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Belay DG, Wassie MM, Alemu MB, Merid MW, Norman R, Tessema GA. Socio-economic and spatial inequalities in animal sources of iron-rich foods consumption among children 6-23 months old in Ethiopia: A decomposition analysis. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003217. [PMID: 38753686 PMCID: PMC11098381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia in young children which can lead to long-term health consequences such as reduced immunity, impaired cognitive development, and school performance. As children experience rapid growth, they require a greater supply of iron from iron-rich foods to support their development. In addition to the low consumption of iron-rich foods in low- and lower-middle-income countries, there are also regional and socio-economic disparities. This study aimed to assess contributing factors of wealth-related inequality and geographic variations in animal sources of iron-rich food consumption among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. We used data from the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Surveys (EMDHS) 2019, a national survey conducted using stratified sampling techniques. A total of 1,461 children of age 6-23 months were included in the study. Iron-rich animal sources of food consumption were regarded when parents/caregivers reported that a child took at least one of the four food items identified as iron-rich food: 1) eggs, 2) meat (beef, lamb, goat, or chicken), 3) fresh or dried fish or shellfish, and 4) organs meat such as heart or liver. Concentration indices and curves were used to assess wealth-related inequalities. A Wagstaff decomposition analysis was applied to identify the contributing factors for wealth-related inequality of iron-rich animal source foods consumption. We estimated the elasticity of wealth-related inequality for a percentage change in socioeconomic variables. A spatial analysis was then used to map the significant cluster areas of iron-rich animal source food consumption among children in Ethiopia. The proportion of children who were given iron-rich animal-source foods in Ethiopia is 24.2% (95% CI: 22.1%, 26.5%), with figures ranging from 0.3% in Dire Dawa to 37.8% in the Oromia region. Children in poor households disproportionately consume less iron-rich animal-source foods than those in wealthy households, leading to a pro-rich wealth concentration index (C) = 0.25 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.37). The decomposition model explained approximately 70% of the estimated socio-economic inequality. About 21% of the wealth-related inequalities in iron-rich animal source food consumption in children can be explained by having primary or above education status of women. Mother's antenatal care (ANC) visits (14.6%), living in the large central and metropolitan regions (12%), household wealth index (10%), and being in the older age group (12-23 months) (2.4%) also contribute to the wealth-related inequalities. Regions such as Afar, Eastern parts of Amhara, and Somali were geographic clusters with low iron-rich animal source food consumption. There is a low level of iron-rich animal source food consumption among children, and it is disproportionately concentrated in the rich households (pro-rich distribution) in Ethiopia. Maternal educational status, having ANC visits, children being in the older age group (12-23 months), and living in large central and metropolitan regions were significant contributors to these wealth-related inequalities in iron-rich animal source foods consumption. Certain parts of Ethiopia such as, Afar, Eastern parts of Amhara, and Somali should be considered priority areas for nutritional interventions to increase children's iron-rich animal source foods consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Belay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Molla M. Wassie
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Melaku Birhanu Alemu
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mehari Woldemariam Merid
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Richard Norman
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gizachew A. Tessema
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Osei Bonsu E, Addo IY, Boadi C, Boadu EF, Okeke SR. Determinants of iron-rich food deficiency among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a comprehensive analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079856. [PMID: 38458798 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is a major public health problem that affects the physical and cognitive development of children under 5 years of age (under-5 children) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the factors associated with the limited consumption of iron-rich foods in the region are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study examined the prevalence and determinants of iron-rich food deficiency among under-5 children in 26 SSA countries. DESIGN This nationally representative quantitative study employed pooled data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2019. METHODS Representative samples comprising 296 850 under-5 children from the various countries were used. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between the lack of iron-rich food uptake and various sociodemographic factors. RESULT The overall prevalence of iron-rich food deficiency among the children in the entire sample was 56.75%. The prevalence of iron-rich food deficiency varied widely across the 26 countries, ranging from 42.76% in Congo Democratic Republic to 77.50% in Guinea. Maternal education, particularly primary education (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.68) and higher education (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.64), demonstrated a reduced likelihood of iron-rich food deficiency in the sample. Likewise, paternal education, with both primary education (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.75) and higher education (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.73) showed decreased odds of iron-rich food deficiency. Postnatal visits contributed significantly to reducing the odds of iron-rich food deficiency (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.95), along with antenatal visits, which also had a positive impact (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.95). Finally, residents in rural areas showed slightly higher odds of iron-rich food deficiency (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.28). CONCLUSION Based on the findings, interventions targeting iron-food deficiency in the SSA region should take into strong consideration the key determinants highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Osei Bonsu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Caleb Boadi
- Department of Operations and Management Information Systems, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Sahiledengle B, Mwanri L, Agho KE. Household environment associated with anaemia among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of Ethiopia demographic and health survey (2005-2016). BMC Public Health 2024; 24:315. [PMID: 38287295 PMCID: PMC10823679 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia continues to be a major public health challenge globally, including in Ethiopia. Previous studies have suggested that improved household environmental conditions may reduce anaemia prevalence; however, population-level evidence of this link is lacking in low-income countries. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between environmental factors and childhood anaemia in Ethiopia. METHODS In this study, we conducted an analysis of the data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), a nationally representative population-based survey conducted in Ethiopia between 2005 and 2016. The study included a total of 21,918 children aged 6-59 months. Children were considered anemic if their hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was less than 11.0 g/dl. To examine the association between environmental factors and anemia, we used multilevel mixed-effect models. These models allowed us to control for various confounding factors including: child, maternal, household and community-level variables. The study findings have been reported as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS The study found the overall prevalence of childhood anaemia to be 49.3% (95%CI: 48.7-49.9) between 2005 and 2016 in Ethiopia. The prevalence was 47.6% (95%CI: 46.1-49.1) in 2005, 42.8% (95%CI: 41.8-43.8) in 2011, and increased to 57.4% (95%CI: 56.3-58.4) in 2016. The pooled data showed that children from households practising open defecation were more likely to be anaemic (AOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05-1.36). In our survey specify analysis, the odds of anaemia were higher among children from households practising open defecation (AOR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.12-1.58) in the EDHS-2011 and EDHS-2016 (AOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.13-1.90). In contrast, neither household water sources nor the time to obtain water was associated with anaemia after controlling for potential confounders. The other variables significantly associated with childhood anaemia include: the child's age (6-35 months), not fully vaccinated (AOR: 1.14, 95%CI: 1.05-1.24), children not dewormed in the last 6 months (AOR: 1.11, 95%CI: 1.01-1.24), children born to mothers not working (AOR: 1.10, 95%CI: 1.02-1.19), children from poor households (AOR: 1.18: 95%CI: 1.06-1.31), and rural residence (AOR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.06-1.42). CONCLUSION In Ethiopia, about fifty percent of children suffer from childhood anemia, making it a serious public health issue. Open defecation is a major contributing factor to this scourge. To address this issue effectively, it is recommended to strengthen initiatives aimed at eliminating open defecation that involve various approaches, including sanitation infrastructure development, behavior change campaigns, and policy interventions. In addition, to reduce the burden of anemia in children, a multi-faceted approach is necessary, involving both prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniyam Sahiledengle
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia.
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- Research Centre for Public Health Research, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide Campus, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kingsley Emwinyore Agho
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW, 2571, Australia
- African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
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Tezol Ö, Mammadova S. Mother's Nutrition Literacy and Offspring Anemia: A Comparison Study in a Single Center. Turk Arch Pediatr 2023; 58:638-645. [PMID: 37915272 PMCID: PMC10724721 DOI: 10.5152/turkarchpediatr.2023.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is known that mother's knowledge about nutrition is associated with the prevalence of anemia in their children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of iron deficiency without anemia (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and anemia in children according to the level of mother's nutrition literacy (NL). MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a well-child outpatient clinic. The study included healthy children aged between 24 and 59 months and their mothers. Scores of the mothers on the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Tool for Adults and children's anthropometric z-scores, dietary diversity and Mediterranean Diet Quality Index scores, and children's hemoglobin and ferritin levels were collected. Two-group comparison analysis was performed. RESULTS Ninety mother-child pairs were included. While 36 mothers (40%) had borderline and 54 (60%) mothers had adequate NL, 15 children (16.7%) had ID, 5 (5.6%) children had IDA, and a total of 18 children (20%) had nutritional anemia. The percentage of wasted children was higher in the group with borderline NL (13.9% vs. 1.9%, P = .036). The percentage of children with ID, IDA, or other nutritional anemia was not different between the borderline and adequate NL groups (30.6% vs. 40.7%, P = .326). CONCLUSION The frequency of ID, IDA, or other nutritional anemia in children does not differ significantly between mothers with borderline and adequate NL. Increasing NL of mothers could be a step toward reducing the burden of child undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Tezol
- Department of Pediatrics, Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sakina Mammadova
- Department of Pediatrics, Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
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Semagn BE, Gebreegziabher ZA, Abebaw WA. Iron-rich food consumption and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Sierra Leone: multi-level logistic regression analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1793. [PMID: 37715168 PMCID: PMC10503148 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide. Also, iron deficiency is a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, this study aimed to assess iron-rich food consumption and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Sierra Leone. METHOD This study is a cross-sectional study based on data from the Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey dataset with a total weighted sample of 2622 children aged 6-23 months. Data cleaning, coding, and labeling were done using STATA version 14 software. A multilevel logistic regression model was employed to identify associated factors. RESULT Almost half (53.38%) of children aged between 6-23 months consumed iron-rich foods. The odds of iron rich food consumption were high among children in the age group of 12-17 months (AOR = 4.81, 95% CI: 3.67, 6.31) and 18-23 months (AOR = 9.3, 95% CI: 6.55, 13.2), and who fed minimum acceptable diet (AOR = 22.5, 95% CI: 11.65, 43.46). Moreover, a child from a mother who had work (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.06), and with a mother who had more than four ANC visits during her pregnancy of the most recent live birth (AOR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.36-2.55) had higher odds of iron-rich food consumption compared to their counterparts. On the other hand, children who were breastfeeding (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.97), and mothers aged 15-19 (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.85) decreased the odds of iron rich food consumption. CONCLUSION Consumption of iron-rich food is low among children aged 6-23 months in Sierra Leone. Iron-rich food consumption among children was significantly associated with maternal occupation, child's age, child's breastfeeding status, taking drugs for intestinal parasites, minimum acceptable diet, frequency, and timing of ANC, and region. Thus, special emphasis should be given to those children aged between 6-11 months, currently breastfeeding, children who did not get the minimum acceptable diet, and children from women who did not have work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhan Ewunu Semagn
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
| | - Zenebe Abebe Gebreegziabher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwosen Abey Abebaw
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
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Singer CE, Biciuşcă V, Abdul-Razzak J, Popescu IAS, Geormăneanu C, Singer MM, Mărginean CM, Popescu M. Associated factors in pediatric patients admitted with severe iron-deficiency anemia in the last seven years - the experience of a single pediatric unit. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2023; 64:419-426. [PMID: 37867359 PMCID: PMC10720942 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.64.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the causes of iron deficiency, laboratory findings and clinical manifestation of infants aged 6-12 months and children aged 1-3 years diagnosed with severe iron-deficiency anemia. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an observational, retrospective single tertiary center study between January 2015 and April 2022, which included 142 children. The control group (patients with no diagnosis of severe iron-deficiency anemia) included 71 patients and the study group (patients diagnosed with severe iron-deficiency anemia) included also 71 patients. Clinical data were retrospectively collected from hospital medical records. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 software. RESULTS Seventy-one children had hemoglobin <7 g∕dL and low values of ferritin/serum iron (22 infants aged 6-12 months and 49 children aged 1-3 years). In both the study and control groups, the male gender was slightly more prevalent. Mother's age at birth and living standard is significantly lower in the study group. We note a higher frequency of premature births (14.08%) in children identified with anemia compared to control group (8.45%). We found a statistically significant distribution of cow's milk consumption among the two groups (p<0.001). Pearson's correlation test revealed a significant positive correlation, indicating that anemia is directly proportional to cow's milk consumption. CONCLUSIONS The most frequent cause of iron-deficiency anemia in infants and children 1-3 years old was the consumption of cow's milk following incorrect diversification and incomplete prophylaxis of iron-deficiency anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elena Singer
- Department of Mother and Baby, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Viorel Biciuşcă
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | | | - Cristiana Geormăneanu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and First Aid, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Maria Mădălina Singer
- Resident Physician, Department of Dermatology, Dr Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Mihaela Popescu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
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Sodde FM, Liga AD, Jabir YN, Tamiru D, Kidane R. Magnitude and predictors of anemia among preschool children (36-59 months) in Atingo town, Jimma, Ethiopia. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1358. [PMID: 37334043 PMCID: PMC10273347 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anemia is a serious public health concern that affects more than 25% of the world's population. It is still widespread and at its most severe in Ethiopia. This study pointed to identify the magnitude and predictors of anemia in preschool children in Atinago. Method A structured interview and anthropometric metrics had been used in a cross-sectional study to collect data from 309 preschool children using a systematic sampling strategy from May 10 to June 25, 2022. Frequencies, percentages, means, and a bar chart were created as descriptive statistics. Factors that were significant at the 25% level in univariate analysis were run through multiple logistic models. Odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals were developed to determine the relevant predictors. Result The majority (51.7%) of preschool children in Atinago town had anemia. The finding reveals that poor dietary diversity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-3.07), children from families with food insecurity (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.31-3.9), child-mothers used iron folate for less than 3 months during pregnancy (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.07-3.48), households with more than five children (AOR = 1.880, 95% CI = 1.12-3.18), and stunted children (AOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.05-3.01) were highly susceptible to anemia. Conclusion The findings indicate that anemia was a serious issue among preschool children in Atinago. Therefore, stakeholders should provide community-based nutrition training on consuming diverse diets, dietary improvements in the home, consuming iron-rich meals, and the like; encourage mothers to participate in early ANC follow-up; and strengthen activities aimed at identifying households with food insecurity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad M. Sodde
- Department Medical LaboratoryLimmu Seka Health OfficeJimmaEthiopia
| | - Abebe D. Liga
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational SciencesWolkite UniversityWolkiteEthiopia
| | - Yasin N. Jabir
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural ScienceJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Dessalegn Tamiru
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of HealthJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Rediet Kidane
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of HealthJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
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Behailu T, Mengesha S, Lindtjorn B, S Engebretsen IM. Dietary practices and nutritional status of young children in the former ensete monoculture dominated Sidama region, southern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272618. [PMID: 36103509 PMCID: PMC9473397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Child undernutrition is a challenge in Ethiopia, where morbidity and mortality among children are attributed to it. This study aimed to describe the dietary practices, household food insecurity, and nutritional status of young children in Dale district, Sidama region, southern Ethiopia. We discuss our findings in light of research from the same area 3 to 5 decades ago, and we analyze factors associated with linear growth of young children.
Method
A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. Children less than two years old and their primary caretakers (n = 903) were included in this study. Among whom 791 children were aged above six months and 742 children out of 791 provided a 24-hour dietary recall. Interviews capturing other dietary practices, food insecurity, socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and haemoglobin assessments were performed for all. The WHO Child Growth Standards were used to calculate anthropometric indices and to describe stunting (length-for-age z-score <-2). Haemoglobin measures below 11g/dl were defined as low haemoglobin levels (anaemia). Multilevel linear regression was used to identify factors associated with length-for-age z-scores.
Result
The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and anaemia was 39.5%, 3.9%, and 61.7%, respectively. The majority of children (97%) ate cereals (maize) during the past 24 hours, and 79.6% of households use maize as the main food. Three fourth (75%) of the total households were food insecure ranging from mild to severe food insecurity. Boys were at higher risk of having lower length-for-age z-score than girls (β -0.53; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.78, -0.27). For each month the children grew older, length-for-age z-score decreased slightly (β -0.06; -0.07, -0.04). Household food insecurity scores (β -0.05; -0.08, -0.01) and children haemoglobin levels, (β 0.21; 0.06, 0.35) were also associated with length-for-age z-score among young children.
Conclusion
Linear growth failure (stunting) was prevalent among young children in the rural Sidama region and the majority of them were also anaemic. Older age, male sex, a lower haemoglobin level in children, and household food insecurity were risk factors of linear growth failure in young children. Maize seems to be the dominant food in this previously ensete dominated area; however, there have been minimal improvements in length-for-age z-score over decades. Strategies to ensure household’s food access and improve the quality of child diets need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsigereda Behailu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Selamawit Mengesha
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Bernt Lindtjorn
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Suryana S, Fitri Y, Yunianto AE, Bustami B, Lusiana SA. Nutritional Education to the Nutritional Maternal Knowledge and Iron Intake among Toddlers with Anemia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In general, maternal knowledge about nutrition and health affects food habits, influencing the child’s nutritional or iron intake. One effort to improve children’s iron status is by providing maternal nutrition education.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a nutrition education intervention on maternal knowledge and toddlers’ iron intake to prevent anemia among children under five. Paired t-test was used to analyze differences in knowledge, nutrient intake, consumption of iron sources, and hemoglobin (Hb) status of children before and after nutrition education interventions.
METHODS: This study was a Quasi Experiment with a one-group pre-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 40 toddlers consisting of two groups, namely, 20 toddlers in the intervention group and 20 toddlers in the control group. Mother’s knowledge about anemia, while nutrient intake, food sources containing iron were analyzed using Paired T-test.
RESULTS: The results of this study indicated a significant effect of a nutrition education intervention on improvement of maternal knowledge (p = 0.000), energy intake (p = 0.001), carbohydrates (p = 0.038), fat (0.047), iron (0.031), and consumption of iron food sources including chicken (p = 0.000) and fish (p = 0.005). However, no significant effect was identified on the Hb level of toddlers (p = 0.66).
CONCLUSION: Nutrition education intervention significantly affected the mother’s knowledge and toddlers’ iron intake but did not affect the Hb levels of toddlers.
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