1
|
Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Pleić N, Zemunik T. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6521. [PMID: 34204586 PMCID: PMC8234807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene-environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (N.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren B, Wan S, Liu L, Qu M, Wu H, Shen H. Distributions of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone in 2020 thyroid disease-free adults from areas with different iodine levels: a cross-sectional survey in China. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1001-1010. [PMID: 32816248 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to describe the distributions of serum thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in thyroid disease-free adults from areas with different iodine levels in China. Meanwhile, we aimed to evaluate the influence of age and gender on the distribution of TSH, assess the relationship between concentrations of TSH and free thyroxine (FT4), and analyze the factors that may affect TSH levels. METHODS 2020 adults were included from April 2016 to June 2019. Urinary iodine concentration, serum iodine concentration, serum TSH, FT4, free triiodothyronine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroglobulin antibodies were measured, and thyroid ultrasonography was performed. RESULTS The median of TSH in iodine-fortification areas (IFA), iodine-adequate areas (IAA), iodine-excessive areas (IEA) were 2.32, 2.11 and 2.34 mIU/L, respectively. Serum TSH concentrations were significantly higher in IFA and IEA than that in IAA (p = 0.005 and < 0.0001). The TSH values of most adults were distributed within the range of 1.01-3.00 mIU/L with the same trend in three groups. In our study, TSH levels did not change with age, and the TSH level of females was higher than that of males (p < 0.0001). There was a negative correlation between FT4 and TSH in IAA (r = - 0.160, p < 0.0001) and IEA (r = - 0.177, p < 0.0001), but there was no correlation between FT4 and TSH in IFA (r = - 0.046, p = 0.370). BMI, smoking status, education levels, and marital status were associated with TSH. CONCLUSION Our study provides a basis for establishing the reference intervals of TSH in different iodine level areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ren
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - S Wan
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - L Liu
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - M Qu
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Wu
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Shen
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Adiposity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and consumption. Promotion of the browning of white fat increases energy expenditure and could combat adiposity. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has been confirmed to positively correlate with adiposity. However, the putative connection between TSH and white adipose browning has never been explored. In this study, we sought to assess the effect of TSH on white adipose tissue browning and energy metabolism. Subclinical hypothyroidism mice, thyroid-specific Tshr-knockout mice injected with TSH, adipocyte-specific and global Tshr-knockout micewere subjected to morphological, physiological, genetic or protein expression analyses and metabolic cages to determine the role of TSH on the browning of white adipose tissue and metabolism. 3T3-L1 and primary SVF cells were used to verify the effects and mechanism of TSH on the browning of white adipocytes. We show that increased circulation TSH level decreases energy expenditure, promotes adiposity, impairs glucose and lipid metabolism. Knockout of Tshr decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditureand markedly promotes the development of beige adipocytesin both epididymal and inguinal subcutaneous white fat via a mechanism that likely involves AMPK/PRDM16/PGC1α. Our results reveal an important role of TSH in regulating energy balance and adiposity by inhibiting the browning of white fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
| | - Huixiao Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong, P.R. China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diniz MDFHS, Beleigoli AMR, Benseñor IM, Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Barreto SM. Association between TSH levels within the reference range and adiposity markers at the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228801. [PMID: 32032374 PMCID: PMC7006933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of thyrotropin (TSH) with overall (body mass index, BMI), visceral (waist circumference and steatosis), and upper subcutaneous (neck circumference, NC) adiposity markers is still controversial, and the aim of this study is to assess these associations in the baseline data of a large cohort from ELSA-Brasil. Methods and findings This cross-sectional study included 11,224 participants with normal thyroid function (normal TSH levels). BMI, waist circumference, NC and steatosis, defined by hepatic attenuation (mild or moderate/severe) were the explicative variables. TSH levels were log transformed (logTSH), and multivariate linear regression models were generated to estimate the associations between logTSH and BMI (continuous and categorized), waist circumference, NC, and steatosis after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and comorbidities. The mean age was 51.5±8.9 years, 5,793 (51.6%) participants were women, 21.8% (n = 2,444) were obese, and 15.1% of the sample was TPOAb positive. The TSH levels were significantly higher in the obese group than in the reference group (<25.0 kg/m2). In the multivariable linear regression models, significant associations of logTSH with BMI and obesity were found. LogTSH was associated with waist circumference only among women. NC and steatosis were not related to TSH levels. Conclusions TSH levels were associated with overall adiposity and obesity. Further studies may elucidate reference levels of TSH according to BMI status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabela M. Benseñor
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Lotufo
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang H, Di J, Pan J, Yu R, Teng Y, Cai Z, Deng X. The Association Between Prolactin and Metabolic Parameters in PCOS Women: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:263. [PMID: 32477263 PMCID: PMC7235367 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the association between prolactin (PRL) and metabolic parameters in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: A total of 2,052 patients with PCOS and 9,696 patients with tubal infertility (non-PCOS) undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) at the reproductive medicine center of the first affiliated hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2007 to July 2017 were enrolled in this study. Serum PRL, basic endocrine hormones, fasting plasma lipid, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), liver function, thyroid hormone and other parameters were measured and analyzed. Result: PRL levels were significantly lower in PCOS patients than controls over all age groups (p < 0.05). In the PCOS patients, serum PRL was significantly and positively correlated with FPG, serum TSH and serum FT4, and significantly and negatively correlated with LH, LH/FSH, TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT, γ-GGT, FT3, and FT3/FT4 (p < 0.05 or 0.01). After adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI), serum PRL was positively correlated with FPG, TSH, and FT4, and negatively correlated with LH and LH/FSH. Conclusion: Low serum PRL may be an important cause of metabolic risk in infertile patients with PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junbo Di
- Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiexue Pan
- Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yili Teng
- Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuhua Cai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Deng
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hayashi A, Takano K, Kawakami Y, Hitomi M, Ohata Y, Suzuki A, Kamata Y, Shichiri M. Short-term Change in Resting Energy Expenditure and Body Compositions in Therapeutic Process for Graves' Disease. Intern Med 2020; 59:1827-1833. [PMID: 32741892 PMCID: PMC7474983 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4462-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the medical treatment of Graves' disease, we sometimes encounter patients who gain weight after the onset of the disease. To estimate the energy required during the course of treatment when hyperthyroidism ameliorates, we measured the resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition in patients with Graves' disease before and during treatment in the short-term. Methods Twenty patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease were enrolled, and our REE data of 19 healthy volunteers were used. The REE was measured by a metabolic analyzer, and the basal energy expenditure (BEE) was estimated by the Harris-Benedict formula. The body composition, including body weight, fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM) and lean body mass (LBM), were measured by a multi-frequency body composition analyzer. We tailored the nutritional guidance based on the measured REE. Results Serum thyrotropin levels were significantly increased at three and six months. Serum free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine and REE values were significantly decreased at one, three and six months. The REE/BEE ratio was 1.58±0.28 at the onset and significantly declined to 1.34±0.34, 1.06±0.19 and 1.01±0.16 at 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. Body weight, MM and LBM significantly increased at three and six months. Conclusion The REE significantly decreased during treatment of Graves' disease. The decline was evident as early as one month after treatment. The REE after treatment was lower than in healthy volunteers, which may lead to weight gain. These data suggest that appropriate nutritional guidance is necessary with short-term treatment before the body weight normalizes in order to prevent an overweight condition and the emergence of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Takano
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Department of Nutrition, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan
| | - Mamiko Hitomi
- Department of Nutrition, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ohata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Agena Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mayers RA, Soria Montoya A, Piscoya Rivera A, Silva Caso WG. Association between metabolic syndrome and euthyroid nodular goiter: a case-control study. Colomb Med (Cali) 2019; 50:239-251. [PMID: 32476690 PMCID: PMC7232946 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v50i4.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and abdominal obesity; its pathophysiologic basis, insulin resistance, has been shown to act as agent in thyroid cell proliferation. Few studies analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodular disease, with a substantial knowledge gap. Objective: Determine the association between metabolic syndrome and nodular thyroid disease in a region with adequate iodine intake. Methods: Case-control study. A total of 182 patients referred to radiology to undergo thyroid ultrasonography due to suspicion of thyroid disease. Cases had at least one thyroid nodule greater than 3 mm (n= 91). Controls did not have evidence of thyroid nodules (n= 91). Results: Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of thyroid nodule (OR 2.56, 95% CI: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Low levels of HDL (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.10 to 3.78, p <0.05) were significantly associated with the presence of thyroid nodule, independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome. Multivariate analysis maintained the association between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodule with an OR of 2.96 (95%CI 1.47 to 5.95, p <0.05); similarly, the associations of low levels of HDL (OR 2.77, 95%CI 1.44 to 5.3, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.14 to 4.34, p<0.05) with thyroid nodule remained significant. Conclusion: The thyroid nodular disease is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, specifically decreased HDL and impaired fasting glucose levels were the factors that increased association was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raisa A Mayers
- Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lima, Peru.,Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn, USA
| | - Andrea Soria Montoya
- Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lima, Peru.,SANNA Clínica El Golf, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Piscoya Rivera
- Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lima, Peru.,Hospital Guillermo Kaelin de la Fuente, EsSalud - Gastroenterology service, Lima, Peru
| | - Wilmer Gianfranco Silva Caso
- Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research and Innovation Centre, Lima, Peru.,Ministerio de Salud del Perú, Centro de Salud Las Palmas, Tingo Maria, Huánuco, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jung G, Oh SB, Lee WY, Kim HR, Nam HK, Kim JH, Rhie YJ, Lee KH. Thyroid function in girls with central precocious puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 24:124-128. [PMID: 31261477 PMCID: PMC6603609 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2019.24.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a well-known risk factor for central precocious puberty (CPP). Recently, elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was reported in obese youth. However, few data regarding the relationship between CPP and TSH are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate thyroid function in girls with CPP and the relationship between CPP and serum TSH concentration. METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 1,247 girls aged between 6.0 and 8.9 years who had undergone a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test to determine the presence of puberty were studied. Subjects were classified into CPP (n=554) and non-CPP (n=693) groups according to the results of the GnRH stimulation test. Characteristics and laboratory data of the CPP and non-CPP groups were compared and correlations between those characteristics and laboratory data and TSH concentration were evaluated. Serum TSH concentration in the CPP group was higher than that of the non-CPP group (3.19±1.55 mIU/L vs. 2.58±1.34 mIU/L, P<0.001). RESULTS Serum free thyroxine (fT4) concentration in the CPP group was notably lower than that of the non-CPP group (1.38±0.14 ng/dL vs. 1.44±0.18 ng/dL, P<0.001). Across all subjects, 149 girls (11.9%) had hyperthyrotropinemia. The prevalence of hyperthyrotropinemia was higher in the CPP group compared to the non-CPP group (15.7% vs. 8.9%, P<0.001). TSH concentrations were positively correlated with age, height, weight, BMI, bone age, bone age advance, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 standard deviation score, basal luteinizing hormone (LH), peak LH and basal follicle-stimulation hormone. TSH concentrations were negatively correlated with fT4. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age (β=0.548, P<0.001) and peak LH (β=0.019, P=0.008) were independently associated with serum TSH concentration. CONCLUSION Hyperthyrotropinemia in girls with CPP tends to be associated with pubertal LH elevation. In conclusion, pubertal onset may be associated with thyroid function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geehae Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Bin Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Nam
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Rhie
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Address for correspondence: Young-Jun Rhie, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeokgem-ro Danwon-gu, Ansan 15355, Korea Tel: +82-31-412-4846 Fax: +82-31-405-8951 E-mail:
| | - Kee-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu J, Wang C, Tang X, Fu S, Jing G, Ma L, Sun W, Li Y, Wu D, Niu Y, Niu Q, Guo H, Song P. Correlation analysis of metabolic syndrome and its components with thyroid nodules. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1617-1623. [PMID: 31564932 PMCID: PMC6724178 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s219019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with the occurrence of thyroid nodules. METHODS A total of 2719 volunteers from some areas of Gansu Province, China, who participated in the national survey of thyroid diseases and iodine nutrition status (Tide) and diabetes prevalence, were selected. Their height, weight, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure were recorded. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma postprandial glucose (2hPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels were measured. The prevalence of MetS and thyroid nodules was evaluated, and the correlation between each component of MetS and thyroid nodules was studied. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS and thyroid nodules was 15.4% and 17.2%, respectively. WC, SBP, body mass index, FPG, 2hPG, TG, TC, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were significantly higher in the thyroid nodule group. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was significantly higher in the MetS group. A positive correlation was found between the degree of metabolic disorder and the occurrence of thyroid nodules. WC was found to be a risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid nodules. For WC≥90 cm, an increase in the independent variables led to a significant rise in the incidence of thyroid nodules. CONCLUSION The prevalence of thyroid nodules was higher in the MetS group. The WC of the MetS components might be an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jingfang Liu; Xulei Tang Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 0 931 835 6470Email
| | - Chenge Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xulei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songbo Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojing Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianglong Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiping Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu730000, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sengupta S, Jaseem T, Ambalavanan J, Hegde A. Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR 2) in Mild Subclinical Hypothyroid Subjects. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33:214-217. [PMID: 29651214 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite various studies with conflicting results, the effect of thyroid hormones on lipids and insulin levels in dysthyroidism is of great interest. This case control study was aimed to perceive the existence of IR and dyslipidemia in mild subclinical hypothyroid subjects (TSH ≤ 9.9 µIU/ml) as compared to their age and gender matched euthyroid controls. Basic demographic information like height, weight was recorded. Serum samples of all the subjects were assayed for thyroid profile, lipid profile, blood glucose, HbA1C and insulin. BMI and insulin resistance was calculated. Compared to controls patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism demonstrated hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia observed by the higher LDL cholesterol. A significantly positive correlation was observed for HOMA-IR with TSH and LDL cholesterol. Hence, even in the mild subclinical hypothyroid state assessment of thyroid function should be combined with estimation of plasma glucose, insulin and serum lipids to monitor and prevent its associated effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreejita Sengupta
- 1Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangaluru, Karnataka India
| | - T Jaseem
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Center for Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575004 India
| | | | - Anupama Hegde
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Center for Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575004 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mousa U, Bozkuş Y, Kut A, Demir C, Tutuncu N. FAT DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLIC PROFILE IN SUBJECTS WITH HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2018; 14:105-112. [PMID: 31149243 PMCID: PMC6516596 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have associated overt/subclinical hypothyroidism and obesity but have failed to confirm a causative relationship between them. Confusion is even more for subjects with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT). OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the fat distribution and metabolic profile of subjects with euthyroid HT as well as to establish an appropriate cut-off level of TSH for the development of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in both groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS All subjects were euthyroid whether under levothyroxine replacement or not. We recruited 301 volunteers (99 with HT and 202 without thyroid autoimmunity). Together with some metabolic variables, we measured the waist circumference, hip circumference, neck circumference manually; the total body fat with a body composition analyzer; and the visceral fat/trunk fat percentage via abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS A significant positive correlation was established between TSH levels and insulin, fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR and body mass index (r=0.28; p<0.001; r=0.27; p<0.05: r=0.32; p<0.001: r=0.13; p<0.05 respectively). The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (Mets) was comparable in HT and control groups (27.3% vs. 30.7%; p>0.05). The prevalence of Mets was similar when HT subjects using levothyroxine or HT subjects with accompanying thyroid nodules were taken into consideration. Similarly, anthropometric and metabolic parameters were similar in both the HT group and the control group.We were unable to establish the TSH cut-off level by ROC analysis with desired sensitivity and specificity (AUC: 0.563 with 95% C.I. p=0.35; standard error 0.76). CONCLUSIONS Although weight gain is frequently encountered in subjects with HT, such subjects with thyroid function tests in the euthyroid range have a similar prevalence of Mets and similar metabolic and anthropometric measurements compared to subjects without autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U. Mousa
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y. Bozkuş
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A. Kut
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C.C. Demir
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N.B. Tutuncu
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Emokpae MA, Obazelu PA. The Association of Triiodothyronine-to-Thyroxine Ratio with Body Mass Index in Obese Nigerian Children and Adolescents. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:medsci5040036. [PMID: 29244733 PMCID: PMC5753665 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and obesity is on the increase. This study compares the triiodothyronine-to-thyroxine (T3/T4) ratio in obese and lean children and adolescents, and correlates thyroid hormones with body mass index (BMI) in obese Nigerian children. It is a retrospective study of records of 76 obese children and adolescents with a BMI of 31.7 ± 0.1 kg/m2 (26 males aged 10.9 ± 0.35 years, and 50 females aged 10.8 ± 0.4 years) that were referred to the laboratory for thyroid hormone evaluation because of their obese status. The controls were 20 age-matched non-obese apparently healthy subjects, with a mean age of 11.0 ± 0.47 years and a BMI of 20.2 ± 0.2 kg/m2. Serum T3, T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined using ELECSYS 1010 auto-analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany). The BMI (p < 0.001), T3 (p < 0.01), TSH (p < 0.001) and T3/T4 ratio (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in obese than non-obese children and adolescents. Triiodothyronine (r = 0.230; p < 0.05), TSH (r = 0.272; p < 0.02), and T3/T4 ratio (r = 0.232; p < 0.05) correlated positively with BMI in obese children and adolescents. The T3/T4 ratio (p < 0.005) was significantly higher in obese boys than obese girls. Serum T3, TSH, and T3/T4 ratio correlated positive with BMI in obese Nigerian children and adolescents. Since thyroid dysfunction represents a continuum from asymptomatic to clinical symptomatic disease, it is suggested that obese children be counseled on the need to maintain ideal BMI in order to avoid the risks associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Abiodun Emokpae
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
| | - Progress Arhenrhen Obazelu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shaoba A, Basu S, Mantis S, Minutti C. Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels and Body Mass Index Percentiles in Children with Primary Hypothyroidism on Levothyroxine Replacement. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:337-343. [PMID: 28766504 PMCID: PMC5785640 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association, if any, between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and body mass index (BMI) percentiles in children with primary hypothyroidism who are chemically euthyroid and on treatment with levothyroxine. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study consisted of a review of medical records from RUSH Medical Center and Stroger Hospital, Chicago, USA of children with primary hypothyroidism who were seen in the clinic from 2008 to 2014 and who were chemically euthyroid and on treatment with levothyroxine for at least 6 months. The patients were divided into two groups based on their TSH levels (0.34-<2.5 mIU/L and ≥2.5-5.6 mIU/L). The data were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation, linear regression, cross tabulation and chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS One hundred and forty-six children were included, of which 26% were obese (BMI ≥95%), 21.9% overweight (BMI ≥85-<95%), and 52.1% of a healthy weight (BMI ≥5-<85%). There was a significant positive correlation between TSH and BMI percentiles (r=0.274, p=0.001) and a significant negative correlation between TSH and serum free T4 (r=-0.259, p=0.002). In the lower TSH group, 68.4% of the children had a healthy weight, while the percentage of obese children was 60.5% in the upper TSH group (p=0.012). CONCLUSION In children diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism who are chemically euthyroid on treatment with levothyroxine, there is a positive association between higher TSH levels and higher BMI percentiles. However, it is difficult to establish if the higher TSH levels are a direct cause or a consequence of the obesity. Further studies are needed to establish causation beyond significant association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Shaoba
- RUSH University Graduate College, Masters in Clinical Research Program, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sanjib Basu
- RUSH University Graduate College, Department of Preventive Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stelios Mantis
- RUSH University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Carla Minutti
- RUSH University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
,* Address for Correspondence: RUSH University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Chicago, Illinois, USA Phone: +312 942-3034 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gutch M, Rungta S, Kumar S, Agarwal A, Bhattacharya A, Razi SM. Thyroid functions and serum lipid profile in metabolic syndrome. Biomed J 2017; 40:147-153. [PMID: 28651736 PMCID: PMC6136284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones are known to affect energy metabolism. Many patients of metabolic syndrome have subclinical or clinical hypothyroidism and vice versa. To study the correlation of thyroid profile and serum lipid profile with metabolic syndrome. Method It is a hospital based cross sectional case-control study carried out in tertiary care health center, we studied thyroid functions test and serum lipid profile in 100 metabolic syndrome patients according to IDF criteria and a similar number of age, gender and ethnicity matched healthy controls. Result We found that serum HDL was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in cases (41.28 ± 8.81) as compared to controls (54.00 ± 6.31). It was also found that serum LDL, VLDL, triglyceride levels and total cholesterol were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) in cases than controls. Serum TSH levels of subjects in cases group (3.33 ± 0.78) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of controls (2.30 ± 0.91) and significantly lower levels of T4 (p < 0.001) in the patients of metabolic syndrome (117.45) than in controls (134.64) while higher levels of T3, although statistically insignificant in the patients of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Thyroid hormones up-regulate metabolic pathways relevant to resting energy expenditure, hence, obesity and thyroid functions are often correlated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Gutch
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, U.P, India.
| | - Sumit Rungta
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Sukriti Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Avinash Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | | | - Syed Mohd Razi
- Department of Endocrinology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut, U.P, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dahl M, Ohrt JD, Fonvig CE, Kloppenborg JT, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Holm JC. Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Danish Lean and Obese Children and Adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:8-16. [PMID: 27611730 PMCID: PMC5363170 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid abnormalities are common in obese children. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and to determine how circulating thyroid hormone concentrations correlate with anthropometrics in Danish lean and obese children and adolescents. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we included 3006 children and adolescents, aged 6-18 years, from the Registry of the Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank. The overweight/obese group (n=1796) consisted of study participants with a body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) ≥1.28. The control group (n=1210) comprised lean children with a BMI SDS <1.28. All participants were characterized by anthropometrics (weight, height, and waist circumference) and fasting serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine (fT4) at baseline. RESULTS The prevalence of SH was higher among overweight/obese compared to lean study participants (10.4% vs. 6.4%, p=0.0001). In the overweight/obese group, fasting serum TSH concentrations were associated positively with BMI SDS (p<0.0001) and waist-height ratio (WHtR) (p<0.0001) independent of age, sex, and pubertal developmental stage, whereas fasting serum fT4 concentrations were associated positively only with WHtR. The odds ratio of exhibiting SH was 1.8 when being overweight/obese compared with lean (p=0.0007) and 1.8 when presenting with a WHtR >0.5 (p=0.0003). CONCLUSION The prevalence of SH was higher among overweight/obese study participants. The positive correlations of circulating TSH and fT4 with WHtR suggest that central obesity, independent of the overall degree of obesity, augments the risk of concurrent thyroid abnormalities in children and adolescents with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dahl
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Johanne Dam Ohrt
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
,
University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Tonsgaard Kloppenborg
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
,
University of Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
,
University of Southern Denmark, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
,
University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
,* Address for Correspondence: Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark Phone: +45 59484200 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang F, Liu A, Li Y, Lai Y, Wang G, Sun C, Sun G, Shan Z, Teng W. Food Addiction in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes in Northeast China. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:218. [PMID: 28912753 PMCID: PMC5582202 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China and to analyze risk factors of FA. METHODS A total of 624 subjects [312 individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM, 312 age-matched and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy participants] were recruited. All participants were asked to complete the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and received physical and lab examinations. The T2DM group was further divided into a FA group and a non-FA group. RESULTS Of the patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, 8.6% (27/312) met the FA diagnostic criteria proposed by the YFAS (7.6% in men and 10.1% in women, P = 0.43), while 1.3% (4/312) met the criteria in the control group. Logistic regression analysis showed that FA in the T2DM group was positively related to BMI and negatively related to age. T2DM with FA had a significantly higher uric acid (UA). CONCLUSION Both men and women with newly diagnosed T2DM, especially in northeast China, were more likely to suffer from FA. T2DM patients with FA were younger and had higher UA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongze Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaxin Lai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guang Sun
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongyan Shan,
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu W, Chen Z, Li N, Liu H, Huo L, Huang Y, Jin X, Deng J, Zhu S, Zhang S, Yu Y. Relationship of anthropometric measurements to thyroid nodules in a Chinese population. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008452. [PMID: 26692553 PMCID: PMC4691709 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have found that overweight and obesity are related to numerous diseases, including thyroid cancer and thyroid volume. This study evaluates the relationship between body size and the presence of thyroid nodules in a Chinese population. METHODS A total of 6793 adults and 2410 children who underwent thyroid ultrasonography were recruited in this cross-sectional study in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, from March to October, 2010. Sociodemographic characteristics and potential risk factors of thyroid nodules were collected by questionnaire. Height and weight were measured using standard protocols. Associations of height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) with the presence of thyroid nodules were evaluated using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS After adjustment for potential risk factors, an increased risk of thyroid nodule incidence was associated with height (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.30), weight (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.58), BMI (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.42) and BSA (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.62) in all adults, but most obviously in women. In children, similar associations were observed between risk of thyroid nodule incidence and weight, BMI and BSA, but not height. BSA was the measurement most significantly associated with thyroid nodules in both adults and children. CONCLUSIONS This study identified that the presence of thyroid nodules was positively associated with weight, height, BMI and BSA in both women and girls. It suggests that tall, obese individuals have increased susceptibility to thyroid nodules. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01838629.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Xu
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Li
- Shangcheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangliang Huo
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangmei Huang
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingyi Jin
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Deng
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sujuan Zhu
- Department of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanchun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxian Yu
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Accurate diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is challenging in clinical practice because of differing upper limits of normal (ULN) for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This review summarises the various definitions of SCH and their impact on reported SCH prevalence. METHODOLOGY Articles reporting the prevalence of SCH in relation to the ULN of TSH in human studies were identified through an English-language PubMed search for 'subclinical hypothyroidism,' 'prevalence,' and 'TSH' within the title and/or abstract. Relevant articles and related literature were selected for inclusion. RESULTS Estimates for the prevalence of SCH varied by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and geographic location (range, 0.4-16.9%). Higher rates of SCH were consistently reported in women (0.9-16.9%) and older individuals (2.7-16.9%). However, the ULN of TSH in those considered free of thyroid disease and not at risk increased progressively with age, suggesting that reports of SCH prevalence in elderly people may be overestimated. Multiple studies reported an increased risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism among individuals with elevated TSH and antithyroid antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Given the variable definition of SCH based on an inconsistent ULN for TSH, it is currently difficult to ascertain the true prevalence of SCH and to correctly label and treat patients with SCH; use of age-adjusted definitions may be considered when assessing prevalence. A diagnosis of SCH does not necessarily merit treatment, especially if TSH elevations are transient (i.e. not persistent for > 3-6 months) and the patient lacks other risk factors for developing overt hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Hennessey
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Espaillat
- Global Medical Affairs, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thyrotropin and obesity: increased adipose triglyceride content through glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7633. [PMID: 25559747 PMCID: PMC4284501 DOI: 10.1038/srep07633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that thyrotropin (TSH) is positively correlated with the severity of obesity. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that TSH promoted triglyceride (TG) synthesis in differentiated adipocytes in a thyroid hormone-independent manner. Mice with subclinical hypothyroidism, which is characterized by elevated serum TSH but not thyroid hormone levels, demonstrated a 35% increase in the total white adipose mass compared with their wild-type littermates. Interestingly, Tshr KO mice, which had normal thyroid hormone levels after thyroid hormone supplementation, resisted high-fat diet-induced obesity. TSH could directly induce the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase 3 (GPAT3), the rate-limiting enzyme in TG synthesis, in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, following either the knockdown of Tshr and PPARγ or the constitutive activation of AMPK, the changes to TSH-triggered GPAT3 activity and adipogenesis disappeared. The over-expression of PPARγ or the expression of an AMPK dominant negative mutant reversed the TSH-induced changes. Thus, TSH acted as a previously unrecognized master regulator of adipogenesis, indicating that modification of the AMPK/PPARγ/GPAT3 axis via the TSH receptor might serve as a potential therapeutic target for obesity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Pedram P, Sun G. Hormonal and dietary characteristics in obese human subjects with and without food addiction. Nutrients 2014; 7:223-38. [PMID: 25558907 PMCID: PMC4303835 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) is a potentially important contributing factor to the development of obesity in the general population; however, little is known about the hormonal and dietary differences between obesity with and without FA. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore potential biomarkers, including various hormones and neuropeptides, which regulate appetite and metabolism, and dietary components that could potentially differentiate obesity with and without FA. Of the 737 adults recruited from the general Newfoundland population, 58 food-addicted and non-food-addicted overweight/obese individuals (FAO, NFO) matched for age, sex, BMI and physical activity were selected. A total of 34 neuropeptides, gut hormones, pituitary polypeptide hormones and adipokines were measured in fasting serum. We found that the FAO group had lower levels of TSH, TNF-α and amylin, but higher levels of prolactin, as compared to NFO group. The total calorie intake (per kg body weight), the dietary intake of fat (per g/kg body weight, per BMI and per percentage of trunk fat) and the percent calorie intake from fat and carbohydrates (g/kg) was higher in the FAO group compared to the NFO group. The FAO subjects consumed more sugar, minerals (including sodium, potassium, calcium and selenium), fat and its components (such as saturated, monounsaturated and trans fat), omega 3 and 6, vitamin D and gamma-tocopherol compared to the NFO group. To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating possible differences in hormonal levels and micro-nutrient intakes between obese individuals classified with and without food addiction. The findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which FA could contribute to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Pedram
- Faculty of medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B3V6, Canada.
| | - Guang Sun
- Faculty of medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B3V6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rotondi M, Leporati P, Rizza MI, Clerici A, Groppelli G, Pallavicini C, La Manna A, Fonte R, Magri F, Biondi B, Chiovato L. Raised serum TSH in morbid-obese and non-obese patients: effect on the circulating lipid profile. Endocrine 2014; 45:92-7. [PMID: 23526236 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Morbid obesity is associated with a high rate of raised serum TSH associated with normal free thyroid hormones. The body repercussions of this thyroid abnormality, suggesting subclinical hypothyroidism, are still debated. In particular, it is unclear whether the raised serum TSH of obesity results in changes of circulating lipids typically observed in hypothyroidism. Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a raised serum TSH on the lipid profile in morbid-obese and non-obese patients. Serum TSH, FT4, FT3, Tg-Ab, TPO-Ab and lipids were measured in 55 morbid-obese (BMI > 40 kg/m(2)) and 55 non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m(2)) patients with a raised serum TSH. Despite similar serum levels of TSH, FT4 and FT3, morbid-obese patients displayed significantly lower mean levels of total cholesterol (200.8 ± 35.6 vs. 226.9 ± 41.4 mg/dl, p < 0.001) and a significantly lower prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (50.9 vs. 72.7 %, p < 0.01) when compared with non-obese patients. Morbid-obese patients also had lower mean serum HDL cholesterol and higher serum triglycerides. The impact of a raised serum TSH on the lipid profile differs in morbid-obese compared to non-obese patients, suggesting that obese patients might not be truly hypothyroid. Measuring total cholesterol could be a helpful tool for deciding whether a morbid-obese patient with a raised serum TSH should be given levothyroxine treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rotondi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Chair of Endocrinology, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang J, Jiang R, Li L, Li P, Li X, Wang Z, Li L, Teng W. Serum thyrotropin is positively correlated with the metabolic syndrome components of obesity and dyslipidemia in chinese adolescents. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:289503. [PMID: 25214835 PMCID: PMC4158285 DOI: 10.1155/2014/289503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a medical disorder characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Thyroid hormone has been shown to affect many metabolic processes. This study was undertaken to explore the relationship between serum thyrotropin and components of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents. Waist circumference (76.4 ± 10.7 versus 70.0 ± 10.6 cm, P = 0.006) and body mass index (23.90 ± 4.20 versus 21.51 ± 4.16 kg/m(2), P = 0.011) were significantly greater among adolescents with subclinical hypothyroidism compared with euthyroid subjects. The risk of obesity in the subclinical hypothyroid group was 3.444 times that in the euthyroid group (odds ratio = 3.444, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.570-7.553). Serum TSH was significantly positively correlated with waist circumference (β = 1.512, P = 0.019), TC (β = 0.160, P = 0.003), LDL-C (β = 0.032, P = 0.008), and TG (β = 0.095, P = 0.001). The TSH level in the metabolic syndrome group was significantly higher than that in nonmetabolic syndrome group (2.65 [2.28-3.80] versus 2.53 [1.92-3.45] mIU/L, P = 0.032). Serum TSH within the reference range was positively associated with TC (β = 0.173, P = 0.013), LDL-C (β = 0.031, P = 0.043), and TG (β = 0.132, P = 0.021). Increased serum TSH in adolescents may be a potential risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Ranhua Jiang
- Liaoyang Diabetes Hospital, Liaoyang, Liaoning 111000, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, China
- *Ling Li: and
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xue Li
- Liaoyang Diabetes Hospital, Liaoyang, Liaoning 111000, China
| | - Zinan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
- *Weiping Teng:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ha J, Cohen JI, Tirsi A, Convit A. Association of obesity-mediated insulin resistance and hypothalamic volumes: possible sex differences. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:249-59. [PMID: 24344399 PMCID: PMC3810672 DOI: 10.1155/2013/531736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is important in hunger and metabolism. Although a lot is known about the basic role of the human hypothalamus, less is known about how the in vivo volume is affected in obesity, particularly among adolescents. Based on pediatric body mass index percentiles, 95 participants were assigned to lean or obese groups. All subjects had medical evaluations, including fasting blood tests, to assess insulin sensitivity and circulating CRP and neurotrophins (NGF and BDNF) and an MRI of the brain. Hypothalamic volumes were measured by a segmentation method combining manual and automated steps. Overall, obese participants had descriptively smaller hypothalamic volumes, although this difference did not reach statistical significance; however, among obese participants, females had significantly smaller hypothalamic volumes than their male counterparts. There was a significant interaction between insulin resistance and sex on hypothalamus volume; obese females with significant insulin resistance have smaller hypothalamic volumes than obese males. Obese adolescents had higher circulating CRP and neurotrophin levels. Furthermore, among obese females, BDNF concentrations were inversely associated with hypothalamus volumes (r = −0.48). Given this negative association between BDNF and hypothalamus volumes among obese insulin-resistant females, elevated neurotrophin levels may suggest an attempt at protective compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ha
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica I. Cohen
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aziz Tirsi
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Convit
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the thyroid function tests in individuals with metabolic syndrome to explore the possibility of thyroid receptor resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a cross-sectional study. It included 40 patients (group I) and 20 healthy individuals served as controls (group II). Patients in group I fulfilled the three or more of the NCEP ATP III (National Cholesterol Education Programme - Adult Treatment Panel III) criterion to define the metabolic syndrome. Blood sugar and serum insulin levels were measured in both the groups. All the patients (group I) had insulin resistance as per the HOMA IR (the homeostasis model for insulin resistance) model. The HOMA IR value obtained in group II individuals served as a reference mark to define insulin resistance. T(3), T(4), TSH levels were measured as indicators of thyroid functions. There was an increase in TSH levels with normal T(3) and T(4) in group I indicating that increased TSH probably due to thyroid receptor resistance may be a part of metabolic syndrome rather than a state of hypothyroidism. RESULTS T(3) and T(4) levels were comparable in patients and controls. There was a significant increase in TSH levels in patients as compared to the controls. CONCLUSION Raised TSH in patients with metabolic syndrome independent of lowered T(3) and T(4) suggest it to be a part and parcel of this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Chugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vijay Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Shanti N. Chugh
- Department of Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fromm-Dornieden C, Lytovchenko O, von der Heyde S, Behnke N, Hogl S, Berghoff J, Köpper F, Opitz L, Renne U, Hoeflich A, Beissbarth T, Brenig B, Baumgartner BG. Extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of DOR/TP53INP2 expression in mice: effects of dietary fat content, tissue type and sex in adipose and muscle tissues. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:86. [PMID: 22995226 PMCID: PMC3497704 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DOR/TP53INP2 acts both at the chromosomal level as a nuclear co-factor e.g. for the thyroid hormone receptor and at the extrachromosomal level as an organizing factor of the autophagosome. In a previous study, DOR was shown to be down-regulated in skeletal muscle of obese diabetic Zucker fa/fa rats. Methods To identify sites of differential DOR expression in metabolically active tissues, we measured differences in DOR expression in white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle (SM) and heart muscle (HM) by qPCR. To assess whether DOR expression is influenced in the short term by nutritional factors, NMRI mice were fed different fat rich diets (fat diet, FD: 18% or high fat diet, HFD: 80% fat) for one week and DOR expression was compared to NMRI mice fed a control diet (normal diet, ND: 3.3% fat). Additionally, DOR expression was measured in young (45 days old) and adult (100 days old) genetically obese (DU6/DU6i) mice and compared to control (DUKs/DUKsi) animals. Results ANOVA results demonstrate a significant influence of diet, tissue type and sex on DOR expression in adipose and muscle tissues of FD and HFD mice. In SM, DOR expression was higher in HFD than in FD male mice. In WAT, DOR expression was increased compared to BAT in male FD and HFD mice. In contrast, expression levels in female mice were higher in BAT for both dietary conditions. DOR expression levels in all tissues of 100 days old genetically obese animals were mainly influenced by sex. In HM, DOR expression was higher in male than female animals. Conclusions DOR expression varies under the influence of dietary fat content, tissue type and sex. We identified target tissues for further studies to analyze the specific function of DOR in obesity. DOR might be part of a defense mechanism against fat storage in high fat diets or obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Fromm-Dornieden
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Lytovchenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia von der Heyde
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Behnke
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hogl
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janina Berghoff
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frederik Köpper
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Opitz
- DNA Microarray Facility, Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulla Renne
- Research Units Genetics & Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Research Units Genetics & Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tim Beissbarth
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard G Baumgartner
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases and Medical Molecular Biology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kitahara CM, Platz EA, Ladenson PW, Mondul AM, Menke A, Berrington de González A. Body fatness and markers of thyroid function among U.S. men and women. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34979. [PMID: 22511976 PMCID: PMC3325258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the association of central versus overall adiposity on levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) among euthyroid subjects taken from a cross-sectional, representative sample of the adult non-institutionalized U.S. population. Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 included 1,623 men and 1,491 women who were 20 years and older, with no history of thyroid or liver disease, kidney failure, diabetes, or thyroid function-altering prescription medication use (based on self-report), and having TSH, fT3, and fT4 levels between 0.5–4.49 mIU/L, 2.5–3.9 pg/mL, and 0.6–1.6 ng/dL, respectively. Associations between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (measures of overall and central adiposity, respectively) and TSH, fT3, and fT4 levels were estimated using multivariable linear regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for age, race, smoking status, and alcohol intake. Results An increase in serum TSH levels was observed for every 1-quartile increase in BMI in euthyroid men (3.8% [95% CI 0.8%, 6.8%]) and euthyroid women (4.0% [95% CI 1.6%, 6.5%]). Similar, albeit slightly weaker, associations were observed with waist circumference. We also found increases in fT3 levels with every 1-quartile increase in BMI (1.0% in men and 1.3% in women) and waist circumference (1.2% in men and 1.2% in women). No associations were observed with fT4. Conclusions Our results provide support that BMI and waist circumference are positively associated with levels of serum TSH and f T3 but not fT4 among euthyroid adults. Longitudinal studies are needed to define the temporality of these associations and their potential health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cari M Kitahara
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Topsakal S, Yerlikaya E, Akin F, Kaptanoglu B, Erürker T. Relation with HOMA-IR and thyroid hormones in obese Turkish women with metabolic syndrome. Eat Weight Disord 2012; 17:e57-61. [PMID: 22751273 DOI: 10.1007/bf03325329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and thyroid function in obese pre- and postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 141 obese women were divided into two groups, HOMA-IR<2.7 and HOMA-IR>2.7, to evaluate relation with HOMA-IR and fatness, hormone and blood parameters. They were then divided into four groups as pre- and postmenopausal with or without MetS. Various fatness, hormone and blood parameters were examined. Statistically significant difference was found in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat%, fasting insulin, TSH, FT3, FT4, FSH, Anti-microsomal antibody (ANTIM) and triglycerides levels in HOMA-IR<2.7 and HOMA-IR>2.7 obese Turkish women. This study showed that age, weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat%, fasting insulin, FT3, ANTIM, FSH, LH, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, HOMA-IR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were related in preand post menopausal status in obese women with or without MetS. Obesity may influence the levels of thyroid hormones and increases the risk of MetS in women. Postmenopausal status with MetS is associated with an increased TSH, FT3 and FT4 levels and HOMA-IR in obese women. Strong relation was observed with MetS and TSH and FT3 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Topsakal
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Denizli, 20070, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Relationship between serum TSH level with obesity and NAFLD in euthyroid subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:47-52. [PMID: 22282244 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in euthyroid subjects, 1322 subjects were subjected to a questionnaire survey and physical examination. Fasting blood samples were collected to test serum TSH, plasma glucose and lipids. Fatty liver was diagnosed by type B ultrasonography. The relationship between serum TSH level and body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat and NAFLD was analyzed. The results showed that serum TSH level was significantly higher in females than in males at the same group, and it was significantly higher in overweight group than in control group. Levels of body weight, BMI, waist circumference and percentage of body fat were increased in TSH >2.5 group compared to TSH ≤2.5 group in women. However, plasma lipids showed no significant differences. In males all the parameters showed no significant differences between two groups. Serum TSH was significantly correlated with body weight, BMI, waist circumference and percentage of body fat after adjustment for age in females. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that percentage of body fat and BMI contributed significantly to the variance of TSH. Serum TSH level was significantly higher in nonalcoholic fatty liver group than in normal group in females. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TSH level was not the independent risk factor of NAFLD. Taken together the data suggest that serum TSH in normal range is significantly correlated with BMI and percentage of body fat in females. And the change of TSH level would not influence the prevalence of NAFLD.
Collapse
|
29
|
Anaforoglu I, Topbas M, Algun E. Relative associations of polycystic ovarian syndrome vs metabolic syndrome with thyroid function, volume, nodularity and autoimmunity. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e259-64. [PMID: 21521934 DOI: 10.3275/7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative associations of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic syndrome (MS) with the risk for thyroid disease (thyroid function, volume, nodularity and autoimmunity) are unknown.We compared thyroid features and function in patients with PCOS and control subjects by the presence of MS. METHODS We recruited 84 women with PCOS and 81 age-matched healthy controls. PCOS was defined according to the Rotterdam criteria. Thyroid ultrasound and function tests were performed in all. RESULTS Although thyroid disease was more prevalent in women with PCOS, ovarian disease was not significantly associated with the risk for thyroid disease. Thyroid volume did not differ between women with PCOS and control subjects (13.7±8.6 vs 12.4±4.4 ml, respectively; p=0.2); however, it differed significantly between subjects with and without MS (regardless of PCOS status): 19.1±14.8 vs 12.4±4.9 ml, respectively; p=0.001). Antithyroglobulin and antithyroid peroxidase antibody levels also were significantly higher in subjects with MS, but not in participants with PCOS vs control subjects. Overall, TSH level correlated significantly with body mass index (BMI), weight, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, and levels of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. Thyroid volume correlated significantly with age, weight, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, 120-min postprandial glucose and HDL level. CONCLUSIONS PCOS alone was not associated with thyroid disease in our population. However, MS and some of its components appear to be related to thyroid volume, function, and antithyroid antibody levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Anaforoglu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Trabzon Numune Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Erdogan M, Canataroglu A, Ganidagli S, Kulaksızoglu M. Metabolic syndrome prevalence in subclinic and overt hypothyroid patients and the relation among metabolic syndrome parameters. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:488-92. [PMID: 20651468 DOI: 10.3275/7202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the common features of hypothyroidism is weight gain or failure to lose weight. Bradycardia and mild hypertension can be seen as well. Impact of thyroid hormone deficiency on glucose and insulin metabolism is not fully understood. Thyroid hormones play a role in lipid synthesis, metabolism and mobilization. Metabolic syndrome is a status where most features of hypothyroidism can be seen. Our aim is to investigate the frequency of metabolic syndrome in hypothyroid patients. METHODS One hundred overt hypothyroid patients, 100 subclinical hypothyroid patients and 200 healthy controls enroled in this study. The Third Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) criteria were used for metabolic syndrome diagnosis. RESULTS Body mass index was similar among the groups. Waist circumference was lower in the control group than in the hypothyroid patients (p=0.0001). Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance was higher in the hypothyroid group than in the control (p=0.008) and subclinical hypothyroid (p=0.014) groups. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 44% in the hypothyroid group, 35% in the subclinical hypothyroid group and 33% in the control group (p=0.016 for the hypothyroid group vs controls and p=0.002 for the hypothyroid group vs subclinical hypothyroid group). Waist circumference was larger in the hypothyroid metabolic syndrome patients than in the subclinical hypothyroid group and controls (p=0.001). Blood glucose, lipid parameters and blood pressure were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with hypothyroidism, therefore hypothyroidism should be considered in newly diagnosed metabolic syndrome patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Erdogan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, 35100, Izmir,Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ambrosi B, Masserini B, Iorio L, Delnevo A, Malavazos AE, Morricone L, Sburlati LF, Orsi E. Relationship of thyroid function with body mass index and insulin-resistance in euthyroid obese subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:640-3. [PMID: 20339314 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is recognized that overt thyroid dysfunction is associated with weight changes, but the influence of a minor alteration of thyroid function remains unclear. This study aimed to further investigate the relationship between obesity and thyroid function and to examine the possible role of insulin resistance on the hypothalamic-pituitary- thyroid axis. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum TSH and free T4 (FT4) levels, anthropometric and metabolic parameters were evaluated in 581 obese patients. In all patients TSH values progressively increased according to the severity of obesity and were positively correlated with body mass index (p=0.001, r=0.13) and waist circumference (p=0.02, r=0.11). Patients with insulin resistance showed higher TSH (1.8±1.0 vs 1.6±0.9 μUI/l; p=0.03) and lower FT4 levels (13.8±2.3 vs 15.0±2.2 pmol/l; p<0.001), as compared with patients with normal insulin sensitivity. Moreover, TSH was positively correlated with fasting insulin (p<0.001, r=0.152) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; p<0.001, r=0.148), and negatively correlated with Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI; p<0.001, r=-0.148); FT4 was negatively associated with fasting insulin (p<0.001, r=-0.287) and HOMA-IR (p<0.001, r=-0.295), and positively associated with QUICKI (p<0.001, r=0.295). CONCLUSIONS A relationship between thyroid function and overweight/ obesity condition seems to exist, mainly influenced by insulin resistance. Whether variations in TSH and/or thyroid hormones, within a normal range, can influence body weight or whether obesity per se can alter thyroid function cannot be stated so far. Further studies are needed to assess the link between thyroid function and body weight, by considering not only changes in thyroid hormones, but also body fat distribution, obesity duration and low-grade inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ambrosi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, I.R.C.C.S Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan, Via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese (MI), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tosovic A, Bondeson AG, Bondeson L, Ericsson UB, Malm J, Manjer J. Prospectively measured triiodothyronine levels are positively associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R33. [PMID: 20540734 PMCID: PMC2917028 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The potential association between hypo- and hyperthyroid disorders and breast cancer has been investigated in a large number of studies during the last decades without conclusive results. This prospective cohort study investigated prediagnostic levels of thyrotropin (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) in relation to breast cancer incidence in pre- and postmenopausal women. Methods In the Malmö Preventive Project, 2,696 women had T3 and/or TSH levels measured at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 19.3 years, 173 incident breast cancer cases were retrieved using record linkage with The Swedish Cancer Registry. Quartile cut-points for T3 and TSH were based on the distribution among all women in the study cohort. A Cox's proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate relative risks (RR), with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Trends over quartiles of T3 and TSH were calculated considering a P-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. All analyses were repeated for pre- and peri/postmenopausal women separately. Results Overall there was a statistically significant association between T3 and breast cancer risk, the adjusted RR in the fourth quartile, as compared to the first, was 1.87 (1.12 to 3.14). In postmenopausal women the RRs for the second, third and fourth quartiles, as compared to the first, were 3.26 (0.96 to 11.1), 5.53 (1.65 to 18.6) and 6.87 (2.09 to 22.6), (P-trend: < 0.001). There were no such associations in pre-menopausal women, and no statistically significant interaction between T3 and menopausal status. Also, no statistically significant association was seen between serum TSH and breast cancer. Conclusions This is the first prospective study on T3 levels in relation to breast cancer risk. T3 levels in postmenopausal women were positively associated with the risk of breast cancer in a dose-response manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada Tosovic
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meinhold CL, Ron E, Schonfeld SJ, Alexander BH, Freedman DM, Linet MS, Berrington de González A. Nonradiation risk factors for thyroid cancer in the US Radiologic Technologists Study. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:242-52. [PMID: 19951937 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has been rapidly increasing in the United States, but few risk factors have been established. The authors prospectively examined the associations of self-reported medical history, anthropometric factors, and behavioral factors with thyroid cancer risk among 90,713 US radiologic technologists (69,506 women and 21,207 men) followed from 1983 through 2006. Incident thyroid cancers in 242 women and 40 men were reported. Elevated risks were observed for women with benign thyroid conditions (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73, 3.20), benign breast disease (HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.26), asthma (HR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.83), and body mass index > or =35.0 versus 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2) (HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.94; P-trend = 0.04). Current smoking was inversely associated with thyroid cancer risk (HR = 0.54). No clear associations emerged for reproductive factors, other medical conditions, alcohol intake, or physical activity. Despite few thyroid cancers in men, men with benign thyroid conditions had a significantly increased risk of thyroid cancer (HR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.62, 13.34), and results for other risk factors were similar to those for women. Consistent with prior studies, obesity and benign thyroid conditions increased and current smoking decreased the risk of thyroid cancer. The novel findings for benign breast disease and asthma warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cari L Meinhold
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|