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Qi JS, Su Q, Li T, Liu GW, Zhang YL, Guo JH, Wang ZJ, Wu MN. Agomelatine: a potential novel approach for the treatment of memory disorder in neurodegenerative disease. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:727-733. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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2
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Süß ST, Olbricht LM, Herlitze S, Spoida K. Constitutive 5-HT2C receptor knock-out facilitates fear extinction through altered activity of a dorsal raphe-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis pathway. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:487. [PMID: 36402746 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CRs) are widely distributed throughout the brain and are strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although in recent years, a considerable amount of evidence supports 5-HT2CRs facilitating effect on anxiety behavior, the involvement in learned fear responses and fear extinction is rather unexplored. Here, we used a 5-HT2CR knock-out mouse line (2CKO) to gain new insights into the involvement of 5-HT2CRs in the neuronal fear circuitry. Using a cued fear conditioning paradigm, our results revealed that global loss of 5-HT2CRs exclusively accelerates fear extinction, without affecting fear acquisition and fear expression. To investigate the neuronal substrates underlying the extinction enhancing effect, we mapped the immediate-early gene product cFos, a marker for neuronal activity, in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Surprisingly, besides extinction-associated changes, our results revealed alterations in neuronal activity even under basal home cage conditions in specific subregions of the DRN and the BNST in 2CKO mice. Neuronal activity in the dorsal BNST was shifted in an extinction-supporting direction due to 5-HT2CR knock-out. Finally, the assessment of DRN-BNST connectivity using antero- and retrograde tracing techniques uncovered a discrete serotonergic pathway projecting from the most caudal subregion of the DRN (DRC) to the anterodorsal portion of the BNST (BNSTad). This serotonergic DRC-BNSTad pathway showed increased neuronal activity in 2CKO mice. Thus, our results provide new insights for the fear extinction network by revealing a specific serotonergic DRC-BNSTad pathway underlying a 5-HT2CR-sensitive mechanism with high significance in the treatment of PTSD.
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Bouchekioua Y, Nebuka M, Sasamori H, Nishitani N, Sugiura C, Sato M, Yoshioka M, Ohmura Y. Serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor knockout in mice attenuates fear responses in contextual or cued but not compound context-cue fear conditioning. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:58. [PMID: 35145065 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have proposed that drugs targeting 5-HT2C receptors could be promising candidates in the treatment of trauma- and stress-related disorders. However, the reduction of conditioned freezing observed in 5-HT2C receptor knock-out (KO) mice in previous studies could alternatively be accounted for by increased locomotor activity. To neutralize the confound of individual differences in locomotor activity, we measured a ratio of fear responses during versus before the presentation of a conditioned stimulus previously paired with a footshock (as a fear measure) by utilizing a conditioned licking suppression paradigm. We first confirmed that 5-HT2C receptor gene KO attenuated fear responses to distinct types of single conditioned stimuli (context or tone) independently of locomotor activity. We then assessed the effects of 5-HT2C receptor gene KO on compound fear responses by examining mice that were jointly conditioned to a context and a tone and later re-exposed separately to each. We found that separate re-exposure to individual components of a complex fear memory (i.e., context and tone) failed to elicit contextual fear extinction in both 5-HT2C receptor gene KO and wild-type mice, and also abolished differences between genotypes in tone-cued fear extinction. This study delineates a previously overlooked role of 5-HT2C receptors in conditioned fear responses, and invites caution in the future assessment of molecular targets and candidate therapies for the treatment of PTSD.
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Millan MJ. Agomelatine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: focus on its distinctive mechanism of action. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2022; 12:20451253221105128. [PMID: 35795687 PMCID: PMC9251978 DOI: 10.1177/20451253221105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the most frequently diagnosed form of anxiety, is usually treated by cognitive-behavioural approaches or medication; in particular, benzodiazepines (acutely) and serotonin or serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (long term). Efficacy, compliance, and acceptability are, however, far from ideal, reinforcing interest in alternative options. Agomelatine, clinically employed in the treatment of major depression, expresses anxiolytic properties in rodents and was effective in the treatment of GAD (including severely ill patients) in several double-blind, short-term (12 weeks) and relapse-prevention (6 months) studies. At active doses, the incidence of adverse effects was no higher than for placebo. Agomelatine possesses a unique binding profile, behaving as a melatonin (MT1/MT2) receptor agonist and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, yet recognizing neither monoamine transporters nor GABAA receptors. Extensive evidence supports a role for 5-HT2C receptors in the induction of anxious states, and their blockade likely plays a primary role in mediating the anxiolytic actions of agomelatine, including populations in the amygdala and bed nucleus of stria terminalis, as well as the hippocampus. Recruitment of MT receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus, and hippocampus appears to fulfil a complimentary role. Downstream of 5-HT2C and MT receptors, modulation of stress-sensitive glutamatergic circuits and altered release of the anxiogenic neuropeptides, corticotrophin-releasing factor, and vasopressin, may be implicated in the actions of agomelatine. To summarize, agomelatine exerts its anxiolytic actions by mechanisms clearly distinct from those of other agents currently employed for the management of GAD. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY How agomelatine helps in the treatment of anxiety disorders. INTRODUCTION • Anxiety disorders have a significant negative impact on quality of life.• The most common type of anxiety disorder, called generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), is associated with nervousness and excessive worry.• These symptoms can lead to additional symptoms like tiredness, sleeplessness, irritability, and poor attention.• GAD is generally treated through either cognitive-behavioural therapy or medication. However, widely used drugs like benzodiazepines and serotonin reuptake inhibitors have adverse effects.• Agomelatine, a well-established antidepressant drug, has shown anxiety-lowering ('anxiolytic') properties in rats and has been shown to effectively treat GAD with minimal side effects.• However, exactly how it acts on the brain to manage GAD is not yet clear.• Thus, this review aims to shed light on agomelatine's mechanism of action in treating GAD. METHODS • The authors reviewed studies on how agomelatine treats anxiety in animals.• They also looked at clinical studies on the effects of agomelatine in people with GAD. RESULTS • The study showed that agomelatine 'blocks' a receptor in nerve cells, which plays a role in causing anxiety, called the 5-HT2C receptor.• Blocking this receptor, especially in specific brain regions such as nerve cells of the amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and hippocampus, produced the anxiety reduction seen during agomelatine treatment.• Agomelatine also activates the melatonin (MT) receptor, which is known to keep anxiety in check, promote sleep, and maintain the sleep cycle.• Agomelatine should thus tackle sleep disturbances commonly seen in patients with GAD.• Beyond 5-HT2C and MT receptors, signalling molecules in nerve cells that are known to be involved in anxiety disorders (called 'neurotransmitters' and 'neuropeptides') are also affected by agomelatine. CONCLUSION • Agomelatine's anxiolytic effects are caused by mechanisms that are distinct from those of other medications currently used to treat GAD.• This explains its therapeutic success and minimal adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Vet and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, 28 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
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Jaehne EJ, Chong EMS, Sbisa A, Gillespie B, Hill R, Gogos A, van den Buuse M. TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone reverses an induced prepulse inhibition deficit selectively in maternal immune activation offspring: implications for schizophrenia. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:404-412. [PMID: 33883449 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling has been implicated in schizophrenia endophenotypes, including deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI). Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a widely used neurodevelopmental animal model for schizophrenia but it is unclear if BDNF and its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), are involved in PPI regulation in this model. Pregnant Long Evans rats were treated with the viral mimetic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C; 4 mg/kg i.v.), and nine male offspring from these dams were compared in adulthood to 11 male Long Evans controls. Offspring underwent PPI testing following injection with the TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) (10 mg/kg i.p.), with or without the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine (APO; 1 mg/kg s.c.), or the dopamine releasing drug, methamphetamine (METH; 2 mg/kg s.c.). Acute administration of APO and METH caused the expected significant reduction of PPI. Acute administration of 7,8-DHF did not alter PPI on its own; however, it significantly reversed the effect of APO on PPI in poly I:C rats, but not in controls. A similar trend was observed in combination with METH. Western blot analysis of frontal cortex revealed significantly increased levels of BDNF protein, but not TrkB or phosphorylated TrkB/TrkB levels, in poly I:C rats. These findings suggest that, selectively in MIA offspring, 7,8-DHF has the ability to reverse PPI deficits caused by dopaminergic stimulation. This effect could be associated with increased BDNF expression in the frontal cortex. These data suggest that targeting BDNF signalling may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of certain symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jaehne
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
| | - Elaine Mei San Chong
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
| | - Alyssa Sbisa
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne
| | - Brendan Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University
| | - Rachel Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University
| | - Andrea Gogos
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Tien CS, Ahamed HN, Yusuff I, Nassir CMNCM, Muzaimi M. Neuroprotective effect of agomelatine in rat model of psychosis: Behavioural and histological evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 2021; 3:100070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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Nebuka M, Ohmura Y, Izawa S, Bouchekioua Y, Nishitani N, Yoshida T, Yoshioka M. Behavioral characteristics of 5-HT2C receptor knockout mice: Locomotor activity, anxiety-, and fear memory-related behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Ieraci A, Herrera DG. Early Postnatal Ethanol Exposure in Mice Induces Sex-Dependent Memory Impairment and Reduction of Hippocampal NMDA-R2B Expression in Adulthood. Neuroscience 2019; 427:105-115. [PMID: 31874240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is particularly detrimental for the developing brain and may cause a broad spectrum of cognitive and behavioral impairments, collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). While behavioral abnormalities and brain damage have been widely investigated in animal models of FASD, the sex differences in the vulnerability to perinatal ethanol exposure have received less consideration. Here we investigated the long-term behavioral and molecular effects of acute ethanol-binge like exposure during the early postnatal period (equivalent to the third trimester of human pregnancy) in adult male and female mice. CD1 mice received a single ethanol exposure on P7 and were analyzed starting from P60. We found that ethanol-exposed mice showed increased activity in the open field test and in the plus-maze test, regardless of the sex. Interestingly, only ethanol-exposed adult male mice exhibited memory impairment in the water maze and fear-conditioning tests. Remarkably, hippocampal levels of NMDA-R2B were reduced only in ethanol-exposed male, while total BDNF levels were increased in both male and female ethanol-exposed mice. Our data suggest a different susceptibility of early postnatal ethanol exposure in male and female CD1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ieraci
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Daniel G Herrera
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Règue M, Poilbout C, Martin V, Franc B, Lanfumey L, Mongeau R. Increased 5-HT2C receptor editing predisposes to PTSD-like behaviors and alters BDNF and cytokines signaling. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:100. [PMID: 30792491 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma- and stress-related disorder with dysregulated fear responses and neurobiological impairments, notably at neurotrophic and inflammation levels. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this disease is crucial to develop PTSD models that meet behavioral and neurobiological validity criteria as well as innovative therapeutic approaches. Serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CR) are known for their important role in anxiety, and mice having only the fully edited VGV isoform of 5-HT2CR, which thereby overexpressed brain 5-HT2CR, are of special interest to study PTSD predisposition. Innate and conditioned fear-related behaviors were assessed in VGV and wild-type mice. mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and calcineurin) were measured by qRT-PCR. The effect of acute and chronic paroxetine was evaluated on both behavior and gene expression. VGV mice displayed greater fear expression, extensive fear extinction deficits, and fear generalization. Paroxetine restored fear extinction in VGV mice when administered acutely and decreased innate fear and fear generalization when administered chronically. In parallel, Bdnf, tPA, and pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA levels were dysregulated in VGV mice. Bdnf and tPA mRNA expression was decreased in the hippocampus but increased in the amygdala, and chronic paroxetine normalized Bdnf mRNA levels both in the amygdala and the hippocampus. Amygdalar calcineurin mRNA level in VGV mice was also normalized by chronic paroxetine. VGV-transgenic mice displayed behavioral and neurobiological features that could be accessory to the investigation of PTSD and its treatment. Furthermore, these data point out to the role of 5-HT2CR in neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation.
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Règue-Guyon M, Lanfumey L, Mongeau R. Neuroepigenetics of Neurotrophin Signaling: Neurobiology of Anxiety and Affective Disorders. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 2018; 158:159-193. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Hao R, Qi Y, Hou DN, Ji YY, Zheng CY, Li CY, Yung WH, Lu B, Huang Y. BDNF val66met Polymorphism Impairs Hippocampal Long-Term Depression by Down-Regulation of 5-HT3 Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:306. [PMID: 29075179 PMCID: PMC5643500 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key regulator of neuronal plasticity and cognitive functions. BDNF val66met polymorphism, a human single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the pro-domain of BDNF gene, is associated with deficits in activity-dependent BDNF secretion and hippocampus-dependent memory. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that in the BDNFMet/Met mouse line mimicking the human SNP, BDNF expression in the hippocampus was decreased. There was a reduction in the total number of cells in hippocampal CA1 region, while hippocampal expression of mRNAs for NR2a, 2b, GluR1, 2 and GABAARβ3 subunits were up-regulated. Although basal glutamatergic neurotransmission was unaltered, hippocampal long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency stimulation was impaired, which was partially rescued by exogenous application of BDNF. Interestingly, 5-HT3a receptors were down-regulated in the hippocampus of BDNFMet/Met mice, whereas 5-HT2c receptors were up-regulated. Moreover, impaired LTD in BDNFMet/Met mice was reversed by 5-HT3aR agonist. Thus, these observations indicate that BDNF val66met polymorphism changes hippocampal synaptic plasticity via down-regulation of 5-HT3a receptors, which may underlie cognition dysfunction of Met allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Laboratory of Neuronal Circuit & Neuroplasticity, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Laboratory of Neuronal Circuit & Neuroplasticity, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Ni Hou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ji
- Neurodegeneration Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline (China) R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zheng
- Neurodegeneration Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline (China) R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Bai Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Laboratory of Neuronal Circuit & Neuroplasticity, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Pratelli M, Migliarini S, Pelosi B, Napolitano F, Usiello A, Pasqualetti M. Perturbation of Serotonin Homeostasis during Adulthood Affects Serotonergic Neuronal Circuitry. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO. [PMID: 28413824 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0376-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) modulates the fine-tuning of neuron development and the establishment of wiring patterns in the brain. However, whether serotonin is involved in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry in the adult brain remains elusive. Here, we use a Tph2fl°x conditional knockout (cKO) mouse line to assess the impact of serotonin depletion during adulthood on serotonergic system organization. Data show that the density of serotonergic fibers is increased in the hippocampus and decreased in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as a consequence of brain serotonin depletion. Strikingly, these defects are rescued following reestablishment of brain 5-HT signaling via administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Finally, 3D reconstruction of serotonergic fibers reveals that changes in serotonin homeostasis affect axonal branching complexity. These data demonstrate that maintaining proper serotonin homeostasis in the adult brain is crucial to preserve the correct serotonergic axonal wiring.
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Guo YP, Commons KG. Serotonin neuron abnormalities in the BTBR mouse model of autism. Autism Res 2016; 10:66-77. [PMID: 27478061 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inbred mouse strain BTBR T+ Itpr3tf /J (BTBR) is studied as a model of idiopathic autism because they are less social and more resistant to change than other strains. Forebrain serotonin receptors and the response to serotonin drugs are altered in BTBR mice, yet it remains unknown if serotonin neurons themselves are abnormal. In this study, we found that serotonin tissue content and the density of serotonin axons is reduced in the hippocampus of BTBR mice in comparison to C57BL/6J (C57) mice. This was accompanied by possible compensatory changes in serotonin neurons that were most pronounced in regions known to provide innervation to the hippocampus: the caudal dorsal raphe (B6) and the median raphe. These changes included increased numbers of serotonin neurons and hyperactivation of Fos expression. Metrics of serotonin neurons in the rostral 2/3 of the dorsal raphe and serotonin content of the prefrontal cortex were less impacted. Thus, serotonin neurons exhibit region-dependent abnormalities in the BTBR mouse that may contribute to their altered behavioral profile. Autism Res 2017, 10: 66-77. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ping Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn G Commons
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Foltran RB, Diaz SL. BDNF isoforms: a round trip ticket between neurogenesis and serotonin? J Neurochem 2016; 138:204-21. [PMID: 27167299 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, was discovered more than 30 years ago and, like other members of the neurotrophin family, this neuropeptide is synthetized as a proneurotrophin, the pro-BDNF, which is further cleaved to yield mature BDNF. The myriad of actions of these two BDNF isoforms in the central nervous system is constantly increasing and requires the development of sophisticated tools and animal models to refine our understanding. This review is focused on BDNF isoforms, their participation in the process of neurogenesis taking place in the hippocampus of adult mammals, and the modulation of their expression by serotonergic agents. Interestingly, around this triumvirate of BDNF, serotonin, and neurogenesis, a series of recent research has emerged with apparently counterintuitive results. This calls for an exhaustive analysis of the data published so far and encourages thorough work in the quest for new hypotheses in the field. BDNF is synthetized as a pre-proneurotrophin. After removal of the pre-region, proBDNF can be cleaved by intracellular or extracellular proteases. Mature BDNF can bind TrkB receptors, promoting their homodimerization and intracellular phosphorylation. Phosphorylated-TrkB can activate three different signaling pathways. Whereas G-protein-coupled receptors can transactivate TrkB receptors, truncated forms can inhibit mBDNF signaling. Pro-BDNF binds p75(NTR) by its mature domain, whereas the pro-region binds co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Beatriz Foltran
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias Prof. E. De Robertis, CONICET-UBA, Fac. de Medicina - UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Laura Diaz
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias Prof. E. De Robertis, CONICET-UBA, Fac. de Medicina - UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gururajan A, Hill R, van den Buuse M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor heterozygous mutant rats show selective cognitive changes and vulnerability to chronic corticosterone treatment. Neuroscience 2015; 284:297-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Mo C, Pang TY, Ransome MI, Hill RA, Renoir T, Hannan AJ. High stress hormone levels accelerate the onset of memory deficits in male Huntington's disease mice. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:248-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Gururajan A, Hill R, van den Buuse M. Long-term differential effects of chronic young-adult corticosterone exposure on anxiety and depression-like behaviour in BDNF heterozygous rats depend on the experimental paradigm used. Neurosci Lett 2014; 576:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Homberg JR, Molteni R, Calabrese F, Riva MA. The serotonin-BDNF duo: developmental implications for the vulnerability to psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 43:35-47. [PMID: 24704572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) are known to modulate behavioral responses to stress and to mediate the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant agents through neuroplastic and epigenetic mechanisms. While the two systems interact at several levels, this scenario is complicated by a number of variants including brain region specificity, 5-HT receptor selectivity and timing. Based on recent insights obtained using 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) knockout rats we here set-out and discuss the crucial role of neurodevelopmental mechanisms and the contribution of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications to this interaction and its variants. 5-HTT knockout in rats, as well as the low activity short allelic variant of the serotonin transporter human polymorphism, consistently show reduced BDNF mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex. This starts during the second postnatal week, is preceded by DNA hypermethylation during the first postnatal week, and it is developmentally paralleled by reduced expression of key transcription factors. The reduced BDNF levels, in turn, affect 5-HT1A receptor-mediated intracellular signaling and thereby the serotonergic phenotype of the neurons. We propose that such a negative spiral of modifications may affect brain development and reduce its resiliency to environmental challenges during critical time windows, which may lead to phenotypic alterations that persist for the entire life. The characterization of 5-HT-BDNF interactions will eventually increase the understanding of mental illness etiology and, possibly, lead to the identification of novel molecular targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Regina Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Migliarini S, Pacini G, Pelosi B, Lunardi G, Pasqualetti M. Lack of brain serotonin affects postnatal development and serotonergic neuronal circuitry formation. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1106-18. [PMID: 23007167 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence suggests that serotonin (5-HT) can influence neurogenesis, neuronal migration and circuitry formation, the precise role of 5-HT on central nervous system (CNS) development is only beginning to be elucidated. Moreover, how changes in serotonin homeostasis during critical developmental periods may have etiological relevance to human mental disorders, remains an unsolved question. In this study we address the consequences of 5-HT synthesis abrogation on CNS development using a knock-in mouse line in which the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) gene is replaced by the eGFP reporter. We report that lack of brain 5-HT results in a dramatic reduction of body growth rate and in 60% lethality within the first 3 weeks after birth, with no gross anatomical changes in the brain. Thanks to the specific expression of the eGFP, we could highlight the serotonergic system independently of 5-HT immunoreactivity. We found that lack of central serotonin produces severe abnormalities in the serotonergic circuitry formation with a brain region- and time- specific effect. Indeed, we observed a striking reduction of serotonergic innervation to the suprachiasmatic and thalamic paraventricular nuclei, while a marked serotonergic hyperinnervation was found in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus of Tph2∷eGFP mutants. Finally, we demonstrated that BDNF expression is significantly up-regulated in the hippocampus of mice lacking brain 5-HT, mirroring the timing of the appearance of hyperinnervation and thus unmasking a possible regulatory feedback mechanism tuning the serotonergic neuronal circuitry formation. On the whole, these findings reveal that alterations of serotonin levels during CNS development affect the proper wiring of the brain that may produce long-lasting changes leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Migliarini
- Department of Biology, Unit of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ji ST, Kim M, Park HR, Lee E, Lee Y, Jang YJ, Kim HS, Lee J. Diallyl disulfide impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in the young adult brain. Toxicol Lett 2013; 221:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu Y, Hill R, Gogos A, van den Buuse M. Sex differences and the role of estrogen in animal models of schizophrenia: Interaction with BDNF. Neuroscience 2013; 239:67-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
RATIONALE Depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) results in impulsive behaviour as measured by increased premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) test. Acute selective blockade of 5-HT2C receptors also increases this form of impulsive action, whereas 5-HT2C receptor stimulation reduces premature responding. OBJECTIVES These experiments determined the impact of genetic disruption of 5-HT2C receptor function on impulsive responding in the 5-CSRT test. METHODS Food-restricted 5-HT2C receptor null mutant and wild-type (WT) mice were trained on the 5-CSRT test in which subjects detect and correctly respond to brief light stimuli for food reinforcement. Impulsivity is measured as premature responses that occur prior to stimulus presentation. RESULTS Both lines of mice quickly learned this task, but there were no genotype differences in premature responding or any other aspect of performance. A series of drug challenges were then given. The 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro60-0175 (0.6 mg/kg) reduced premature responding in WT mice but not mutant mice. The 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 increased premature responding in WT mice only. Cocaine increased premature responding at 7.5 mg/kg but not at a higher dose that disrupted overall responding; these effects were observed in both lines of mice. Amphetamine (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) did not affect premature responding, but disrupted other aspects of performance in both genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Genetic deletion of 5-HT2C receptor function does not induce an impulsive state or exacerbate that state induced by psychomotor stimulants but does prevent the acute effects of 5-HT2C receptor stimulation or blockade on impulsive action.
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Hill RA, Wu YWC, Gogos A, van den Buuse M. Sex-dependent alterations in BDNF-TrkB signaling in the hippocampus of reelin heterozygous mice: a role for sex steroid hormones. J Neurochem 2013; 126:389-99. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Hill
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory; Mental Health Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Yee-Wen Candace Wu
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory; Mental Health Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrea Gogos
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory; Mental Health Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory; Mental Health Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
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Abstract
Severe cognitive deficits are a frequent outcome of both neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In the attempt to define new clinical biomarkers, current research trends aim at the identification of common molecular features in these pathologies rather than searching for differences. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has attracted great interest as possible biomarker because of its key role in synaptic remodeling during cognitive processes. BDNF undergoes proteolytic processing and studies in animal models have highlighted that different forms of learning and memory require either the proBDNF precursor or the mature BDNF form. Significantly, an altered expression of BDNF forms was found in postmortem brains and serum from patients with schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and mood disorders. Based on these studies, this review puts forward the hypothesis that abnormalities in proBDNF or mBDNF biosynthesis may correspond to different cognitive dysfunctions in these brain diseases, while the role of truncated BDNF remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Carlino
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Vanna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Tongiorgi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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van den Buuse M, Halley P, Hill R, Labots M, Martin S. Altered N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function in reelin heterozygous mice: male-female differences and comparison with dopaminergic activity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 37:237-46. [PMID: 22361156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo relationship between reelin and NMDA receptor function in schizophrenia. We assessed the effect of reelin deficiency in behavioral models of aspects of this illness, NMDA receptor subunit levels, and NMDA receptor, dopamine D₂ receptor, and dopamine transporter density. Male, but not female, reelin heterozygous mice showed significantly enhanced MK-801-induced locomotor hyperactivity compared to wildtype controls (7.4-fold vs. 5.2-fold effect of MK-801 over saline, respectively) but there were no genotype differences in the response to amphetamine. Both male and female reelin heterozygous mice showed enhanced effects of MK-801 on startle, but not prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle. There were no group differences in the effect of apomorphine on startle or PPI. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were not altered in the striatum. In the frontal cortex, male and female reelin heterozygous mice showed significant up-regulation of NR1 subunits, but down-regulation of NR2C subunits, which was associated with significantly elevated NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2C ratios. However, there were no differences in [³H]MK-801 binding density in the nucleus accumbens or caudate nucleus, nor in the density of [³H]YM-09151 or [³H]GBR12935 in these brain regions. The enhanced effects of MK-801 in reelin heterozygous mice in this study could be reflective of the role of reelin deficiency in schizophrenia. This genotype effect was male-specific for locomotor hyperactivity, a model of psychosis, but was seen in male and female mice for startle, which could be an indication of changes in anxiety. Changes in NMDA receptor subunit levels and ratios were also seen in both male and female mice. These results suggest that the role of reelin deficiency in schizophrenia may be particularly mediated by altered NMDA receptor responses, with some of these effects being strictly sex-specific.
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Jang YJ, Park HR, Kim TH, Yang WJ, Lee JJ, Choi SY, Oh SB, Lee E, Park JH, Kim HP, Kim HS, Lee J. High dose bisphenol A impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in female mice across generations. Toxicology 2012; 296:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hill RA, Wu YWC, Kwek P, van den Buuse M. Modulatory effects of sex steroid hormones on brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tyrosine kinase B expression during adolescent development in C57Bl/6 mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:774-88. [PMID: 22221196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones and neurotrophic factors are involved in pruning and shaping the adolescent brain and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, including mental illness. We aimed to determine the association between altered levels of sex steroid hormones during adolescent development and neurotrophic signalling in the C57Bl/6 mouse. We first performed a week by week analysis from pre-pubescence to adulthood in male and female C57Bl/6 mice, measuring serum levels of testosterone and oestradiol in conjunction with western blot analysis of neurotrophin expression in the forebrain and hippocampal regions. Second, we manipulated adolescent sex steroid hormone levels by gonadectomy and hormone replacement at the pre-pubescent age of 5 weeks. Young-adult forebrain and hippocampal neurotrophin expression was then determined. Male mice showed significant changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the forebrain regions during weeks 7-10, which corresponded significantly with a surge in serum testosterone. Castration and testosterone or di-hydrotestosterone replacement experiments revealed an androgen receptor-dependent effect on BDNF-tyrosine kinase (Trk) B signalling in the forebrain and hippocampal regions during adolescence. Female mice showed changes in BDNF-TrkB signalling at a much earlier time point (weeks 4-8) in the forebrain and hippocampal regions and these did not correspond with changes in serum oestradiol. Ovariectomy actually increased BDNF expression but decreased TrkB phosphorylation in the forebrain regions. 17β-Oestradiol replacement had no effect, suggesting a role for other ovarian hormones in regulating BDNF-TrkB signalling in the adolescent female mouse brain. These results suggest the differential actions of sex steroid hormones in modulating BDNF-TrkB signalling during adolescence. These data provide insight into how the male and female brain changes in response to altered levels of circulating sex steroid hormones and could help to explain some of the developmental sex differences in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, including mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hill
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Carvalho MG, Ferreira GFS, Salviano MDF, Silva FMD, Couto KC, Alves SHDS, Cruz APDM. Envolvimento de receptores 5-HT2C do hipocampo ventral em comportamentos de defesa de ratos no labirinto em cruz elevado. Estud psicol (Natal) 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-294x2012000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A ativação farmacológica dos receptores 5-HT2C induz comportamentos de defesa em modelos animais. O estudo busca investigar se o bloqueio seletivo de receptores 5-HT2C no hipocampo ventral (HV) previne comportamentos defensivos induzidos por um agonista de receptor 5-HT2C administrado perifericamente em ratos expostos ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Quinze minutos após injeções intraperitoniais (IP, 1ml/kg) do agonista 5-HT2C WAY-161503, ratos foram microinjetados bilateralmente no HV com o antagonista seletivo de receptores 5-HT2C SB-242084 (0, 0,1, 0,5 ou 1.5μg). Dez minutos após, cada animal foi exposto ao LCE para o registro de categorias de ansiedade. Injeções sistêmicas do WAY-161503 reduziram seletivamente as explorações nos braços abertos e aumentaram padrões de avaliação de risco. Esse efeito foi atenuado de maneira dose-dependente pela microinjeção de SB-242084 no HV, confirmando a ação ansiogênica de agonistas 5-HT2C e sugerindo que esse perfil comportamental seja mediado, pelo menos em parte, por receptores 5-HT2C do HV.
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Abstract
Sensorimotor gating, or the ability of a sensory event to suppress a motor response, can be measured operationally via prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. PPI is deficient in schizophrenia patients as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders, can be measured across species, and has been used widely as a translational tool in preclinical neuropharmacological and genetic research. First developed to assess drug effects in pharmacological and developmental models, PPI has become one of the standard behavioral measures in genetic models of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders that exhibit PPI deficits. In this chapter we review the literature on genetic models of sensorimotor gating and discuss the utility of PPI as a tool in phenotyping mutant mouse models. We highlight the approaches to genetic mouse models of neuropsychiatric disease, discuss some of the important caveats to these approaches, and provide a comprehensive table covering the more recent genetic models that have evaluated PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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30
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Abstract
Childhood-onset psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), mood disorders, obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD), and schizophrenia (SZ), affect many school-age children, leading to a lower quality of life, including difficulties in school and personal relationships that persist into adulthood. Currently, the causes of these psychiatric disorders are poorly understood, resulting in difficulty diagnosing affected children, and insufficient treatment options. Family and twin studies implicate a genetic contribution for ADHD, ASD, mood disorders, OCSD, and SZ. Identification of candidate genes and chromosomal regions associated with a particular disorder provide targets for directed research, and understanding how these genes influence the disease state will provide valuable insights for improving the diagnosis and treatment of children with psychiatric disorders. Transgenic mouse models are one important approach in the study of human diseases, allowing for the use of a variety of experimental approaches to dissect the contribution of a specific chromosomal or genetic abnormality in human disorders. While it is impossible to model an entire psychiatric disorder in a single mouse model, these models can be extremely valuable in dissecting out the specific role of a gene, pathway, neuron subtype, or brain region in a particular abnormal behavior. In this review we discuss existing transgenic mouse models for childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. We compare the strength and weakness of various transgenic mouse models proposed for each of the common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders, and discuss future directions for the study of these disorders using cutting-edge genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R. Robertson
- Duke University, Neurobiology Department Durham, N.C.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department Cambridge, M.A
| | - Guoping Feng
- Duke University, Neurobiology Department Durham, N.C.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department Cambridge, M.A
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Hill RA, van den Buuse M. Sex-dependent and region-specific changes in TrkB signaling in BDNF heterozygous mice. Brain Res 2011; 1384:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bertaina-Anglade V, Drieu-La-Rochelle C, Mocaër E, Seguin L. Memory facilitating effects of agomelatine in the novel object recognition memory paradigm in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:511-7. [PMID: 21352847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of agomelatine, an antidepressant with melatonergic agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist properties, in the rat novel object recognition (NOR) task, a model of short-term episodic memory. To assess the potential involvement of its chronobiotic activity, single intraperitoneal administration of agomelatine and NOR testing were performed either in the evening or in the morning. In both conditions, using a 24h retention interval, vehicle-treated rats did not discriminate between the novel and the familiar object (recognition index was not different from chance performance) while object memory performance of rats treated with agomelatine either in the evening (10 and 40mg/kg) or in the morning (2.5, 10, and 40mg/kg) was significantly improved. Moreover, the selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB 242,084 (0.63, 2.5, and 10mg/kg) and melatonin (2.5, 10, and 40mg/kg) displayed also memory facilitating effects in both administration conditions. Finally, thioperamide used as positive reference compound to validate the experimental conditions, demonstrated a memory facilitating effect. In conclusion, agomelatine was shown to possess memory facilitating effects in the rat NOR task and both melatonergic agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist properties could be involved in these effects.
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