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Meena DS, Sharma L, Bishnoi J, Soni M, Jeph NK, Galav V, Sharma SK. Serological and molecular prevalence of Brucella spp. among livestock species in Rajasthan, India. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157211. [PMID: 37529179 PMCID: PMC10389044 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A seroprevalence and molecular study was carried out in six districts of the state of Rajasthan, India to detect brucellosis in major livestock species. This study involves the testing of 3,245 livestock samples using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA), and genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers for molecular diagnosis of the disease. In the tested samples, seroprevalence was 5.06% (CI: 1.96-8.15) using the RBPT test and 6.88% (CI: 1.98-11.78) using the i-ELISA test, while the cumulative seroprevalence (RBPT and i-ELISA) was 3.63% (CI: 0.44-6.83). The prevalence of the disease was 1.27% (CI: 0.56-3.11) when tested using molecular markers. The highest prevalence of brucellosis was detected in Cattle (7.00, 3.22%), followed by camels (5.50, 2.50%), buffalo (2.66, 0.00%), sheep (2.43, 0.41%), and goats (0.58, 0.23%) when serological (cumulative) and molecular diagnosis were considered preferred methods of detection. Cattle (3.22%) and camels (2.50%) also showed a high prevalence of disease when tested using molecular markers. The results of this study reveal that cattle, camel, and sheep brucellosis is prevalent in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharm Singh Meena
- Centre for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Response of Zoonotic Diseases (CDSRZ), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Lata Sharma
- Centre for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Response of Zoonotic Diseases (CDSRZ), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Jyoti Bishnoi
- Centre for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Response of Zoonotic Diseases (CDSRZ), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Monika Soni
- Centre for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Response of Zoonotic Diseases (CDSRZ), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Jeph
- Centre for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Response of Zoonotic Diseases (CDSRZ), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Vikas Galav
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, India
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Evaluation of serological diagnostic tests for bovine brucellosis in dairy cattle herds in an endemic area: a multicenter study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:104. [PMID: 36856875 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is known as one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide affecting both livestock and humans. It causes abortions, reduces milk production, and infertility in infected animals. The disease is routinely diagnosed through three serological techniques, such as rose bengal plate test (RBPT), standard agglutination test (SAT), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA). The aim of this study was to identify and compare the brucellosis seroprevalence among dairy cattle farms through these different serological tests. From 2112 sampled dairy cattle in different parts of Iran, RBPT, SAT, and I-ELISA led to 296 (14.02%), 215 (10.18%), and 297 (14.06%) positive results, respectively. Brucella abortus biovar 3 (62 cases) was identified as the most common cause of brucellosis in tested animals. Our results showed that the specificity and sensitivity of I-ELISA were higher than those obtained by RBPT and SAT. In this study, the overall agreement of RBPT and SAT with I-ELISA reached 95.21% and 94.12% in dairy cattle farms, respectively. Furthermore, Cohen's kappa statistical analysis revealed that the best degree of agreement was seen between RBPT and I-ELISA (0.80), followed by RBPT and SAT (0.78) and finally SAT and I-ELISA (0.72), thereby indicating a strong agreement between RBPT and I-ELISA methods and good agreement between SAT and I-ELISA methods. The McNemar analysis also showed that a significant difference exists between positive and negative results determined by SAT and I-ELISA methods (p < 0.0001). However, the positive and negative results determined by I-ELISA and RBPT did not show a significant difference (p = 0.9207). Therefore, I-ELISA was a more specific and sensitive serological test when compared to RBPT and SAT and could remarkably decrease non-specific reaction by improving the serological screening specificity for an accurate brucellosis diagnosis in endemic areas.
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella’s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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Amjadi O, Rafiei A, Mardani M, Zafari P, Zarifian A. A review of the immunopathogenesis of Brucellosis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 51:321-333. [PMID: 30773082 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1568545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by the intracellular pathogens Brucella, is one of the major zoonotic infections. Considering the economic burden, its prevalence has been a health concern especially in endemic regions. Brucella is able to survive and replicate within host cells by expressing different virulence factors and using various strategies to avoid the host's immune response. This leads to progression of the disease from an acute phase to chronic brucellosis. Exploration of genetic variations has confirmed the expected influence of gene polymorphisms on susceptibility and resistance to brucellosis of humans. Since there is no approved human vaccine and treatment is uncertain with risk of relapse, it is important to increase knowledge about pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis in order to manage and control this infection, especially in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolbanin Amjadi
- a Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Masoud Mardani
- c Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- a Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Zarifian
- d Infectious Disease Research Group, Student Research Committee, Medical School , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Boby N, Ali SA, Preena P, Kaur G, Kumar S, Chaudhuri P. Detection of multiple organisms based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticle and dark-field microscopy. Talanta 2018; 188:325-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Rahdar HA, Golmohammadi R, Mirnejad R, Ataee RA, Alishiri GH, Kazemian H. Diversity of virulence genes in Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus detected from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:247-250. [PMID: 29578063 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus genomes were investigated in the synovial fluid (SF) samples from 90 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DNA extraction and PCR assay were performed for simultaneous identification and discrimination of B. melitensis and B. abortus from the SF using three specific primers. After gel electrophoresis, the PCR products were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cbg, omp31, manA, virB, and znuA virulence genes typing were performed by multiplex-PCR. Of the 90 samples, 14 were positive for B. melitensis (n = 9; 10%) and B. abortus (n = 5; 5.5%). The virulotyping of positive samples revealed the presence of all five virulence genes in B. melitensis. The virB, cbg, and om31 were detected in all five samples of B. abortus. In addition, zhuA and manA were detected in three (60%) and four (80%) samples, respectively, of the B. abortus-positive samples. Moreover, a total of 94.2% and 89.2% of the 14 positive samples were also found positive for manA and znuA, respectively. Our findings revealed that the Brucella spp. genomes can be detected in the SF of RA patients by the PCR-based method. We thus suggest that physicians should consider the Brucella spp. as indicators of potential RA for the timely diagnosis and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ali Rahdar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Golmohammadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Ataee
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Alishiri
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Akhvlediani T, Bautista CT, Garuchava N, Sanodze L, Kokaia N, Malania L, Chitadze N, Sidamonidze K, Rivard RG, Hepburn MJ, Nikolich MP, Imnadze P, Trapaidze N. Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Brucellosis in the Country of Georgia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170376. [PMID: 28107444 PMCID: PMC5249056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an endemic disease in the country of Georgia. According to the National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia (NCDC), the average annual number of brucellosis cases was 161 during 2008-2012. However, the true number of cases is thought to be higher due to underreporting. The aim of this study was to provide current epidemiological and clinical information and evaluate diagnostic methods used for brucellosis in Georgia. METHODOLOGY Adult patients were eligible for participation if they met the suspected or probable case definition for brucellosis. After consent participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, epidemiology, history of present illness, and clinical manifestation. For the diagnosis of brucellosis, culture and serological tests were used. RESULTS A total of 81 participants were enrolled, of which 70 (86%) were from rural areas. Seventy-four percent of participants reported consuming unpasteurized milk products and 62% consuming undercooked meat products before symptom onset. Forty-one participants were positive by the Wright test and 33 (41%) were positive by blood culture. There was perfect agreement between the Huddelston and Wright tests (k = 1.0). Compared with blood culture (the diagnostic gold standard), ELISA IgG and total ELISA (IgG + IgM), the Wright test had fair (k = 0.12), fair (k = 0.24), and moderate (k = 0.52) agreement, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of unpasteurized milk products and undercooked meat were among the most common risk factors in brucellosis cases. We found poor agreement between ELISA tests and culture results. This report also serves as an initial indication that the suspected case definition for brucellosis surveillance purposes needs revision. Further research is needed to characterize the epidemiology and evaluate the performance of the diagnostic methods for brucellosis in Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Akhvlediani
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-Georgia (USAMRD-G), Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian T. Bautista
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalia Garuchava
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lia Sanodze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nora Kokaia
- Virsaladze Scientific-Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lile Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nazibrola Chitadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ketevan Sidamonidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
- I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Rivard
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Hepburn
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mikeljon P. Nikolich
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-Georgia (USAMRD-G), Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nino Trapaidze
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-Georgia (USAMRD-G), Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, United States of America
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Acharya KP, Kaphle K, Shrestha K, Garin Bastuji B, Smits HL. Review of brucellosis in Nepal. Int J Vet Sci Med 2016; 4:54-62. [PMID: 33195685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an abortifacient zoonotic disease that remains prominent in third world countries like Nepal. Brucellosis poses a public health concern, because its incidence in livestock can present substantial economic and health burdens for herders and health professionals. Several cases of bovine and human brucellosis have been reported and the prevalence is higher among livestock than among humans in Nepal. Lack of awareness, unhealthy food habit, traditional husbandry practices, and a lack of surveillance and immunization have been the major factors in maintaining a vicious cycle of propagation of the disease in human and animals. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current status of the disease, the mechanism of infection, and pathogenesis, its zoonotic potential, diagnostic advances, treatment regimens, and the preventive measures that can be adopted in managing human brucellosis in under-developed countries such as Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Acharya
- Ecole d'Ingenieurs de Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University (TU), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krishna Kaphle
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University (TU), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Bruno Garin Bastuji
- European & International Affairs Department Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail French Agency for Food, Environmental & Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
| | - Henk L Smits
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute/Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hasanjani Roushan MR, Marashi SMA, Moulana Z. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Assays for the Diagnosis of Active and Relapsed Cases of Human Brucellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1272-1276. [PMID: 27928078 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with serum agglutination test (SAT) in the diagnosis of patients before and 6 months after treatment. Peripheral blood specimens from 50 patients with brucellosis (case group) and 30 subjects without brucellosis (control group) were selected and entered into the study. The diagnosis of brucellosis was established using SAT ≥ 1:160 and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) ≥ 1:80 with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with brucellosis. For each case, both before treatment and 6 months after completion of therapy, SAT, 2-ME, and PCR were performed. Subjects in the control group were assessed by the same tests at the initial visit. In the case group, 50 patients (36 males, 14 females) with the mean age of 43.6 ± 14.5 years were evaluated. The mean age of the control group was 40.6 ± 14 years. Among the 50 patients whose nested PCR assays were initially positive, 43 (86%) were negative 6 months after completing treatment. Relapse occurred in five (10%) patients within 6 months after treatment and all were PCR positive. None of the patients in the control group was PCR positive. Results show that PCR seems to be highly sensitive and specific, and therefore is a useful method for both the initial diagnosis and detection of relapse or chronic brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Moulana
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Koroglu M, Aydemir OA, Demiray T, Erkorkmaz U, Ozbek A, Altindis M. Comparative evaluation of the Brucella Coombs gel test in laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1190945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Koroglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Sakarya University Research and Education Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Akkaya Aydemir
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Sakarya University Research and Education Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Tayfur Demiray
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Sakarya University Research and Education Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Unal Erkorkmaz
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozbek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Sakarya University Research and Education Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Altindis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Sakarya University Research and Education Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
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WITHDRAWN: Acute brucellosis in Nepal: Research and prospects. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Establishment of an antibody avidity test to differentiate vaccinated cattle from those naturally infected with Mycoplasma bovis. Vet J 2014; 203:79-84. [PMID: 25467991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a major pathogen of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in China and a live attenuated vaccine has recently been developed. This study aimed to establish an IgG avidity test to differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated animals. An indirect ELISA (iELISA) was first established in the laboratory to detect antibodies specific to M. bovis using whole cell proteins as coating antigens and serum samples from experimentally infected cattle. The specificity and sensitivity of the iELISA was confirmed using a commercial ELISA kit as a reference standard. Both tests showed substantial agreement as indicated by a κ value of 0.78 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.62, 0.93), and an overall 92.0% (80/87) agreement between the two tests. Based on the laboratory iELISA, a sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) competitive iELISA was then developed for the detection of IgG avidity, expressed as relative avidity index (AI). Two-hundred and one experimentally immunised and naturally infected animals were used. These comprised 36 immunised calves, 38 negative control calves, 37 naturally infected calves, 87 calves of unknown status, and an additional three immunised calves that were used for a time trial. By testing true positive and negative antisera from either naturally infected or immunised calves, the AI cut-off value was defined as 70.4%. The diagnostic accuracy of the in-house NaSCN competitive iELISA was determined using serum samples collected from the experimental animals. The IgG avidity test demonstrated 96.0% sensitivity (95% CI 80.5%, 99.3%) and 95.8% specificity (95% CI 79.8%, 99.3%), and was successfully established as a valuable first test for differentiating vaccinated animals from those infected with M. bovis. This test may be a useful tool for clarifying the magnitude of M. bovis infection and in assessing the efficacy of vaccination in exposed animal populations.
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Bai L, Zhao Y, Liu C, Ma A, Yu H. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays for the diagnosis of human brucellosis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:31. [PMID: 25082566 PMCID: PMC4236518 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-014-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technique for the nucleic acid amplification, which is commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases. The use of PCR for pathogens detection, genotyping and quantification has some advantages, such as high sensitivity, high specificity, reproducibility and technical ease. Brucellosis is a common zoonosis caused by Brucella spp., which still remains as a major health problem in many developing countries around the world. The direct culture and immunohistochemistry can be used for detecting infection with Brucella spp. However, PCR has the potential to address limitations of these methods. PCR are now one of the most useful assays for the diagnosis in human brucellosis. The aim of this review was to summarize the main PCR techniques and their applications for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with brucellosis. Moreover, advantages or limitation of the different PCR methods as well as the evaluation of PCR results for treatment and follow-up of human brucellosis were also discussed.
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Nouri HR, Marashi MA, Rahimi MT, Baleghi Damavandi S, Ebrahimpour S. Diagnostic Tests in Human Brucellosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep19422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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