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Ren H, Liu C, Zhang C, Wu H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Chen L, Wang H, Shao C, Zhou L. A cuproptosis-related gene expression signature predicting clinical prognosis and immune responses in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma detected by single-cell RNA sequence analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:92. [PMID: 38431620 PMCID: PMC10908169 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma represents a malignant neoplasm originating from the hepatobiliary tree, with a subset of tumors developing inside the liver. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICC) commonly exhibit an asymptomatic presentation, rendering both diagnosis and treatment challenging. Cuproptosis, an emerging regulated cell death pathway induced by copper ions, has garnered attention recently. As cancer cells show altered copper metabolism and comparatively higher copper needs, cuproptosis may play a role in the development of ICC. However, studies investigating this possibility are currently lacking. METHODS Single-cell and bulk RNA sequence data were analyzed, and correlations were established between the expression of cuproptosis-related molecules and ICC patient survival. Genes with predicting survival were used to create a CUPT score using Cox and LASSO regression and tumor mutation burden (TMB) analysis. The CIBERSORT software was employed to characterize immune cell infiltration within the tumors. Furthermore, immune infiltration prediction, biological function enrichment, and drug sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the potential implications of the cuproptosis-related signature. The effects of silencing solute carrier family 39 member 4 gene (SLC39A4) expression using siRNA were investigated using assays measuring cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. Key genes of cuproptosis were detected by western blotting. RESULTS The developed CUPT score divided patients into high and low CUPT score groups. Those with a low score had significantly better prognosis and longer survival. In contrast, high CUPT scores were associated with worse clinical outcomes and significantly higher TMB. Comparisons of the two groups also indicated differences in the immune infiltrate present in the tumors. Finally, we were able to identify 95 drugs potentially affecting the cuproptosis pathway. Some of these might be effective in the treatment of ICC. The in vitro experiments revealed that suppressing the expression of SLC39A4 in ICC cell lines resulted in reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. It also led to an increase in cell death and the upregulation of key genes associated with cuproptosis, namely ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (DLAT). These findings strongly suggest that this cuproptosis-associated molecule may play a pivotal role in the development and metastasis of ICC. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the expression of a cuproptosis-related gene signature can predict the clinical prognosis of ICC with considerable accuracy. This supports the notion that cuproptosis influences the diversity and complexity of the immune microenvironment, mutational landscape, and biological behavior of ICC. Understanding this pathway better may hold promise for the development of innovative strategies in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer and Stress and Cancer Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU043), Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hongkun Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Huiquan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chenghao Shao
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Makawita S, Lee S, Kong E, Kwong LN, Abouelfetouh Z, Danner De Armas A, Xiao L, Murugesan K, Danziger N, Pavlick D, Korkut A, Ross JS, Javle M. Comprehensive Immunogenomic Profiling of IDH1-/ 2-Altered Cholangiocarcinoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2300544. [PMID: 38547421 PMCID: PMC10994443 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 genomic alterations (GA) occur in 20% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA); however, the immunogenomic landscape of IDH1-/2-mutated iCCA is largely unknown. METHODS Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) was performed on 3,067 cases of advanced iCCA. Tumor mutational burden (TMB), PD-L1 expression (Dako 22C3), microsatellite instability (MSI), and genomic loss of heterozygosity (gLOH) as a surrogate marker for homologous recombination deficiency were examined. RNA sequencing of 73 patient samples was analyzed for differences in stromal/immune cell infiltration, immune marker expression, and T-cell inflammation. Tissue microarray arrays were subjected to multiplex immunohistochemistry and colocalization analysis in 100 surgical samples. Retrospective clinical data were collected for 501 patients with cholangiocarcinoma to examine median overall survival (mOS) in IDH1/2+ versus IDHwt. RESULTS Of 3,067 iCCA cases subjected to CGP, 426 (14%) were IDH1+ and 125 (4%) were IDH2+. IDH1 GA included R132C (69%) and R132L/G/S/H/F (16%/7%/4%/3%/<1%). IDH2 GA occurred at R172 (94.4%) and R140 (6.6%). No significant difference was seen in median gLOH between IDH1+ versus IDHwt iCCA (P = .37), although patterns of comutations differed. MSI-High (P = .009), TMB ≥10 mut/Mb (P < .0001), and PD-L1 positivity were lower in IDH1/2+ versus IDHwt iCCA. Resting natural killer cell population, CD70, and programmed cell death 1 expression were significantly higher in non-IDH1-mutated cases, whereas V-set domain containing T-cell activation inhibitor 1 (B7-H4) expression was significantly higher in IDH1+. No significant difference in mOS was observed between IDH1/2+ versus IDHwt patients. CONCLUSION Significant differences in GA and immune biomarkers are noted between IDH1/2+ and IDHwt iCCA. IDH1-/2-mutated tumors appear immunologically cold without gLOH. These immunogenomic data provide insight for precision targeting of iCCA with IDH alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Makawita
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elisabeth Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD, Houston, TX
| | - Lawrence N. Kwong
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Anaemy Danner De Armas
- Department of Pediatrics-Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Natalie Danziger
- Cancer Genomics Research and Pathology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Dean Pavlick
- Cancer Genomics Research and Pathology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Anil Korkut
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD, Houston, TX
| | - Jeffrey S. Ross
- Cancer Genomics Research and Pathology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA
- Departments of Pathology, Urology and Medicine (Oncology), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Hong JH, Yong CH, Heng HL, Chan JY, Lau MC, Chen J, Lee JY, Lim AH, Li Z, Guan P, Chu PL, Boot A, Ng SR, Yao X, Wee FYT, Lim JCT, Liu W, Wang P, Xiao R, Zeng X, Sun Y, Koh J, Kwek XY, Ng CCY, Klanrit P, Zhang Y, Lai J, Tai DWM, Pairojkul C, Dima S, Popescu I, Hsieh SY, Yu MC, Yeong J, Kongpetch S, Jusakul A, Loilome W, Tan P, Tan J, Teh BT. Integrative multiomics enhancer activity profiling identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities in cholangiocarcinoma of different etiologies. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2023-330483. [PMID: 38050079 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous malignancy with high mortality and dismal prognosis, and an urgent clinical need for new therapies. Knowledge of the CCA epigenome is largely limited to aberrant DNA methylation. Dysregulation of enhancer activities has been identified to affect carcinogenesis and leveraged for new therapies but is uninvestigated in CCA. Our aim is to identify potential therapeutic targets in different subtypes of CCA through enhancer profiling. DESIGN Integrative multiomics enhancer activity profiling of diverse CCA was performed. A panel of diverse CCA cell lines, patient-derived and cell line-derived xenografts were used to study identified enriched pathways and vulnerabilities. NanoString, multiplex immunohistochemistry staining and single-cell spatial transcriptomics were used to explore the immunogenicity of diverse CCA. RESULTS We identified three distinct groups, associated with different etiologies and unique pathways. Drug inhibitors of identified pathways reduced tumour growth in in vitro and in vivo models. The first group (ESTRO), with mostly fluke-positive CCAs, displayed activation in estrogen signalling and were sensitive to MTOR inhibitors. Another group (OXPHO), with mostly BAP1 and IDH-mutant CCAs, displayed activated oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and were sensitive to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Immune-related pathways were activated in the final group (IMMUN), made up of an immunogenic CCA subtype and CCA with aristolochic acid (AA) mutational signatures. Intratumour differences in AA mutation load were correlated to intratumour variation of different immune cell populations. CONCLUSION Our study elucidates the mechanisms underlying enhancer dysregulation and deepens understanding of different tumourigenesis processes in distinct CCA subtypes, with potential significant therapeutics and clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han Hong
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chern Han Yong
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Lee Heng
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Yongsheng Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yi Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abner Herbert Lim
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhimei Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peiyong Guan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Pek Lim Chu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Arnoud Boot
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sheng Rong Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Xiaosai Yao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Felicia Yu Ting Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Integrative Biology for Theranostics Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Chun Tatt Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Integrative Biology for Theranostics Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joanna Koh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Xiu Yi Kwek
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cedric Chuan Young Ng
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poramate Klanrit
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Jiaming Lai
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Wai Meng Tai
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Simona Dima
- Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Sen-Yung Hsieh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joe Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Integrative Biology for Theranostics Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Pathology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sarinya Kongpetch
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apinya Jusakul
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patrick Tan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Tan
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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Gehl V, O'Rourke CJ, Andersen JB. Immunogenomics of cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00649. [PMID: 37972940 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of cholangiocarcinoma spans years, if not decades, during which the immune system becomes corrupted and permissive to primary tumor development and metastasis. This involves subversion of local immunity at tumor sites, as well as systemic immunity and the wider host response. While immune dysfunction is a hallmark of all cholangiocarcinoma, the specific steps of the cancer-immunity cycle that are perturbed differ between patients. Heterogeneous immune functionality impacts the evolutionary development, pathobiological behavior, and therapeutic response of these tumors. Integrative genomic analyses of thousands of primary tumors have supported a biological rationale for immune-based stratification of patients, encompassing immune cell composition and functionality. However, discerning immune alterations responsible for promoting tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression from those present as bystander events remains challenging. Functionally uncoupling the tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing roles of immune profiles will be critical for identifying new immunomodulatory treatment strategies and associated biomarkers for patient stratification. This review will discuss the immunogenomics of cholangiocarcinoma, including the impact of genomic alterations on immune functionality, subversion of the cancer-immunity cycle, as well as clinical implications for existing and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virag Gehl
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ma WJ, Li ZH, Wu ZR, Liu F, Wang JK, Shi YJ, Jin YW, Li FY. PI3K-CCL2-CCR2-MDSCs axis: A potential pathway for tumor Clostridia-promoted CD 8 + T lymphocyte infiltration in bile tract cancers. Neoplasia 2023; 43:100920. [PMID: 37515847 PMCID: PMC10407443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with resected bile tract cancers (BTCs) survive for less than 5 years; however, some achieve better prognosis. The tumor microbiome can improve survival by regulating the tumor immune microenvironment. However, whether the tumor microbiome promotes immune cell infiltration in BTCs is unknown. This study aimed to determine the association between CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration and the tumor microbiome in patients with resected BTCs. METHODS Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were collected from patients with resected BTCs and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify that prognosis-related and significantly differentially enriched taxa. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially enriched taxa was used to assess how CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration is affected by the tumor microbiome of BTCs. RESULTS We enrolled 32 patients with resected BTCs. The high CD8+ lymphocyte-infiltration (CD8hi) group had four significantly enriched taxa, and in the low CD8+ lymphocyte-infiltration (CD8low) group comprised one significantly enriched taxon. Patients with higher Clostridia abundance (enriched in the CD8hi group) experienced longer overall survival than those with lower abundance. The enrichment of Clostridia in the CD8hi group corresponded with lower CCL2 expression and downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, which might decrease myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment to the tumor milieu, thus increasing CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration in BTCs. CONCLUSIONS The tumor microbiome is related to CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration in patients with resected BTCs. The relationship between tumor Clostridia and high infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes might reflect decreased recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells via the PI3K-CCL2-CCR2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Ma
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Biliary Disease, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng-Hua Li
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhen-Ru Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Biliary Disease, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Ke Wang
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Biliary Disease, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Jun Shi
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Wen Jin
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Biliary Disease, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fu-Yu Li
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Biliary Disease, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Tomlinson JL, Valle JW, Ilyas SI. Immunobiology of cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2023; 79:867-875. [PMID: 37201670 PMCID: PMC10524996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature has significantly advanced our knowledge and understanding of the tumour immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma. Detailed characterisation of the immune landscape has defined new patient subtypes. While not utilised in clinical practice yet, these novel classifications will help inform decisions regarding immunotherapeutic approaches. Suppressive immune cells, such as tumour-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, form a barrier that shields tumour cells from immune surveillance. The presence of this immunosuppressive barrier in combination with a variety of immune escape mechanisms employed by tumour cells leads to poor tumour immunogenicity. Broad strategies to re-equip the immune system include blockade of suppressive immune cell recruitment to priming cytotoxic effector cells against tumour antigens. While immunotherapeutic strategies are gaining traction for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, there is a long road of discovery ahead in order to make meaningful contributions to patient therapy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan W Valle
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester & Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sumera I Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Frega G, Cossio FP, Banales JM, Cardinale V, Macias RIR, Braconi C, Lamarca A. Lacking Immunotherapy Biomarkers for Biliary Tract Cancer: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells 2023; 12:2098. [PMID: 37626908 PMCID: PMC10453268 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has recently been incorporated into the spectrum of biliary tract cancer (BTC) treatment. The identification of predictive response biomarkers is essential in order to identify those patients who may benefit most from this novel treatment option. Here, we propose a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis of PD-1, PD-L1, and other immune-related biomarker expression levels in patients with BTC. METHODS Prisma guidelines were followed for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Eligible studies were searched on PubMed. Studies published between 2017 and 2022, reporting data on PD-1/PD-L1 expression and other immune-related biomarkers in patients with BTC, were considered eligible. RESULTS A total of 61 eligible studies were identified. Despite the great heterogeneity between 39 studies reporting data on PD-L1 expression, we found a mean PD-L1 expression percentage (by choosing the lowest cut-off per study) of 25.6% (95% CI 21.0 to 30.3) in BTCs. The mean expression percentages of PD-L1 were 27.3%, 21.3%, and 27.4% in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs-15 studies), perihilar-distal CCAs (p/dCCAs-7 studies), and gallbladder cancer (GBC-5 studies), respectively. Furthermore, 4.6% (95% CI 2.38 to 6.97) and 2.5% (95% CI 1.75 to 3.34) of BTCs could be classified as TMB-H and MSI/MMRd tumors, respectively. CONCLUSION From our analysis, PD-L1 expression was found to occur approximately in 26% of BTC patients, with minimal differences based on anatomical location. TMB-H and MSI molecular phenotypes occurred less frequently. We still lack a reliable biomarker, especially in patients with mismatch-proficient tumors, and we must need to make an effort to conceive new prospective biomarker discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Frega
- Osteoncology, Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas, Innovative Therapy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Fernando P. Cossio
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Center of Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 48940 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute—Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ikerbasque, 48940 San Sebastian, Spain;
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rocio I. R. Macias
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Chiara Braconi
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Department of Oncology—OncoHealth Institute, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation, Manchester, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Zhuang MQ, Jiang XL, Liu WD, Xie QH, Wang P, Dong LW, Hu HP, Zhou HB, Zhou YB. Aquaporin 1 is a prognostic marker and inhibits tumour progression through downregulation of Snail expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:1133-1140. [PMID: 36642562 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, some studies have suggested a link between AQP1 and cancer progression. AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of AQP1 on the clinicopathology and prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients. METHODS We retrospectively detected the expression of AQP1 protein in 307 patients with ICC who underwent partial hepatectomy. Western blot analysis was used to detect AQP1 protein levels in stable AQP1 overexpression and knockdown cell lines. The influence of AQP1 on the invasion and metastasis ability of ICC cells was assessed by wound-healing and Transwell assays in vitro as well as by a splenic liver metastasis model in vivo. RESULTS Positive membranous AQP1 expression was identified in 34.2% (105/307) of the ICC specimens. Survival data revealed that positive AQP1 expression was significantly associated with favourable disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.0290 and p = 0003, respectively). Moreover, high AQP1 expression inhibited the invasion and migration of ICC cells in vitro as well as inhibited liver metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, high AQP1 expression in ICC cells increased the levels of E-cadherin but decreased the levels of the Snail transcription factor. CONCLUSIONS AQP1 expression is associated with a favourable prognosis in ICC patients. AQP1 inhibits ICC cell invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through downregulation of Snail expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Zhuang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical College, Anhui 230000, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Jiang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, First people's Hospital of Honghe autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province 661199, China
| | - Wen-Di Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiao-Hua Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li-Wei Dong
- National Center for Liver Cancer, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - He-Ping Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hua-Bang Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yu-Bao Zhou
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical College, Anhui 230000, China.
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9
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Liu QP, Tang J, Chen YZ, Guo F, Ma L, Pan LL, Tian YT, Wu XF, Zhang YD, Chen XF. Immuno-genomic-radiomics to predict response of biliary tract cancer to camrelizumab plus GEMOX in a single-arm phase II trial. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100763. [PMID: 37333974 PMCID: PMC10275977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Immunotherapy is an option for the treatment of advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC), although it has a low response rate. In this post hoc analysis, we investigated the predictive value of an immuno-genomic-radiomics (IGR) analysis for patients with BTC treated with camrelizumab plus gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) therapy. Methods Thirty-two patients with BTC treated with camrelizumab plus GEMOX were prospectively enrolled. The relationship between high-throughput computed tomography (CT) radiomics features with immuno-genomic expression was tested and scaled with a full correlation matrix analysis. Odds ratio (OR) of IGR expression for objective response to camrelizumab plus GEMOX was tested with logistic regression analysis. Association of IGR expression with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was analysed with a Cox proportional hazard regression. Results CT radiomics correlated with CD8+ T cells (r = -0.72-0.71, p = 0.004-0.047), tumour mutation burden (TMB) (r = 0.59, p = 0.039), and ARID1A mutation (r = -0.58-0.57, p = 0.020-0.034). There was no significant correlation between radiomics and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 expression (p >0.96). Among all IGR biomarkers, only four radiomics features were independent predictors of objective response (OR = 0.09-3.81; p = 0.011-0.044). Combining independent radiomics features into an objective response prediction model achieved an area under the curve of 0.869. In a Cox analysis, radiomics signature [hazard ratio (HR) = 6.90, p <0.001], ARID1A (HR = 3.31, p = 0.013), and blood TMB (HR = 1.13, p = 0.023) were independent predictors of PFS. Radiomics signature (HR = 6.58, p <0.001) and CD8+ T cells (HR = 0.22, p = 0.004) were independent predictors of OS. Prognostic models integrating these features achieved concordance indexes of 0.677 and 0.681 for PFS and OS, respectively. Conclusions Radiomics could act as a non-invasive immuno-genomic surrogate of BTC, which could further aid in response prediction for patients with BTC treated with immunotherapy. However, multicenter and larger sample studies are required to validate these results. Impact and implications Immunotherapy is an alternative for the treatment of advanced BTC, whereas tumour response is heterogeneous. In a post hoc analysis of the single-arm phase II clinical trial (NCT03486678), we found that CT radiomics features were associated with the tumour microenvironment and that IGR expression was a promising marker for tumour response and long-term survival. Clinical trial number Post hoc analysis of NCT03486678.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ping Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Oncology, Liyang People’s Hospital, Liyang, China
| | - Yi-Zhang Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fen Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lan-Lan Pan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Tong Tian
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Pukou Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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10
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Morita S, Duda DG. Refining genetic and molecular classifications to facilitate breakthrough treatments in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: are we there yet? Gut 2023; 72:608-610. [PMID: 35772925 PMCID: PMC10435277 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Morita
- Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Heij L, Bednarsch J, Tan X, Rosin M, Appinger S, Reichel K, Pecina D, Doukas M, van Dam RM, Garcia Vallejo J, Ulmer F, Lang S, Luedde T, Rocha FG, Sivakumar S, Neumann UP. Expression of Checkpoint Molecules in the Tumor Microenvironment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Implications for Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060851. [PMID: 36980192 PMCID: PMC10047585 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The tumor microenvironment (TME) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) influences the immune environment. Checkpoint blockade is promising, but reliable biomarkers to predict response to treatment are still lacking. Materials and Methods: The levels of checkpoint molecules (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, LAG-3, ICOS, TIGIT, TIM-3, CTLA-4), macrophages (CD68), and T cells (CD4 and CD8 cells) were assessed by multiplexed immunofluorescence in 50 intrahepatic cases. Associations between marker expression, immune cells, and region of expression were studied in the annotated regions of tumor, interface, sclerotic tumor, and tumor-free tissue. Results: ICCA demonstrated CD4_TIM-3 high densities in the tumor region of interest (ROI) compared to the interface (p = 0.014). CD8_PD-L1 and CD8_ICOS densities were elevated in the sclerotic tumor compared to the interface (p = 0.011 and p = 0.031, respectively). In a multivariate model, high expression of CD8_PD-L2 (p = 0.048) and CD4_ICOS_TIGIT (p = 0.011) was associated with nodal metastases. Conclusions: High densities of PD-L1 were more abundant in the sclerotic tumor region; this is meaningful for the stratification of immunotherapy. Lymph node metastasis correlates with CD4_ICOS_TIGIT co-expression and CD8_PD-L2 expression, indicating the checkpoint expression profile of patients with a poor prognosis. Also, multiple co-expressions occur, and this potentially suggests a role for combination therapy with different immune checkpoint targets than just PD-1 blockade monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Heij
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6211 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiuxiang Tan
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6211 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Rosin
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone Appinger
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad Reichel
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dana Pecina
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald M. van Dam
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Garcia Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Ulmer
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Lang
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Flavio G. Rocha
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shivan Sivakumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ulf Peter Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Tian C, Li L, Fan L, Brown A, Norris EJ, Morrison M, Glazer ES, Zhu L. A hepatoprotective role of peritumoral non-parenchymal cells in early liver tumorigenesis. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286886. [PMID: 36728410 PMCID: PMC10040241 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Various 3D models of hepatocytes (HCs) have been established to assess liver functions in vitro. The contribution of the hepatic non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), however, is largely neglected in these models. Here, we report a comparative study of hepatic spheroids generated from freshly isolated mouse whole liver cells (WLCs) and HCs (referred to as SphWLC and SphHC, respectively). We found that HC differentiation was preserved better in SphWLC than in SphHC, and, when co-cultured with liver tumor spheroids (SphT), SphWLC showed more potent suppression of SphT growth compared to SphHC. Histological characterization revealed marked activation and accumulation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) at the SphWLC:SphT interface. We found that mixing HSCs in both 3D and 2D HC:tumor co-cultures provided potent protection to HCs against tumor-induced cell death. Activation of HSCs at the tumor border was similarly found in liver tumors from both mice and patients. Overall, our study suggests a hepatoprotective role of peritumoral HSCs in liver tumorigenesis and the potential application of SphWLC as a useful 3D model for dissecting the liver's response to tumorigenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tian
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anthony Brown
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Eric J Norris
- STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, BC V6A 1B6, Canada
| | - Michelle Morrison
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Evan S Glazer
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Liqin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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13
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Choi WJ, Ivanics T, Gravely A, Gallinger S, Sapisochin G, O'Kane GM. Optimizing Circulating Tumour DNA Use in the Perioperative Setting for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Diagnosis, Screening, Minimal Residual Disease Detection and Treatment Response Monitoring. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:3849-3863. [PMID: 36808320 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the current evidence and future perspectives on the use of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in the diagnosis, management and understanding the prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) undergoing surgery. Liquid biopsies or ctDNA maybe utilized to: (1) determine the molecular profile of the tumour and therefore guide the selection of molecular targeted therapy in the neoadjuvant setting, (2) form a surveillance tool for the detection of minimal residual disease or cancer recurrence after surgery, and (3) diagnose and screen for early iCCA detection in high-risk populations. The potential for ctDNA can be tumour-informed or -uninformed depending on the goals of its use. Future studies will require ctDNA extraction technique validations, with standardizations of both the platforms and the timing of ctDNA collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Choi
- HBP and Multi Organ Transplant Program, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,HPB Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommy Ivanics
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annabel Gravely
- HPB Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- HBP and Multi Organ Transplant Program, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,HPB Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Sapisochin
- HBP and Multi Organ Transplant Program, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,HPB Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Grainne M O'Kane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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14
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Yoshizawa T, Uehara T, Iwaya M, Asaka S, Nakajima T, Kinugawa Y, Shimizu A, Kubota K, Notake T, Masuo H, Sakai H, Hosoda K, Hayashi H, Nagaya T, Ota H, Soejima Y. IgG4 expression and IgG4/IgG ratio in the tumour invasion front predict long-term outcomes for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Pathology 2023; 55:508-513. [PMID: 36842875 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-positive plasma cells are reportedly increased in the tumour microenvironment, and a high number of these cells in tumours is a poor prognostic factor in several cancers. However, there are no reported analyses of IgG4 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). This study aimed to analyse the correlations between prognosis-related clinicopathological features of patients with ICC and IgG4 expression. We identified 37 ICC patients who underwent surgical resection between January 2010 and December 2020. The number of IgG-positive and IgG4-positive plasma cells in the tumour, invasion front, and stroma near the tumour was analysed by immunostaining. Furthermore, we examined the association of prognosis-related clinicopathological data with the number of IgG4-positive plasma cells and IgG4/IgG ratio in ICC patients. The IgG4-positive plasma cell percentages for the intra-tumour area, invasion front, and non-cancerous area (NCA) near the tumour were 91.9%, 56.8%, and 81.1%, respectively. IgG-positive plasma cells were observed in each region for all cases, except for NCA tissue in one case. A high IgG4 expression level and IgG4/IgG ratio in the invasion front were significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (log-rank test p=0.0438 and p=0.0338, respectively). Multivariate analysis for OS revealed that high IgG4 expression (p=0.0140), lymph node metastasis (p=0.0205), and positive surgical margin (p=0.0009) or a high IgG4/IgG ratio (p=0.0051), lymph node metastasis (p=0.0280), and positive surgical margin (p=0.0009) were independent poor prognostic factors. In conclusion, a high IgG4 expression level and IgG4/IgG ratio in the invasion front are independent poor prognostic factors for ICC. Targeted therapy for IgG4 may improve the prognosis for patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Mai Iwaya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shiho Asaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kinugawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Notake
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Masuo
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hosoda
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Soejima
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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15
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Dai L, Guo X, Xing Z, Tao Y, Liang W, Shi Z, Hu W, Zhou S, Wang X. Multi-omics analyses of CD276 in pan-cancer reveals its clinical prognostic value in glioblastoma and other major cancer types. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:102. [PMID: 36717836 PMCID: PMC9885708 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD276 (also known as B7-H3) is one of the most important immune checkpoints of the CD28 and B7 superfamily, and its abnormal expression is closely associated with various types of cancer. It has been shown that CD276 is able to inhibit the function of T cells, and that this gene may potentially be a promising immunotherapy target for different types of cancer. METHODS Since few systematic studies have been published on the role of CD276 in cancer to date, the present study has employed single-cell sequencing and bioinformatics methods to analyze the expression patterns, clinical significance, prognostic value, epigenetic alterations, DNA methylation level, tumor immune cell infiltration and immune functions of CD276 in different types of cancer. In order to analyze the potential underlying mechanism of CD276 in glioblastoma (GBM) to assess its prognostic value, the LinkedOmics database was used to explore the biological function and co-expression pattern of CD276 in GBM, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed. In addition, a simple validation of the above analyses was performed using reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR assay. RESULTS The results revealed that CD276 was highly expressed, and was often associated with poorer survival and prognosis, in the majority of different types of cancer. In addition, CD276 expression was found to be closely associated with T cell infiltration, immune checkpoint genes and immunoregulatory interactions between lymphoid and a non-lymphoid cell. It was also shown that the CD276 expression network exerts a wide influence on the immune activation of GBM. The expression of CD276 was found to be positively correlated with neutrophil-mediated immunity, although it was negatively correlated with the level of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter transport and the regulation of neuropeptide signaling pathways in GBM. It is noteworthy that CD276 expression was found to be significantly higher in GBM compared with normal controls according to the RT-qPCR analysis, and the co-expression network, biological function and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity of CD276 in GBM were further explored. In conclusion, the findings of the present study have revealed that CD276 is strongly expressed and associated with poor prognosis in most types of cancer, including GBM, and its expression is strongly associated with T-cell infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, and immunomodulatory interactions between lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, based on our systematic analysis, our findings have revealed important roles for CD276 in different types of cancers, especially GBM, and CD276 may potentially serve as a biomarker for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirui Dai
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Xuyang Guo
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Zhe Xing
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yiran Tao
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Wulong Liang
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Zimin Shi
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Weihua Hu
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Shaolong Zhou
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Xinjun Wang
- grid.460069.dDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Zhengzhou, Henan China
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16
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Greten TF, Schwabe R, Bardeesy N, Ma L, Goyal L, Kelley RK, Wang XW. Immunology and immunotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023. [PMID: 36697706 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary liver cancer. Its incidence is low in the Western world but is rising globally. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been the only treatment options for decades. Progress in our molecular understanding of the disease and the identification of druggable targets, such as IDH1 mutations and FGFR2 fusions, has provided new treatment options. Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy for many different types of cancer and has shown efficacy in combination with chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma. In this Review, we discuss findings related to key immunological aspects of cholangiocarcinoma, including the heterogeneous landscape of immune cells within the tumour microenvironment, the immunomodulatory effect of the microbiota and IDH1 mutations, and the association of immune-related signatures and patient outcomes. We introduce findings from preclinical immunotherapy studies, discuss future immune-mediated treatment options, and provide a summary of results from clinical trials testing immune-based approaches in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. This Review provides a thorough survey of our knowledge on immune signatures and immunotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma.
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17
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Harding JJ, Khalil DN, Fabris L, Abou-Alfa GK. Rational development of combination therapies for biliary tract cancers. J Hepatol 2023; 78:217-228. [PMID: 36150578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers are an uncommon set of gastrointestinal malignancies that are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Most patients present with incurable locally advanced or metastatic disease. The pathophysiology of biliary tract cancer can be exploited for direct therapeutic benefit, and indeed, chemotherapy, precision medicine, immunotherapy and combination treatments are now applied as both standard-of-care and investigational therapies. In the first-line setting, the immune-based chemotherapy combination of durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin has recently been shown to improve survival compared to chemotherapy alone. In the second-line, precision medicine can be employed in those with select genetic alterations in IDH1/2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2), FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2), KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2, NTRK (neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase), ROS, RET, and/or deficiencies in mismatch repair enzymes. In those patients without targetable genetic alterations, fluoropyridine doublets lead to modest improvements in outcomes. Next-generation sequencing is critical for direct patient care and to help elucidate genomic mechanisms of resistance in a research context. Currently, multiple clinical trials are ongoing - hence, this review seeks to provide an update on evolving standards of care and ongoing investigational agents, limitations to current treatments, and a framework for effective combination drug development for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Harding
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danny N Khalil
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, and Division of General Medicine, Padua University-Hospital, Padua, Italy; Digestive Disease Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Chung A, Nasralla D, Quaglia A. Understanding the Immunoenvironment of Primary Liver Cancer: A Histopathology Perspective. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1149-1169. [PMID: 36349146 PMCID: PMC9637345 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s382310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common cancers worldwide, primary liver cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma represent the majority of primary liver cancer cases. Despite advances in the development of novel anti-cancer therapies that exploit targets within the immune system, survival rates from liver cancer remain poor. Furthermore, responses to immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, have revealed limited and variable responses amongst patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, although combination immunotherapies have shown recent breakthroughs in clinical trials. This has shifted the focus towards improving our understanding of the underlying immune and molecular characteristics of liver tumours that may influence their response to immune-modulating treatments. In this review, we outline the complex interactions that occur in the tumour microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively, from a histopathological perspective. We explore the potential role of a classification system based on immune-specific characteristics within each cancer type, the importance of understanding inter- and intra-tumoural heterogeneity and consider the future role of histopathology and novel technologies within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Chung
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK,Correspondence: Annabelle Chung, Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK, Tel +44 20 7794 0500 ext. 35641, Email
| | - David Nasralla
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Scott AJ, Sharman R, Shroff RT. Precision Medicine in Biliary Tract Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2716-2734. [PMID: 35839428 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine has become a dominant theme in the treatment of biliary tract cancers (BTCs). Although prognosis remains poor, technologies for improved molecular characterization along with the US Food and Drug Administration approval of several targeted therapies have changed the therapeutic landscape of advanced BTC. The hallmark of BTC oncogenesis is chronic inflammation of the liver and biliary tract regardless of the anatomical subtype. Subtypes of BTC correspond to distinct molecular characteristics, making BTC a molecularly heterogenous collection of tumors. Collectively, up to 40% of BTCs harbor a potentially targetable molecular abnormality, and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend molecular profiling for all patients with advanced BTC. Use of circulating tumor DNA, immunohistochemistry, and next-generation sequencing continues to expand the utility for biomarker-driven management and molecular monitoring of BTC. Improving outcomes using biomarker-agnostic treatment for nontargetable tumors also remains a priority, and combinational treatment strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibition plus chemotherapy hold promise for this subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Scott
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - Reya Sharman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rachna T Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
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20
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Lin J, Dai Y, Sang C, Song G, Xiang B, Zhang M, Dong L, Xia X, Ma J, Shen X, Ji S, Zhang S, Wang M, Fang H, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang B, Zhou J, Fan J, Zhou H, Gao D, Gao Q. Multimodule characterization of immune subgroups in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma reveals distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004892. [PMID: 35863823 PMCID: PMC9310257 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune microenvironment is well recognized as a critical regulator across cancer types, despite its complex roles in different disease conditions. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is characterized by a tumor-reactive milieu, emphasizing a deep insight into its immunogenomic profile to provide prognostic and therapeutic implications. Methods We performed genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic characterization of 255 paired iCCA and adjacent liver tissues. We validated our findings through H&E staining (n=177), multiplex immunostaining (n=188), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) (n=10), in vitro functional studies, and in vivo transposon-based mouse models. Results Integrated multimodule data identified three immune subgroups with distinct clinical, genetic, and molecular features, designated as IG1 (immune-suppressive, 25.1%), IG2 (immune-exclusion, 42.7%), and IG3 (immune-activated, 32.2%). IG1 was characterized by excessive infiltration of neutrophils and immature dendritic cells (DCs). The hallmark of IG2 was the relatively higher tumor-proliferative activity and tumor purity. IG3 exhibited an enrichment of adaptive immune cells, natural killer cells, and activated DCs. These immune subgroups were significantly associated with prognosis and validated in two independent cohorts. Tumors with KRAS mutations were enriched in IG1 and associated with myeloid inflammation-dominated immunosuppression. Although tumor mutation burden was relatively higher in IG2, loss of heterozygosity in human leucocyte antigen and defects in antigen presentation undermined the recognition of neoantigens, contributing to immune-exclusion behavior. Pathological analysis confirmed that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tertiary lymphoid structures were both predominant in IG3. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related samples tended to be under-represented in IG1, and scRNA-seq analyses implied that HBV infection indeed alleviated myeloid inflammation and reinvigorated antitumor immunity. Conclusions Our study elucidates that the immunogenomic traits of iCCA are intrinsically heterogeneous among patients, posing great challenge and opportunity for the application of personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohe Song
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangqing Dong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqiang Ma
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Ji
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Chen R, Zheng D, Li Q, Xu S, Ye C, Jiang Q, Yan F, Jia Y, Zhang X, Ruan J. Immunotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma: Therapeutic strategies and predictive biomarkers. Cancer Lett 2022; 546:215853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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Bao X, Li Q, Chen J, Chen D, Ye C, Dai X, Wang Y, Li X, Rong X, Cheng F, Jiang M, Zhu Z, Ding Y, Sun R, Liu C, Huang L, Jin Y, Li B, Lu J, Wu W, Guo Y, Fu W, Langley SR, Tano V, Fang W, Guo T, Sheng J, Zhao P, Ruan J. Molecular Subgroups of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Discovered by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing-Assisted Multi-Omics Analysis. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:811-828. [PMID: 35604302 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a relatively rare but highly aggressive tumor type that responds poorly to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Comprehensive molecular characterization of ICC is essential for the development of novel therapeutics. Here, we constructed two independent cohorts from two clinic centers. A comprehensive multi-omics analysis of ICC via proteomic, whole-exome sequencing (WES), and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed. Novel ICC tumor subtypes were derived in the training cohort (n=110) using proteomic signatures and their associated activated pathways, which was further validated in a validation cohort (n=41). Three molecular subtypes, chromatin remodeling, metabolism, and chronic inflammation, with distinct prognoses in ICC were identified. The chronic inflammation subtype associated with a poor prognosis. Our random forest algorithm revealed that mutation of lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) frequently occurred in the metabolism subtype and associated with lower inflammatory activity. scRNA-seq further identified an APOE+C1QB+ macrophage subtype, which showed the capacity to reshape the chronic inflammation subtype and contribute to a poor prognosis in ICC. Altogether, with single-cell transcriptome-assisted multi-omics analysis, we identified novel molecular subtypes of ICC and validated APOE+C1QB+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as potential immunotherapy targets against ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Bao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Med, China
| | - Diyu Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanqi Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 1, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- 5Department Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany
| | - Xiaoxiang Rong
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China , GuangZhou, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, boston, United States
| | - Yongfeng Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China., China
| | - Rui Sun
- Westlake University, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | - Lingling Huang
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuzhi Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Wenguang Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | | | - Vincent Tano
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weijia Fang
- First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Jianpeng Sheng
- First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, China
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23
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Wu MJ, Shi L, Merritt J, Zhu AX, Bardeesy N. Biology of IDH mutant cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2022; 75:1322-1337. [PMID: 35226770 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are the most frequently mutated metabolic genes across human cancers. These hotspot gain-of-function mutations cause the IDH enzyme to aberrantly generate high levels of the oncometabolite, R-2-hydroxyglutarate, which competitively inhibits enzymes that regulate epigenetics, DNA repair, metabolism, and other processes. Among epithelial malignancies, IDH mutations are particularly common in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of mutant IDH (mIDH) 1 delays progression of mIDH1 iCCA, indicating a role for this oncogene in tumor maintenance. However, not all patients receive clinical benefit, and those who do typically show stable disease rather than significant tumor regressions. The elucidation of the oncogenic functions of mIDH is needed to inform strategies that can more effectively harness mIDH as a therapeutic target. This review will discuss the biology of mIDH iCCA, including roles of mIDH in blocking cell differentiation programs and suppressing antitumor immunity, and the potential relevance of these effects to mIDH1-targeted therapy. We also cover opportunities for synthetic lethal therapeutic interactions that harness the altered cell state provoked by mIDH1 rather than inhibiting the mutant enzyme. Finally, we highlight key outstanding questions in the biology of this fascinating and incompletely understood oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ju Wu
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lei Shi
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joshua Merritt
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Jiahui International Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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24
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Tan X, Bednarsch J, Rosin M, Appinger S, Liu D, Wiltberger G, Garcia Vallejo J, Lang SA, Czigany Z, Boroojerdi S, Gaisa NT, Boor P, Bülow RD, De Vos-Geelen J, Valkenburg-van Iersel L, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, de Jong EJM, Groot Koerkamp B, Doukas M, Rocha FG, Luedde T, Klinge U, Sivakumar S, Neumann UP, Heij LR. PD-1+ T-Cells Correlate with Nerve Fiber Density as a Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Resected Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092190. [PMID: 35565318 PMCID: PMC9103905 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent studies have identified Nerve Fiber Density (NFD) as a prognostic biomarker for Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In the field of CCA treatment with checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is increasing but not all patients respond. Good biomarkers to predict response to ICI are lacking. The present study investigates the immune cell composition and expression of checkpoint molecules in relation to NFD in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) patients. Our study identified NFD to correlate with PD-1+ T cells as a biomarker indicative for a good prognosis. Abstract Background and Aims: Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is a hepatobiliary malignancy, with a dismal prognosis. Nerve fiber density (NFD)—a novel prognostic biomarker—describes the density of small nerve fibers without cancer invasion and is categorized into high numbers and low numbers of small nerve fibers (high vs low NFD). NFD is different than perineural invasion (PNI), defined as nerve fiber trunks invaded by cancer cells. Here, we aim to explore differences in immune cell populations and survival between high and low NFD patients. Approach and Results: We applied multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) on 47 pCCA patients and investigated immune cell composition in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of high and low NFD. Group comparison and oncological outcome analysis was performed. CD8+PD-1 expression was higher in the high NFD than in the low NFD group (12.24 × 10−6 vs. 1.38 × 10−6 positive cells by overall cell count, p = 0.017). High CD8+PD-1 expression was further identified as an independent predictor of overall (OS; Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.41; p = 0.031) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; HR = 0.40; p = 0.039). Correspondingly, the median OS was 83 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 18–48) in patients with high CD8+PD-1+ expression compared to 19 months (95% CI: 5–93) in patients with low CD8+PD-1+ expression (p = 0.018 log rank). Furthermore, RFS was significantly lower in patients with low CD8+PD-1+ expression (14 months (95% CI: 6–22)) compared to patients with high CD8+PD-1+ expression (83 months (95% CI: 17–149), p = 0.018 log rank). Conclusions: PD-1+ T-cells correlate with high NFD as a prognostic biomarker and predict good survival; the biological pathway needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiang Tan
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Mika Rosin
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Simone Appinger
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Georg Wiltberger
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Juan Garcia Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Sven Arke Lang
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Shiva Boroojerdi
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Nadine T. Gaisa
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (N.T.G.); (P.B.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (N.T.G.); (P.B.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Roman David Bülow
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (N.T.G.); (P.B.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Judith De Vos-Geelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.D.V.-G.); (L.V.-v.I.); (E.J.M.d.J.)
| | - Liselot Valkenburg-van Iersel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.D.V.-G.); (L.V.-v.I.); (E.J.M.d.J.)
| | | | - Evelien J. M. de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.D.V.-G.); (L.V.-v.I.); (E.J.M.d.J.)
| | - Bas Groot Koerkamp
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.C.C.-v.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Flavio G. Rocha
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Uwe Klinge
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Shivan Sivakumar
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ulf Peter Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Rosaline Heij
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (X.T.); (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (G.W.); (S.A.L.); (Z.C.); (S.B.); (U.K.); (U.P.N.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (N.T.G.); (P.B.); (R.D.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.C.C.-v.G.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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