated its potential to regulate the gut microbiota and metabolome. RESULTS The results showed that P. heterophylla significantly increased the content of red blood cells, total antioxidant capacity and expression of immune factors, and decreased platelet counts when compared to the control under cyclophosphamide injury. In addition, P. heterophylla altered the diversity and composition of the gut bacterial community; increased the abundance of potentially beneficial Akkermansia, Roseburia, unclassified Clostridiaceae, Mucispirillum, Anaeroplasma and Parabacteroides; and decreased the relative abundance of pathogenic Cupriavidus and Staphylococcus in healthy mice. Metabolomic analyses showed that P. heterophylla significantly increased the content of functional oligosaccharides, common oligosaccharides, vitamins and functional substances. Probiotics and pathogens were regulated by metabolites across 11 pathways in the bacterial-host co-metabolism network. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that P. heterophylla increased the abundance of probiotics and decreased pathogens, and further stimulated host microbes to produce beneficial secondary metabolites for host health. Our studies highlight the role of P. heterophylla in gut health and provide new insights for the development of traditional Chinese medicine in the diet. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkai Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Kang
- Laboratory of Rhizosphere Ecology Processes and Management, College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Antonino Malacrinò
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongmiao Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Rhizosphere Ecology Processes and Management, College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Tan YJ, Jin Y, Zhou J, Yang YF. Lipid droplets in pathogen infection and host immunity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:449-464. [PMID: 37993536 PMCID: PMC10834987 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the hub of cellular lipid metabolism, lipid droplets (LDs) have been linked to a variety of biological processes. During pathogen infection, the biogenesis, composition, and functions of LDs are tightly regulated. The accumulation of LDs has been described as a hallmark of pathogen infection and is thought to be driven by pathogens for their own benefit. Recent studies have revealed that LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators contribute to effective immunological responses to pathogen infection by promoting host stress tolerance and reducing toxicity. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate roles of LDs in governing the replication and assembly of a wide spectrum of pathogens within host cells. We also discuss the regulatory function of LDs in host immunity and highlight the potential for targeting LDs for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yun-Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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5
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Schwarz EM, Archer NK, Atkins GJ, Bentley KLDM, Botros M, Cassat JE, Chisari E, Coraça-Huber DC, Daiss JL, Gill SR, Goodman SB, Harro J, Hernandez CJ, Ivashkiv LB, Kates SL, Marques CNH, Masters EA, Muthukrishnan G, Owen JR, Raafat D, Saito M, Veis DJ, Xie C. The 2023 Orthopaedic Research Society's International Consensus Meeting on musculoskeletal infection: Summary from the host immunity section. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:518-530. [PMID: 38102985 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal infections (MSKI), which are a major problem in orthopedics, occur when the pathogen eludes or overwhelms the host immune system. While effective vaccines and immunotherapies to prevent and treat MSKI should be possible, fundamental knowledge gaps in our understanding of protective, nonprotective, and pathogenic host immunity are prohibitive. We also lack critical knowledge of how host immunity is affected by the microbiome, implants, prior infection, nutrition, antibiotics, and concomitant therapies, autoimmunity, and other comorbidities. To define our current knowledge of these critical topics, a Host Immunity Section of the 2023 Orthopaedic Research Society MSKI International Consensus Meeting (ICM) proposed 78 questions. Systematic reviews were performed on 15 of these questions, upon which recommendations with level of evidence were voted on by the 72 ICM delegates, and another 12 questions were voted on with a recommendation of "Unknown" without systematic reviews. Two questions were transferred to another ICM Section, and the other 45 were tabled for future consideration due to limitations of available human resources. Here we report the results of the voting with internet access to the questions, recommendations, and rationale from the systematic reviews. Eighteen questions received a consensus vote of ≥90%, while nine recommendations failed to achieve this threshold. Commentary on why consensus was not achieved on these questions and potential ways forward are provided to stimulate specific funding mechanisms and research on these critical MSKI host defense questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Schwarz
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L de Mesy Bentley
- Department of Orthopaedics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mina Botros
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James E Cassat
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emanuele Chisari
- Department of Adult Hip and Knee Joint Reconstruction, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Débora C Coraça-Huber
- ResearchLaboratory for Implant Associated Infections (Biofilm Lab) - University Hospital for Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John L Daiss
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven R Gill
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Janette Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher J Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lionel B Ivashkiv
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen L Kates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Cláudia N H Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Elysia A Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - John R Owen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Motoo Saito
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Deborah J Veis
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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6
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Xie C, Ren Y, Weeks J, Rainbolt J, Kenney HM, Xue T, Allen F, Shu Y, Tay AJH, Lekkala S, Yeh SCA, Muthukrishnan G, Gill AL, Gill SR, Kim M, Kates SL, Schwarz EM. Longitudinal intravital imaging of the bone marrow for analysis of the race for the surface in a murine osteomyelitis model. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:531-538. [PMID: 37812184 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Critical knowledge gaps of orthopedic infections pertain to bacterial colonization. The established dogma termed the Race for the Surface posits that contaminating bacteria compete with host cells for the implant post-op, which remains unproven without real-time in vivo evidence. Thus, we modified the murine longitudinal intravital imaging of the bone marrow (LIMB) system to allow real-time quantification of green fluorescent protein (GFP+) host cells and enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP+) or red fluorescent protein (RFP+) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) proximal to a transfemoral implant. Following inoculation with ~105 CFU, an L-shaped metal implant was press-fit through the lateral cortex at a 90° angle ~0.150 mm below a gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens. We empirically derived a volume of interest (VOI) = 0.0161 ± 0.000675 mm3 during each imaging session by aggregating the Z-stacks between the first (superior) and last (inferior) in-focus LIMB slice. LIMB postimplantation revealed very limited bacteria detection at 1 h, but by 3 h, 56.8% of the implant surface was covered by ECFP+ bacteria, and the rest were covered by GFP+ host cells. 3D volumetric rendering of the GFP+ and ECFP+ or RFP+ voxels demonstrated exponential MRSA growth between 3 and 6 h in the Z-plane, which was validated with cross-sectional ex vivo bacterial burden analyses demonstrating significant growth by ~2 × 104 CFU/h on the implant from 2 to 12 h post-op (p < 0.05; r2 > 0.98). Collectively, these results show the competition at the surface is completed by 3 h in this model and demonstrate the potential of LIMB to elucidate mechanisms of bacterial colonization, the host immune response, and the efficacy of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Youliang Ren
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jason Weeks
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Rainbolt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Howard M Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Xue
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Faith Allen
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ye Shu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Allie J H Tay
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sashank Lekkala
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Shu-Chi A Yeh
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ann L Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven R Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephen L Kates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Markantonis JE, Fallon JT, Madan R, Alam MZ. Clostridioides difficile Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment Challenges. Pathogens 2024; 13:118. [PMID: 38392856 PMCID: PMC10891949 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the most important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea in the United States. The high incidence and recurrence rates of C. difficile infection (CDI), associated with high morbidity and mortality, pose a public health challenge. Although antibiotics targeting C. difficile bacteria are the first treatment choice, antibiotics also disrupt the indigenous gut flora and, therefore, create an environment that is favorable for recurrent CDI. The challenge of treating CDI is further exacerbated by the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of C. difficile, placing it among the top five most urgent antibiotic resistance threats in the USA. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in C. difficile involves the acquisition of new resistance mechanisms, which can be shared among various bacterial species and different C. difficile strains within clinical and community settings. This review provides a summary of commonly used diagnostic tests and antibiotic treatment strategies for CDI. In addition, it discusses antibiotic treatment and its resistance mechanisms. This review aims to enhance our current understanding and pinpoint knowledge gaps in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in C. difficile, with an emphasis on CDI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Markantonis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (J.E.M.); (J.T.F.)
| | - John T. Fallon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (J.E.M.); (J.T.F.)
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Md Zahidul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (J.E.M.); (J.T.F.)
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8
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Jebessa E, Bello SF, Guo L, Tuli MD, Hanotte O, Nie Q. MicroRNA expression profile of chicken jejunum in different time points Eimeria maxima infection. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1331532. [PMID: 38288128 PMCID: PMC10823020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1331532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis stands as a protozoan disease of notable economic impact, characterized by an intracellular parasite that exerts substantial influence over poultry production. This invasion disrupts the integrity of the enteric mucosa, leading to the emergence of severe lesions and diminishing the efficiency of feed utilization in chickens. MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, non-coding RNA molecules with approximately 21-24 nucleotides long in size that play essential roles in various infectious diseases and inflammatory responses. However, the miRNA's expression patterns and roles in the context of Eimeria maxima infection of chicken intestines remain unclear. miRNA sequencing was employed to assess the miRNA expression profile in chicken jejunum during E. maxima infection. In this study, we analyzed miRNA expression profiles related to the host's immune response in the chicken jejunum during E. maxima infection. At 4 days infection and control (J4I versus J4C), 21 differentially expressed miRNAs in the jejunum were identified, comprising 9 upregulated and 12 downregulated miRNAs. Furthermore, in the jejunum, at 7 days infection and control (J7I versus J7C) groups, a total of 35 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were observed, with 13 upregulated and 22 downregulated miRNAs. The regulatory networks were constructed between differentially expressed miRNA and mRNAs to offer insight into the interaction mechanisms between chickens and E. maxima coccidian infection. Furthermore, within the comparison group, we obtained 946, 897, and 281 GO terms that exhibited significant enrichment associated with host immunity in the following scenarios, J4I vs. J4C, J7I vs. J7C, and J4I vs. J7I, respectively. The KEGG pathway analysis indicated notable enrichment of differentially expressed miRNAs in the jejunum, particularly in J4I vs. J4C; enriched pathways included metabolic pathways, endocytosis, MAPK signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Moreover, in J7I vs. J7C, the KEGG pathway was significantly enriched, including metabolic pathways, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and FoxO signaling pathway. A comprehensive understanding of the host genetic basis of resistance with a combination of time-dependent infection to the Eimeria parasite is crucial for pinpointing resistance biomarkers for poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endashaw Jebessa
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- LiveGene-Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Semiu Folaniyi Bello
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijin Guo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Merga Daba Tuli
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- LiveGene-Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. The yeast-human coevolution: Fungal transition from passengers, colonizers, and invaders. WIREs Mech Dis 2023:e1639. [PMID: 38146626 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are the cause of more than a billion infections in humans every year, although their interactions with the host are still neglected compared to bacteria. Major systemic fungal infections are very unusual in the healthy population, due to the long history of coevolution with the human host. Humans are routinely exposed to environmental fungi and can host a commensal mycobiota, which is increasingly considered as a key player in health and disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on host-fungi coevolution and the factors that regulate their interaction. On one hand, fungi have learned to survive and inhabit the host organisms as a natural ecosystem, on the other hand, the host immune system finely tunes the response toward fungi. In turn, recognition of fungi as commensals or pathogens regulates the host immune balance in health and disease. In the human gut ecosystem, yeasts provide a fingerprint of the transient microbiota. Their status as passengers or colonizers is related to the integrity of the gut barrier and the risk of multiple disorders. Thus, the study of this less known component of the microbiota could unravel the rules of the transition from passengers to colonizers and invaders, as well as their dependence on the innate component of the host's immune response. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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10
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Wang ZH, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Wang ZZ, Huang JH, Chen XX. A new gene family (BAPs) of Cotesia bracovirus induces apoptosis of host hemocytes. Virulence 2023; 14:2171691. [PMID: 36694288 PMCID: PMC9908294 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2171691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs), obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps, function as host immune suppressors and growth and development regulator. PDVs can induce host haemocyte apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we provided evidence that, during the early stages of parasitism, the activated Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) reduced the overall number of host haemocytes by inducing apoptosis. We found that one haemocyte-highly expressed CvBV gene, CvBV-26-4, could induce haemocyte apoptosis. Further analyses showed that CvBV-26-4 has four homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses and BV from wasps in the genus Glyptapanteles, and all four of them possessed a similar structure containing 3 copies of a well-conserved motif (Gly-Tyr-Pro-Tyr, GYPY). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that CvBV-26-4 was secreted into plasma by haemocytes and then degraded into peptides that induced the apoptosis of haemocytes. Moreover, ectopic expression of CvBV-26-4 caused fly haemocyte apoptosis and increased the susceptibility of flies to bacteria. Based on this research, a new family of bracovirus genes, Bracovirus apoptosis-inducing proteins (BAPs), was proposed. Furthermore, it was discovered that the development of wasp larvae was affected when the function of CvBV BAP was obstructed in the parasitized hosts. The results of our study indicate that the BAP gene family from the bracoviruses group is crucial for immunosuppression during the early stages of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Regional Development and Governance Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,CONTACT Xue-Xin Chen
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11
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is mainly composed of microbiota and mycobiota, both of which play important roles in the development of the host immune system, metabolic regulation, and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. With the increasing awareness of the pathogenic essence of infectious, immunodeficiency, and tumor-related diseases, the interactions between gut bacteria, fungi, and host immunity have been shown to directly influence the disease process or final therapeutic outcome, and collaborative and antagonistic relationships are commonly found between bacteria and fungi. Interventions represented by probiotics, prebiotics, engineered probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and drugs can effectively modulate the triple interactions. In particular, traditional probiotics represented by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and next-generation probiotics represented by Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii showed a high enrichment trend in the gut of patients with a high response to inflammation remission and tumor immunotherapy, which predicts the potential medicinal value of these beneficial microbial formulations. However, there are bottlenecks in all these interventions that need to be broken. Meanwhile, further unraveling the underlying mechanisms of the "triple interactions" model can guide precise interventions and ultimately improve the efficiency of interventions on the host gut microbiome and immune modulation, thus directly or indirectly improving anti-inflammatory and tumor immunotherapy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpeng Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Li S, Yu X, Fan B, Hao D. A gut-isolated Enterococcus strain (HcM7) triggers the expression of antimicrobial peptides that aid resistance to nucleopolyhedrovirus infection of Hyphantria cunea larvae. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:3529-3537. [PMID: 37198147 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commensal microorganisms are widely distributed in insect gut tissues and play important roles in host nutrition, metabolism, reproductive regulation, and especially immune functioning and tolerance to pathogens. Consequently, gut microbiota represent a promising resource for the development of microbial-based products for pest control and management. However, the interactions among host immunity, entomopathogen infections, and gut microbiota remain poorly understood for many arthropod pests. RESULTS We previously isolated an Enterococcus strain (HcM7) from Hyphantria cunea larvae guts that increased the survival rates of larvae challenged with nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). Here, we further investigated whether this Enterococcus strain stimulates a protective immune response against NPV proliferation. Infection bioassays demonstrated that re-introduction of the HcM7 strain to germfree larvae preactivated the expression of several antimicrobial peptides (particularly H. cunea gloverin 1, HcGlv1), resulting in the significant repression of virus replication in host guts and hemolymph, and consequently improved host survivorship after NPV infection. Furthermore, silencing of the HcGlv1 gene by RNA interference markedly enhanced the deleterious effects of NPV infection, revealing a role of this gut symbiont-induced gene in host defenses against pathogenic infections. CONCLUSION These results show that some gut microorganisms can stimulate host immune systems, thereby contributing to resistance to entomopathogens. Furthermore, HcM7, as a functional symbiotic bacteria of H. cunea larvae, may be a potential target for increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol agents against this devastating pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohang Yu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binqi Fan
- Forest Station of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Dejun Hao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Ma Y, Fei Y, Ding S, Jiang H, Fang J, Liu G. Trace metal elements: a bridge between host and intestinal microorganisms. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:1976-1993. [PMID: 37528296 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal elements, such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, are essential nutrients for biological processes. Although their intake demand is low, they play a crucial role in cell homeostasis as the cofactors of various enzymes. Symbiotic intestinal microorganisms compete with their host for the use of trace metal elements. Moreover, the metabolic processes of trace metal elements in the host and microorganisms affect the organism's health. Supplementation or the lack of trace metal elements in the host can change the intestinal microbial community structure and function. Functional changes in symbiotic microorganisms can affect the host's metabolism of trace metal elements. In this review, we discuss the absorption and transport processes of trace metal elements in the host and symbiotic microorganisms and the effects of dynamic changes in the levels of trace metal elements on the intestinal microbial community structure. We also highlight the participation of trace metal elements as enzyme cofactors in the host immune process. Our findings indicate that the host uses metal nutrition immunity or metal poisoning to resist pathogens and improve immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yanquan Fei
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sujuan Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
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14
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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Liu G, Fu L. Editorial: Diet, food allergy, and gut immunity. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1276929. [PMID: 37680896 PMCID: PMC10482238 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1276929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Zhang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Nutrition Department of the First Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Linglin Fu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Chen Q, Liu M, Guo H, Wang K, Liu J, Wang Y, Lin Y, Li J, Li P, Yang L, Jia L, Yang J, Li P, Song H. Altered Respiratory Microbiomes, Plasma Metabolites, and Immune Responses in Influenza A Virus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Coinfection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0524722. [PMID: 37318361 PMCID: PMC10433956 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05247-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV)-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coinfection causes severe respiratory infections. The host microbiome plays an important role in respiratory tract infections. However, the relationships among the immune responses, metabolic characteristics, and respiratory microbial characteristics of IAV-MRSA coinfection have not been fully studied. We used specific-pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6N mice infected with IAV and MRSA to build a nonlethal model of IAV-MRSA coinfection and characterized the upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT) microbiomes at 4 and 13 days postinfection by full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Immune response and plasma metabolism profile analyses were performed at 4 days postinfection by flow cytometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The relationships among the LRT microbiota, the immune response, and the plasma metabolism profile were analyzed by Spearman's correlation analysis. IAV-MRSA coinfection showed significant weight loss and lung injury and significantly increased loads of IAV and MRSA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Microbiome data showed that coinfection significantly increased the relative abundances of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Citrobacter freundii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae and decreased the relative abundances of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus murinus. The percentages of CD4+/CD8+ T cells and B cells in the spleen; the levels of interleukin-9 (IL-9), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-8 in the lung; and the level of mevalonolactone in plasma were increased in IAV-MRSA-coinfected mice. L. murinus was positively correlated with lung macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, negatively correlated with spleen B cells and CD4+/CD8+ T cells, and correlated with multiple plasma metabolites. Future research is needed to clarify whether L. murinus mediates or alters the severity of IAV-MRSA coinfection. IMPORTANCE The respiratory microbiome plays an important role in respiratory tract infections. In this study, we characterized the URT and LRT microbiota, the host immune response, and plasma metabolic profiles during IAV-MRSA coinfection and evaluated their correlations. We observed that IAV-MRSA coinfection induced severe lung injury and dysregulated host immunity and plasma metabolic profiles, as evidenced by the aggravation of lung pathological damage, the reduction of innate immune cells, the strong adaptation of the immune response, and the upregulation of mevalonolactone in plasma. L. murinus was strongly correlated with immune cells and plasma metabolites. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of the host microbiome in respiratory tract infections and identified a key bacterial species, L. murinus, that may provide important references for the development of probiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Manjiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd., Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd., Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaiying Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yanfeng Lin
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peihan Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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16
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Wu Y, Pernet E, Touqui L. Modulation of Airway Expression of the Host Bactericidal Enzyme, sPLA2-IIA, by Bacterial Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:440. [PMID: 37505708 PMCID: PMC10467128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Host molecules with antimicrobial properties belong to a large family of mediators including type-IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA). The latter is a potent bactericidal agent with high selectivity against Gram-positive bacteria, but it may also play a role in modulating the host inflammatory response. However, several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria can modulate the levels of sPLA2-IIA by either inducing or inhibiting its expression in host cells. Thus, the final sPLA2-IIA concentration during the infection process is determined by the orchestration between the levels of toxins that stimulate and those that downregulate the expression of this enzyme. The stimulation of sPLA2-IIA expression is a process that participates in the clearance of invading bacteria, while inhibition of this expression highlights a mechanism by which certain bacteria can subvert the immune response and invade the host. Here, we will review the major functions of sPLA2-IIA in the airways and the role of bacterial toxins in modulating the expression of this enzyme. We will also summarize the major mechanisms involved in this modulation and the potential consequences for the pulmonary host response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Wu
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l’Infection Microbionne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, 75015 Paris, France
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17
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Zhang P, Huang L, Zheng M, Zhang C, Wan D, Wei J, Cao Y. Case Report: Active tuberculosis infection in CAR T-cell recipients post CAR T-cell therapy: a retrospective case series. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1147454. [PMID: 37249982 PMCID: PMC10210154 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High response rates in B-cell malignancies have been achieved with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Emerging reports indicate a risk of active tuberculosis (TB) with novel immunotherapy for tumors. However, studies of TB in patients post CAR T-cell therapy are limited. In this case series study, we describe five patients with active TB post CD19/CD22 target CAR T-cell therapy alone or following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). One of the patients developed active TB within the first 30 days post CAR T-cell therapy, and fever was the dominant presenting symptom; extrapulmonary manifestations of active TB were common in the other four patients and manifested after the first 30 days of CAR T-cell therapy. Four of the five patients improved with anti-TB treatment, but one patient with isoniazid resistance died of central nervous system TB infection. Our study provides the first series report of active TB following CD19/CD22 target CAR T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongyi Wan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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18
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Porcari S, Benech N, Valles-Colomer M, Segata N, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G, Sokol H, Ianiro G. Key determinants of success in fecal microbiota transplantation: From microbiome to clinic. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:712-733. [PMID: 37167953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has achieved satisfactory results in preventing the recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection, but these positive outcomes have only been partially replicated in other diseases. Several factors influence FMT success, including those related to donors and recipients (including diversity and specific composition of the gut microbiome, immune system, and host genetics) as well as to working protocols (fecal amount and number of infusions, route of delivery, and adjuvant treatments). Moreover, initial evidence suggests that the clinical success of FMT may be related to the degree of donor microbial engraftment. The application of cutting-edge technologies for microbiome assessment, along with changes in the current vision of fecal transplants, are expected to improve FMT protocols and outcomes. Here, we review the key determinants of FMT success and insights and strategies that will enable a close integration of lab-based and clinical approaches for increasing FMT success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Porcari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Benech
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity Department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Lyon, France; French Fecal Transplant Group (GFTF), France
| | | | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Harry Sokol
- French Fecal Transplant Group (GFTF), France; Sorbonne University, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France; Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine FHU, Paris, France; INRA, UMR1319 Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Singh A, Adam A, Rodriguez L, Peng BH, Wang B, Xie X, Shi PY, Homma K, Wang T. Oral Supplementation with AHCC ®, a Standardized Extract of Cultured Lentinula edodes Mycelia, Enhances Host Resistance against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:554. [PMID: 37111440 PMCID: PMC10144296 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted global public health safety and the economy. Multiple antiviral drugs have been developed, and some have received regulatory approval and/or authorization. The use of nutraceuticals can be beneficial for preventing and treating COVID-19 complications. AHCC is a standardized, cultured extract of an edible mushroom Lentinula edodes of the Basidiomycete family of fungi that is enriched in acylated α-1,4-glucans. Here, we evaluated the effects of the oral administration of AHCC on the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in two murine models, K18-hACE2 transgenic mice and immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Oral administration of AHCC every other day for one week before and one day post SARS-CoV-2 infection in both strains of mice decreased the viral load and attenuated inflammation in the lungs. AHCC treatment also significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2-induced lethality in the K18-hACE2 mice. AHCC administration enhanced the expansion of γδ T cells in the spleen and lungs before and after viral infection and promoted T helper 1-prone mucosal and systemic T cell responses in both models. In AHCC-fed BALB/c mice, SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG responses were also enhanced. In summary, AHCC supplementation enhances host resistance against mild and severe COVID-19 infection primarily via the promotion of innate and adaptive T cell immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Leslie Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kohei Homma
- Research and Development Division, Amino Up Co., Ltd., Sapporo 004-0839, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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20
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Mak LY, Hui RWH, Cheung KS, Fung J, Seto WK, Yuen MF. Advances in determining new treatments for hepatitis B infection by utilizing existing and novel biomarkers. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:401-416. [PMID: 36943183 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2192920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is a major global health threat and accounts for significant liver-related morbidity and mortality. An improved understanding of how hepatitis B virus (HBV) interacts with the host immune system allows the discovery of novel biomarkers and new treatment options. Viral biomarkers including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and newer ones like HBV RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen appear to be useful to select patients who are likely to benefit from cessation of long-term antiviral therapy. These markers can also help to confirm target engagement for novel compounds, and efficacy in HBsAg reduction and seroclearance is deemed essential as this is how the current treatment endpoint of functional cure is defined. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the current standard of care and the gaps between such standard and the ideal goals for treatment in CHB. The authors highlight novel viral and immunological biomarkers that are potentially useful to evaluate treatment response. Novel treatment approaches in relation to these novel biomarkers are also evaluated. EXPERT OPINION Novel serum viral biomarkers and immunological markers are indispensable in the HBV functional cure program. These will likely become part of standard monitoring soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Rex Wan-Hin Hui
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Shing Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - James Fung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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21
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Qin S, Veloso J, Puccetti G, van Kan JAL. Molecular characterization of cross-kingdom RNA interference in Botrytis cinerea by tomato small RNAs. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1107888. [PMID: 36968352 PMCID: PMC10031073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that plants can modulate gene expression in pathogenic fungi by producing small RNAs (sRNAs) that can be translocated into the fungus and mediate gene silencing, which may interfere with the infection mechanism of the intruder. We sequenced sRNAs and mRNAs in early phases of the Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)-Botrytis cinerea interaction and examined the potential of plant sRNAs to silence their predicted mRNA targets in the fungus. Almost a million unique plant sRNAs were identified that could potentially target 97% of all fungal genes. We selected three fungal genes for detailed RT-qPCR analysis of the correlation between the abundance of specific plant sRNAs and their target mRNAs in the fungus. The fungal Bcspl1 gene, which had been reported to be important for the fungal virulence, showed transient down-regulation around 20 hours post inoculation and contained a unique target site for a single plant sRNA that was present at high levels. In order to study the functionality of this plant sRNA in reducing the Bcspl1 transcript level, we generated a fungal mutant that contained a 5-nucleotide substitution that would abolish the interaction between the transcript and the sRNA without changing the encoded protein sequence. The level of the mutant Bcspl1 transcript showed a transient decrease similar to wild type transcript, indicating that the tomato sRNA was not responsible for the downregulation of the Bcspl1 transcript. The virulence of the Bcspl1 target site mutant was identical to the wild type fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Qin
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Javier Veloso
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Guido Puccetti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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22
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Chang CCJ, Winn BJ. Perturbations of the ocular surface microbiome and their effect on host immune function. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2023; 34:181-188. [PMID: 36728960 PMCID: PMC9908829 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current literature describing the ocular surface microbiome and host immunity are reviewed alongside experiments studying perturbations of the microbiome to explore the hypothesis that disruption of a healthy microbiome may predispose the ocular surface to inflammation and infection. RECENT FINDINGS The ocular surface of healthy subjects is colonized by stable, pauci-microbial communities that are tolerant to the host immune response and are dominated by the genera Corynebacterium , Propionibacterium , and Staphylococcus . In animal studies, commensal microbes on the ocular surface interact with toll-like receptors to regulate the immune system through immune cell and inflammatory cytokine production, promoting homeostasis and protecting against infection. Contact lens wear, lens wash solutions, and preserved topical medications can disrupt the native microbiome and alter the relative diversity and composition of microbes on the ocular surface. SUMMARY The ocular surface microbiome confers protection against pathogenic colonization and immune dysregulation. Disruption of this microbiome by exogenous factors may alter the resistance of the ocular surface to infection. Further study of the relationships between human ocular surface microbiome and the local immune response are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiun Jamie Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary – Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Bryan J. Winn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
- Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
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23
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Qin S, Veloso J, Baak M, Boogmans B, Bosman T, Puccetti G, Shi‐Kunne X, Smit S, Grant‐Downton R, Leisen T, Hahn M, van Kan JAL. Molecular characterization reveals no functional evidence for naturally occurring cross-kingdom RNA interference in the early stages of Botrytis cinerea-tomato interaction. Mol Plant Pathol 2023; 24:3-15. [PMID: 36168919 PMCID: PMC9742496 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune responses are triggered during the interaction with pathogens. The fungus Botrytis cinerea has previously been reported to use small RNAs (sRNAs) as effector molecules capable of interfering with the host immune response. Conversely, a host plant produces sRNAs that may interfere with the infection mechanism of an intruder. We used high-throughput sequencing to identify sRNAs produced by B. cinerea and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) during early phases of interaction and to examine the expression of their predicted mRNA targets in the other organism. A total of 7042 B. cinerea sRNAs were predicted to target 3185 mRNAs in tomato. Of the predicted tomato target genes, 163 were indeed transcriptionally down-regulated during the early phase of infection. Several experiments were performed to study a causal relation between the production of B. cinerea sRNAs and the down-regulation of predicted target genes in tomato. We generated B. cinerea mutants in which a transposon region was deleted that is the source of c.10% of the fungal sRNAs. Furthermore, mutants were generated in which both Dicer-like genes (Bcdcl1 and Bcdcl2) were deleted and these displayed a >99% reduction of transposon-derived sRNA production. Neither of these mutants was significantly reduced in virulence on any plant species tested. Our results reveal no evidence for any detectable role of B. cinerea sRNAs in the virulence of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Qin
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Javier Veloso
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- FISAPLANTUniversity of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain
| | - Mirna Baak
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Britt Boogmans
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Tim Bosman
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Guido Puccetti
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Sandra Smit
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Thomas Leisen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
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24
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Tripp RA. Understanding immunity to influenza: implications for future vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:871-875. [PMID: 37794732 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2266033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza virus changes its genotype through antigenic drift or shift making it difficult to develop immunity to infection or vaccination. Zoonotic influenza A virus (IAV) strains can become established in humans. Several impediments to human infection and transmission include sialic acid expression, host anti-viral factors (including interferons), and other elements that govern viral replication. Controlling influenza infection, replication, and transmission is important because IAVs cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Effective seasonal influenza vaccines exist, but these vaccines do not fully protect against novel or pandemic strains. AREAS COVERED With new vaccine production technology, vaccines can be produced rapidly. Universal IAV vaccines are being developed to protect against seasonal, novel, and zoonotic IAVs. These efforts are being enhanced and accelerated by a better understanding the host immune response to influenza viruses. EXPERT OPINION This review discusses several implications for future influenza vaccine development. Host immune responses to influenza virus infection or vaccination can guide vaccine development as anti-influenza immunity is affected by responses influenced by the previous immune history including first and subsequent exposures to influenza virus infections and vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Tripp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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25
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Ansari AZ, Bhatia NY, Gharat SA, Godad AP, Doshi GM. Exploring Cytokines as Potential Target in Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Update. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:21-34. [PMID: 36043736 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220829142124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a widespread condition that affects millions of people each year, with an incidence rate of 0.1%-1.5%, and has a significant impact on human health. A range of stimuli, such as Helicobacter pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hyperacidity, stress, alcohol, smoking, and idiopathic disease states, can produce a sore in the gastrointestinal mucosal layer. For individuals infected with H. pylori, 2%-3% remain asymptomatic throughout their life. Although PUD treatments are available, genetic variations occurring in individuals because of geographical dissimilarity and antibiotic resistance pose limitations. Specifically, inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms have received immense attention in recent years because they appear to affect the severity and duration of stomach inflammation, which is induced by H. pylori infection, contributing to the initiation of PUD. In such a context, in-depth knowledge of interleukins may aid in the discovery of new targets and provide precautionary approaches for the treatment of PUD. This review aims to give insights into the importance of several interleukins that cognate with PUD and contribute to ulcer progression or healing by activating or dampening the host immunity. Furthermore, the available targets with clinical evidence have been explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alveera Zubair Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Nirav Yogesh Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sankalp Ashok Gharat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Angel Pavalu Godad
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Mahesh Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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26
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Warger J, Gaudieri S. On the Evolutionary Trajectory of SARS-CoV-2: Host Immunity as a Driver of Adaptation in RNA Viruses. Viruses 2022; 15:70. [PMID: 36680110 PMCID: PMC9866609 DOI: 10.3390/v15010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunity can exert a complex array of selective pressures on a pathogen, which can drive highly mutable RNA viruses towards viral escape. The plasticity of a virus depends on its rate of mutation, as well as the balance of fitness cost and benefit of mutations, including viral adaptations to the host's immune response. Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has diversified into genetically distinct variants, which are characterised often by clusters of mutations that bolster its capacity to escape human innate and adaptive immunity. Such viral escape is well documented in the context of other pandemic RNA viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza virus. This review describes the selection pressures the host's antiviral immunity exerts on SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA viruses, resulting in divergence of viral strains into more adapted forms. As RNA viruses obscure themselves from host immunity, they uncover weak points in their own armoury that can inform more comprehensive, long-lasting, and potentially cross-protective vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Warger
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Mandurah, WA 6150, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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27
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Wang Y, Zang F, Ye X, Li Z, Zhu W, Cao X, Cai X, Ma X, Xu L, Zhang Y, Bi L, Yu R, Huang P. Diversity of Circulating NKT Cells in Defense against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection. J Pers Med 2022; 12. [PMID: 36556247 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP) infection has become a global public health problem. Human NK and NKT cells in peripheral immune responses are recognized as occupying a critical role in anti-bacterial immunity. Through performed scRNA-seq on serial peripheral blood samples from 3 patients with CRKP undergoing colonization, infection, and recovery conditions, we were able to described the immune responses of NK and NKT cells during CRKP infection and identified a mechanism that could contribute to CRKP clearance. The central player of CRKP infection process appears to be the NKT subset and CD56hiNKT subset which maintained immune competence during CRKP colonization. With time, CRKP leads to the loss of NK and CD160hiNKT cells in peripheral blood, resulting in suppressed immune responses and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection. In summary, our study identified a possible mechanism for the CRKP invasion and to decipher the clues behind the host immune response that influences CRKP infection pathogenesis.
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28
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Wang L, Xiong Y, Fu B, Guo D, Zaky MY, Lin X, Wu H. MicroRNAs as immune regulators and biomarkers in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027472. [PMID: 36389769 PMCID: PMC9647078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the most lethal infectious disease worldwide, and it greatly affects human health. Some diagnostic and therapeutic methods are available to effectively prevent and treat TB; however, only a few systematic studies have described the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in TB. Combining multiple clinical datasets and previous studies on Mtb and miRNAs, we state that pathogens can exploit interactions between miRNAs and other biomolecules to avoid host mechanisms of immune-mediated clearance and survive in host cells for a long time. During the interaction between Mtb and host cells, miRNA expression levels are altered, resulting in the changes in the miRNA-mediated regulation of host cell metabolism, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, differential miRNA expression can be used to distinguish healthy individuals, patients with TB, and patients with latent TB. This review summarizes the roles of miRNAs in immune regulation and their application as biomarkers in TB. These findings could provide new opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mohamed Y. Zaky
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Xiaoyuan Lin
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Kato T, Okada R, Furusawa A, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Fukushima H, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Comparison of the Effectiveness of IgG Antibody versus F(ab') 2 Antibody Fragment in CTLA4-Targeted Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3600-3611. [PMID: 35759343 PMCID: PMC10645141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel cancer treatment modality that utilizes antibody-photoabsorber conjugates (APCs) and selectively kills target cells after irradiation with NIR light. Originally, NIR-PIT was targeted against cancer cell surface antigens, but as it became clear that NIR-PIT induced a strong immune response, an effort was made to target selected immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment to encourage an even stronger immune response. Thus, CD25-targeted NIR-PIT and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4)-targeted NIR-PIT were developed to kill regulatory T cells (Tregs) in conjunction with cancer-cell-targeted NIR-PIT, in order to amplify the host immune response. It was found that CD25-targeted NIR-PIT, using an antibody with the Fc portion removed, led to better results than the unmodified anti-CD25 antibody-directed NIR-PIT presumably because of a negative effect on activated T cells. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of an antibody fragment [anti-CTLA4-F(ab')2] and a whole antibody (anti-CTLA4-IgG) for NIR-PIT. There was no significant difference in NIR-PIT-induced Treg killing between the anti-CTLA4-F(ab')2 and anti-CTLA4-IgG antibodies. Although both the antibody and the antibody fragment resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition, the antibody induced more robust CD8+ T cell activation in ipsilateral lymph nodes and was more effective compared to the antibody fragment. The slower clearance of the anti-CTLA4-IgG APC enhanced antitumor immunity by promoting T cell priming in lymph nodes. In conclusion, unlike the results with CD25 where modified antibodies produced superior results to unmodified antibodies, anti-CTLA4-IgG antibody-based NIR-PIT proved more effective in reducing tumor growth than anti-CTLA4-F(ab')2 antibody-based NIR-PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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30
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AHMADI P, BAAKHTARI M, YASUDA M, NONAKA N, YOSHIDA A. Toltrazuril and diclazuril: comparative evaluation of anti-coccidial drugs using a murine model. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1345-1351. [PMID: 35922919 PMCID: PMC9586018 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria protozoan species is an economically important disease, especially in poultry and cattle. Anti-coccidial drugs commonly used for controlling coccidiosis are toltrazuril (TTZ) and diclazuril (DCZ). In this study, the efficacies of TTZ and DCZ were compared using a murine model, and the effect of these treatments on the induction of acquired resistance was evaluated. Male C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with 1,000 sporulated E. vermiformis oocytes and treated with TTZ or DCZ. The recommended TTZ dose for cattle (15 mg/kg) completely prevented oocyte excretion. But, mice required 5 mg/kg of DCZ, which is five times the recommended dose for cattle, to reduce oocyte excretion. In E. vermiformis re-infection, TTZ (15 mg/kg) and DCZ (5 mg/kg) treatments did not interfere with the development of acquired resistance. Bodyweight gain was significantly higher in the TTZ-treated group than in the control (untreated/infected) group and the DCZ-treated group, and no significant difference in bodyweight gain was observed between the TTZ-treated group and the healthy (uninfected/untreated) group. Analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes indicated that the relative populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were reduced in the DCZ-treated and control (untreated/infected) groups, suggesting there was immunosuppression during the infection. However, no reductions in T cell populations were observed in the TTZ-treated group. The results indicated that an optimal anti-coccidial drug is one that can completely break the parasite life cycle in the host animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian AHMADI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of
Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Balkh University, Balkh,
Afghanistan
| | - Mahmoud BAAKHTARI
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Balkh University, Balkh,
Afghanistan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary
Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro YASUDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary
Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nariaki NONAKA
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayako YOSHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of
Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Center for Animal Diseases Control, University of Miyazaki,
Miyazaki, Japan
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31
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Hu J, Liu M, Zhang A, Dai Y, Chen W, Chen F, Wang W, Shen D, Telebanco-Yanoria MJ, Ren B, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhou B, Wang P, Zhang Z. Co-evolved plant and blast fungus ascorbate oxidases orchestrate the redox state of host apoplast to modulate rice immunity. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1347-1366. [PMID: 35799449 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoplastic ascorbate oxidases (AOs) play a critical role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated innate host immunity by regulating the apoplast redox state. To date, little is known about how apoplastic effectors of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae modulate the apoplast redox state of rice to subvert plant immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that M. oryzae MoAo1 is an AO that plays a role in virulence by modulating the apoplast redox status of rice cells. We showed that MoAo1 inhibits the activity of rice OsAO3 and OsAO4, which also regulate the apoplast redox status and plant immunity. In addition, we found that MoAo1, OsAO3, and OsAO4 all exhibit polymorphic variations whose varied interactions orchestrate pathogen virulence and rice immunity. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role for extracellular redox enzymes during rice blast infection and shed light on the importance of the apoplast redox state and its regulation in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenya Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanbin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Yin C, Li J, Wang D, Zhang D, Song J, Kong Z, Wang B, Hu X, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. A secreted ribonuclease effector from Verticillium dahliae localizes in the plant nucleus to modulate host immunity. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:1122-1140. [PMID: 35363930 PMCID: PMC9276946 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The arms race between fungal pathogens and plant hosts involves recognition of fungal effectors to induce host immunity. Although various fungal effectors have been identified, the effector functions of ribonucleases are largely unknown. Herein, we identified a ribonuclease secreted by Verticillium dahliae (VdRTX1) that translocates into the plant nucleus to modulate immunity. The activity of VdRTX1 causes hypersensitive response (HR)-related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton. VdRTX1 possesses a signal peptide but is unlikely to be an apoplastic effector because its nuclear localization in the plant is necessary for cell death induction. Knockout of VdRTX1 significantly enhanced V. dahliae virulence on tobacco while V. dahliae employs the known suppressor VdCBM1 to escape the immunity induced by VdRTX1. VdRTX1 homologs are widely distributed in fungi but transient expression of 24 homologs from other fungi did not yield cell death induction, suggesting that this function is specific to the VdRTX1 in V. dahliae. Expression of site-directed mutants of VdRTX1 in N. benthamiana leaves revealed conserved ligand-binding sites that are important for VdRTX1 function in inducing cell death. Thus, VdRTX1 functions as a unique HR-inducing effector in V. dahliae that contributes to the activation of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Mei Yin
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Food Science TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jun‐Jiao Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan‐Dan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian Song
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Kong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bao‐Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jie‐Yin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Feng Dai
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Food Science TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Sieben AJ, Mihaljevic JR, Shoemaker LG. Quantifying mechanisms of coexistence in disease ecology. Ecology 2022; 103:e3819. [PMID: 35855596 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen coexistence depends on ecological processes operating at both within and between-host scales, making it difficult to quantify which processes may promote or prevent coexistence. Here, we propose that adapting modern coexistence theory-traditionally applied in plant communities-to pathogen systems provides an exciting approach for examining mechanisms of coexistence operating across different spatial scales. We first overview modern coexistence theory and its mechanistic decomposition; we subsequently adapt the framework to quantify how spatial variation in pathogen density, host resources and immunity, and their interaction may promote pathogen coexistence. We apply this derivation to an example two pathogen, multi-scale model comparing two scenarios with generalist and strain-specific immunity: one with demographic equivalency among pathogens and one with demographic trade-offs among pathogens. We then show how host-pathogen feedbacks generate spatial heterogeneity that promote pathogen coexistence and decompose those mechanisms to quantify how each spatial heterogeneity contributes to that coexistence. Specifically, coexistence of demographically equivalent pathogens occurs due to spatial variation in host resources, immune responses, and pathogen aggregation. With a competition-colonization trade-off, the superior colonizer requires spatial heterogeneity to coexist, whereas the superior competitor does not. Finally, we suggest ways forward for linking theory and empirical tests of coexistence in disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sieben
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.,School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joseph R Mihaljevic
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
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Thakur L, Madaan P, Jain A, Shankar V, Negi A, Chauhan SB, Sundar S, Singh OP, Jain M. An Insight Into Systemic Immune Response in Leishmania donovani Mediated Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the New Endemic State of Himachal Pradesh, India. Front Immunol 2022; 12:765684. [PMID: 35087516 PMCID: PMC8787830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis continues to afflict known and newer endemic sites despite global efforts towards its control and elimination. In this regard, the emergence of newer endemic sites with unusual disease formats is recognized wherein Leishmania donovani complex classically known to cause visceral disease is demonstrated to cause cutaneous manifestation. In this context, atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases caused by L. donovani genetic variants from the newer endemic state of Himachal Pradesh (HP) in India are beginning to be understood in terms of parasite determinants. The atypical CL manifestation further needs to be explored to define host immune correlates with a possible role in driving the unusual disease progression. In the given study, we performed comprehensive systemic-immune profiling of the atypical CL patients from the study area in HP, India, in comparison with the classical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients from the northeast region of India. The systemic immune response was studied using ELISA-based assessment of Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and Th22 specific plasma cytokine expression pattern and parasite-specific total serum IgG/IgG subclasses. The specified immune correlates are known to exhibit heterogeneous association with the different infecting parasite species, infection load, and co-lateral host immunopathology in classical CL and VL. In the atypical CL patient group, altered expression of IL-10 emerged as the key finding that could potentially fine-tune the Th1/Th17/Th22 effector cytokine axis towards a localized cutaneous manifestation. A reduced expression of IL-10 along with a high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio as a readout of effective parasite killing defined atypical cutaneous outcome. In contrast, high circulatory IL-10 levels and a depressed IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio were seen in classical VL patients in line with an ineffective parasite-killing cytokine response. Overall, the study highlights new knowledge on host immune correlates in terms of cytokine expression pattern and IgG subclasses that underline atypical disease manifestation such that L. donovani, a generally visceralizing parasite species cause skin localized cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovlesh Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Priyanka Madaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vinay Shankar
- Department of Dermatology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan, India
| | - Ajeet Negi
- Department of Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Abstract
The biofloc system has recently attracted great attention as a cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly technology and expected to contribute toward human food security (Zero Hunger SDG 2). It is also expected that this endeavor can be adopted widely because of its characteristics of zero water exchange and reduced artificial feeding features. In the biofloc system, the flocs which are generally formed by aggregation of heterotrophic microorganisms, serve as natural bioremediation candidates. These microbes effectively maintain water quality by utilizing the nutrient wastes, mostly originated from digested, unconsumed, and metabolic processes of feed. Additionally, the flocs are important sources of nutrients, mainly a protein source, and when these are consumed by aquaculture animals they improve the growth performance, immunity, and disease tolerance of host against pathogenic microbial infection. Here in this review, we focus on recent advances that could provide a mechanistic insight on how the microbial community developed in the biofloc system helps in the bioremediation process and enhances the overall health of the host. We have also tried to address the possible role of these microbial communities against growth and virulence of pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - Suvra Roy
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Swain
- Fisheries Enhancement and Management (FEM) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
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Gupta S, Rouse BT, Sarangi PP. Did Climate Change Influence the Emergence, Transmission, and Expression of the COVID-19 Pandemic? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:769208. [PMID: 34957147 PMCID: PMC8694059 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.769208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human race has survived many epidemics and pandemics that have emerged and reemerged throughout history. The novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 is the latest pandemic and this has caused major health and socioeconomic problems in almost all communities of the world. The origin of the virus is still in dispute but most likely, the virus emerged from the bats and also may involve an intermediate host before affecting humans. Several other factors also may have affected the emergence and outcome of the infection but in this review, we make a case for a possible role of climate change. The rise in industrialization-related human activities has created a marked imbalance in the homeostasis of environmental factors such as temperature and other weather and these might even have imposed conditions for the emergence of future coronavirus cycles. An attempt is made in this review to explore the effect of ongoing climate changes and discuss if these changes had a role in facilitating the emergence, transmission, and even the expression of the COVID-19 pandemic. We surmise that pandemics will be more frequent in the future and more severely impactful unless climate changes are mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Pranita P. Sarangi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Bahuaud O, Le Brun C, Lemaignen A. Host Immunity and Francisella tularensis: A Review of Tularemia in Immunocompromised Patients. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2539. [PMID: 34946140 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tularemia, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, is an infrequent zoonotic infection, well known in immunocompetent (but poorly described in immunocompromised) patients. Although there is no clear literature data about the specific characteristics of this disease in immunocompromised patients, clinical reports seem to describe a different presentation of tularemia in these patients. Moreover, atypical clinical presentations added to the fastidiousness of pathogen identification seem to be responsible for a delayed diagnosis, leading to a” loss of chance” for immunocompromised patients. In this article, we first provide an overview of the host immune responses to Francisella infections and discuss how immunosuppressive therapies or diseases can lead to a higher susceptibility to tularemia. Then, we describe the particular clinical patterns of tularemia in immunocompromised patients from the literature. We also provide hints of an alternative diagnostic strategy regarding these patients. In conclusion, tularemia should be considered in immunocompromised patients presenting pulmonary symptoms or unexplained fever. Molecular techniques on pathological tissues might improve diagnosis with faster results.
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Wang ZH, Zhou YN, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Yang P, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. CLP gene family, a new gene family of Cotesia vestalis bracovirus inhibits melanization of Plutella xylostella hemolymph. Insect Sci 2021; 28:1567-1581. [PMID: 33155403 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts of parasitoid wasps and play an important role in suppressing host immune defenses. Although PDV genes that inhibit host melanization are known in Microplitis bracovirus, the functional homologs in Cotesia bracoviruses remain unknown. Here, we find that Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) can inhibit hemolymph melanization of its host, Plutella xylostella larvae, during the early stages of parasitization, and that overexpression of highly expressed CvBV genes reduced host phenoloxidase activity. Furthermore, CvBV-7-1 in particular reduced host phenoloxidase activity within 12 h, and the injection of anti-CvBV-7-1 antibody increased the melanization of parasitized host larvae. Further analyses showed that CvBV-7-1 and three homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses possessed a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and had a similar function in inhibiting melanization. Therefore, a new family of bracovirus genes was proposed and named as C-terminal Leucine/isoleucine-rich Protein (CLP). Ectopic expression of CvBV-7-1 in Drosophila hemocytes increased susceptibility to bacterial repression of melanization and reduced the melanotic encapsulation of parasitized D. melanogaster by the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi. The formation rate of wasp pupae and the eclosion rate of C. vestalis were affected when the function of CvBV-7-1 was blocked. Our findings suggest that CLP genes from Cotesia bracoviruses encoded proteins that contain a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and function as melanization inhibitors during the early stage of parasitization, which is important for successful parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Singh S, Singh A, Baweja V, Roy A, Chakraborty A, Singh IK. Molecular Rationale of Insect-Microbes Symbiosis-From Insect Behaviour to Mechanism. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122422. [PMID: 34946024 PMCID: PMC8707026 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects nurture a panoply of microbial populations that are often obligatory and exist mutually with their hosts. Symbionts not only impact their host fitness but also shape the trajectory of their phenotype. This co-constructed niche successfully evolved long in the past to mark advanced ecological specialization. The resident microbes regulate insect nutrition by controlling their host plant specialization and immunity. It enhances the host fitness and performance by detoxifying toxins secreted by the predators and abstains them. The profound effect of a microbial population on insect physiology and behaviour is exploited to understand the host–microbial system in diverse taxa. Emergent research of insect-associated microbes has revealed their potential to modulate insect brain functions and, ultimately, control their behaviours, including social interactions. The revelation of the gut microbiota–brain axis has now unravelled insects as a cost-effective potential model to study neurodegenerative disorders and behavioural dysfunctions in humans. This article reviewed our knowledge about the insect–microbial system, an exquisite network of interactions operating between insects and microbes, its mechanistic insight that holds intricate multi-organismal systems in harmony, and its future perspectives. The demystification of molecular networks governing insect–microbial symbiosis will reveal the perplexing behaviours of insects that could be utilized in managing insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India; (S.S.); (V.B.)
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Varsha Baweja
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India; (S.S.); (V.B.)
- DBC i4 Center, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Amit Roy
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Excelentní Tým pro Mitigaci (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.K.S.)
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India; (S.S.); (V.B.)
- DBC i4 Center, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.K.S.)
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Yamaguchi M, Kinjo Y, Nizet V. Editorial: Host-Pathogen Interactions During Pneumococcal Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:752959. [PMID: 34760720 PMCID: PMC8573109 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.752959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Muthukrishnan G, Beck CA, Owen JR, Xie C, Kates SL, Daiss JL. Serum antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus can prognose treatment success in patients with bone infections. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2169-2176. [PMID: 33325051 PMCID: PMC8286088 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prognosing life-threatening orthopedic infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus remains a major clinical challenge. To address this, we developed a multiplex assay to assess the humoral immune proteome against S. aureus in patients with musculoskeletal infections. We found initial evidence that antibodies against some antigens (autolysins: Amd, Gmd; secreted immunotoxins: CHIPS, SCIN, Hla) were associated with protection, whereas antibodies against the iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) proteins (IsdA, IsdB, IsdH) were aligned with adverse outcomes. To formally test this, we analyzed antibody levels and 1-year clinical outcomes of 194 patients with confirmed S. aureus bone infections (AO Trauma Clinical Priority Program [CPP] Bone Infection Registry). A staggering 20.6% of the enrolled patients experienced adverse clinical outcomes (arthrodesis, reinfection, amputation, and septic death) after 1-year. At enrollment, anti-S. aureus immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in patients with adverse outcomes were 1.35-fold lower than those in patients whose infections were successfully controlled (p < 0.0001). Overall, there was a 51%-69% reduction in adverse outcome risk for every 10-fold increase in initial IgG concentration against Gmd, Amd, IsdH, CHIPS, SCIN, and Hla (p < 0.05). Notably, anti-IsdB antibodies remained elevated in patients with adverse outcomes; for every 10-fold change in the ratio of circulating anti-Isd to anti-Atl IgG at enrollment, there was a trending 2.6-fold increased risk (odds ratio = 2.555) of an adverse event (p = 0.105). Moreover, antibody increases over time correlated with adverse outcomes and decreases with positive outcomes. These studies demonstrate the potential of the humoral immune response against S. aureus as a prognostic indicator for assessing treatment success and identifying patients requiring additional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher A. Beck
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John R. Owen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stephen L. Kates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John L. Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Corresponding Author: John L. Daiss, Ph.D., Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 651, Rochester, NY, 14642,
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Zong Y, Zhou Y, Liao B, Liao M, Shi Y, Wei Y, Huang Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Ren B. The Interaction Between the Microbiome and Tumors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:673724. [PMID: 34532297 PMCID: PMC8438519 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.673724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global health problem and is characterized by a consistent increase in incidence and mortality rate. Deciphering the etiology and risk factors are essential parts of cancer research. Recently, the altered microbiome has been identified within the tumor microenvironment, tumor tissue, and even nonadjacent environments, which indicates a strong correlation between the microbiome and tumor development. However, the causation and mechanisms of this correlation remain unclear. Herein, we summarized and discussed the interaction between the microbiome and tumor progression. Firstly, the microbiome, which can be located in the tumor microenvironment, inside tumor tissues and in the nonadjacent environment, is different between cancer patients and healthy individuals. Secondly, the tumor can remodel microbial profiles by creating a more beneficial condition for the shifted microbiome. Third, the microbiome can promote tumorigenesis through a direct pathogenic process, including the establishment of an inflammatory environment and its effect on host immunity. The interactions between the microbiome and tumors can promote an understanding of the carcinogenesis and provide novel therapeutic strategies for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binyou Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Khalil S, Hinds B, Cheng JY, Kozma B. Pink edematous papules and plaques of the trunk and extremities. JAAD Case Rep 2021; 13:115-7. [PMID: 34189225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kato T, Wakiyama H, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy; A Review of Targets for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112535. [PMID: 34064074 PMCID: PMC8196790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cancer treatment that uses an antibody-photoabsorber (IRDye700DX) conjugate (APC) that is activated by NIR light irradiation. A major benefit of NIR-PIT is that only APC-bound cancer cells that are exposed to NIR light are killed by NIR-PIT; thus, minimal damage occurs in adjacent normal cells. NIR-PIT has now been applied to many cancers expressing various cell-surface target proteins using monoclonal antibodies designed to bind to them. Moreover, NIR-PIT is not limited to tumor antigens but can also be used to kill specific host cells that create immune-permissive environments in which tumors grow. Moreover, multiple targets can be treated simultaneously with NIR-PIT using a cocktail of APCs. NIR-PIT has great potential to treat a wide variety of cancers by targeting appropriate tumor cells, immune cells, or both, and can be augmented by other immunotherapies. Abstract Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cancer treatment that uses an antibody-photoabsorber (IRDye700DX) conjugate (APC) that is activated by NIR light irradiation. In September 2020, the first APC and laser system were conditionally approved for clinical use in Japan. A major benefit of NIR-PIT is that only APC-bound cancer cells that are exposed to NIR light are killed by NIR-PIT; thus, minimal damage occurs in adjacent normal cells. These early trials have demonstrated that in addition to direct cell killing, there is a significant therapeutic host immune response that greatly contributes to the success of the therapy. Although the first clinical use of NIR-PIT targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), many other targets are suitable for NIR-PIT. NIR-PIT has now been applied to many cancers expressing various cell-surface target proteins using monoclonal antibodies designed to bind to them. Moreover, NIR-PIT is not limited to tumor antigens but can also be used to kill specific host cells that create immune-permissive environments in which tumors grow. Moreover, multiple targets can be treated simultaneously with NIR-PIT using a cocktail of APCs. NIR-PIT can be used in combination with other therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, to enhance the therapeutic effect. Thus, NIR-PIT has great potential to treat a wide variety of cancers by targeting appropriate tumor cells, immune cells, or both, and can be augmented by other immunotherapies.
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Liu M, Hu J, Zhang A, Dai Y, Chen W, He Y, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Auxilin-like protein MoSwa2 promotes effector secretion and virulence as a clathrin uncoating factor in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. New Phytol 2021; 230:720-736. [PMID: 33423301 PMCID: PMC8048681 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens exploit the extracellular matrix (ECM) to inhibit host immunity during their interactions with the host. The formation of ECM involves a series of continuous steps of vesicular transport events. To understand how such vesicle trafficking impacts ECM and virulence in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we characterised MoSwa2, a previously identified actin-regulating kinase MoArk1 interacting protein, as an orthologue of the auxilin-like clathrin uncoating factor Swa2 of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that MoSwa2 functions as an uncoating factor of the coat protein complex II (COPII) via an interaction with the COPII subunit MoSec24-2. Loss of MoSwa2 led to a deficiency in the secretion of extracellular proteins, resulting in both restricted growth of invasive hyphae and reduced inhibition of host immunity. Additionally, extracellular fluid (ECF) proteome analysis revealed that MoSwa2-regulated extracellular proteins include many redox proteins such as the berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like) protein MoSef1. We further found that MoSef1 functions as an apoplastic virulent factor that inhibits the host immune response. Our studies revealed a novel function of a COPII uncoating factor in vesicular transport that is critical in the suppression of host immunity and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Yanglan He
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
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Qiu Q, Lin Y, Ma Y, Li X, Liang J, Chen Z, Liu K, Huang Y, Luo H, Huang R, Luo L. Exploring the Emerging Role of the Gut Microbiota and Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612202. [PMID: 33488618 PMCID: PMC7817884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem, which includes many different types of cells, abnormal vascular systems, and immunosuppressive cytokines. TME serves an important function in tumor tolerance and escapes from immune surveillance leading to tumor progression. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that gut microbiome is associated with cancer in a variety of ways, as specific microbial signatures are known to promote cancer development and influence safety, tolerability, and efficacy of therapies. Studies over the past five years have shown that the composition of the intestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer immunosurveillance, which contribute to the therapeutic activity of cancer immunotherapies based on targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis. In this review, we mainly discuss the impact of TME on cancer and immunotherapy through immune-related mechanisms. We subsequently discuss the influence of gut microbiota and its metabolites on the host immune system and the formation of TME. In addition, this review also summarizes the latest research on the role of gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qiu
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuqi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yucui Ma
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Animal Experiment Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juan Liang
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhiyan Chen
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kaifeng Liu
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuge Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
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Karmakar D, Lahiri B, Ranjan P, Chatterjee J, Lahiri P, Sengupta S. Road Map to Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Clinico-Immunopathology and COVID-19 Disease Severity. Pathogens 2020; 10:5. [PMID: 33374748 PMCID: PMC7823523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The rapid spread of the virus worldwide prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 discontinuing's a global health crisis. Approximately 80% of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 display undetectable to mild inflammation confined in the upper respiratory tract. In remaining patients, the disease turns into a severe form affecting almost all major organs predominantly due to an imbalance of innate and adaptive arms of host immunity. The purpose of the present review is to narrate the virus's invasion through the system and the host's reaction. A thorough discussion on disease severity is also presented regarding the behavior of the host's immune system, which gives rise to the cytokine storm particularly in elderly patients and those with comorbidities. A multifaceted yet concise description of molecular aspects of disease progression and its repercussion on biochemical and immunological features in infected patients is tabulated. The summary of pathological, clinical, immunological, and molecular accounts discussed in this review is of theranostic importance to clinicians for early diagnosis of COVID-19 and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
| | - Basudev Lahiri
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Piyush Ranjan
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Pooja Lahiri
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Sanghamitra Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
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Leeansyah E, Boulouis C, Kwa ALH, Sandberg JK. Emerging Role for MAIT Cells in Control of Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:504-16. [PMID: 33353796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to global public health as antibiotics are losing effectiveness due to rapid development of resistance. The human immune system facilitates control and clearance of resistant bacterial populations during the course of antimicrobial therapy. Here we review current knowledge of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, an arm of the immune system on the border between innate and adaptive, and their critical place in human antibacterial immunity. We propose that MAIT cells play important roles against antimicrobial-resistant infections through their capacity to directly clear multidrug-resistant bacteria and overcome mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we discuss outstanding questions pertinent to the possible advancement of host-directed therapy as an alternative intervention strategy for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
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Zhang X, Li H, Yi C, Chen G, Li Y, Zhou Y, Chen G, Li Y, He Y, Yu D. Host Immune Response Triggered by Graphene Quantum-Dot-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9627-9638. [PMID: 33293811 PMCID: PMC7718975 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s276153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the innovation of photosensitizers, photodynamic therapy is now widely used in antitumor detection and treatment. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are proposed as a promising alternative photosensitizer due to their high biocompatibility, specific photoactivity, and strong tumor concentration. However, the changes in host immunity triggered by GQDs have only rarely been reported. Methods In this work, GQDs as photosensitizers were conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance solubility and blood circulation. The phototoxicity of the resulting GQD-PEG nanomaterials was then detected in vitro and in vivo. The antitumor immunity triggered by GQD-PEG under irradiation was further evaluated in an oral squamous cell carcinoma animal model. Results The obtained GQD-PEG nanomaterials exhibited low cytotoxicity, good solution stability, and excellent endocytosis. Both in vitro and in vivo, all demonstrated strong ablation for oral squamous cell carcinoma under irradiation. Meanwhile, host-immunity-related CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF-α, were significantly increased after photo-activated antitumor activity. Conclusion These results highlight the dominant role of GQD-PEG in photodynamic therapy and could have significant implications for further combination therapy as a promising antitumor immune response strategy triggered by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliu Zhang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yi
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhui Chen
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Li
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
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Aounallah H, Bensaoud C, M'ghirbi Y, Faria F, Chmelar JI, Kotsyfakis M. Tick Salivary Compounds for Targeted Immunomodulatory Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583845. [PMID: 33072132 PMCID: PMC7538779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiency disorders and autoimmune diseases are common, but a lack of effective targeted drugs and the side-effects of existing drugs have stimulated interest in finding therapeutic alternatives. Naturally derived substances are a recognized source of novel drugs, and tick saliva is increasingly recognized as a rich source of bioactive molecules with specific functions. Ticks use their saliva to overcome the innate and adaptive host immune systems. Their saliva is a rich cocktail of molecules including proteins, peptides, lipid derivatives, and recently discovered non-coding RNAs that inhibit or modulate vertebrate immune reactions. A number of tick saliva and/or salivary gland molecules have been characterized and shown to be promising candidates for drug development for vertebrate immune diseases. However, further validation of these molecules at the molecular, cellular, and organism levels is now required to progress lead candidates to clinical testing. In this paper, we review the data on the immuno-pharmacological aspects of tick salivary compounds characterized in vitro and/or in vivo and present recent findings on non-coding RNAs that might be exploitable as immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Aounallah
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR19IPTX, Service d'Entomologie Médicale, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Innovation and Development Laboratory, Innovation and Development Center, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chaima Bensaoud
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Youmna M'ghirbi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR19IPTX, Service d'Entomologie Médicale, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fernanda Faria
- Innovation and Development Laboratory, Innovation and Development Center, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jindr Ich Chmelar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
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