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Zhong N, Chandra R, Yamamoto M, Leskinen T, Granström T, Saddler J. Sulphite addition during steam pretreatment enhanced both enzyme-mediated cellulose hydrolysis and ethanol production. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:71. [PMID: 38647560 PMCID: PMC10991184 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphite addition during steam pretreatment of softwoods under acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions was assessed to try to minimize lignin condensation. Although pretreatment under neutral/alkaline conditions resulted in effective lignin sulphonation, non-uniform size reduction was observed. In contrast, acidic sulphite steam treatment at 210 °C for 10 min resulted in homogenous particle size reduction and water-insoluble component that was 62% carbohydrate and 33% lignin. This carbohydrate-rich substrate was readily hydrolyzed and fermented which indicated the lack of fermentation inhibitors in the steam-pretreated whole slurry. The use of high solid loading (25% w/v) resulted in a hydrolysis yield of 58% at an enzyme loading of 40 mg protein/g glucan and efficient fermentation (46.6 g/L of ethanol). This indicated that the addition of acidic sulphite at the steam pretreatment of softwoods improved both the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of steam-pretreated whole slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhong
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- St1 Oy, Firdonkatu 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Chandra
- Trinity Western University, 22500 University Dr, Langley, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | - Tom Granström
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jack Saddler
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Asimakopoulou G, Karnaouri A, Staikos S, Stefanidis SD, Kalogiannis KG, Lappas AA, Topakas E. Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from the Microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii by Utilizing Both Pentose and Hexose Sugars from Agricultural Residues. Fermentation 2021; 7:219. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The core objective of this work was to take advantage of the unexploited wheat straw biomass, currently considered as a broadly available waste stream from the Greek agricultural sector, towards the integrated valorization of sugar streams for the microbial production of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFAs). The OxiOrganosolv pretreatment process was applied using acetone and ethanol as organic solvents without any additional catalyst. The results proved that both cellulose-rich solid pulp and hemicellulosic oligosaccharides-rich aqueous liquid fraction after pretreatment can be efficiently hydrolyzed enzymatically, thus resulting in high yields of fermentable monosaccharides. The latter were supplied as carbon sources to the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii for the production of PUFAs, more specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The solid fractions consisted mainly of hexose sugars and led to higher DHA productivity than their pentose-rich liquid counterparts, which can be attributed to the different carbon source and C/N ratio in the two streams. The best performance was obtained with the solid pulp pretreated with ethanol at 160 °C for 120 min and an O2 pressure of 16 bar. The total fatty acids content reached 70.3 wt% of dried cell biomass, of which 32.2% was DHA. The total DHA produced was 7.1 mg per g of untreated wheat straw biomass.
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Bu J, Wang YT, Deng MC, Zhu MJ. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis and hydrogen production of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by peroxyformic acid. Bioresour Technol 2021; 326:124751. [PMID: 33535152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment plays a key role in biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, the main factors of peroxyformic acid (PA) pretreatment were optimized in the light of enzymolysis efficiency and composition analysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Lignin was significantly removed (59.0%) and a complete saccharification level (103.6%) was obtained for the pretreated SCB with slight cellulose loss (9.2%) under the optimized pretreatment conditions. The effects of PA pretreatment on the structural characteristics of SCB were also studied and the digestibility of pretreated SCB was also evaluated by dark fermentative hydrogen production with an enriched anaerobic cellulolytic microbial consortium MC1. The hydrogen production increased by 195.5% (based on initial SCB) and the abundance of dominant hemicellulose-degradation genus Thermoanaerobacterium increased from 23.8% to 40.2% due to the remaining and accessible hemicellulose in PA pretreated SCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Tao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The Key Laboratory of Ecology and Biological Resources in Yarkand Oasis at Colleges & Universities under the Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Deng
- School of Food and Biotechnology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Ming-Jun Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The Key Laboratory of Ecology and Biological Resources in Yarkand Oasis at Colleges & Universities under the Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, China.
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Wu J, Kim KH, Jeong K, Kim D, Kim CS, Ha JM, Chandra RP, Saddler JN. The production of lactic acid from chemi-thermomechanical pulps using a chemo-catalytic approach. Bioresour Technol 2021; 324:124664. [PMID: 33454446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that sulfonation and oxidation of chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMPs) significantly enhanced enzyme accessibility to cellulose while recovering the majority of carbohydrates in the water-insoluble component. In the work reported here, modified (sulfonated and oxidized) CTMPs derived from hard-and-softwoods were used to produce a DL-mix of lactic acid via a chemo-catalytic approach using lanthanide triflate (Ln (OTf)3) catalysts (Ln = La, Nd, Er, and Yb). It was apparent that sulfonation and oxidation of chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMPs) also enhanced Ln(OTf)3 catalyst accessibility to the carbohydrate components of the pulps, with the Er(OTf)3 catalysts resulting in significant lactic acid production. Under optimum conditions (250 °C, 60 min, 0.5 mmol catalyst g-1 biomass), 72% and 67% of the respective total carbohydrate present in the hard-and-softwood CTMPs could be converted to lactic acid compared to the respective 59% and 51% yields obtained after energy-intensive ball milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard P Chandra
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada.
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Wu J, Chandra RP, Takada M, Liu LY, Renneckar S, Kim KH, Kim CS, Saddler JN. Enhancing Enzyme-Mediated Cellulose Hydrolysis by Incorporating Acid Groups Onto the Lignin During Biomass Pretreatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:608835. [PMID: 33282856 PMCID: PMC7691530 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.608835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is known to limit the enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of biomass by both restricting substrate swelling and binding to the enzymes. Pretreated mechanical pulp (MP) made from Aspen wood chips was incubated with either 16% sodium sulfite or 32% sodium percarbonate to incorporate similar amounts of sulfonic and carboxylic acid groups onto the lignin (60 mmol/kg substrate) present in the pulp without resulting in significant delignification. When Simon's stain was used to assess potential enzyme accessibility to the cellulose, it was apparent that both post-treatments enhanced accessibility and cellulose hydrolysis. To further elucidate how acid group addition might influence potential enzyme binding to lignin, Protease Treated Lignin (PTL) was isolated from the original and modified mechanical pulps and added to a cellulose rich, delignified Kraft pulp. As anticipated, the PTLs from both the oxidized and sulfonated substrates proved less inhibitory and adsorbed less enzymes than did the PTL derived from the original pulp. Subsequent analyses indicated that both the sulfonated and oxidized lignin samples contained less phenolic hydroxyl groups, resulting in enhanced hydrophilicity and a more negative charge which decreased the non-productive binding of the cellulase enzymes to the lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard P Chandra
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masatsugu Takada
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Advanced Energy Science Research and Education Center, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Li-Yang Liu
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Wu J, Chandra R, Takada M, Del Rio P, Kim KH, Kim CS, Liu LY, Renneckar S, Saddler J. Alkaline sulfonation and thermomechanical pulping pretreatment of softwood chips and pellets to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2020; 315:123789. [PMID: 32682260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impact of alkalinity on sulfonation and the enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of softwood cellulose, Lodgepole pine chips were impregnated with 8% sodium sulfite and increasing loadings of sodium carbonate before thermomechanical pulping. It was apparent that alkali addition enhanced lignin sulfonation with an additional 4% loading of sodium carbonate proving optimal. TEM indicated that sulfonation predominantly occurred within the secondary-cell-wall lignin, increasing cellulose accessibility to the cellulase enzymes. Although increasing alkalinity did not significantly enhance lignin sulfonation, likely due to the lower acetyl content of the softwood chips, it increases mannan solubilization. Despite their smaller particle size, softwood pellets were more poorly sulfonated, probably due to their higher lignin content and lower amount of acid groups. This more condensed lignin structure was confirmed by 2D-NMR and GPC analyses which indicated that the EMAL derived from softwood pellets contained less native β-O-4 linkages and had a higher molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Richard Chandra
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Masatsugu Takada
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada; International Advanced Energy Science Research and Education Center, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, 301, Faculty of Engineering Integrated Research Building, Yoshida-Honmachi, Kyoto 606-850, Japan
| | - Pablo Del Rio
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Yang Liu
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Jack Saddler
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada.
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7
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Liu W, Wu R, Wang B, Hu Y, Hou Q, Zhang P, Wu R. Comparative study on different pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob residues. Bioresour Technol 2020; 295:122244. [PMID: 31627064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under the situation of increasingly severe challenge of energy consumption, it is of great importance to make full use of bioresources such as forestry and agricultural residues. Herein, the corncob residues generated after processing corncob were enzymatically hydrolyzed to yield fermentable sugars. To overcome the recalcitrance of corncob residues, three kinds of pretreatment methods, i.e., sulfonation, PFI refining, and wet grinding, were applied; their effects on enzymatic hydrolysis and main characteristics of corncob residues substrate were investigated. The results showed that the enzymatic digestibility of the substrate was greatly enhanced by employing each method. The wet grinding exhibited obvious advantages, e.g., the conversion yield of cellulose to glucose and glucose concentration reached 96.7% and 32.2 g/L after 59 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. The improvement in enzymatic hydrolysis was mainly attributed to the altered characteristics of the substrate such as swelling ability, specific surface area, and particle size and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredercton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Ruijie Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qingxi Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Peiqing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rina Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Chu Q, Song K, Hu J, Bu Q, Zhang X, Chen X. Integrated process for the coproduction of fermentable sugars and lignin adsorbents from hardwood. Bioresour Technol 2019; 289:121659. [PMID: 31234075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work proposed an integrated process based on alkali-sulfite (AlkSul) pretreatment to coproduce fermentable sugars and lignin adsorbents from hardwood. Different from conventional liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment, this pretreatment improved cellulose accessibility through selective lignin removal and modification, resulting in significantly enhanced biomass saccharification. Over 75% of the original cellulose and hemicellulose was released and could be recovered as fermentable sugars after pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Meanwhile, lignin residues from pretreatment hydrolysate and enzymatic hydrolysate showed lead ions adsorption capacities of 156.25 and 68.49 mg/g, respectively, indicating both streams of lignin residues were favorable adsorbents for heavy metal ions. The improved adsorption capacity of lignin residues was primarily due to the lignin modification as sulfur-containing functional groups incorporation during the integrated pretreatment. Results demonstrated the integrated alkali-sulfite pretreatment improved biomass saccharification, while coproducing lignin adsorbents for wastewater treatment, which can promote the sustainability of lignocellulosic biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulu Chu
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kai Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quan Bu
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Lin X, Yang Y, Wu L, Wu L, Xu D, Qin Y. Improved enzymatic hydrolysis of hardwood and cellulase stability by biomass kraft lignin-based polyoxyethylene ether. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:540-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Song K, Chu Q, Hu J, Bu Q, Li F, Chen X, Shi A. Two-stage alkali-oxygen pretreatment capable of improving biomass saccharification for bioethanol production and enabling lignin valorization via adsorbents for heavy metal ions under the biorefinery concept. Bioresour Technol 2019; 276:161-169. [PMID: 30623871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Converting lignin into value-added products in current lignocellulosic biorefineries has been challenging, which in turn restricts the commercialization of many lignocellulosic biorefineries. In this work, a two-stage alkali-oxygen assisted liquid hot water pretreatment (AlkOx) was proposed as the first step of biorefinery. This alkali-oxygen pretreatment facilitated biomass fractionation by solubilizing majority of lignin in water-soluble fraction, while remaining most of cellulose and hemicellulose in water-insoluble fraction. As a result, biomass saccharification was significantly improved by selective removal and oxidative modification of lignin through alkali-oxygen pretreatment. Moreover, lignin residues from both pretreatment hydrolysate and enzymatic hydrolysate were shown to be favorable adsorbents for Pb(II) ions, with adsorption capacity of 263.16 and 90.91 mg/g, respectively. Results demonstrated that this integrated process could not only improve biomass saccharification but also enable lignin valorization, which encouraged the holistic utilization of lignin residues as part of an integrated biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Qiulu Chu
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quan Bu
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fuqiang Li
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Aiping Shi
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Kang KY, Hwang KR, Park JY, Lee JP, Kim JS, Lee JS. Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060676. [PMID: 30966710 PMCID: PMC6404156 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface area and pore size distribution of Eucalyptus samples that were pretreated by different methods were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Three methods were applied to prepare cellulosic biomass samples for the BET measurements, air, freeze, and critical point drying (CPD). The air and freeze drying caused a severe collapse of the biomass pore structures, but the CPD effectively preserved the biomass morphology. The surface area of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were determined to be 58–161 m2/g, whereas the air and freeze dried samples were 0.5–1.3 and 1.0–2.4 m2/g, respectively. The average pore diameter of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were 61–70 Å. The CPD preserved the Eucalyptus sample morphology by replacing water with a non-polar solvent, CO2 fluid, which prevented hydrogen bond reformation in the cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Young Kang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Ran Hwang
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea.
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea.
| | - Joon-Pyo Lee
- Gwangju Bioenergy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25 Samso-ro270beongil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61003, Korea.
| | - Jun-Seok Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Korea.
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Gwangju Bioenergy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25 Samso-ro270beongil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61003, Korea.
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Nitsos C, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Organosolv Fractionation of Softwood Biomass for Biofuel and Biorefinery Applications. Energies 2018; 11:50. [DOI: 10.3390/en11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Softwoods represent a significant fraction of the available lignocellulosic biomass for conversion into a variety of bio-based products. Its inherent recalcitrance, however, makes its successful utilization an ongoing challenge. In the current work the research efforts for the fractionation and utilization of softwood biomass with the organosolv process are reviewed. A short introduction into the specific challenges of softwood utilization, the development of the biorefinery concept, as well as the initial efforts for the development of organosolv as a pulping method is also provided for better understanding of the related research framework. The effect of organosolv pretreatment at various conditions, in the fractionation efficiency of wood components, enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production yields is then discussed. Specific attention is given in the effect of the pretreated biomass properties such as residual lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis. Finally, the valorization of organosolv lignin via the production of biofuels, chemicals, and materials is also described.
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Naseem A, Tabasum S, Zia KM, Zuber M, Ali M, Noreen A. Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:296-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Yang Q, Pan X. Correlation between lignin physicochemical properties and inhibition to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1213-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 460 Henry Mall Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 460 Henry Mall Madison Wisconsin 53706
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15
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Mesquita JF, Ferraz A, Aguiar A. Alkaline-sulfite pretreatment and use of surfactants during enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 39:441-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Kim Y, Kreke T, Ko JK, Ladisch MR. Hydrolysis‐determining substrate characteristics in liquid hot water pretreated hardwood. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:677-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Thomas Kreke
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Ja Kyong Ko
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Michael R. Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907
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17
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Lou H, Wu S, Li X, Lan T, Yang D, Pang Y, Qiu X, Li X, Huang J. Improving rheology and enzymatic hydrolysis of high-solid corncob slurries by adding lignosulfonate and long-chain fatty alcohols. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8430-8436. [PMID: 25111907 DOI: 10.1021/jf502534s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of lignosulfonate (SXSL) and long-chain fatty alcohols (LFAs) on the rheology and enzymatic hydrolysis of high-solid corncob slurries were investigated. The application of 2.5% (w/w) SXSL increased the substrate enzymatic digestibility (SED) of high-solid corncob slurries at 72 h from 31.7 to 54.0%, but meanwhile it increased the slurry's yield stress and complex viscosity to make the slurry difficult to stir and pump. The smallest molecular weight (MW) SXSL fraction had the strongest enhancement on SED. The SXSL fraction with large MW had a negative effect on rheology. n-Octanol (C8) and n-decanol (C10) improved the rheological properties of high-solid slurry and are strong enough to counteract the negative effect of SXSL. Furthermore, C8 and C10 clearly enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of high-solid corncob slurries with and without SXSL. A mechanism was proposed to explain the observed negative effect of SXSL and the positive effect of LFAs on the rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
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18
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Wang Z, Zhu JY, Fu Y, Qin M, Shao Z, Jiang J, Yang F. Lignosulfonate-mediated cellulase adsorption: enhanced enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose through weakening nonproductive binding to lignin. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013; 6:156. [PMID: 24188090 PMCID: PMC3843589 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulose is crucial to bioconversion in the fields of biorefinery and biofuels. However, the enzyme inhibitors in pretreatment hydrolysate make solid substrate washing and hydrolysate detoxification indispensable prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocelluloses (SPORL) is a relatively new process, but has demonstrated robust performance for sugar and biofuel production from woody biomass in terms of yield and energy efficiency. This study demonstrated the advantage of SPORL pretreatment whereby the presentation of lignosulfonate (LS) renders the hydrolysate non-inhibitory to cellulase (Cel) due to the formation of lignosulfonate-cellulase complexes (LCCs) which can mediate the Cel adsorption between lignin and cellulose, contrary to the conventional belief that pretreatment hydrolysate inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis unless detoxified. RESULTS Particular emphasis was made on the formation mechanisms and stability phase of LCCs, the electrostatic interaction between LCCs and lignin, and the redistributed Cel adsorption between lignin and cellulose. The study found that LS, the byproduct of SPORL pretreatment, behaves as a polyelectrolyte to form LCCs with Cel by associating to the oppositely charged groups of protein. Compared to Cel, the zeta potential of LCCs is more negative and adjustable by altering the molar ratio of LS to Cel, and thereby LCCs have the ability to mitigate the nonproductive binding of Cel to lignin because of the enlarged electrostatic repulsion. Experimental results showed that the benefit from the reduced nonproductive binding outweighed the detrimental effects from the inhibitors in pretreatment hydrolysate. Specifically, the glucan conversions of solid substrate from poplar and lodgepole pine were greatly elevated by 25.9% and 31.8%, respectively, with the complete addition of the corresponding hydrolysate. This contradicts the well-acknowledged concept in the fields of biofuels and biorefinery that the pretreatment hydrolysate is inhibitory to enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The results reported in this study also suggest significant advantages of SPORL pretreatment in terms of water consumption and process integration, that is, it should abolish the steps of solid substrate washing and pretreatment hydrolysate detoxification for direct simultaneous saccharification and combined fermentation (SSCombF) of enzymatic and pretreatment hydrolysate, thereby facilitating bioprocess consolidation. Furthermore, this study not only has practical significance to biorefinery and bioenergy, but it also provides scientific importance to the molecular design of composite enzyme-polyelectrolyte systems, such as immobilized enzymes and enzyme activators, as well as to the design of enzyme separation processes using water-soluble polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - JY Zhu
- US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yingjuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Menghua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Taishan University, Tai’an 271021, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Jungang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
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19
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Ju X, Grego C, Zhang X. Specific effects of fiber size and fiber swelling on biomass substrate surface area and enzymatic digestibility. Bioresour Technol 2013; 144:232-9. [PMID: 23871925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the specific effect of biomass substrate surface area on its enzymatic digestibility, factors of fiber size reduction and swelling changes were investigated by using poplar substrates with controlled morphological and chemical properties after modified chemical pulping. Results showed that fiber size changes had insignificant influence on enzymatic hydrolysis, although the external surface area increased up to 41% with the reduction of fiber size. Swelling changes caused by increased biomass fiber porosities after PFI refining showed a significant influence on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. It is also found that chemical properties such as xylan and lignin content can influence the swelling effect. Xylan is confirmed to facilitate substrate hydrolysability by swelling, while lignin restricts swelling effect and thus minimizes the enzyme accessibility to substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Bioproducts, Science and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, United States
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20
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Mendes FM, Laurito DF, Bazzeggio M, Ferraz A, Milagres AMF. Enzymatic digestion of alkaline-sulfite pretreated sugar cane bagasse and its correlation with the chemical and structural changes occurring during the pretreatment step. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:890-5. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M. Mendes
- Dept. de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena; Universidade de São Paulo; 12602-810 Lorena São Paulo Brasil
| | - Debora F. Laurito
- Dept. de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena; Universidade de São Paulo; 12602-810 Lorena São Paulo Brasil
| | - Mariana Bazzeggio
- Dept. de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena; Universidade de São Paulo; 12602-810 Lorena São Paulo Brasil
| | - André Ferraz
- Dept. de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena; Universidade de São Paulo; 12602-810 Lorena São Paulo Brasil
| | - Adriane M. F. Milagres
- Dept. de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena; Universidade de São Paulo; 12602-810 Lorena São Paulo Brasil
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21
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Fatehi P. Recent advancements in various steps of ethanol, butanol, and isobutanol productions from woody materials. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:297-310. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Dept.; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay ON Canada P7B5E1
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22
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Yang Q, Pan X. Pretreatment of Agave americana stalk for enzymatic saccharification. Bioresour Technol 2012; 126:336-340. [PMID: 23122484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Agave americana is one of commonly grown agave species but currently less valuable because its large flower stalk cannot be used for producing alcoholic beverage. In the present study, the stalk was pretreated with dilute acid (DA), sulfite (SPORL), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to preliminarily assess its potential as feedstock for bioethanol production. The changes of cell wall components during the pretreatments, enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated stalks, and the adsorption of cellulases on the substrates were investigated. Results indicated that the pretreatments significantly improved the enzymatic digestibility of the agave stalk. SPORL pretreatment gave higher substrate and sugar yields, while NaOH pretreated stalk had better digestibility under the investigated conditions. The better hydrolysability of NaOH-pretreated stalk was attributed to low lignin and hemicellulose content and high affinity to cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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23
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Chandra RP, Saddler JN. Use of the Simons' Staining Technique to Assess Cellulose Accessibility in Pretreated Substrates. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2012.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Chandra
- Bioenergy/Forest Products Biotechnology Group, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC
| | - Jack N. Saddler
- Bioenergy/Forest Products Biotechnology Group, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC
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Del Rio LF, Chandra RP, Saddler JN. Fibre size does not appear to influence the ease of enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv-pretreated softwoods. Bioresour Technol 2012; 107:235-42. [PMID: 22243924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effect of fibre size on enzymatic hydrolysis, organosolv-pretreated lodgepole pine was size-fractionated into six substrates ranging in average size from 0.20 to 3.4mm. Other than the fines fraction (<0.2mm) which contained most of the lignin, the fractionated substrates were more readily hydrolyzed than the original substrate with nearly complete hydrolysis after 72 h at 5 FPU g(-1) cellulose. Surprisingly, fibre size was found to have little influence on enzymatic hydrolysis likely due to similarities in the substrates' chemical composition, accessible surface area, cellulose crystallinity and degree of polymerization. To determine the influence of the fines on enzymatic hydrolysis, their content was artificially increased (from 8.9% to 55.4%) however; this did not have a noticeable effect. These results show that within the range of fibre sizes tested, other substrate characteristics likely play a more significant role in the ease of hydrolysis of pretreated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Del Rio
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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