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Gupta A, Singh AP, Singh VK, Sinha RP. Recent Developments and Future Perspectives of Vaccines and Therapeutic Agents against SARS-CoV2 Using the BCOV_S1_CTD of the S Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:1234. [PMID: 37376534 DOI: 10.3390/v15061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the virus kept developing and mutating into different variants over time, which also gained increased transmissibility and spread in populations at a higher pace, culminating in successive waves of COVID-19 cases. The scientific community has developed vaccines and antiviral agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease. Realizing that growing SARS-CoV-2 variations significantly impact the efficacy of antiviral therapies and vaccines, we summarize the appearance and attributes of SARS-CoV-2 variants for future perspectives in drug design, providing up-to-date insights for developing therapeutic agents targeting the variants. The Omicron variant is among the most mutated form; its strong transmissibility and immune resistance capacity have prompted international worry. Most mutation sites currently being studied are in the BCOV_S1_CTD of the S protein. Despite this, several hurdles remain, such as developing vaccination and pharmacological treatment efficacies for emerging mutants of SARS-CoV-2 strains. In this review, we present an updated viewpoint on the current issues faced by the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical studies conducted to assist the development and dissemination of vaccines, small molecule therapeutics, and therapeutic antibodies having broad-spectrum action against SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish P Singh
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vinay K Singh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajeshwar P Sinha
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Chandigarh 140413, India
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Kumari M, Lu RM, Li MC, Huang JL, Hsu FF, Ko SH, Ke FY, Su SC, Liang KH, Yuan JPY, Chiang HL, Sun CP, Lee IJ, Li WS, Hsieh HP, Tao MH, Wu HC. A critical overview of current progress for COVID-19: development of vaccines, antiviral drugs, and therapeutic antibodies. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:68. [PMID: 36096815 PMCID: PMC9465653 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic remains a global public health crisis, presenting a broad range of challenges. To help address some of the main problems, the scientific community has designed vaccines, diagnostic tools and therapeutics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The rapid pace of technology development, especially with regard to vaccines, represents a stunning and historic scientific achievement. Nevertheless, many challenges remain to be overcome, such as improving vaccine and drug treatment efficacies for emergent mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Outbreaks of more infectious variants continue to diminish the utility of available vaccines and drugs. Thus, the effectiveness of vaccines and drugs against the most current variants is a primary consideration in the continual analyses of clinical data that supports updated regulatory decisions. The first two vaccines granted Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs), BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, still show more than 60% protection efficacy against the most widespread current SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron. This variant carries more than 30 mutations in the spike protein, which has largely abrogated the neutralizing effects of therapeutic antibodies. Fortunately, some neutralizing antibodies and antiviral COVID-19 drugs treatments have shown continued clinical benefits. In this review, we provide a framework for understanding the ongoing development efforts for different types of vaccines and therapeutics, including small molecule and antibody drugs. The ripple effects of newly emergent variants, including updates to vaccines and drug repurposing efforts, are summarized. In addition, we summarize the clinical trials supporting the development and distribution of vaccines, small molecule drugs, and therapeutic antibodies with broad-spectrum activity against SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Min Lu
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Chun Li
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Liang Huang
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Fei Hsu
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Ko
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yi Ke
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Su
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hao Liang
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Joyce Pei-Yi Yuan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ling Chiang
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pu Sun
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Lee
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shan Li
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Pang Hsieh
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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Rajendran AK, Amirthalingam S, Hwang NS. A brief review of mRNA therapeutics and delivery for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8889-8900. [PMID: 35424872 PMCID: PMC8985089 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00713d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutics for bone tissue regeneration requires constant advancements owing to the steady increase in the number of patients suffering from bone-related disorders, and also to find efficient and cost-effective treatment modalities. One of the major advancements in the field of therapeutics is the development of mRNAs. mRNAs, which have been extensively tested for the vaccines, could be very well utilized as a potential inducer for bone regeneration. The ability of mRNAs to enter the cells and instruct the cellular machinery to produce the required native proteins such as BMP or VEGF is a great way to avoid the issues faced with growth factor deliveries such as the production cost, loss of biological function etc. However, there have been a few hurdles for using mRNAs as an effective therapeutic agent, such as proper dosing, tolerating the degradation by RNases, improving the half-life, controlling the spatio-temporal release and reducing the off-target effects. This brief review discusses the various developments in the field of mRNA therapeutics especially for bone tissue engineering, how nano-formulations are being developed to effectively deliver the mRNAs into the cells by evading the immune responses, how researchers have developed certain strategies to increase the half-life, to successfully deliver the mRNAs to specific bone defect area and bring about effective bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Rajendran
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sivashanmugam Amirthalingam
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bio-Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Engineering Research, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The 2019 outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in Wuhan (Hubei province of China) has given rise to a pandemic spread of virus, more than 240 million incidences and a death toll larger than 5 million people. COVID‐19 has set off large efforts in research, therapy and patient care, as well as public and private debates in every imaginable form. A number of scientists used the publication platforms provided by the Federation of the European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) to present their research data, reviews, opinions and other contributions relating to COVID‐19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Here, I highlight the recent COVID‐19 papers which have been published and collected in a Virtual Issue in FEBS Letters, and discuss their implications towards understanding the molecular, biochemical and cellular mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections, vaccine development and antiviral discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is a massive source of global disruption, having led so far to two hundred and fifty million COVID-19 cases and almost five million deaths worldwide. It was recognized in the beginning that only an effective vaccine could lead to a way out of the pandemic, and therefore the race for the COVID-19 vaccine started immediately, boosted by the availability of the viral sequence data. Two novel vaccine platforms, based on mRNA technology, were developed in 2020 by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Therapeutics (comirnaty® and spikevax®, respectively), and were the first ones presenting efficacies higher than 90%. Both consisted of N1-methyl-pseudouridine-modified mRNA encoding the SARS-COVID-19 Spike protein and were delivered with a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation. Because the delivery problem of ribonucleic acids had been known for decades, the success of LNPs was quickly hailed by many as the unsung hero of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. However, the clinical trial efficacy results of the Curevac mRNA vaccine (CVnCoV) suggested that the delivery system was not the only key to the success. CVnCoV consisted of an unmodified mRNA (encoding the same spike protein as Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech's mRNA vaccines) and was formulated with the same LNP as Pfizer-BioNTech's vaccine (Acuitas ALC-0315). However, its efficacy was only 48%. This striking difference in efficacy could be attributed to the presence of a critical RNA modification (N1-methyl-pseudouridine) in the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's mRNA vaccines (but not in CVnCoV). Here we highlight the features of N1-methyl-pseudouridine and its contributions to mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hironori Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yi-Tao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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