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Das S, Girish KH, Ganesh N, Narayan KS. Structured hybrid photodetectors using confined conducting polymer nanochannels. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:6155-6161. [PMID: 37941946 PMCID: PMC10628986 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00485f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
We design and fabricate hybrid organic inorganic perovskite photodetectors that utilize hole transport layer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS confined in alumina nanocylinders. This structural asymmetry in the device where the alumina nanopore template is partially filled with PEDOT:PSS provides features that improve certain device characteristics. The leakage component of the current in such devices is considerably suppressed, resulting in enhanced responsivity and detectivity. The funneling aspect of the photogenerated charge carrier transit ultimately leads to fast detectors as compared to conventional perovskite detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Das
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bengaluru - 560064 India
| | - K H Girish
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bengaluru - 560064 India
| | - N Ganesh
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bengaluru - 560064 India
| | - K S Narayan
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bengaluru - 560064 India
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2
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Ohmi T, Oswald IWH, Neilson JR, Roth N, Nishioka S, Maeda K, Fujii K, Yashima M, Azuma M, Yamamoto T. Thiocyanate-Stabilized Pseudo-cubic Perovskite CH(NH 2) 2PbI 3 from Coincident Columnar Defect Lattices. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19759-19767. [PMID: 37649142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
α-FAPbI3 (FA+ = CH(NH2)2+) with a cubic perovskite structure is promising for photophysical applications. However, α-FAPbI3 is metastable at room temperature, and it transforms to the δ-phase at a certain period of time at room temperature. Herein, we report a thiocyanate-stabilized pseudo-cubic perovskite FAPbI3 with ordered columnar defects (α'-phase). This compound has a √5ap × √5ap × ap tetragonal unit cell (ap: cell parameter of primitive perovskite cell) with a band gap of 1.91 eV. It is stable at room temperature in a dry atmosphere. Furthermore, the presence of the α'-phase in a mixed sample with the δ-phase drastically reduces the δ-to-α transition temperature measured on heating, suggesting the reduction of the nucleation energy of the α-phase or thermodynamic stabilization of the α-phase through epitaxy. The defect-ordered pattern in the α'-phase forms a coincidence-site lattice at the twinned boundary of the single crystals, thus hinting at an epitaxy- or strain-based mechanism of α-phase formation and/or stabilization. In this study, we developed a new strategy to control defects in halide perovskites and provided new insight into the stabilization of α-FAPbI3 by pseudo-halide and grain boundary engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ohmi
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Iain W H Oswald
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - James R Neilson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Nikolaj Roth
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Shunta Nishioka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masatomo Yashima
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masaki Azuma
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina 243-0435, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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3
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Chai W, Li L, Zhu W, Chen D, Zhou L, Xi H, Zhang J, Zhang C, Hao Y. Graded Heterojunction Improves Wide-Bandgap Perovskite for Highly Efficient 4-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells. Research (Wash D C) 2023; 6:0196. [PMID: 37465160 PMCID: PMC10351391 DOI: 10.34133/research.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are essential for highly efficient and stable silicon/perovskite tandem solar cells. In this study, we adopted a synthetic strategy with lead thiocyanate (Pb(SCN)2) additive and methylammonium chloride (MACl) posttreatment to enhance the crystallinity and improve the interface of WBG perovskite films with a bandgap of 1.68 eV. The excessive PbI2 was formed at grain boundaries and converted into MAPbI3-xClx perovskites, which are utilized to form the graded heterojunction (GHJ) and compressive strain. This is beneficial for passivating nonradiative recombination defects, suppressing halide phase segregation, and facilitating carrier extraction. Subsequently, the device with GHJ delivered a champion efficiency of 20.30% and superior stability in ambient air and under 85 °C. Finally, we achieved a recorded efficiency of 30.91% for 4-terminal WBG perovskite/TOPCon tandem silicon solar cells. Our findings demonstrate a promising approach for fabricating efficient and stable WBG PSCs through the formation of GHJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Chai
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Lindong Li
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- Xi'an Baoxin Solar Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Dazheng Chen
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- Xi'an Baoxin Solar Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Long Zhou
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- Xi'an Baoxin Solar Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - He Xi
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jincheng Zhang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Chunfu Zhang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- Xi'an Baoxin Solar Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology & Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
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4
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Wang M, Cao F, Meng L, Wang M, Li L. Phase-Transition-Cycle-Induced Recrystallization of FAPbI3 Film in An Open Environment Toward Excellent Photodetectors with High Reproducibility. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2204386. [PMID: 36253144 PMCID: PMC9731687 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite is an attractive building block for future optoelectronic applications. However, the strict fabrication conditions of perovskite devices impede the transformation of lab techniques into commercial applications. Here, a facile annealing-free posttreatment is proposed to reconstruct the perovskite film to obtain high-performance photodetectors with an optimized production rate. With posttreatment by methylamine thiocyanate, the prefabricated formamidinium-lead triiodide (FAPbI3 ) film will undergo a recrystallization process consisting of a repeating phase-transition-cycle (PTC) between the black and yellow phases of FAPbI3 , which improves the crystal quality and eliminates defects. As a result, some casually prepared or even decomposed perovskite films can be reconstructed, and the dispersion degree of the device performance based on the posttreatment method decreases by ≈21% compared to the traditional antisolvent method. This facile and annealing-free posttreatment will be an attractive method for the future industrial production of perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Fengren Cao
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Linxing Meng
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
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5
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Liu H, Li N, Chen Z, Tao S, Li C, Jiang L, Niu X, Chen Q, Wang F, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Song T, Zhou H. Reversible Phase Transition for Durable Formamidinium-Dominated Perovskite Photovoltaics. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2204458. [PMID: 35950226 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase instability is one of the major obstacles to the wide application of formamidinium (FA)-dominated perovskite solar cells (PSCs). An in-depth investigation on relevant phase transitions is urgently needed to explore more effective phase-stabilization strategies. Herein, the reversible phase-transition process of FA1- x Csx PbI3 perovskite between photoactive phase (α phase) and non-photoactive phase (δ phase) under humidity, as well as the reversible healing of degraded devices, is monitored. Moreover, through in situ atomic force microscopy, the kinetic transition between α and δ phase is revealed to be the "nucleation-growth transition" process. Density functional theory calculation implies an enthalpy-driven α-to-δ degradation process during humidity aging and an entropy-driven δ-to-α healing process at high temperatures. The α phase of FA1- x Csx PbI3 can be stabilized at elevated temperature under high humidity due to the increased nucleation barrier, and the resulting non-encapsulated PSCs retain >90% of their initial efficiency after >1000 h at 60 °C and 60% relative humidity. This finding provides a deepened understanding on the phase-transition process of FA1- x Csx PbI3 from both thermodynamics and kinetics points of view, which also presents an effective means to stabilize the α phase of FA-dominated perovskites and devices for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Nengxu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zehua Chen
- Materials Simulation and Modelling, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Center for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Shuxia Tao
- Materials Simulation and Modelling, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Center for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Chunlei Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiuxiu Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Tinglu Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huanping Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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6
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Subedi B, Li C, Chen C, Liu D, Junda MM, Song Z, Yan Y, Podraza NJ. Urbach Energy and Open-Circuit Voltage Deficit for Mixed Anion-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:7796-7804. [PMID: 35129320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Urbach energy indicating the width of the exponentially decaying sub-bandgap absorption tail is commonly used as the indicator of electronic quality of thin-film materials used as absorbers in solar cells. Urbach energies of hybrid inorganic-organic metal halide perovskites with various anion-cation compositions are measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy. The variation in anion-cation composition has a substantial effect on the measured Urbach energy and hence the electronic quality of the perovskite. Depending upon the compositions, the Urbach energy varies from 18 to 65 meV for perovskite films with similar bandgap energies. For most of the perovskite compositions studied here including methylammonium (MA) + formamidinium (FA)-based Pb iodides, mixed Sn + Pb narrow-bandgap perovskites with low or intermediate Sn contents, and wide-bandgap FA + Cs- and I + Br-based perovskites, the correlation between the Urbach energy of the perovskite thin film and open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficit for corresponding solar cells shows a direct relationship with reduction of the Urbach energy occurring with a beneficial decrease in the VOC deficit. However, due to issues related to material quality, impurity phases and stability in laboratory ambient air, and unoptimized film processing techniques, the solar cells incorporating Cs-based inorganic and mixed Sn + Pb perovskites with a higher than optimum Sn content show a higher VOC deficit even though the corresponding films show a lower Urbach energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwas Subedi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Chongwen Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Dachang Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Maxwell M Junda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Zhaoning Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Nikolas J Podraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Yiming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Zongwen Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shengli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Utilization & Energy Saving Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Energy Group R&D Institute Co., Ltd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Chao Zou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University, Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China
| | - Zhao'ao Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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Fan Z, Yin Y, Cai B, Ma Q, Liu Q, Liu X, Yinhua Lv, Zhang WH. Simultaneous achievement of defect passivation and carrier transport promotion by using emerald salt for methylammonium-free perovskite solar cells. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10512-10522. [PMID: 36277621 PMCID: PMC9473495 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01804g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Defect passivation along with promoted charge transport is potentially an effective but seldom exploited strategy for high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, the in situ defect passivation and carrier transport improvement are simultaneously realized by introducing a conductive polymer (i.e., emerald salt, ES) into the precursor solution of methylammonium (MA)-free perovskites. The interaction between ES and uncoordinated Pb2+ reduces defect density to suppress the non-radiative recombination. Moreover, ES can act as a “carrier driver” to promote the carrier transport due to its conductive feature, resulting in efficient PSC devices with a decent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.0%, which is among the most efficient MA-free PSCs. The ES-based unencapsulated devices show superior stability, retaining 89.1% and 83.8% of their initial PCEs when subjected to 35 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) storage and 85 °C thermal aging for 1000 h, respectively. To further assess the large-area compatibility of our strategy, 5 × 5 cm2 mini modules were also fabricated, delivering an impressive efficiency of 19.3%. This work sheds light on the importance of conductive additives in boosting cell performance by playing multiple roles in passivating defects, retarding the moisture invasion, and enhancing and balancing charge transport. A conductive polymer, emerald salt (ES), is introduced into methylammonium (MA)-free perovskite solar cells, enhancing the device performance and stability by passivating defects, promoting charge transportation, and retarding the moisture invasion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China
| | - Bing Cai
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Qingshan Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Qianlong Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Xinhang Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Yinhua Lv
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Chengdu 610200, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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9
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Cheng F, Zhang J, Pauporté T. Chlorides, other Halides, and Pseudo-Halides as Additives for the Fabrication of Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:3665-3692. [PMID: 34328278 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting a tremendous attention from the scientific community due to their excellent power conversion efficiency, low cost, and great promise for the future of solar energy. The best PSCs have already achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.5 % after an unprecedented rapid performance rise. However, high requirements with respect to large area, high-efficiency devices, and stability are still the challenges. Major efforts, especially for achieving a high degree of chemical control, have been made to reach these targets. The use of halide additives has played a critical role in improving the efficiency and stability. The present paper reviews the important breakthroughs in PSC technologies made by using halide additives, especially chloride, and pseudo-halide additives for the preparation of the perovskite layers, other layers, and interfaces of the devices. These additives help perovskite (PVK) crystallization and layer morphology control, grain boundary reduction, bulk and interface defects passivation, and so on. Normally, these halide additives play different roles depending on their categories and their location. Herein, recent progresses made due to additives employment in every possible layer of PSCs are reviewed, with focus on chloride, other halides, and pseudo-halides as additives in PVK films, halide additives in carrier transport layers, and at PVK-contact interfaces. Finally, an outlook of engineering of these additives in PSC progress is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), UMR8247, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jie Zhang
- The Key Lab of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Thierry Pauporté
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), UMR8247, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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10
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Wei Q, Chang D, Ye Z, Li X, Zan L, Gao L, Fu F, Yang D. Giant improvement of performances of perovskite solar cells via component engineering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 588:393-400. [PMID: 33422788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The absorption layer is a crucial factor for high-performance perovskite solar cells. In this work, the influence of the two components, methylammonium iodide (MAI) and formamidinium iodide (FAI) on the morphology, optical absorption and photovoltaic performances was systematically investigated. The results revealed that the surface morphologies of MAI/FAI based perovskite films were rougher, and the grain sizes became larger with increasing the FAI concentration. UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectra showed that there was a red shift with enhancing the FAI concentration. By the effective doping of FAI into the pristine MAI based perovskite film, the formation of a δ-FAPbI3 was successfully inhibited. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cells based on mixed absorption layers was improved by about 27% compared to the pristine MAI based perovskite device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Dongpu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Zhangwen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Lingxing Zan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Loujun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Feng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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11
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Liang J, Chen C, Hu X, Chen Z, Zheng X, Li J, Wang H, Ye F, Xiao M, Lu Z, Xu Y, Zhang S, Yu R, Tao C, Fang G. Suppressing the Phase Segregation with Potassium for Highly Efficient and Photostable Inverted Wide-Band Gap Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:48458-48466. [PMID: 33073991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wide-band gap (WBG) mixed-halide perovskites have drawn much attention because of their excellent optoelectronic properties and the potential to be deployed in tandem solar cells. Nevertheless, the bromine incorporation inevitably leads to photoinduced phase segregation in WBG mixed-halide perovskites. Herein, potassium is used to effectively suppress photoinduced phase segregation, which is visualized with confocal photoluminescence microscopy imaging. Strikingly, the potassium passivation not only inhibits the formation of the narrow-band gap subphase but also enhances the crystallinity of the WBG mixed-halide perovskite. In addition, the potassium-passivated WBG perovskite exhibits lower defect density, longer charge carrier lifetime, and better photostability. As a result, the optimized KI (2 mol %)-passivated WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) deliver a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.3% with negligible hysteresis. They maintain 98% of their initial efficiency after 400 h under 100 mW·cm-2 white light illumination in nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Liang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Chen
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Zheng
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Feihong Ye
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xiao
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Lu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Tao
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojia Fang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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12
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Abstract
The rapid efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) make it a promising photovoltaic (PV) research, which has now drawn attention from industries and government organizations to invest for further development of PSC technology. PSC technology continuously develops into new and improved results. However, stability, toxicity, cost, material production and fabrication become the significant factors, which limits the expansion of PSCs. PSCs integration into a building in the form of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is one of the most holistic approaches to exploit it as a next-generation PV technology. Integration of high efficiency and semi-transparent PSC in BIPV is still not a well-established area. The purpose of this review is to get an overview of the relative scope of PSCs integration in the BIPV sector. This review demonstrates the benevolence of PSCs by stimulating energy conversion and its perspective and gradual evolution in terms of photovoltaic applications to address the challenge of increasing energy demand and their environmental impacts for BIPV adaptation. Understanding the critical impact regarding the materials and devices established portfolio for PSC integration BIPV are also discussed. In addition to highlighting the apparent advantages of using PSCs in terms of their demand, perspective and the limitations, challenges, new strategies of modification and relative scopes are also addressed in this review.
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13
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Hsiao YW, Wang SY, Huang CL, Leu CC, Shih CF. Resistive Switching Property of Organic-Inorganic Tri-Cation Lead Iodide Perovskite Memory Device. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1155. [PMID: 32545543 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
: In this study, a glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/formamidinium-methylammonium-cesium (FA-MA-Cs) tri-cation lead iodide perovskite/poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA)/Al memory device with a controlled composition of (FA0.75MA0.25)1-xCsxPbI3 (x = 0-0.1) is demonstrated to exhibit bipolar resistive switching behavior. The tri-cation organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite film was prepared by a one-step solution process in which the amount of Cs was varied to modify the property of FA0.75MA0.25PbI3. It was found that the microstructure and defect properties of films are highly dependent on the contents of FA, MA, and Cs in the perovskite. The results found that 5% CsI doping is the optimized condition for improving the quality of FA0.75MA0.25PbI3, forming a high quality tri-cation perovskite film with a smooth, uniform, stable and robust crystalline grain structure. The resistive switching on/off ratio of the (FA0.75MA0.25)0.95Cs0.05PbI3 device is greater than 103 owing to the improved thin-film quality. Moreover, for the 5% CsI doped FA0.75MA0.25PbI3 films, the endurance and the stability of retention are better than the non-doped film. The improved microstructure and memory properties are attributed to the balance stress of FA/MA/Cs with different ionic size. It suggests the potential to achieve a desired resistive memory property of tri-cationic perovskite by carefully adjusting the cation ratios.
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Wu G, Li H, Cui J, Zhang Y, Olthof S, Chen S, Liu Z, Wang D, Liu S(F. Solvent Engineering Using a Volatile Solid for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1903250. [PMID: 32440475 PMCID: PMC7237837 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for efficaciously regulating perovskite crystallinity is proposed by using a volatile solid glycolic acid (HOCH2COOH, GA) in an FA0.85MA0.15PbI3 (FA: HC(NH2)2; MA: CH3NH3) perovskite precursor solution that is different from the common additive approach. Accompanied with the first dimethyl sulfoxide sublimation process, the subsequent sublimation of GA before 150 °C in the FA0.85MA0.15PbI3 perovskite film can artfully regulate the perovskite crystallinity without any residual after annealing. The improved film formation upon GA modification induced by the strong interaction between GA and Pb2+ delivers a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 21.32%. In order to investigate the role of volatility in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), nonvolatile thioglycolic acid (HSCH2COOH, TGA) with a similar structure to GA is utilized as an additive reference. Large perovskite grains are obtained by TGA modification but with obvious pinholes, which directly leads to an increased defect density accompanied by a decline in PCE. Encouragingly, the champion PCE achieved for GA-based PSC device (21.32%) is almost 13% or 20% higher than those of the control device or TGA-based device. In addition, GA-modified PSCs exhibit the best stability in light-, thermal-, and humidity-based tests due to the improved film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Jian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Yaohong Zhang
- Faculty of Informatics and EngineeringThe University of Electro‐Communications1‐5‐1 Chofugaoka, ChofuTokyo182‐8585Japan
| | - Selina Olthof
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneLuxemburger Street 11650939CologneGermany
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryNational Ministry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
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15
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Wei Q, Ye Z, Ren X, Fu F, Yang Z, Liu S, Yang D. Highly stable and efficient perovskite solar cells produced via high-boiling point solvents and additive engineering synergistically. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Li G, Zou X, Cheng J, Chen D, Yao Y, Chang C, Yu X, Zhou Z, Wang J, Liu B. Impact of Perovskite Composition on Film Formation Quality and Photophysical Properties for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:E732. [PMID: 32046181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, flexible perovskite solar cells have drawn tremendous attention in the field of wearable devices, and optimization of perovskite composition plays an important role in improving film quality and photophysical properties. At present, some researchers have only studied A-site organic cations mixing or X-site halide anions mixing in the ABX3 structure of perovskite, but there are few reports on co-mixing of A-site and X-site ions in flexible perovskite solar cells. In this paper, we mainly try to study the effects of different concentrations of mixed formamidine methylamine halide (FAxMA1-xBrxClyI1-x-y) precursor solutions on the quality and photophysical properties of perovskite films under low temperature process. We conclude that the film quality and photophysical properties reached the best results when the optimized precursor solution concentration was 60:6:6. The investigation on composition optimization in this experiment laid the foundation for the improvement of the performance of flexible perovskite solar cells. We also use the results of this experiment to prepare flexible perovskite solar cells based on carbon electrodes, which are expected to be applied in other flexible optoelectronic or electro-optical devices.
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17
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Huang Y, Zhao L, Li J, Lu F, Wang S. Effects of methylamine doping on the stability of triple cation (FA 0.95-x MA x Cs 0.05)PbI 3 single crystal perovskites. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:332-339. [PMID: 36133997 PMCID: PMC9417697 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite being promising photovoltaic materials, widespread use of organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials is still hindered by their undesirable stability. To cope with this challenge, methylamine (MA) is doped into triple cation perovskite single crystals of (FA0.95-x MA x Cs0.05)PbI3, and cesium-containing triple cation perovskite single crystals with five different MA molar ratios (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) are synthesized and characterized. Among them, (FA0.8MA0.15Cs0.05)PbI3 shows high stability against water-oxygen and light for 60 days, and the thermal decomposition temperature of (FA0.8MA0.15Cs0.05)PbI3 reaches as high as 305 °C. Besides, the carrier lifetime of (FA0.8MA0.15Cs0.05)PbI3 is up to 5.957 μs, which remains as 5.646 μs (95%) after 60 days of light illumination. This work studies the stability of perovskite single crystals based on (FA0.95-x MA x Cs0.05)PbI3 compositions and provides a reference for the discovery of novel perovskite photovoltaic devices with high efficiency and long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Huang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Wuhan 430062 PR China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Wuhan 430062 PR China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Wuhan 430062 PR China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 PR China
| | - Fang Lu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Wuhan 430062 PR China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 PR China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Wuhan 430062 PR China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 PR China
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18
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Patil JV, Mali SS, Hong CK. A thiourea additive-based quadruple cation lead halide perovskite with an ultra-large grain size for efficient perovskite solar cells. Nanoscale 2019; 11:21824-21833. [PMID: 31693036 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quadruple cation-based perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have crossed the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.2% because of their effective light harvesting ability. The perovskite materials and type of additives play a crucial role in improving the photovoltaic performance and stability. Therefore, here, we demonstrated a simple approach to reduce the grain boundaries and increase the grain size by adding thiourea (TU) as an additive in mixed halide (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15, triple cation Cs0.05[(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15]0.95 and quadruple Rb0.05{Cs0.05[(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15]0.95}0.95 cation perovskite absorbers. Our results indicate that the TU-added perovskite thin films have positive effects on the grain size, which improved up to 2.6 μm for the quadruple cation. Final optimization with the quadruple cation containing TU additive-based PVSC exhibited a 20.92% PCE, which is higher than additive-free PVSCs. Furthermore, the stability of the additive-modified PVSCs is much higher than that of bare films due to their ultra-large grain size with reduced grain boundaries. In addition, our thermal stress results exhibited that the additive-based PVSC devices display better thermal stability of more than ∼100 h at 60 °C without encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti V Patil
- Optoelectronic Convergence Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea 61186.
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19
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Guo F, Qiu S, Hu J, Wang H, Cai B, Li J, Yuan X, Liu X, Forberich K, Brabec CJ, Mai Y. A Generalized Crystallization Protocol for Scalable Deposition of High-Quality Perovskite Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1901067. [PMID: 31508290 PMCID: PMC6724353 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have raised considerable scientific interest due to their high cost-efficiency potential for photovoltaic solar energy conversion. As PSCs already are meeting the efficiency requirements for renewable power generation, more attention is given to further technological barriers as environmental stability and reliability. However, the most major obstacle limiting commercialization of PSCs is the lack of a reliable and scalable process for thin film production. Here, a generic crystallization strategy that allows the controlled growth of highly qualitative perovskite films via a one-step blade coating is reported. Through rational ink formulation in combination with a facile vacuum-assisted precrystallization strategy, it is possible to produce dense and uniform perovskite films with high crystallinity on large areas. The universal application of the method is demonstrated at the hand of three typical perovskite compositions with different band gaps. P-i-n perovskite solar cells show fill factors up to 80%, underpinning the statement of the importance of controlling crystallization dynamics. The methodology provides important progress toward the realization of cost-effective large-area perovskite solar cells for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Institute of New Energy TechnologyCollege of Information Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Shudi Qiu
- Institute of New Energy TechnologyCollege of Information Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Jinlong Hu
- Institute of New Energy TechnologyCollege of Information Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Huahua Wang
- Nanophotonics Research CenterShenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information TechnologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Boyuan Cai
- Nanophotonics Research CenterShenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information TechnologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Institute of New Energy TechnologyCollege of Information Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research CenterShenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information TechnologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Karen Forberich
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander UniversityErlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHImmerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander UniversityErlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHImmerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Yaohua Mai
- Institute of New Energy TechnologyCollege of Information Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
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20
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Xie YM, Xu X, Ma C, Li M, Ma Y, Lee CS, Tsang SW. Synergistic Effect of Pseudo-Halide Thiocyanate Anion and Cesium Cation on Realizing High-Performance Pinhole-Free MA-Based Wide-Band Gap Perovskites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:25909-25916. [PMID: 31264400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of wide-band gap perovskite solar cells has a profound impact on the multijunction tandem device efficiency. However, once bromide (Br-) has been adopted to substitute the iodide (I-) in the MAPbI3 framework, it becomes very challenging to achieve uniform and high crystalline perovskite films. Here, a synergistic effect of pseudo-halide anion thiocyanate (SCN-) and inorganic cation cesium (Cs+) on the crystallization and film formation of MA-based wide-band gap perovskite is reported. It is found that the intrinsic ability of SCN- for increasing the perovskite crystal size can make the crystallization process more tolerable to the different affinity of the initial inhomogeneous small particles. However, the introduction of SCN- usually comes along with undesired large PbI2 aggregates. By further incorporating Cs+ in the precursor solution to improve the solubility of the halide/pseudo-halide coordination to Pb2+, the formation of the aggregated PbI2 particles is successfully inhibited. As a result, uniform pinhole-free MA0.9Cs0.1PbI2Br(SCN)0.08 perovskites with a wide band gap of 1.77 eV can be achieved. The corresponding photovoltaic device exhibits a record-high fill-factor over 80% and a promising power conversion efficiency of 16.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Min Xie
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Xiuwen Xu
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | | | - Menglin Li
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | | | - Sai-Wing Tsang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
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21
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Zhang S, Wu S, Chen R, Chen W, Huang Y, Zhu H, Yang Z, Chen W. Controlling Orientation Diversity of Mixed Ion Perovskites: Reduced Crystal Microstrain and Improved Structural Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2898-2903. [PMID: 31091877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3)-based perovskite has attracted increasing attention of researchers due to its lower band gap and improved thermal stability. However, it is structurally unstable and easy to phase-transfer at room temperature. Here, we improve the structural stability of perovskite by controlling its orientation diversity. XRD results show that incorporating CsBr into FAPbI3 is effective to adjust the crystal plane stacking. For the first time, an orientation diversity factor (ODF) is identified, and it is found that an increased ODF is propitious to decrease the lattice distortion and relax the microstrain in the crystal, boosting the efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optimized inverted PSC based on FA0.85Cs0.15PbI2.85Br0.15 achieves efficiency of 17.59% and presents ignored performance decline under continuous light-soaking for 500 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Shaohang Wu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Rui Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Weitao Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yuqian Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Zhichun Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037 , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
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22
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Zheng X, Hou Y, Sun HT, Mohammed OF, Sargent EH, Bakr OM. Reducing Defects in Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Light-Emitting Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2629-2640. [PMID: 31038960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The large specific surface area of perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) increases the likelihood of surface defects compared to that of bulk single crystals and polycrystalline thin films. It is thus crucial to comprehend and control their defect population in order to exploit the potential of perovskite NCs. This Perspective describes and classifies recent advances in understanding defect chemistry and avenues toward defect density reduction in perovskite NCs, and it does so in the context of the promise perceived in light-emitting devices. Several pathways for decreasing the defect density are explored, including advanced NC syntheses, new surface-capping strategies, doping with metal ions and rare earths, engineering elemental compensation, and the translation of core-shell heterostructures into the perovskite materials family. We close with challenges that remain in perovskite NC defect research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zheng
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Hou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
| | - Hong-Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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23
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Xu X, Li M, Xie YM, Ma Y, Ma C, Cheng Y, Lee CS, Tsang SW. Porous and Intercrossed PbI 2-CsI Nanorod Scaffold for Inverted Planar FA-Cs Mixed-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:6126-6135. [PMID: 30668090 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Depth-dependent growth of perovskite crystals remains challenging for high-performance perovskite solar cells made by a two-step spin-coating method. Effective morphology engineering approaches that enable depth-independent perovskite crystals growth and facile characterization technique to monitor subtle yet influential accompanying changes are urgently required. Here, a porous and intercrossed PbI2-(CsI)0.15 nanorods scaffold is prepared by integrating CsI incorporation with toluene dripping in ambient air, and the underlying mechanism is uncovered. With this porous scaffold and moisture-assisted thermal annealing, depth-independent growth of FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3 is achieved, as evidenced in the photoluminescent (PL) spectra acquired by exciting the perovskite film from the top and bottom individually. It is of broad interest that PL spectroscopy is demonstrated as a sensitive technique to monitor the depth-dependent growth of perovskite. Moreover, the resulting inverted planar FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3 perovskite solar cells deliver an efficiency of 16.85%, along with superior thermal and photostability. By incorporating 2% large-sized diammonium cation, propane-1,3-diammonium, the efficiency is further increased to 17.74%. Our work not only proposes a unique porous PbI2-(CsI)0.15 nanorods scaffold to achieve high-quality perovskite films in a two-step method but also highlights the distinctive advantage of PL spectroscopy in monitoring the depth-dependent quality of perovskite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Xu
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Menglin Li
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Yue-Min Xie
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | | | - Yuanhang Cheng
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
| | | | - Sai-Wing Tsang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China
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24
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Chen L, Tan YY, Chen ZX, Wang T, Hu S, Nan ZA, Xie LQ, Hui Y, Huang JX, Zhan C, Wang SH, Zhou JZ, Yan JW, Mao BW, Tian ZQ. Toward Long-Term Stability: Single-Crystal Alloys of Cesium-Containing Mixed Cation and Mixed Halide Perovskite. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1665-1671. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yan-Yan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zi-Ang Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li-Qiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jing-Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chao Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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25
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Ueoka N, Oku T, Suzuki A. Additive effects of alkali metals on Cu-modified CH3NH3PbI3−δClδ photovoltaic devices. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24231-24240. [PMID: 35527914 PMCID: PMC9069633 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of alkali metal elements (Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) to Cu-modified CH3NH3PbI3−δClδ devices improved the photovoltaic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ueoka
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
| | - Takeo Oku
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
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26
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Abstract
The perovskite precursor solution chemistry is of paramount importance for well-controlled nucleation/crystal growth in solution-processed perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Jung
- Perovtronics Research Center
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 44919
| | - Sang-Geun Ji
- Perovtronics Research Center
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 44919
| | - Gwisu Kim
- Perovtronics Research Center
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 44919
| | - Sang Il Seok
- Perovtronics Research Center
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 44919
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiley A. Dunlap-Shohl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nitin P. Padture
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - David B. Mitzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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28
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Bi D, Li X, Milić JV, Kubicki DJ, Pellet N, Luo J, LaGrange T, Mettraux P, Emsley L, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M. Multifunctional molecular modulators for perovskite solar cells with over 20% efficiency and high operational stability. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4482. [PMID: 30367070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells present one of the most prominent photovoltaic technologies, yet their stability, scalability, and engineering at the molecular level remain challenging. We demonstrate a concept of multifunctional molecular modulation of scalable and operationally stable perovskite solar cells that exhibit exceptional solar-to-electric power conversion efficiencies. The judiciously designed bifunctional molecular modulator SN links the mercapto-tetrazolium (S) and phenylammonium (N) moieties, which passivate the surface defects, while displaying a structure-directing function through interaction with the perovskite that induces the formation of large grain crystals of high electronic quality of the most thermally stable formamidinium cesium mixed lead iodide perovskite formulation. As a result, we achieve greatly enhanced solar cell performance with efficiencies exceeding 20% for active device areas above 1 cm2 without the use of antisolvents, accompanied by outstanding operational stability under ambient conditions. Engineering hybrid perovskites at the molecular level to solve the stability problem remains a challenge. Here Grätzel et al. design a multifunctional molecular modulator that interacts with the perovskite via modes elucidated by solid state NMR spectroscopy and show high efficiency and operational stability.
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29
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Xue Y, Tian J, Wang H, Xie H, Zhu S, Zheng B, Gao C, Liu X. Localized incorporation of cesium ions to improve formamidinium lead iodide layers in perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25645-25652. [PMID: 35539817 PMCID: PMC9082626 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the perovskite solar cells with formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) as a light harvester, cesium ions (Cs+) can be used to stabilize the perovskite crystal structure of FAPbI3. However, the incorporation of Cs+ ions usually reduces the grain size and degrades the crystallization of FAPbI3 layers, and this is harmful to the photovoltaic performance of solar cells. In this work, we incorporate Cs+ ions into FAPbI3 layers using the interfacial doping method, which is different from the mixed solution doping method in previous reports. Elemental analysis indicates that Cs+ dopants cannot be detected at the outer surfaces of perovskite layers, and the majority of Cs+ dopants should be localized in the vicinity of TiO2/perovskite interfaces, which is remarkably different from the distribution of Cs+ dopants in the perovskite layers prepared using the mixed solution doping method. It is found that interfacial doping method can avoid the blue shift of the light absorption edge and can improve the crystallization of FAPbI3 layers. For the optimized conditions, CsxFA1−xPbI3 solar cells prepared using the interfacial doping method achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.1%, which is better than the PCE of CsxFA1−xPbI3 devices prepared using the mixed solution doping method. An interfacial doping method leads to a localized profile of dopants at interfaces, which results in improved photovoltaic performance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebin Xue
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Haiyue Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Honggang Xie
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Chunxiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Superhard Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xizhe Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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30
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Wu Y, Chen W, Chen G, Liu L, He Z, Liu R. The Impact of Hybrid Compositional Film/Structure on Organic⁻Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells. Nanomaterials 2018; 8:E356. [PMID: 29882844 PMCID: PMC6027407 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been intensively investigated over the last several years. Unprecedented progress has been made in improving their power conversion efficiency; however, the stability of perovskite materials and devices remains a major obstacle for the future commercialization of PSCs. In this review, recent progress in PSCs is summarized in terms of the hybridization of compositions and device architectures for PSCs, with special attention paid to device stability. A brief history of the development of PSCs is given, and their chemical structures, optoelectronic properties, and the different types of device architectures are discussed. Then, perovskite composition engineering is reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on the cationic components and their impact on film morphology, the optoelectronic properties, device performance, and stability. In addition, the impact of two-dimensional and/or one-dimensional and nanostructured perovskites on structural and device stability is surveyed. Finally, a future outlook is proposed for potential resolutions to overcome the current issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Wu
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55, University City South Rd., Chongqing 401331, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55, University City South Rd., Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Liyu Liu
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55, University City South Rd., Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Zhubing He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55, University City South Rd., Chongqing 401331, China.
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31
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Huang Z, Wang D, Wang S, Zhang T. Highly Efficient and Stable MAPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cell Induced by Regulated Nucleation and Ostwald Recrystallization. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E778. [PMID: 29751646 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have attracted great attention in recent years, due to their high conversion efficiency and solution-processable fabrication. However, most of the solar cells with high efficiency in the literature are prepared employing TiO₂ as electron transport material, which needs sintering at a temperature higher than 450 °C, and is not applicable to flexible device and low-cost fabrication. Herein, the MAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells are fabricated at a low temperature of 150 °C with SnO₂ as the electron transport layer. By dropping the antisolvent of ethyl acetate onto the perovskite precursor films during the spin coating process, compact MAPbI₃ films without pinholes are obtained. The addition of ethyl acetate is found to play an important role in regulating the nucleation, which subsequently improves the compactness of the film. The quality of MAPbI₃ films are further improved significantly through Ostwald recrystallization by optimizing the thermal treatment. The crystallinity is enhanced, the grain size is enlarged, and the defect density is reduced. Accordingly, the prepared MAPbI₃ perovskite solar cell exhibits a record-high conversion efficiency, outstanding reproducibility, and stability, owing to the reduced electron recombination. The average and best efficiency reaches 19.2% and 20.3%, respectively. The device without encapsulation maintains 94% of the original efficiency after storage in ambient air for 600 h.
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32
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Zhao Y, Tan H, Yuan H, Yang Z, Fan JZ, Kim J, Voznyy O, Gong X, Quan LN, Tan CS, Hofkens J, Yu D, Zhao Q, Sargent EH. Perovskite seeding growth of formamidinium-lead-iodide-based perovskites for efficient and stable solar cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1607. [PMID: 29686304 PMCID: PMC5913260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Formamidinium-lead-iodide (FAPbI3)-based perovskites with bandgap below 1.55 eV are of interest for photovoltaics in view of their close-to-ideal bandgap. Record-performance FAPbI3-based solar cells have relied on fabrication via the sequential-deposition method; however, these devices exhibit unstable output under illumination due to the difficulty of incorporating cesium cations (stabilizer) in sequentially deposited films. Here we devise a perovskite seeding method that efficiently incorporates cesium and beneficially modulates perovskite crystallization. First, perovskite seed crystals are embedded in the PbI2 film. The perovskite seeds serve as cesium sources and act as nuclei to facilitate crystallization during the formation of perovskite. Perovskite films with perovskite seeding growth exhibit a lowered trap density, and the resulting planar solar cells achieve stabilized efficiency of 21.5% with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.13 V and a fill factor that exceeds 80%. The Cs-containing FAPbI3-based devices show a striking improvement in operational stability and retain 60% of their initial efficiency after 140 h operation under one sun illumination. Formamidinium-lead-iodide-based perovskites have a preferred bandgap below 1.55 eV for solar cell applications but suffer from operational instability. Here, Zhao et al. improve the film quality using cesium-containing seeded growth to show high stabilized efficiency and more than 100 h lifetime under simulated sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada.,State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Hairen Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Haifeng Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - James Z Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Junghwan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Xiwen Gong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Li Na Quan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Chih Shan Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dapeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada.
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33
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Dong X, Chen D, Zhou J, Zheng YZ, Tao X. High crystallization of a multiple cation perovskite absorber for low-temperature stable ZnO solar cells with high-efficiency of over 20. Nanoscale 2018; 10:7218-7227. [PMID: 29623316 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ZnO as a promising electron transport layer (ETL) to TiO2 for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.9%; however, this is still lower than that obtained for TiO2-based PSCs (higher than 20%). Herein, we report the fabrication of high-efficiency methylammonium (MA) and Cs co-alloyed formamidinium (FA) triple cation perovskite based ZnO PSCs via delicate control of the cation compositions and annealing temperatures. By virtue of structural, morphological, spectral and electrochemical characterizations and analysis, we found that the incorporation of MA and Cs into FA perovskite enables the formation of a highly crystalline black phase perovskite with reduced surface roughness, which inhibits charge recombination and promotes electron transfer at the ZnO/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD interfaces and hence improves Jsc and FF values of the cell. As a result, the ZnO PSC based on MA0.1FA0.75Cs0.15PbI3 annealed at 110 °C achieved a PCE as high as 20.09%, exceeding the previous highest efficiency recorded for ZnO ETL based PSCs. The optimized MA0.1FA0.75Cs0.15PbI3 material demonstrated excellent reproducibility and long-term cell durability under ambient conditions within 1000 h. Particularly, the incorporation of a small amount of Br into the triple cation perovskite, i.e., MA0.1FA0.75Cs0.15PbI2.9Br0.1 led to a further enhancement in PCE of up to 20.44%, which is comparable with the best-performing MA and Cs-containing FA-based lead halide TiO2 PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
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34
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Kim J, Saidaminov MI, Tan H, Zhao Y, Kim Y, Choi J, Jo JW, Fan J, Quintero-Bermudez R, Yang Z, Quan LN, Wei M, Voznyy O, Sargent EH. Amide-Catalyzed Phase-Selective Crystallization Reduces Defect Density in Wide-Bandgap Perovskites. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1706275. [PMID: 29441615 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wide-bandgap (WBG) formamidinium-cesium (FA-Cs) lead iodide-bromide mixed perovskites are promising materials for front cells well-matched with crystalline silicon to form tandem solar cells. They offer avenues to augment the performance of widely deployed commercial solar cells. However, phase instability, high open-circuit voltage (Voc ) deficit, and large hysteresis limit this otherwise promising technology. Here, by controlling the crystallization of FA-Cs WBG perovskite with the aid of a formamide cosolvent, light-induced phase segregation and hysteresis in perovskite solar cells are suppressed. The highly polar solvent additive formamide induces direct formation of the black perovskite phase, bypassing the yellow phases, thereby reducing the density of defects in films. As a result, the optimized WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) (Eg ≈ 1.75 eV) exhibit a high Voc of 1.23 V, reduced hysteresis, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.8%. A PCE of 15.2% on 1.1 cm2 solar cells, the highest among the reported efficiencies for large-area PSCs having this bandgap is also demonstrated. These perovskites show excellent phase stability and thermal stability, as well as long-term air stability. They maintain ≈95% of their initial PCE after 1300 h of storage in dry air without encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghwan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Makhsud I Saidaminov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Hairen Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Jongmin Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Jea Woong Jo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - James Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Rafael Quintero-Bermudez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Li Na Quan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
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35
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Zhang R, Liu D, Wang Y, Zhang T, Gu X, Zhang P, Wu J, Chen ZD, Zhao Y, Li S. Theoretical lifetime extraction and experimental demonstration of stable cesium-containing tri-cation perovskite solar cells with high efficiency. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Zhang P, Wu J, Zhang T, Wang Y, Liu D, Chen H, Ji L, Liu C, Ahmad W, Chen ZD, Li S. Perovskite Solar Cells with ZnO Electron-Transporting Materials. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1703737. [PMID: 29105851 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have developed rapidly over the past few years, and the power conversion efficiency of PSCs has exceeded 20%. Such high performance can be attributed to the unique properties of perovskite materials, such as high absorption over the visible range and long diffusion length. Due to the different diffusion lengths of holes and electrons, electron transporting materials (ETMs) used in PSCs play a critical role in PSCs performance. As an alternative to TiO2 ETM, ZnO materials have similar physical properties to TiO2 but with much higher electron mobility. In addition, there are many simple and facile methods to fabricate ZnO nanomaterials with low cost and energy consumption. This review focuses on recent developments in the use of ZnO ETM for PSCs. The fabrication methods of ZnO materials are briefly introduced. The influence of different ZnO ETMs on performance of PSCs is then reviewed. The limitations of ZnO ETM-based PSCs and some solutions to these challenges are also discussed. The review provides a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the influence of different ZnO ETMs on PSCs performance and potentially motivates further development of PSCs by extending the knowledge of ZnO-based PSCs to TiO2 -based PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E7JE, UK
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Detao Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Long Ji
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Waseem Ahmad
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhi David Chen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science & Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Shibin Li
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
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37
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Abstract
Based on first-principles calculations, the intrinsic defects in FAPbI3 are investigated systematically. It is found that antisites FAI and IFA create deep levels in the band gap which can act as recombination centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- School of Mathematics and Science
- Hebei GEO University
- Shijiazhuang 050031
- China
| | - ChiYung Yam
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center
- Beijing
- China
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38
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Abstract
A contribution to solving challenges in the stability of perovskite nanocrystals by using DPPA in BE so that they can fully be utilized for many applications such as in the field of green energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalenga Pierre Mubiayi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Applied and Computer Science
- Vaal University of Technology
- Vanderbijlpark
- South Africa
| | - Nosipho Moloto
- Molecular Science Institute
- School of Chemistry
- University of the Witwatersrand
- Johannesburg
- South Africa
| | - Makwena Justice Moloto
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Applied and Computer Science
- Vaal University of Technology
- Vanderbijlpark
- South Africa
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39
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Murugadoss G, Thangamuthu R, Vijayaraghavan S, Kanda H, Ito S. Caesium −Methyl Ammonium Mixed-Cation Lead Iodide Perovskite Crystals: Analysis and Application for Perovskite Solar Cells. Electrochim Acta 2017; 257:267-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Xiao C, Wang C, Ke W, Gorman BP, Ye J, Jiang CS, Yan Y, Al-Jassim MM. Junction Quality of SnO 2-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Investigated by Nanometer-Scale Electrical Potential Profiling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:38373-38380. [PMID: 29027466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electron-selective layers (ESLs) and hole-selective layers (HSLs) are critical in high-efficiency organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite (PS) solar cells for charge-carrier transport, separation, and collection. We developed a procedure to assess the quality of the ESL/PS junction by measuring potential distribution on the cross section of SnO2-based PS solar cells using Kelvin probe force microscopy. Using the potential profiling, we compared three types of cells made of different ESLs but otherwise having an identical device structure: (1) cells with PS deposited directly on bare fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO)-coated glass; (2) cells with an intrinsic SnO2 thin layer on the top of FTO as an effective ESL; and (3) cells with the SnO2 ESL and adding a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of fullerene. The results reveal two major potential drops or electric fields at the ESL/PS and PS/HSL interfaces. The electric-field ratio between the ESL/PS and PS/HSL interfaces increased in devices as follows: FTO < SnO2-ESL < SnO2 + SAM; this sequence explains the improvements of the fill factor (FF) and open-circuit voltage (Voc). The improvement of the FF from the FTO to SnO2-ESL cells may result from the reduction in voltage loss at the PS/HSL back interface and the improvement of Voc from the prevention of hole recombination at the ESL/PS front interface. The further improvements with adding an SAM is caused by the defect passivation at the ESL/PS interface, and hence, improvement of the junction quality. These nanoelectrical findings suggest possibilities for improving the device performance by further optimizing the SnO2-based ESL material quality and the ESL/PS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiao Xiao
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Changlei Wang
- The University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Weijun Ke
- The University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Brian P Gorman
- Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jichun Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Jiang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yanfa Yan
- The University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Mowafak M Al-Jassim
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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41
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Naphade R, Nagane S, Bansode U, Tathavadekar M, Sadhanala A, Ogale S. Synthetic Manipulation of Hybrid Perovskite Systems in Search of New and Enhanced Functionalities. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:3722-3739. [PMID: 28804965 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite systems have emerged as a promising class of materials for photovoltaic and electroluminescent thin-film device applications, in view of their unique set of tunable optoelectronic properties. Importantly, these materials can be easily solution-processed at low temperatures and as such are amenable to facile molecular engineering. Thus, a variety of low-dimensional forms and quantum structures of these materials can be obtained through strategic synthetic manipulations through small molecule incorporation or molecular ion doping. In this Minireview, we specifically focus on these approaches and outline the possibilities of utilizing these for enhanced functionalities and newer application domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounak Naphade
- Department of Physics and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Satyawan Nagane
- Department of Physics and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Umesh Bansode
- National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Mukta Tathavadekar
- National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB30HE, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Satishchandra Ogale
- Department of Physics and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
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42
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Konstantakou M, Perganti D, Falaras P, Stergiopoulos T. Anti-Solvent Crystallization Strategies for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. Crystals 2017; 7:291. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Ono LK, Juarez-Perez EJ, Qi Y. Progress on Perovskite Materials and Solar Cells with Mixed Cations and Halide Anions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:30197-30246. [PMID: 28682587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials (e.g., MAPbI3, FAPbI3, etc.; where MA = CH3NH3+, FA = CH(NH2)2+) have been studied intensively for photovoltaic applications. Major concerns for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaic technology to take off include lead toxicity, long-term stability, hysteresis, and optimal bandgap. Therefore, there is still need for further exploration of alternative candidates. Elemental composition engineering of MAPbI3 and FAPbI3 has been proposed to address the above concerns. Among the best six certified power conversion efficiencies reported by National Renewable Energy Laboratory on perovskite-based solar cells, five are based on mixed perovskites (e.g., MAPbI1-xBrx, FA0.85MA0.15PbI2.55Br0.45, Cs0.1FA0.75MA0.15PbI2.49Br0.51). In this paper, we review the recent progress on the synthesis and fundamental aspects of mixed cation and halide perovskites correlating with device performance, long-term stability, and hysteresis. In the outlook, we outline the future research directions based on the reported results as well as related topics that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Emilio J Juarez-Perez
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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44
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Zhou N, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Zheng G, Li L, Chen Q, Zhou H. CsI Pre-Intercalation in the Inorganic Framework for Efficient and Stable FA 1-x Cs x PbI 3 (Cl) Perovskite Solar Cells. Small 2017; 13. [PMID: 28464500 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the chemical composition of organic and inorganic hybrid perovskite materials is one of the most feasible methods to boost the efficiency of perovskite solar cells with improved device stability. Among the diverse hybrid perovskite family of ABX3 , formamidinium (FA)-based mixed perovskite (e.g., FA1-x Csx PbI3 ) possesses optimum bandgaps, superior optoelectronic property, as well as thermal- and photostability, which is proven to be the most promising candidate for advanced solar cell. Here, FA0.9 Cs0.1 PbI3 (Cl) is implemented as the light-harvesting layer in planar devices, whereas a low temperature, two-step solution deposition method is employed for the first time in this materials system. This paper comprehensively exploits the role of Cs+ in the FA0.9 Cs0.1 PbI3 (Cl) perovskite that affects the precursor chemistry, film nucleation and grain growth, and defect property via pre-intercalation of CsI in the inorganic framework. In addition, the resultant FA0.9 Cs0.1 PbI3 (Cl) films are demonstrated to exhibit an improved optoelectronic property with an elevated device power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.6%, as well as a stable phase with substantial enhancement in humidity and thermal stability, as compared to that of FAPbI3 (Cl). The present method is able to be further extended to a more complicated (FA,MA,Cs)PbX3 material system by delivering a PCE of 19.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yiheng Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Xu
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Guanhaojie Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huanping Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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45
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Protesescu L, Yakunin S, Kumar S, Bär J, Bertolotti F, Masciocchi N, Guagliardi A, Grotevent M, Shorubalko I, Bodnarchuk MI, Shih CJ, Kovalenko MV. Dismantling the "Red Wall" of Colloidal Perovskites: Highly Luminescent Formamidinium and Formamidinium-Cesium Lead Iodide Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3119-3134. [PMID: 28231432 PMCID: PMC5800405 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) of APbX3-type lead halide perovskites [A = Cs+, CH3NH3+ (methylammonium or MA+) or CH(NH2)2+ (formamidinium or FA+); X = Cl-, Br-, I-] have recently emerged as highly versatile photonic sources for applications ranging from simple photoluminescence down-conversion (e.g., for display backlighting) to light-emitting diodes. From the perspective of spectral coverage, a formidable challenge facing the use of these materials is how to obtain stable emissions in the red and infrared spectral regions covered by the iodide-based compositions. So far, red-emissive CsPbI3 NCs have been shown to suffer from a delayed phase transformation into a nonluminescent, wide-band-gap 1D polymorph, and MAPbI3 exhibits very limited chemical durability. In this work, we report a facile colloidal synthesis method for obtaining FAPbI3 and FA-doped CsPbI3 NCs that are uniform in size (10-15 nm) and nearly cubic in shape and exhibit drastically higher robustness than their MA- or Cs-only cousins with similar sizes and morphologies. Detailed structural analysis indicated that the FAPbI3 NCs had a cubic crystal structure, while the FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs had a 3D orthorhombic structure that was isostructural to the structure of CsPbBr3 NCs. Bright photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY > 70%) spanning red (690 nm, FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs) and near-infrared (near-IR, ca. 780 nm, FAPbI3 NCs) regions was sustained for several months or more in both the colloidal state and in films. The peak PL wavelengths can be fine-tuned by using postsynthetic cation- and anion-exchange reactions. Amplified spontaneous emissions with low thresholds of 28 and 7.5 μJ cm-2 were obtained from the films deposited from FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 and FAPbI3 NCs, respectively. Furthermore, light-emitting diodes with a high external quantum efficiency of 2.3% were obtained by using FAPbI3 NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Protesescu
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sergii Yakunin
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Bär
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Bertolotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
- Istituto
di Crystallografia and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Matthias Grotevent
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maryna I. Bodnarchuk
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering,
Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Reliability Science and
Technology, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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46
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Protesescu L, Yakunin S, Kumar S, Bär J, Bertolotti F, Masciocchi N, Guagliardi A, Grotevent M, Shorubalko I, Bodnarchuk MI, Shih CJ, Kovalenko MV. Dismantling the "Red Wall" of Colloidal Perovskites: Highly Luminescent Formamidinium and Formamidinium-Cesium Lead Iodide Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3119-3134. [PMID: 28231432 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00116/suppl_file/nn7b00116_si_001.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) of APbX3-type lead halide perovskites [A = Cs+, CH3NH3+ (methylammonium or MA+) or CH(NH2)2+ (formamidinium or FA+); X = Cl-, Br-, I-] have recently emerged as highly versatile photonic sources for applications ranging from simple photoluminescence down-conversion (e.g., for display backlighting) to light-emitting diodes. From the perspective of spectral coverage, a formidable challenge facing the use of these materials is how to obtain stable emissions in the red and infrared spectral regions covered by the iodide-based compositions. So far, red-emissive CsPbI3 NCs have been shown to suffer from a delayed phase transformation into a nonluminescent, wide-band-gap 1D polymorph, and MAPbI3 exhibits very limited chemical durability. In this work, we report a facile colloidal synthesis method for obtaining FAPbI3 and FA-doped CsPbI3 NCs that are uniform in size (10-15 nm) and nearly cubic in shape and exhibit drastically higher robustness than their MA- or Cs-only cousins with similar sizes and morphologies. Detailed structural analysis indicated that the FAPbI3 NCs had a cubic crystal structure, while the FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs had a 3D orthorhombic structure that was isostructural to the structure of CsPbBr3 NCs. Bright photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY > 70%) spanning red (690 nm, FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 NCs) and near-infrared (near-IR, ca. 780 nm, FAPbI3 NCs) regions was sustained for several months or more in both the colloidal state and in films. The peak PL wavelengths can be fine-tuned by using postsynthetic cation- and anion-exchange reactions. Amplified spontaneous emissions with low thresholds of 28 and 7.5 μJ cm-2 were obtained from the films deposited from FA0.1Cs0.9PbI3 and FAPbI3 NCs, respectively. Furthermore, light-emitting diodes with a high external quantum efficiency of 2.3% were obtained by using FAPbI3 NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Federica Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, Università dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
- Istituto di Crystallografia and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy
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47
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Chiang YH, Li MH, Cheng HM, Shen PS, Chen P. Mixed Cation Thiocyanate-Based Pseudohalide Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:2403-2409. [PMID: 28033466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite compounds composed of mixed A-site cation (Formamidinium and Cesium) and pseudohalides (SCN and I) ions are successfully synthesized. These new classes of hybrid perovskites photovoltaics exhibited remarkable power conversion efficiency of more than 16% with excellent stability against moisture in ambient environment and under low-light storage condition. The existence of SCN- ion inclusion is confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SCN--doped pseudohalide is advantageous for the formation of large perovskite grains, as well as the performance and stability of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Chiang
- Department of Photonics, ‡Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy (RCETS), and §Advanced Optoelectronics Technology Center (AOCT), National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Li
- Department of Photonics, ‡Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy (RCETS), and §Advanced Optoelectronics Technology Center (AOCT), National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Min Cheng
- Department of Photonics, ‡Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy (RCETS), and §Advanced Optoelectronics Technology Center (AOCT), National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shen Shen
- Department of Photonics, ‡Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy (RCETS), and §Advanced Optoelectronics Technology Center (AOCT), National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Photonics, ‡Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy (RCETS), and §Advanced Optoelectronics Technology Center (AOCT), National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Hsieh CM, Yu YL, Chen CP, Chuang SC. Effects of the additives n-propylammonium or n-butylammonium iodide on the performance of perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of C3H7NH3I caused the perovskite films to grow with high coverage, thereby allowing the devices to display high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ming Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
| | - Yen-Lin Yu
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Ming Chi University of Technology
- New Taipei City
- Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Ming Chi University of Technology
- New Taipei City
- Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ching Chuang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
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