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Shang Y, Li Z, Cai P, Li W, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Xia S, Shao Q, Wang H. Megamitochondria plasticity: function transition from adaption to disease. Mitochondrion 2023:S1567-7249(23)00053-3. [PMID: 37276954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the cell's energy factory and metabolic hub, mitochondria are critical for ATP synthesis to maintain cellular function. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission to alter their size, shape, and position, with mitochondrial fusion and fission being interdependent to maintain the balance of mitochondrial morphological changes. However, in response to metabolic and functional damage, mitochondria can grow in size, resulting in a form of abnormal mitochondrial morphology known as megamitochondria. Megamitochondria are characterized by their considerably larger size, pale matrix, and marginal cristae structure and have been observed in various human diseases. In energy-intensive cells like hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes, the pathological process can lead to the growth of megamitochondria, which can further cause metabolic disorders, cell damage and aggravates the progression of the disease. Nonetheless, megamitochondria can also form in response to short-term environmental stimulation as a compensatory mechanism to support cell survival. However, extended stimulation can reverse the benefits of megamitochondria leading to adverse effects. In this review, we will focus on the findings of the different roles of megamitochondria, and their link to disease development to identify promising clinical therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhanghui Li
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peiyang Cai
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wuhao Li
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yangjing Zhao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Immunity, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an 223002, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Casselbrant A, Wallenius V, Elebring E, Marschall HU, Johansson BR, Helander HF, Fändriks L. Morphological Adaptation in the Jejunal Mucosa after Iso-Caloric High-Fat versus High-Carbohydrate Diets in Healthy Volunteers: Data from a Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36235775 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The conditions for jejunal glucose absorption in healthy subjects have not been thoroughly studied. In this study we investigated differences in the jejunal villi enlargement factor, as well as ultrastructural aspects of the surface enterocytes and mitochondria, comparing 2 weeks of high-carbohydrate (HCD) versus high-fat diets (HFD). We also measured the ketogenesis rate-limiting enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS2) in relation to jejunal mitochondria. METHODS A single-centre, randomized, unblinded crossover study in 15 healthy volunteers ingesting strictly controlled equicaloric diets (either HCD or HFD), with 60% energy from the respective source. An enteroscopy was carried out after 2 weeks of each diet and jejunal mucosal biopsies were acquired. Conventional histology, immunofluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy were used. RESULTS The villi did not demonstrate any change in the epithelial enlargement factor. Despite an increased mitosis, there were no changes in apoptotic indices. However, the ultrastructural analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the enlargement factor at the bases of the villi. The mitochondria demonstrated increased amounts of cristae after the HFD. The confocal microscopy revealed increased HMGCS2 per mitochondrial marker at the top of the villi after the HFD compared to the HCD. CONCLUSION There is a morphometric adaption in the jejunal mucosa following the 2-week diets, not only on a histological level, but rather on the ultrastructural level. This study supports the notion that mitochondrial HMGCS2 is regulated by the fat content of the diet and is involved in the expression of monosaccharide transporters.
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Tehrani KF, Pendleton EG, Southern WM, Call JA, Mortensen LJ. Two-photon deep-tissue spatially resolved mitochondrial imaging using membrane potential fluorescence fluctuations. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:254-259. [PMID: 29359101 PMCID: PMC5772580 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell metabolism and viability are directly reflected in their mitochondria. Imaging-based analysis of mitochondrial morphological structure, size and dynamic characteristics can therefore provide critical insight into cell function. However, mitochondria are often very abundant, and due to their close to diffraction-limit size, it is often non-trivial to distinguish a tubular or large mitochondrion from an ensemble of punctate mitochondria. In this paper, we use membrane potential dependent fluorescence fluctuations of individual mitochondria to resolve them using an approach similar to single molecule localization microscopy. We use 2-photon microscopy to image mitochondrial intensity fluctuations at 200 μm deep inside an intact in-vivo mouse soleus muscle. By analyzing the acquired images, we can reconstruct images with an extra layer of information about individual mitochondria, separated from their ensemble. Our analysis shows a factor of 14 improvement in detection of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Forouhesh Tehrani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily G. Pendleton
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Luke J. Mortensen
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- School of Materials, Chemical, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Zhao H, Yin R, Wang Y, Lee YH, Luo T, Zhang J, Qiu H, Ambrose S, Wang L, Ren J, Yao J, Chen D, Wang Y, Liang Z, Zhen J, Wu S, Ye Z, Zeng J, Huang N, Gu Y. Modulating mitochondrial morphology enhances antitumor effect of 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy both in vitro and in vivo. J Photochem Photobiol B 2017; 176:81-91. [PMID: 28964889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid mediated PDT (5-ALA-PDT) is an approved therapeutic procedure for treating carcinomas of the cervix. However, when employed as a monotherapy, 5-ALA-PDT could not produce satisfactory results toward large and deep tumors. Therefore, developing a method to improve the efficacy of 5-ALA-PDT becomes important. In this study, we demonstrate an enhanced antitumor effect of 5-ALA-PDT by the modulation of mitochondrial morphology. The mitochondria in the cells were regulated into tubular mitochondria or fragmented mitochondria through over expression of Drp1 or Mfn2. Then these cells were treated with identical dose of 5-ALA-PDT. Our results suggest that HeLa cells predominantly containing fragmented mitochondria were more sensitive to 5-ALA-PDT than the cells predominantly containing tubular mitochondria. The morphology of mitochondria changed as the cell cycle progressed, with tubular mitochondria predominantly exhibited in the S phase and uniformly fragmented mitochondria predominantly displayed in the M phase. Paclitaxel significantly increased the population of M-phase cells, while 5-fluorouracil significantly increased the population of S-phase cells in xenograft tumors. Furthermore, low-dose paclitaxel significantly increased the antitumor effects of PDT. However, 5-fluorouracil didn't improve the antitumor effects of PDT. These results demonstrated an enhanced antitumor effect of 5-ALA-PDT from the modulation of mitochondrial morphology. We anticipate that our results will provide an insight for selecting potential chemotherapeutic agents to combine with PDT for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyou Zhao
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China; Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001,PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Yuan-Hao Lee
- Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ting Luo
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Stephen Ambrose
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688, USA
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Defu Chen
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Zhipin Liang
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jie Zhen
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Sumin Wu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Zulin Ye
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Naiyan Huang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China.
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Sukhorukov VM, Meyer-Hermann M. Structural Heterogeneity of Mitochondria Induced by the Microtubule Cytoskeleton. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13924. [PMID: 26355039 PMCID: PMC4565121 DOI: 10.1038/srep13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
By events of fusion and fission mitochondria generate a partially interconnected, irregular network of poorly specified architecture. Here, its organization is examined theoretically by taking into account the physical association of mitochondria with microtubules. Parameters of the cytoskeleton mesh are derived from the mechanics of single fibers. The model of the mitochondrial reticulum is formulated in terms of a dynamic spatial graph. The graph dynamics is modulated by the density of microtubules and their crossings. The model reproduces the full spectrum of experimentally found mitochondrial configurations. In centrosome-organized cells, the chondriome is predicted to develop strong structural inhomogeneity between the cell center and the periphery. An integrated analysis of the cytoskeletal and the mitochondrial components reveals that the structure of the reticulum depends on the balance between anterograde and retrograde motility of mitochondria on microtubules, in addition to fission and fusion. We propose that it is the combination of the two processes that defines synergistically the mitochondrial structure, providing the cell with ample capabilities for its regulative adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerii M. Sukhorukov
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre
of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research,
Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124
Braunschweig, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe University of
Frankfurt am Main, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre
of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research,
Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124
Braunschweig, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe University of
Frankfurt am Main, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics,
Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19b,
38106
Braunschweig, Germany
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Niu CJ, Fisher C, Scheffler K, Wan R, Maleki H, Liu H, Sun Y, A Simmons C, Birngruber R, Lilge L. Polyacrylamide gel substrates that simulate the mechanical stiffness of normal and malignant neuronal tissues increase protoporphyin IX synthesis in glioma cells. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:098002. [PMID: 26405823 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.098002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) produced following the administration of exogenous 5d-aminolevulinic acid is clinically approved for photodynamic therapy and fluorescence-guided resection in various jurisdictions around the world. For both applications, quantification of PPIX forms the basis for accurate therapeutic dose calculation and identification of malignant tissues for resection. While it is well established that the PPIX synthesis and accumulation rates are subject to the cell’s biochemical microenvironment, the effect of the physical microenvironment, such as matrix stiffness, has received little attention to date. Here we studied the proliferation rate and PPIX synthesis and accumulation in two glioma cell lines U373 and U118 cultured under five different substrate conditions, including the conventional tissue culture plastic and polyacrylamide gels that simulated tissue stiffness of normal brain (1 kPa) and glioblastoma tumors (12 kPa). We found that the proliferation rate increased with substrate stiffness for both cell lines, but not in a linear fashion. PPIX concentration was significantly higher in cells cultured on tissue-simulating gels than on the much stiffer tissue culture plastic for both cell lines. These findings, albeit preliminary, suggest that the physical microenvironment might be an important determinant of tumor aggressiveness and PPIX synthesis in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Niu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Carl Fisher
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Kira Scheffler
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Rachel Wan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Hoda Maleki
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Haijiao Liu
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Craig A Simmons
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Reginald Birngruber
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L7, CanadabUniversity of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L7, Canada
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7
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Fisher CJ, Niu CJ, Lai B, Chen Y, Kuta V, Lilge LD. Modulation of PPIX synthesis and accumulation in various normal and glioma cell lines by modification of the cellular signaling and temperature. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 45:460-8. [PMID: 24037824 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapies for malignant gliomas are still elusive and limited survival improvements are provided only by Temozolomide or fluorescence guided resection. The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in this indication is limited by the higher sensitivity of normal brain structures compared to glioma necessitating a modulation of its sensitivity. We evaluate the influence of hypothermia and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Erlotinib on cell's ability to synthesize PPIX following the administration of ALA which was not previously investigated. We demonstrate that both hypothermia and Erlotinib are favorable in PPIX selectivity as only glioma cell lines demonstrate an increased PPIX synthesis, whereas the neuronal and astrocytic synthesis is remaining unaffected. The results are encouraging to consider hypothermia and Erlotinib as adjuvant therapies to increase the PDT therapeutic index between GBM and normal intracranial tissues, as well as to improve contrast in fluorescence guided resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Fisher
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Wang Z, Fan M, Candas D, Zhang TQ, Qin L, Eldridge A, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Ahmed KM, Chromy BA, Nantajit D, Duru N, He F, Chen M, Finkel T, Weinstein LS, Li JJ. Cyclin B1/Cdk1 coordinates mitochondrial respiration for cell-cycle G2/M progression. Dev Cell 2014; 29:217-32. [PMID: 24746669 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A substantial amount of mitochondrial energy is required for cell-cycle progression. The mechanisms underlying the coordination of the mitochondrial respiration with cell-cycle progression, especially the G2/M transition, remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that a fraction of cyclin B1/Cdk1 proteins localizes to the matrix of mitochondria and phosphorylates a cluster of mitochondrial proteins, including the complex I (CI) subunits in the respiratory chain. Cyclin B1/Cdk1-mediated CI phosphorylation enhances CI activity, whereas deficiency of such phosphorylation in each of the relevant CI subunits results in impairment of CI function. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. Thus, cyclin B1/Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of mitochondrial substrates allows cells to sense and respond to increased energy demand for G2/M transition and, subsequently, to upregulate mitochondrial respiration for successful cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Demet Candas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tie-Qiao Zhang
- Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lili Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Angela Eldridge
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kazi M Ahmed
- Life Sciences Division, Department of Cancer and DNA Damage Response, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett A Chromy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Danupon Nantajit
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nadire Duru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteomics Research Center, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Min Chen
- Signal Transduction Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Signal Transduction Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Fujioka H, Tandler B, Consolo MC, Karnik P. Division of mitochondria in cultured human fibroblasts. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1213-6. [PMID: 24009193 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ovate mitochondria in cultured human fibroblasts divide by pinching. In the process, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, a deep incisure of the surface membranes separates the organelle into two lobes connected by a slender isthmus. A single element of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) invariably accompanies each incisure, extending deep into the cleft. When the ingrowing membranes meet and fuse with the antipodal membranes, fission occurs. Elongated mitochondria that give no indication of division often are cloaked by a single, continuous cistern of SER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Fujioka
- Electron Microscopy Facility and Center for Mitochondrial Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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10
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Vannuvel K, Renard P, Raes M, Arnould T. Functional and morphological impact of ER stress on mitochondria. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1802-18. [PMID: 23629871 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, knowledge and evidence about the existence of crosstalks between cellular organelles and their potential effects on survival or cell death have been constantly growing. More recently, evidence accumulated showing an intimate relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These close contacts not only establish extensive physical links allowing exchange of lipids and calcium but they can also coordinate pathways involved in cell life and death. It is now obvious that ER dysfunction/stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) as well as mitochondria play major roles in apoptosis. However, while the effects of major ER stress on cell death have been largely studied and reviewed, it becomes more and more evident that cells might regularly deal with sublethal ER stress, a condition that does not necessarily lead to cell death but might affect the function/activity of other organelles such as mitochondria. In this review, we will particularly focus on these new, interesting and intriguing metabolic and morphological events that occur during the early adaptative phase of the ER stress, before the onset of cell death, and that remain largely unknown. Relevance and implication of these mitochondrial changes in response to ER stress conditions for human diseases such as type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleen Vannuvel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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11
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Goswami R, Majumdar T, Dhar J, Chattopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Verbovetskaya V, Sen GC, Barik S. Viral degradasome hijacks mitochondria to suppress innate immunity. Cell Res 2013; 23:1025-42. [PMID: 23877405 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between the innate immunity of the host and the ability of a pathogen to evade it strongly influences pathogenesis and virulence. The two nonstructural (NS) proteins, NS1 and NS2, of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are critically required for RSV virulence. Together, they strongly suppress the type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immunity of the host cells by degrading or inhibiting multiple cellular factors required for either IFN induction or response pathways, including RIG-I, IRF3, IRF7, TBK1 and STAT2. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of a large and heterogeneous degradative complex assembled by the NS proteins, which we named "NS-degradasome" (NSD). The NSD is roughly ∼300-750 kD in size, and its degradative activity was enhanced by the addition of purified mitochondria in vitro. Inside the cell, the majority of the NS proteins and the substrates of the NSD translocated to the mitochondria upon RSV infection. Genetic and pharmacological evidence shows that optimal suppression of innate immunity requires mitochondrial MAVS and mitochondrial motility. Together, we propose a novel paradigm in which the mitochondria, known to be important for the innate immune activation of the host, are also important for viral suppression of the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramansu Goswami
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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12
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Singh P, Saxena R, Srinivas G, Pande G, Chattopadhyay A. Cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis in regulation of the cell cycle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58833. [PMID: 23554937 PMCID: PMC3598952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is a ubiquitous, multi-step process that is essential for growth and proliferation of cells. The role of membrane lipids in cell cycle regulation is not explored well, although a large number of cytoplasmic and nuclear regulators have been identified. We focus in this work on the role of membrane cholesterol in cell cycle regulation. In particular, we have explored the stringency of the requirement of cholesterol in the regulation of cell cycle progression. For this purpose, we utilized distal and proximal inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, and monitored their effect on cell cycle progression. We show that cholesterol content increases in S phase and inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis results in cell cycle arrest in G1 phase under certain conditions. Interestingly, G1 arrest mediated by cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors could be reversed upon metabolic replenishment of cholesterol. Importantly, our results show that the requirement of cholesterol for G1 to S transition is absolute, and even immediate biosynthetic precursors of cholesterol, differing with cholesterol merely in a double bond, could not replace cholesterol for reversing the cell cycle arrest. These results are useful in the context of diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, that are associated with impaired cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Roopali Saxena
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gunda Srinivas
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gopal Pande
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (AC); (GP)
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (AC); (GP)
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Faião-Flores F, Coelho PR, Arruda-Neto JD, Maria-Engler SS, Maria DA. Cell cycle arrest, extracellular matrix changes and intrinsic apoptosis in human melanoma cells are induced by Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1196-204. [PMID: 23462526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) involves the selective accumulation of boron carriers in tumor tissue followed by irradiation with a thermal or epithermal neutron beam. This therapy is therefore a cellular irradiation suited to treat tumors that have infiltrated into healthy tissues. BNCT has been used clinically to treat patients with cutaneous melanomas which have a high mortality. Human normal melanocytes and melanoma cells were treated with BNCT at different boronophenylalanine concentrations for signaling pathways analysis. BNCT induced few morphological alterations in normal melanocytes, with a negligible increase in free radical production. Melanoma cells treated with BNCT showed significant extracellular matrix (ECM) changes and a significant cyclin D1 decrease, suggesting cell death by necrosis and apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, respectively. BNCT also induced a significant increase in cleaved caspase-3 and a decrease in the mitochondrial electrical potential with selectivity for melanoma cells. Normal melanocytes had no significant differences due to BNCT treatment, confirming the data from the literature regarding the selectivity of BNCT. The results from this study suggest that some signaling pathways are involved in human melanoma treatment by BNCT, such as cell cycle arrest, ECM changes and intrinsic apoptosis.
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Pastuszka MK, Janib SM, Weitzhandler I, Okamoto CT, Hamm-Alvarez S, Mackay JA. A tunable and reversible platform for the intracellular formation of genetically engineered protein microdomains. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3439-44. [PMID: 23088632 DOI: 10.1021/bm301090x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
From mitochondria to the nuclear envelope, the controlled assembly of micro- and nanostructures is essential for life; however, the level at which we can deliberately engineer the assembly of microstructures within intracellular environments remains primitive. To overcome this obstacle, we present a platform to reversibly assemble genetically engineered protein microdomains (GEPMs) on the time scale of minutes within living cells. Biologically inspired from the human protein tropoelastin, these protein polymers form a secondary aqueous phase above a tunable transition temperature. This assembly process is easily manipulated to occur at or near physiological temperature by adjusting molecular weight and hydrophobicity. We fused protein polymers to green fluorescent protein (GFP) to visualize their behavior within the cytoplasm. While soluble, these polymers have a similar intracellular diffusion constant as cytosolic proteins at 7.4 μm(2)/s; however, above their phase transition temperature, the proteins form distinct microdomains (0.1-2 μm) with a reduced diffusion coefficient of 1.1 μm(2)/s. Microdomain assembly and disassembly are both rapid processes with half-lives of 3.8 and 1.0 min, respectively. Via selection of the protein polymer, the assembly temperature is tunable between 20 and 40 °C. This approach may be useful to control intracellular formation of genetically engineered proteins and protein complexes into concentrated microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha K Pastuszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9121, USA
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15
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Marina OC, Sanders CK, Mourant JR. Correlating light scattering with internal cellular structures. Biomed Opt Express 2012; 3:296-312. [PMID: 22312583 PMCID: PMC3269847 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The origins of side scattering from a fibroblast and cervical cell line were determined by comparing side-scatter images with images stained for lysosomes, nuclei, and mitochondria on a cell by cell basis. Lysosomes or nuclei are the most efficient type of scatterer depending on the cell type and incident light polarization. The relative scattering efficiencies of lysosomes and mitochondria were the same for both cell lines, while the scattering efficiencies of the nuclei differed. The percent of 90° scattering from the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes as well as the group of other internal cellular objects was estimated. The nucleus was the largest contributor to side scatter in the cervical carcinoma cells. The contributions of lysosomes, mitochondria, the nucleus, and particles unstained by either Hoechst, LysoSensor or MitoTracker ranges from ∼20% to ∼30% in fibroblast cells. The contribution of lysosomes to side scatter was much stronger when the incident light was polarized perpendicular to the scattering plane than when the polarization of the side scatter laser was parallel to the scattering plane. This dependence on side scatter polarization indicates that lysosomes contain scattering structures that are much smaller than the wavelength of light used in the measurements (785 nm). In conclusion, mitochondria were not found to be either the most efficient scatterer or to have the largest contribution to scattering in either cell line, in contrast to previous reports. Rather lysosomes, nuclei and unknown particles all have significant contributions to 90° scattering and the contributions of some of these particles can be modulated by changing the polarization of the incident light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana C. Marina
- MS M888, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Claire K. Sanders
- MS M888, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Judith R. Mourant
- MS M888, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondria are most important organelles in the survival of eukaryotic aerobic cells because they are the primary producers of ATP, regulators of ion homeostasis or redox state, and producers of free radicals. The key role of mitochondria in the generation of primordial ATP for the survival and proliferation of eukaryotic cells has been proven by extensive biochemical studies. In this context, it is crucial to understand the complexity of the mitochondrial compartment and its functionality and to develop experimental tools allowing the assessment of its nature and its function and metabolism. This review covers the role of the mitochondria in the cell, focusing on its structure, the mechanism of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, the maintenance of the transmembrane potential and the production of reactive oxygen species. The main probes used for mitochondrial compartment monitoring are described. In addition, various applications using mitochondrial-specific probes are detailed to illustrate the potential of flow and image cytometry in the study of the mitochondrial compartment. This review contains a panel of tools to explore mitochondria and to help researchers design experiments, determine the approach to be employed, and interpret their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Cottet-Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, Inserm U1055, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, France.
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17
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Faião-Flores F, Coelho PRP, Arruda-Neto J, Maria DA. Boron neutron capture therapy induces cell cycle arrest and DNA fragmentation in murine melanoma cells. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:1741-4. [PMID: 21441034 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The melanoma is a highly lethal skin tumor, with a high incidence. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a radiotherapy which combines Boron with thermal neutrons, constituting a binary system. B16F10 melanoma and L929 fibroblasts were treated with Boronophenylalanine and irradiated with thermal neutron flux. The electric potential of mitochondrial membrane, cyclin D1 and caspase-3 markers were analyzed. BNCT induced a cell death increase and cyclin D1 amount decreased only in B16F10 melanoma. Besides, there was not caspase-3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Faião-Flores
- Biochemical and Biophysical Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Hu C, Sun Q, Peng X, Huang Q, Wang M, Li S, Zhu Y. Flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial populations in HL-CMS systems of rice under H2O2 stress. Protoplasma 2010; 241:91-8. [PMID: 20157834 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has often been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this report, the heterogeneity of mitochondria was analyzed in both Honglian (HL) CMS (YtA) rice seedlings and those of its corresponding maintainers (YtB) by flow cytometry and staining with rhodamine-123 (Rh-123). Both lines revealed two distinct fluorescence populations: high fluorescence populations (HFP) and light fluorescence populations (LFP), and a somewhat lower LFP/HFP ratio was detected in conjunction with the higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in YtA. In addition, use of the specific effector hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) demonstrated a correlation between the LFP/HFP ratio and ROS levels in both lines. Higher ROS content caused a more swift decrease of F(0)F(1)-ATPase activity and ATP contents in YtA than those in YtB, which accompanied with an obvious decline of the LFP/HFP ratio in YtA. Furthermore, a mitochondrial genomic DNA smear was detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Taken together, these results implied that HL-CMS line rice seedlings and those of its corresponding maintainer have different proportion of Rh-123 staining mitochondria populations, which may be accounted for by ROS contents on the basis of ATPase activity and ATP contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Hu
- Key laboratory of MOE for Plant Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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19
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Seguí-Simarro JM, Coronado MJ, Staehelin LA. The mitochondrial cycle of Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem and leaf primordium meristematic cells is defined by a perinuclear tentaculate/cage-like mitochondrion. Plant Physiol 2008; 148:1380-93. [PMID: 18799659 PMCID: PMC2577259 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.126953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells exhibit a high rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) recombination. This implies that before cytokinesis, the different mitochondrial compartments must fuse to allow for mtDNA intermixing. When and how the conditions for mtDNA intermixing are established are largely unknown. We have investigated the cell cycle-dependent changes in mitochondrial architecture in different Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell types using confocal microscopy, conventional, and three-dimensional electron microscopy techniques. Whereas mitochondria of cells from most plant organs are always small and dispersed, shoot apical and leaf primordial meristematic cells contain small, discrete mitochondria in the cell periphery and one large, mitochondrial mass in the perinuclear region. Serial thin-section reconstructions of high-pressure-frozen shoot apical meristem cells demonstrate that during G1 through S phase, the large, central mitochondrion has a tentaculate morphology and wraps around one nuclear pole. In G2, both types of mitochondria double their volume, and the large mitochondrion extends around the nucleus to establish a second sheet-like domain at the opposite nuclear pole. During mitosis, approximately 60% of the smaller mitochondria fuse with the large mitochondrion, whose volume increases to 80% of the total mitochondrial volume, and reorganizes into a cage-like structure encompassing first the mitotic spindle and then the entire cytokinetic apparatus. During cytokinesis, the cage-like mitochondrion divides into two independent tentacular mitochondria from which new, small mitochondria arise by fission. These cell cycle-dependent changes in mitochondrial architecture explain how these meristematic cells can achieve a high rate of mtDNA recombination and ensure the even partitioning of mitochondria between daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Seguí-Simarro
- Instituto para la Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Yang J, Ma L, Zhang Y, Fang F, Li L. Flow cytometric identification of two different rhodamine-123-stained mitochondrial populations in maize leaves. Protoplasma 2007; 231:249-252. [PMID: 17922268 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-007-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of mitochondria isolated from maize leaves revealed two distinct rhodamine-123-stained fluorescence populations distinguishable by their main fluorescence channel. Further microscopic observation of mitochondria stained with Janus Green B and rhodamine-123 revealed the occurrence of differently sized mitochondrial particles. It was shown by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis that the DNA from the isolated mitochondria ranged in size from 45 to 100 kb. These results suggest that different types of mitochondria with different physiological status, mass, and genomic DNA size probably coexist and carry out different physiological functions throughout the whole process of maize leaf growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Miccheli AT, Miccheli A, Di Clemente R, Valerio M, Coluccia P, Bizzarri M, Conti F. NMR-based metabolic profiling of human hepatoma cells in relation to cell growth by culture media analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1723-31. [PMID: 17052856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling is a metabolomic approach that allows the characterization of metabolic phenotypes under specific set of conditions. In the present paper we investigated the metabolism of sparse and high density cultures in relation to different cell growth phases. Changes in the metabolome were evaluated by using 1H-NMR spectroscopy, correlation map and Multivariate Data Analysis on the net balances of metabolites in the medium. This approach allowed us to identify two different metabolic profiles in relation to the cell growth phases in subconfluence and confluence cultures. The results have been interpreted on the basis of patterns of correlations obtained in the two physiological cell states. Cells almost arrested in G0/G1 phase by contact dependent growth inhibition underwent changes in the channeling of amino acids utilization from synthetic to energetic purpose and in anaplerosis/cataplerosis regulation of the TCA cycle.
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Koopman WJH, Visch HJ, Smeitink JAM, Willems PHGM. Simultaneous quantitative measurement and automated analysis of mitochondrial morphology, mass, potential, and motility in living human skin fibroblasts. Cytometry A 2006; 69:1-12. [PMID: 16342116 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the interdependence of mitochondrial and cellular functioning in health and disease requires detailed knowledge about the coupling between mitochondrial structure, motility, and function. Currently, no rapid approach is available for simultaneous quantification of these parameters in single living cells. METHODS Human skin fibroblasts were pulse-loaded with the mitochondria-selective fluorescent cation rhodamine 123. Next, mitochondria were visualized using video-rate (30 Hz) confocal microscopy and real-time image averaging. To highlight the mitochondria, the acquired images were binarized using a novel image processing strategy. RESULTS Our approach enabled rapid and simultaneous quantification of mitochondrial morphology, mass, potential, and motility. It was found that acute inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) by means of rotenone transiently reduced mitochondrial branching, area, and potential. In contrast, mitochondrial motility was permanently reduced. CONCLUSIONS We present and validate a novel approach for rapid, unbiased, and simultaneous quantification of multiple mitochondrial parameters in living cells. Because this method is automated, large numbers of cells can be analyzed in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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