1
|
Anwaar A, Varma AK, Baruah R. In Silico-Based Structural Evaluation to Categorize the Pathogenicity of Mutations Identified in the RAD Class of Proteins. ACS Omega 2023; 8:10266-10277. [PMID: 36969410 PMCID: PMC10034773 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RAD genes, known as double-strand break repair proteins, play a major role in maintaining the genomic integrity of a cell by carrying out essential DNA repair functions via double-strand break repair pathways. Mutations in the RAD class of proteins show high susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancers; however, adequate research on the mutations identified in these genes has not been extensively reported for their deleterious effects. Changes in the folding pattern of RAD proteins play an important role in protein-protein interactions and also functions. Missense mutations identified from four cancer databases, cBioPortal, COSMIC, ClinVar, and gnomAD, cause aberrant conformations, which may lead to faulty DNA repair mechanisms. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the effects of pathogenic mutations of RAD proteins and their subsequent role in breast and ovarian cancers. In this study, we have used eight computational prediction servers to analyze pathogenic mutations and understand their effects on the protein structure and function. A total of 5122 missense mutations were identified from four different cancer databases, of which 1165 were predicted to be pathogenic using at least five pathogenicity prediction servers. These mutations were characterized as high-risk mutations based on their location in the conserved domains and subsequently subjected to structural stability characterization. The mutations included in the present study were selected from clinically relevant mutants in breast cancer pedigrees. Comparative folding patterns and intra-atomic interaction results showed alterations in the structural behavior of RAD proteins, specifically RAD51C triggered by mutations G125V and L138F and RAD51D triggered by mutations S207L and E233G.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaliya Anwaar
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok K. Varma
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Reshita Baruah
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lim BWX, Li N, Mahale S, McInerny S, Zethoven M, Rowley SM, Huynh J, Wang T, Lee JEA, Friedman M, Devereux L, Scott RJ, Sloan EK, James PA, Campbell IG. Somatic inactivation of breast cancer predisposition genes in tumors associated with pathogenic germline variants. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 115:181-189. [PMID: 36315097 PMCID: PMC9905963 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancers (BCs) that arise in individuals heterozygous for a germline pathogenic variant in a susceptibility gene, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, PALB2, and RAD51C, have been shown to exhibit biallelic loss in the respective genes and be associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and distinctive somatic mutational signatures. Tumor sequencing thus presents an orthogonal approach to assess the role of candidate genes in BC development. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on paired normal-breast tumor DNA from 124 carriers of germline loss-of-function (LoF) or missense variant carriers in 15 known and candidate BC predisposition genes identified in the BEACCON case-control study. Biallelic inactivation and association with tumor genome features including mutational signatures and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score were investigated. RESULTS BARD1-carrying TNBC (4 of 5) displayed biallelic loss and associated high HRD scores and mutational signature 3, as did a RAD51D-carrying TNBC and ovarian cancer. Biallelic loss was less frequent in BRIP1 BCs (4 of 13) and had low HRD scores. In contrast to other established BC genes, BCs from carriers of CHEK2 LoF (6 of 17) or missense (2 of 20) variant had low rates of biallelic loss. Exploratory analysis of BC from carriers of LoF variants in candidate genes such as BLM, FANCM, PARP2, and RAD50 found little evidence of biallelic inactivation. CONCLUSIONS BARD1 and RAD51D behave as classic BRCA-like predisposition genes with biallelic inactivation, but this was not observed for any of the candidate genes. However, as demonstrated for CHEK2, the absence of biallelic inactivation does not provide definitive evidence against the gene's involvement in BC predisposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sakshi Mahale
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone McInerny
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone M Rowley
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Huynh
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theresa Wang
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jue Er Amanda Lee
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Molecular Genomics Core, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mia Friedman
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Devereux
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Lifepool, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Discipline of Medical Genetics and The Centre for Cancer Detection and Therapy, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia,Division of Molecular Medicine, New South Wales Health Pathology North, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ian G Campbell
- Correspondence to: Ian Campbell, PhD, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Expanded implementation of genetic sequencing has precipitously increased the discovery of germline and somatic variants. The direct benefit of identifying variants in actionable genes may lead to risk reduction strategies such as increased surveillance, prophylactic surgery, as well as lifestyle modifications to reduce morbidity and mortality. However, patients with African ancestry are more likely to receive inconclusive genetic testing results due to an increased number of variants of unknown significance decreasing the utility and impact on disease management and prevention. This study examines whole exome sequencing results from germline DNA samples in African American women with a family history of cancer including 37 cases that were diagnosed with breast cancer and 51 family members. Self-identified ancestry was validated and compared to the 1000 genomes population. The analysis of sequencing results was limited to 85 genes from three clinically available common genetic screening platforms. This target region had a total of 993 variants of which 6 (<1%) were pathogenic or likely pathogenic, 736 (74.1%) were benign, and 170 (17.1%) were classified as a variant of unknown significance. There was an average of 3.4±1.8 variants with an unknown significance per individual and 85 of 88 individuals (96.6%) harbored at least one of these in the targeted genes. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were only found in 6 individuals for the BRCA1 (p.R1726fs, rs80357867), BRCA2 (p.K589fs, rs397507606 & p.L2805fs, rs397507402), RAD50 (p.E995fs, rs587780154), ATM (p.V2424G, rs28904921), or MUTYH (p.G396D, rs36053993) genes. Strategies to functionally validate the remaining variants of unknown significance, especially in understudied and hereditary cancer populations, are greatly needed to increase the clinical utility and utilization of clinical genetic screening platforms to reduce cancer incidence and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Tyson McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Luisel J. Ricks-Santi
- Cancer Research Center, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kissling VM, Reginato G, Bianco E, Kasaciunaite K, Tilma J, Cereghetti G, Schindler N, Lee SS, Guérois R, Luke B, Seidel R, Cejka P, Peter M. Mre11-Rad50 oligomerization promotes DNA double-strand break repair. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2374. [PMID: 35501303 PMCID: PMC9061753 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved Mre11-Rad50 complex is crucial for the detection, signaling, end tethering and processing of DNA double-strand breaks. While it is known that Mre11-Rad50 foci formation at DNA lesions accompanies repair, the underlying molecular assembly mechanisms and functional implications remained unclear. Combining pathway reconstitution in electron microscopy, biochemical assays and genetic studies, we show that S. cerevisiae Mre11-Rad50 with or without Xrs2 forms higher-order assemblies in solution and on DNA. Rad50 mediates such oligomerization, and mutations in a conserved Rad50 beta-sheet enhance or disrupt oligomerization. We demonstrate that Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 oligomerization facilitates foci formation, DNA damage signaling, repair, and telomere maintenance in vivo. Mre11-Rad50 oligomerization does not affect its exonuclease activity but drives endonucleolytic cleavage at multiple sites on the 5'-DNA strand near double-strand breaks. Interestingly, mutations in the human RAD50 beta-sheet are linked to hereditary cancer predisposition and our findings might provide insights into their potential role in chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera M Kissling
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giordano Reginato
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Bianco
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Kasaciunaite
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janny Tilma
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gea Cereghetti
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Schindler
- Institute for Developmental and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sung Sik Lee
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Guérois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Brian Luke
- Institute for Developmental and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petr Cejka
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Peter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elkholi IE, Foulkes WD, Rivera B. MRN Complex and Cancer Risk: Old Bottles, New Wine. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5465-5471. [PMID: 34261697 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The MRN complex, composed of MRE11A, RAD50, and NBN, mediates vital molecular functions to maintain genomic stability and hence protect against related disorders. Germline mutations in the MRN genes predispose to three different syndromes: ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (MRE11A deficiency), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS; NBN deficiency), and NBS-like disorder (RAD50 deficiency). The potential cancer component of these syndromes in addition to the close physical and functional proximity of the MRN complex to BRCA1 has promoted the MRN genes as candidate risk genes for developing breast cancer. This notion has been challenged by independent large-scale population-based studies. Despite having their two-decade old candidacy as breast cancer genes close to being refuted, it has recently been reported that the MRN genes rise to have potential new roles in clonal hematopoiesis. In this article, we discuss the history and current status of MRN genes' clinical utility in breast cancer and then focus on their recently uncovered and less understood roles in clonal hematopoiesis that likely predispose to health-related disorders such as hematologic malignancies and/or cardiovascular morbid events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islam E Elkholi
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, The Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Rivera
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, The Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toh M, Ngeow J. Homologous Recombination Deficiency: Cancer Predispositions and Treatment Implications. Oncologist 2021; 26:e1526-e1537. [PMID: 34021944 PMCID: PMC8417864 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a highly accurate DNA repair mechanism. Several HR genes are established cancer susceptibility genes with clinically actionable pathogenic variants (PVs). Classically, BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline PVs are associated with significant breast and ovarian cancer risks. Patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 PVs display worse clinical outcomes but respond better to platinum-based chemotherapies and poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors, a trait termed "BRCAness." With the advent of whole-exome sequencing and multigene panels, PVs in other HR genes are increasingly identified among familial cancers. As such, several genes such as PALB2 are reclassified as cancer predisposition genes. But evidence for cancer risks remains unclear for many others. In this review, we will discuss cancer predispositions and treatment implications beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2, with a focus on 24 HR genes: 53BP1, ATM, ATR, ATRIP, BARD1, BLM, BRIP1, DMC1, MRE11A, NBN, PALB2, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RIF1, RMI1, RMI2, RPA1, TOP3A, TOPBP1, XRCC2, and XRCC3. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This review provides a comprehensive reference for readers to quickly identify potential cancer predisposing homologous recombination (HR) genes, and to generate research questions for genes with inconclusive evidence. This review also evaluates the "BRCAness" of each HR member. Clinicians can refer to these discussions to identify potential candidates for future clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MingRen Toh
- Duke–National University of Singapore Medical SchoolSingapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer CenterSingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen-Dumont T, Stewart J, Winship I, Southey MC. Rare genetic variants: making the connection with breast cancer susceptibility. AIMS Genetics 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2015.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe practice of clinical genetics in the context of breast cancer predisposition has reached another critical point in its evolution. For the past two decades, genetic testing offered to women attending clinics has been limited to BRCA1 and BRCA2 unless other syndromic indicators have been evident (e.g. PTEN and TP53 for Cowden and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, respectively). Women (and their families) who are concerned about their personal and/or family history of breast and ovarian cancer have enthusiastically engaged with clinical genetics services, anticipating a genetic cause for their cancer predisposition will be identified and to receive clinical guidance for their risk management and treatment options. Genetic testing laboratories have demonstrated similar enthusiasm for transitioning from single gene to gene panel testing that now provide opportunities for the large number of women found not to carry mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, enabling them to undergo additional genetic testing. However, these panel tests have limited clinical utility until more is understood about the cancer risks (if any) associated with the genetic variation observed in the genes included on these panels. New data is urgently needed to improve the interpretation of the genetic variation data that is already reported from these panels and to inform the selection of genes included in gene panel tests in the future. To address this issue, large internationally coordinated research studies are required to provide the evidence-base from which clinical genetics for breast cancer susceptibility can be practiced in the era of gene panel testing and oncogenetic practice.Two significant steps associated with this process include i) validating the genes on these panels (and those likely to be added in the future) as bona fide1
breast cancer predisposition genes and ii) interpreting the variation, on a variant-by-variant basis in terms of their likely “pathogenicity”—a process commonly referred to as “variant classification” that will enable this new genetic information to be used at an individual level in clinical genetics services. Neither of these fundamental steps have been achieved for the majority of genes included on the panels.We are thus at a critical point for translational research in breast cancer clinical genetics—how can rare genetic variants be interpreted such that they can be used in clinical genetics services and oncogenetic practice to identify and to inform the management of families that carry these variants?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tú Nguyen-Dumont
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Jenna Stewart
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Ingrid Winship
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu W, Xu W, Chen Y, Gu L, Sun X, Qu Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Huang H. Elevated double-strand break repair protein RAD50 predicts poor prognosis in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A study based on Chinese high-risk cohorts. J Cancer 2020; 11:5941-5952. [PMID: 32922536 PMCID: PMC7477405 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Increasing evidence indicates that RAD50, which is involved in the repair process of DNA double-strand break (DSB), is also involved in cancer outcomes. However, its role in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the expression of RAD50 and its prognostic value in HBV-related HCC patients. Methods: 107 and 100 patients with HBV-related HCC from the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University of Nationalities (AHYMUN) and the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (AHNU), respectively, were enrolled in the study. The distribution of the categorical clinical-pathological data and the levels of RAD50 expression were compared with a χ2 test. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of RAD50 was performed. A partial likelihood test based on univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was developed to address the influence of independent factors on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The Oncomine online database was used to analyse and validate the differential expression of RAD50. The Kaplan-Meier method and a log-rank test were performed to assess the influence of RAD50 on survival at different levels. Results: RAD50 was highly expressed in HCC tissues compared to normal tissues and was significantly correlated with OS in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. The validation analysis indicated that significantly increased levels of RAD50 were expressed in HCC tissues in the two independent cohorts. In addition, HCC patients with elevated RAD50 expression levels showed poor OS and DFS in the AHYMUN cohort and decreased OS and DFS in the AHNTU cohort. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study reveals that elevated RAD50 expression is significantly correlated with cancer progression and poor survival in HBV-related HCC patients. These data suggest that RAD50 may act as an oncogene and may serve as a promising target for the therapy of HBV-related HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangrui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, 533000, China.,Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Liugen Gu
- Gastroenterology Department, Second affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Haineng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, 533000, China.,Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cybulski C, Kluźniak W, Huzarski T, Wokołorczyk D, Kashyap A, Rusak B, Stempa K, Gronwald J, Szymiczek A, Bagherzadeh M, Jakubowska A, Dębniak T, Lener M, Rudnicka H, Szwiec M, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Stawicka M, Domagała P, Narod SA, Lubiński J, Akbari MR. The spectrum of mutations predisposing to familial breast cancer in Poland. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3311-3320. [PMID: 31173646 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To optimize genetic testing, it is necessary to establish the spectrum of breast cancer-predisposing mutations in particular ethnic groups. We studied 1,018 women with a strong family history for breast cancer (families with hereditary breast cancer; HBC) from genetically homogenous population of Poland, which is populated by ethnic Slavs, for mutations in 14 cancer susceptibility genes. Additionally, we compared the frequency of candidate pathogenic variants in breast cancer cases and controls. Germline mutations were detected in 512 of 1,018 probands with breast cancer (50.3%), including BRCA1/2 mutations detected in 420 families and non-BRCA mutations seen in 92 families. Thirteen BRCA1/2 founder mutations represented 84% of all BRCA1/2-positive cases. Seven founder mutations of CHEK2, PALB2, NBN and RECQL represented 73% of all non-BRCA-positive cases. Odds ratios for hereditary breast cancer were 87.6 for BRCA1, 15.4 for PALB2, 7.2 for CHEK2, 2.8 for NBN and 15.8 for RECQL. Odds ratios for XRCC2, BLM and BARD1 were below 1.3. In summary, we found that 20 founder mutations in six genes (BRCA1/2, CHEK2, PALB2, NBN and RECQL) are responsible for 82% of Polish hereditary breast cancer families. A simple test for these 20 mutations will facilitate genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility in Poland. It may also facilitate genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility in other Slavic populations and women of Slavic descent worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kluźniak
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Dominika Wokołorczyk
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aniruddh Kashyap
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogna Rusak
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudia Stempa
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Szymiczek
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryam Bagherzadeh
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.,Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marcin Lener
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Helena Rudnicka
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Szwiec
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Stawicka
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Paweł Domagała
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Steven A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Echeverria GV, Powell E, Seth S, Ge Z, Carugo A, Bristow C, Peoples M, Robinson F, Qiu H, Shao J, Jeter-Jones SL, Zhang X, Ramamoorthy V, Cai S, Wu W, Draetta G, Moulder SL, Symmans WF, Chang JT, Heffernan TP, Piwnica-Worms H. High-resolution clonal mapping of multi-organ metastasis in triple negative breast cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5079. [PMID: 30498242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are aggressively metastatic with a high degree of intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH), but how ITH contributes to metastasis is unclear. Here, clonal dynamics during metastasis were studied in vivo using two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models established from the treatment-naive primary breast tumors of TNBC patients diagnosed with synchronous metastasis. Genomic sequencing and high-complexity barcode-mediated clonal tracking reveal robust alterations in clonal architecture between primary tumors and corresponding metastases. Polyclonal seeding and maintenance of heterogeneous populations of low-abundance subclones is observed in each metastasis. However, lung, liver, and brain metastases are enriched for an identical population of high-abundance subclones, demonstrating that primary tumor clones harbor properties enabling them to seed and thrive in multiple organ sites. Further, clones that dominate multi-organ metastases share a genomic lineage. Thus, intrinsic properties of rare primary tumor subclones enable the seeding and colonization of metastases in secondary organs in these models. It is unclear how intra-tumoral heterogeneity contributes to metastasis. Here the authors study the clonal dynamics of triple negative breast cancer metastasis using patient derived xenografts and demonstrate that primary tumor clones harbor properties that support seeding and colonization of multiple organs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fan C, Zhang J, Ouyang T, Li J, Wang T, Fan Z, Fan T, Lin B, Xie Y. RAD50 germline mutations are associated with poor survival in BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1935-1942. [PMID: 29726012 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RAD50 is a highly conserved DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair gene. However, the associations between RAD50 germline mutations and the survival and risk of breast cancer have not been fully elucidated. Here, we aimed to investigate the clinical impact of RAD50 germline mutations in a large cohort of unselected breast cancer patients. In our study, RAD50 germline mutations were determined using next-generation sequencing in 7657 consecutive unselected breast cancer patients without BRCA1/2 mutations. We also screened for RAD50 recurrent mutations (L719fs, K994fs, and H1269fs) in 5000 healthy controls using Sanger sequencing. We found that 26 out of 7,657 (0.34%) patients had RAD50 pathogenic mutations, and 16 patients carried one of the three recurrent mutations (L719fs, n = 6 cases; K994fs, n = 5 cases; and H1269fs, n = 5 cases); the recurrent mutation rate was 0.21%. The frequency of the three recurrent mutations in the 5,000 healthy controls was 0.18% (9/5,000). These mutations did not confer an increased risk of breast cancer in the studied patients [odds ratios (OR), 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.51-2.63; p = 0.72]. Nevertheless, multivariate analysis revealed that RAD50 pathogenic mutations were an independent unfavourable predictor of recurrence-free survival (RFS) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.66; 95% CI, 1.18-5.98; p = 0.018] and disease-specific survival (DSS; adjusted HR 4.36; 95% CI, 1.58-12.03; p = 0.004) in the entire study cohort. Our study suggested that RAD50 germline mutations are not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but patients with RAD50 germline mutations have unfavourable survival compared to patients without these mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Benyao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Turnbull C, Sud A, Houlston RS. Cancer genetics, precision prevention and a call to action. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1212-8. [PMID: 30158684 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
More than 15 years have passed since the identification, through linkage, of 'first-wave' susceptibility genes for common cancers (BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1 and MSH2). These genes have strong frequency-penetrance profiles, such that the associated clinical utility probably remains relevant regardless of the context of ascertainment. 'Second-wave' genes, not tractable by linkage, were subsequently identified by mutation screening of candidate genes (PALB2, ATM, CHEK2, BRIP1, RAD51C and RAD51D). Their innately weaker frequency-penetrance profiles have rendered delineation of cancer associations, risks and variant pathogenicity challenging, thereby compromising their clinical application. Early germline exome-sequencing endeavors for common cancers did not yield the long-anticipated slew of 'next-wave' genes but instead implied a highly polygenic genomic architecture requiring much larger experiments to make any substantive inroads into gene discovery. As such, the 'genetic economics' of frequency penetrance clearly indicates that focused identification of carriers of first-wave-gene mutations is most impactful for cancer control. With screening, prevention and early detection at the forefront of the cancer management agenda, we propose that the time is nigh for the initiation of national population-testing programs to identify carriers of first-wave gene mutation carriers. To fully deliver a precision prevention program, long-term, large-scale mutation studies that capture longitudinal clinical data and serial biosamples are required.
Collapse
|
14
|
Khan RT, Siddique A, Shahid N, Khokher S, Fatima W. Breast cancer risk associated with genes encoding DNA repair MRN complex: a study from Punjab, Pakistan. Breast Cancer 2018; 25:350-355. [PMID: 29368209 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-018-0837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants of DNA repair genes are extensively reported to cause genetic instability and increase the risk of breast cancer. In combination with NBS1, MRE11 and RAD50 constitute an MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex that repairs DNA damage. However, certain genetic alterations in MRE11 and RAD50 produce abnormal protein that affects the repairing process and may result in malignancy. We aimed to investigate the association of MRE11 and RAD50 polymorphisms with breast risk in the female population of Punjab, Pakistan. METHODS We collected blood samples of 100 breast cancer patients and 100 tumor-free females selected as controls. Extracted DNA was genotyped by tetra ARMS-PCR followed by gel electrophoresis. Results were analyzed by SPSS and SNPstats to analyze the association of different clinical factors and SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) with the risk of breast cancer. RESULTS We found that the increased risk of breast cancer is associated with MRE11 variant rs684507 (odds ratio-OR 3.71, 95% confidence interval-CI 1.68-8.18, p value < 0.0001), whereas, RAD50 variant rs28903089 appeared to have protective effect (OR 0.55, CI 0.29-1.02, p value = 0.003). Additionally, clinical factors such as positive family history, life style, and marital status also play significant roles in breast cancer development. CONCLUSION In the present study, strong risk of breast cancer was associated with MRE11 gene. However, RAD50 showed protective effect. Additionally, clinical factors are also pivotal in risk assessment. We anticipate that targeting specific genetic variations confined to ethnic groups would be more effective in future therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabbia Tariq Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Naeem Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Samina Khokher
- Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Warda Fatima
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poehls UG, Hack CC, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Fasching PA, Ruebner M, Huebner H. Saliva samples as a source of DNA for high throughput genotyping: an acceptable and sufficient means in improvement of risk estimation throughout mammographic diagnostics. Eur J Med Res 2018; 23:20. [PMID: 29703267 PMCID: PMC5921411 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-018-0318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer screening programs seem to be an insufficient tool for women at high genetic risk for breast cancer. These women are not adequately monitored yet. Genetic testing may improve clearly the quality of breast cancer prevention programs. At present, blood samples are favored for obtaining high-quality DNA; however, DNA can also be obtained by collecting saliva. The aim of this study was, on the one hand, to determine whether saliva sampling is a practicable means to obtain sufficient quantity and quality of DNA and, on the other hand, whether it is accepted by patients throughout mammographic diagnostics. Methods 67 consecutive women with diagnostic need for mammography with or without a family history for breast cancer were asked for their basic willingness to undergo a genetic testing by saliva sample in addition to standard diagnostics. Saliva samples were analyzed in terms of DNA quantity and quality. Results 64 (95.6%) women agreed to provide a saliva sample; 3 of them denied participation. And even 63 out of 64 (98.4%) were interested in their specific results. 45 out of 64 samples contained a DNA concentration above 50 ng/µl, 12 samples were between 25 and 50 ng/µl and only 7 of them were under 25 ng/µl with the standard extraction procedure. Conclusion A high number of patients seem to accept salvia samples as a risk assessment tool in breast diagnostics and are interested in their specific risk situation. At the same time, it could be demonstrated that it is an effective way to provide high-quality DNA for breast cancer gene analysis. However, it remains to be shown whether it would be possible to integrate it with the same acceptance in a nationwide breast cancer screening program. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40001-018-0318-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U G Poehls
- Women's Health Center Wuerzburg, Kaiserstrasse 26, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C C Hack
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - P A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Ruebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - H Huebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kostianets O, Shyyan M, Antoniuk SV, Filonenko V, Kiyamova R. Panel of SEREX-defined antigens for breast cancer autoantibodies profile detection. Biomarkers 2016; 22:149-156. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kostianets
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Shyyan
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ramziya Kiyamova
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kazan Volga Region Federal University, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Easton DF, Pharoah PDP, Antoniou AC, Tischkowitz M, Tavtigian SV, Nathanson KL, Devilee P, Meindl A, Couch FJ, Southey M, Goldgar DE, Evans DGR, Chenevix-Trench G, Rahman N, Robson M, Domchek SM, Foulkes WD. Gene-panel sequencing and the prediction of breast-cancer risk. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2243-57. [PMID: 26014596 PMCID: PMC4610139 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsr1501341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Easton
- From the Departments of Public Health and Primary Care (D.F.E., P.D.P.P., A.C.A.), Oncology (D.F.E., P.D.P.P.), and Medical Genetics (M.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester and St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester (D.G.R.E.), and the Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Oncological Sciences (S.V.T.) and Dermatology (D.E.G.), Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; the Basser Research Center for BRCA and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.L.N., S.M.D.); the Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (P.D.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.M.); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (F.J.C.); the Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC (M.S.), and the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD (G.C.-T.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Genetics Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (M.R.); and the Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology, the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal (W.D.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dai X, Fagerholm R, Khan S, Blomqvist C, Nevanlinna H. INPP4B and RAD50 have an interactive effect on survival after breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 149:363-71. [PMID: 25528023 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genes sharing similar genomic landscape have the potential to interactively orchestrate certain clinicopathological features of a disease. Deletion of the RAD50 gene is a common event particularly in basal-like breast cancer, and often occurs together with deletions of BRCA1, RB1, TP53, PTEN, and INPP4B. In this study, we investigate whether these co-deleted genes have interactive effects on survival in breast cancer. Using publicly available TCGA data, we employed Cox's proportional hazards models to test whether genomic deletions of these genes, or reduced protein or transcript levels associate with breast cancer patient survival in an interactive manner. Further validation was obtained at the transcriptional level by including 1,596 additional cases from 13 publicly available gene expression data sets from the KM-plotter database. Our results indicate that RAD50 and INPP4B associate interactively with breast cancer survival at the transcriptional, translational, and genomic levels in the TCGA data set (p (interaction) < 0.05). While neither of the genes was independently prognostic on its own, low INPP4B levels in combination with above median RAD50 abundance associated with increased hazard, both at the mRNA (HR 2.39, 95 % CI 1.20-4.76) and protein (HR 2.92, 95 % CI 1.42-6.00) levels, whereas concomitant deletion or low expression of both genes associated with unexpectedly improved survival. A similar pattern was observed in the KM-plotter data set (p (interaction) = 0.0067). We find that RAD50 and INPP4B expression levels have a synergistic influence on breast cancer survival, possibly through their effects on treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 700, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Economopoulou P, Dimitriadis G, Psyrri A. Beyond BRCA: New hereditary breast cancer susceptibility genes. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technology affords an unprecedented opportunity to analyze multiple breast cancer susceptibility genes simultaneously. With the incarnation of gene panels that combine testing for moderate- and high-penetrance genes, this technology has given birth to a paradigm shift in clinical genetic test offerings. A transformation in genetic counseling for cancer susceptibility will necessarily follow, with a shift from the traditional approach of single-gene testing to considerations of testing by multi-gene panels. At the same time, however, the opportunity to identify rare lesions underlying hereditary susceptibility has introduced new challenges. Available cancer risk estimates for genes included in panel tests may not be supported by evidence, and there is increased risk of identifying variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Management of individuals with rare pathogenic mutations may be unclear. We provide a summary of available evidence for breast cancer risks conferred by pathogenic mutations in genes commonly included in breast cancer susceptibility panels, as well as a review of limitations and counseling points.
Collapse
|
21
|
Guan Y, Hu H, Peng Y, Gong Y, Yi Y, Shao L, Liu T, Li G, Wang R, Dai P, Bignon YJ, Xiao Z, Yang L, Mu F, Xiao L, Xie Z, Yan W, Xu N, Zhou D, Yi X. Detection of inherited mutations for hereditary cancer using target enrichment and next generation sequencing. Fam Cancer 2014; 14:9-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
22
|
Damiola F, Pertesi M, Oliver J, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Voegele C, Young EL, Robinot N, Forey N, Durand G, Vallée MP, Tao K, Roane TC, Williams GJ, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Andrulis IL, John EM, Goldgar DE, Lesueur F, Tavtigian SV. Rare key functional domain missense substitutions in MRE11A, RAD50, and NBN contribute to breast cancer susceptibility: results from a Breast Cancer Family Registry case-control mutation-screening study. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R58. [PMID: 24894818 PMCID: PMC4229874 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The MRE11A-RAD50-Nibrin (MRN) complex plays several critical roles related to repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Inherited mutations in the three components predispose to genetic instability disorders and the MRN genes have been implicated in breast cancer susceptibility, but the underlying data are not entirely convincing. Here, we address two related questions: (1) are some rare MRN variants intermediate-risk breast cancer susceptibility alleles, and if so (2) do the MRN genes follow a BRCA1/BRCA2 pattern wherein most susceptibility alleles are protein-truncating variants, or do they follow an ATM/CHEK2 pattern wherein half or more of the susceptibility alleles are missense substitutions? METHODS Using high-resolution melt curve analysis followed by Sanger sequencing, we mutation screened the coding exons and proximal splice junction regions of the MRN genes in 1,313 early-onset breast cancer cases and 1,123 population controls. Rare variants in the three genes were pooled using bioinformatics methods similar to those previously applied to ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, and CHEK2, and then assessed by logistic regression. RESULTS Re-analysis of our ATM, BRCA1, and BRCA2 mutation screening data revealed that these genes do not harbor pathogenic alleles (other than modest-risk SNPs) with minor allele frequencies>0.1% in Caucasian Americans, African Americans, or East Asians. Limiting our MRN analyses to variants with allele frequencies of <0.1% and combining protein-truncating variants, likely spliceogenic variants, and key functional domain rare missense substitutions, we found significant evidence that the MRN genes are indeed intermediate-risk breast cancer susceptibility genes (odds ratio (OR)=2.88, P=0.0090). Key domain missense substitutions were more frequent than the truncating variants (24 versus 12 observations) and conferred a slightly higher OR (3.07 versus 2.61) with a lower P value (0.029 versus 0.14). CONCLUSIONS These data establish that MRE11A, RAD50, and NBN are intermediate-risk breast cancer susceptibility genes. Like ATM and CHEK2, their spectrum of pathogenic variants includes a relatively high proportion of missense substitutions. However, the data neither establish whether variants in each of the three genes are best evaluated under the same analysis model nor achieve clinically actionable classification of individual variants observed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Damiola
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
- Genetic of Breast Cancer group, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Javier Oliver
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Catherine Voegele
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Erin L Young
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nivonirina Robinot
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Nathalie Forey
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Maxime P Vallée
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Kayoko Tao
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Gareth J Williams
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology (Genome Epidemiology Lab), Seoul National University School of Public Health, 599 Gwanak-ro Granak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Fremont, CA 94538, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69372, France
- Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer team, Inserm, U900, Institut Curie, Mines ParisTech, 26 rue d’Ulm, Paris 75248, France
| | - Sean V Tavtigian
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Mosor M, Ziółkowska-Suchanek I, Nowicka K, Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk A, Januszkiewicz–Lewandowska D, Nowak J. Germline variants in MRE11/RAD50/NBN complex genes in childhood leukemia. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:457. [PMID: 24093751 PMCID: PMC3851537 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MRE11, RAD50, and NBN genes encode proteins of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN (MRN) complex involved in cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of genome stability. In our previous study we showed that the germline p.I171V mutation in NBN may be considered as a risk factor in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and some specific haplotypes of that gene may be associated with childhood leukemia. These findings raise important questions about the role of mutations in others genes of the MRN complex in childhood leukemia. The aim of this study was to answer the question whether MRE11 and RAD50 alterations may be associated with childhood ALL or AML. METHODS We estimated the frequency of constitutional mutations and polymorphisms in selected regions of MRE11, RAD50, and NBN in the group of 220 children diagnosed with childhood leukemias and controls (n=504/2200). The analysis was performed by specific amplification of region of interest by PCR and followed by multi-temperature single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-MSSCP) technique. We performed two molecular tests to examine any potential function of the detected the c.551+19G>A SNP in RAD50 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of the MRE11, RAD50 and NBN genes in childhood leukemia. RESULTS The frequency of either the AA genotype or A allele of RAD50_rs17166050 were significantly different in controls compared to leukemia group (ALL+AML) (p<0.0019 and p<0.0019, respectively). The cDNA analysis of AA or GA genotypes carriers has not revealed evidence of splicing abnormality of RAD50 pre-mRNA. We measured the allelic-specific expression of G and A alleles at c.551+19G>A and the statistically significant overexpression of the G allele has been observed. Additionally we confirmed the higher incidence of the p.I171V mutation in the leukemia group (7/220) than among controls (12/2400) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The formerly reported sequence variants in the RAD50 and MRE11 gene may not constitute a risk factor of childhood ALL in Polish population. The RAD50_rs17166050 variant allele is linked to decreased ALL risk (p<0.0009, OR=0.6358 (95%CI: 0.4854-0.8327)). Despite the fact that there is no splicing abnormality in carriers of the variant allele but an excess of the G over the A allele was consistently observed. This data demonstrate that some specific alternations of the RAD50 gene may be associated with childhood ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mosor
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Ziółkowska-Suchanek
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karina Nowicka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Januszkiewicz–Lewandowska
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ziółkowska-Suchanek I, Mosor M, Wierzbicka M, Rydzanicz M, Baranowska M, Nowak J. The MRN protein complex genes: MRE11 and RAD50 and susceptibility to head and neck cancers. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:113. [PMID: 24079363 PMCID: PMC3856607 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The members of MRE11/RAD50/NBN (MRN) protein complex participates in DNA double-strand break repair and DNA-damage checkpoint activation. We have previously shown that the p.I171V NBN gene mutation may contribute to the development of laryngeal cancer. This study tested the hypothesis that variants of the MRE11 and RAD50 genes, previously described as cancer risk factors, predispose to increased susceptibility to head and neck cancer. FINDINGS In this study we analyzed the RAD50 and MRE11 genes in 358 patients: 175 with a single laryngeal cancer (LC), 115 with multiple primary tumors but one malignancy (primary or second) localized in the larynx (MPT-LC), 68 patients with multiple primary tumors localized in the head or neck (MPT) and 506 controls. No carriers of previously reported mutation in the MRE11 or RAD50 gene (particularly the pathogenic c.687delT) were detected in the present study. We identified the p.V127I variant (2/175 LC, 2/506 controls; OR=2.91; 95% CI 0.41-20.85) and p.V315L variant (2/115 MPT-LC, 1/506 controls; OR=8.96; 95% CI 0.81-99.68) of the RAD50 gene. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that previously described common genetic variations in the MRE11 and RAD50 genes do not contribute to an increased risk of laryngeal cancer and second primary tumors localized in the head and neck. Prospective studies with larger groups of patients may reveal the possible impact of these genes in tumor occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Ziółkowska-Suchanek
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 St, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Mosor
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 St, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wierzbicka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngeal Oncology, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St, 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rydzanicz
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 St, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Baranowska
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 St, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 St, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hilbers FSM, Vreeswijk MPG, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P. The impact of next generation sequencing on the analysis of breast cancer susceptibility: a role for extremely rare genetic variation? Clin Genet 2013; 84:407-14. [PMID: 24025038 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Women with a family history of breast cancer have an approximately twofold elevated risk of the disease. Even though an array of genes has been associated with breast cancer risk the past two decades, variants within these genes jointly explain at most 40% of this familial risk. Many explanations for this 'missing heritability' have been proposed, including the existence of many very rare variants, interactions between genetic and environmental factors and structural genetic variation. In this review, we discuss how next generation sequencing will teach us more about the genetic architecture of breast cancer, with a specific focus on very rare genetic variants. While such variants potentially explain a substantial proportion of familial breast cancer, assessing the breast cancer risks conferred by them remains challenging, even if this risk is relatively high. To assess more moderate risks, epidemiological approaches will require very large patient cohorts to be genotyped for the variant, only achievable through international collaboration. How well we will be able to eventually resolve the missing heritability for breast cancer in a clinically meaningful way crucially depends on the underlying complexity of the genetic architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S M Hilbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Kostianets O, Shyian M, Sergiy D, Antoniuk S, Gout I, Filonenko V, Kiyamova R. Serological Analysis of SEREX-Defined Medullary Breast Carcinoma-Associated Antigens. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:519-27. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.697231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
29
|
He M, Di GH, Cao AY, Hu Z, Jin W, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM. RAD50 and NBS1 are not likely to be susceptibility genes in Chinese non-BRCA1/2 hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 133:111-6. [PMID: 21811815 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Deleterious mutations in several genes that are involved in repair of damage to DNA have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Recent studies have shown sequence variants in two such genes, RAD50 and NBS1, which can be predisposed to breast cancer. The aim of this study is to elucidate the contribution of RAD50 and NBS1 germline mutations to the etiology of non-BRCA1/2 hereditary breast cancer in China. We conducted a mutational analysis of RAD50 and NBS1 in genomic DNA from 384 Chinese women with early-onset breast cancer and/or affected relatives. All the coding exons and adjacent intronic splice junction rejoins of RAD50 and NBS1 were screened using PCR-DHPLC and DNA sequencing analysis. Among all cases, no obviously deleterious mutations were observed in RAD50; one synonymous change c.102G>A at codon 34 and one single nucleotide polymorphism IVS9 + 19C>T were identified in NBS1. Furthermore, there was no remarkable difference in the allele frequency of NBS1 c.553G>C (E185Q) between cases (172/384) and controls (182/420). Our results exclude the possible role of RAD50 and NBS1 in familial breast cancer predisposition in Chinese women, and there is no evidence for the recommendation of RAD50 and NBS1 for genetic testing in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- Breast Cancer Institute, Cancer Hospital/Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rouleau E, Jesson B, Briaux A, Nogues C, Chabaud V, Demange L, Sokolowska J, Coulet F, Barouk-simonet E, Bignon YJ, Bonnet F, Bourdon V, Bronner M, Caputo S, Castera L, Delnatte C, Delvincourt C, Fournier J, Hardouin A, Muller D, Peyrat JP, Toulas C, Uhrhammer N, Vidal V, Stoppa-lyonnet D, Bieche I, Lidereau R. Rare germline large rearrangements in the BRCA1/2 genes and eight candidate genes in 472 patients with breast cancer predisposition. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 133:1179-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
31
|
Kuusisto KM, Bebel A, Vihinen M, Schleutker J, Sallinen SL. Screening for BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2, BRIP1, RAD50, and CDH1 mutations in high-risk Finnish BRCA1/2-founder mutation-negative breast and/or ovarian cancer individuals. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R20. [PMID: 21356067 PMCID: PMC3109589 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two major high-penetrance breast cancer genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, are responsible for approximately 20% of hereditary breast cancer (HBC) cases in Finland. Additionally, rare mutations in several other genes that interact with BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of HBC. Still, a majority of HBC cases remain unexplained which is challenging for genetic counseling. We aimed to analyze additional mutations in HBC-associated genes and to define the sensitivity of our current BRCA1/2 mutation analysis protocol used in genetic counseling. METHODS Eighty-two well-characterized, high-risk hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC) BRCA1/2-founder mutation-negative Finnish individuals, were screened for germline alterations in seven breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2, BRIP1, RAD50, and CDH1. BRCA1/2 were analyzed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and direct sequencing. CHEK2 was analyzed by the high resolution melt (HRM) method and PALB2, RAD50, BRIP1 and CDH1 were analyzed by direct sequencing. Carrier frequencies between 82 (HBOC) BRCA1/2-founder mutation-negative Finnish individuals and 384 healthy Finnish population controls were compared by using Fisher's exact test. In silico prediction for novel missense variants effects was carried out by using Pathogenic-Or-Not -Pipeline (PON-P). RESULTS Three previously reported breast cancer-associated variants, BRCA1 c.5095C > T, CHEK2 c.470T > C, and CHEK2 c.1100delC, were observed in eleven (13.4%) individuals. Ten of these individuals (12.2%) had CHEK2 variants, c.470T > C and/or c.1100delC. Fourteen novel sequence alterations and nine individuals with more than one non-synonymous variant were identified. One of the novel variants, BRCA2 c.72A > T (Leu24Phe) was predicted to be likely pathogenic in silico. No large genomic rearrangements were detected in BRCA1/2 by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). CONCLUSIONS In this study, mutations in previously known breast cancer susceptibility genes can explain 13.4% of the analyzed high-risk BRCA1/2-negative HBOC individuals. CHEK2 mutations, c.470T > C and c.1100delC, make a considerable contribution (12.2%) to these high-risk individuals but further segregation analysis is needed to evaluate the clinical significance of these mutations before applying them in clinical use. Additionally, we identified novel variants that warrant additional studies. Our current genetic testing protocol for 28 Finnish BRCA1/2-founder mutations and protein truncation test (PTT) of the largest exons is sensitive enough for clinical use as a primary screening tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi M Kuusisto
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, Tampere, 33520, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 4, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Aleksandra Bebel
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, Tampere, 33520, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 4, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Satu-Leena Sallinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Outpatient Clinic, Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mosor M, Ziółkowska-Suchanek I, Roznowski K, Baranowska M, Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D, Nowak J. RAD50 gene mutations are not likely a risk factor for breast cancer in Poland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 123:607-9. [PMID: 20571869 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Cao AY, Hu Z, Yin WJ, Jin W, Shao ZM. Some common mutations of RAD50 and NBS1 in western populations do not contribute significantly to Chinese non-BRCA1/2 hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 121:247-9. [PMID: 19904603 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
In all living cells, DNA is constantly threatened by both endogenous and exogenous agents. In order to protect genetic information, all cells have developed a sophisticated network of proteins, which constantly monitor genomic integrity. This network, termed the DNA damage response, senses and signals the presence of DNA damage to effect numerous biological responses, including DNA repair, transient cell cycle arrests ("checkpoints") and apoptosis. The MRN complex (MRX in yeast), composed of Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 (Xrs2), is a key component of the immediate early response to DNA damage, involved in a cross-talk between the repair and checkpoint machinery. Using its ability to bind DNA ends, it is ideally placed to sense and signal the presence of double strand breaks and plays an important role in DNA repair and cellular survival. Here, we summarise recent observation on MRN structure, function, regulation and emerging mechanisms by which the MRN nano-machinery protects genomic integrity. Finally, we discuss the biological significance of the unique MRN structure and summarise the emerging sequence of early events of the response to double strand breaks orchestrated by the MRN complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rupnik
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hollestelle A, Wasielewski M, Martens JWM, Schutte M. Discovering moderate-risk breast cancer susceptibility genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:268-76. [PMID: 20346647 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To date, five moderate-risk breast cancer susceptibility genes have been convincingly identified: CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, PALB2, and NBS1. Moderate-risk breast cancer alleles confer increased breast cancer risks of two to fourfold compared to the 10% risk in the general population. In contrast to the high-risk BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, moderate-risk genes typically have a limited number of variants that confer breast cancer risks. The prevalence of the variants usually varies widely among different geographical or ethnic populations, ranging from essentially absent up to 1.5% (i.e. 'rare' variants). Since moderate-risk breast cancer alleles are clinically not recognizable when inherited as single mutant, one usually encounters them in a polygenic setting and consequently in incomplete cosegregation with the breast cancer phenotype. As a result, discovery of moderate-risk breast cancer genes requires conclusive statistical evidence from association studies of hundreds of breast cancer cases and population-matched controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Hollestelle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schuetz JM, MacArthur AC, Leach S, Lai AS, Gallagher RP, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Spinelli JJ, Brooks-Wilson AR. Genetic variation in the NBS1, MRE11, RAD50 and BLM genes and susceptibility to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMC Med Genet 2009; 10:117. [PMID: 19917125 PMCID: PMC2788526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translocations are hallmarks of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) genomes. Because lymphoid cell development processes require the creation and repair of double stranded breaks, it is not surprising that disruption of this type of DNA repair can cause cancer. The members of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex and BLM have central roles in maintenance of DNA integrity. Severe mutations in any of these genes cause genetic disorders, some of which are characterized by increased risk of lymphoma. METHODS We surveyed the genetic variation in these genes in constitutional DNA of NHL patients by means of gene re-sequencing, then conducted genetic association tests for susceptibility to NHL in a population-based collection of 797 NHL cases and 793 controls. RESULTS 114 SNPs were discovered in our sequenced samples, 61% of which were novel and not previously reported in dbSNP. Although four variants, two in RAD50 and two in NBS1, showed association results suggestive of an effect on NHL, they were not significant after correction for multiple tests. CONCLUSION These results suggest an influence of RAD50 and NBS1 on susceptibility to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma. Larger association and functional studies could confirm such a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Schuetz
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy C MacArthur
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Leach
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agnes S Lai
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Joseph M Connors
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John J Spinelli
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Angela R Brooks-Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Uhrhammer N, Delort L, Bignon YJ. Rad50 c.687delT does not contribute significantly to familial breast cancer in a French population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:684-5. [PMID: 19190165 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DNA repair genes are known for their association with hereditary breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the major genes for high-penetrance familial breast and ovarian cancer, whereas mutations in ATM or Chek2 confer more modest cancer risk. Additional genes involved in DNA double-strand break repair have more recently been associated with breast cancer risk: heterozygosity for deleterious mutations in components of the Rad50-Mre11-Nbs1 complex seems to predispose to breast cancer. In particular, the c.687delT mutation in Rad50 conferred an odds ratio of 4.3 for the risk of breast cancer in a study of Finnish breast cancer families. To explore the contribution of this mutation to breast cancer in French families for which no BRCA mutation could be found, we analyzed the relevant exon in 618 familial breast cancer cases and 513 controls with no personal or familial history of breast cancer. Rad50 was analyzed in its entirety for 231 familial cases, with no clearly deleterious mutations detected. These data together suggest that although founder mutations may make Rad50 a significant breast cancer risk factor in certain populations, it is not a factor in others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Uhrhammer
- Laboratoire Diagnostic Génétique et Moléculaire, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bartkova J, Tommiska J, Oplustilova L, Aaltonen K, Tamminen A, Heikkinen T, Mistrik M, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Heikkilä P, Lukas J, Nevanlinna H, Bartek J. Aberrations of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 DNA damage sensor complex in human breast cancer: MRE11 as a candidate familial cancer-predisposing gene. Mol Oncol 2008; 2:296-316. [PMID: 19383352 PMCID: PMC5527773 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1 genes encode proteins of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex critical for proper maintenance of genomic integrity and tumour suppression; however, the extent and impact of their cancer-predisposing defects, and potential clinical value remain to be determined. Here, we report that among a large series of approximately 1000 breast carcinomas, around 3%, 7% and 10% tumours showed aberrantly reduced protein expression for RAD50, MRE11 and NBS1, respectively. Such defects were more frequent among the ER/PR/ERBB2 triple-negative and higher-grade tumours, among familial (especially BRCA1/BRCA2-associated) rather than sporadic cases, and the NBS1 defects correlated with shorter patients' survival. The BRCA1-associated and ER/PR/ERBB2 triple-negative tumours also showed high incidence of constitutively active DNA damage signalling (gammaH2AX) and p53 aberrations. Sequencing the RAD50, MRE11 and NBS1 genes of 8 patients from non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer families whose tumours showed concomitant reduction/loss of all three MRN-complex proteins revealed two germline mutations in MRE11: a missense mutation R202G and a truncating mutation R633STOP (R633X). Gene transfer and protein analysis of cell culture models with mutant MRE11 implicated various destabilization patterns among the MRN complex proteins including NBS1, the abundance of which was restored by re-expression of wild-type MRE11. We propose that germline mutations qualify MRE11 as a novel candidate breast cancer susceptibility gene in a subset of non-BRCA1/2 families. Our data have implications for the concept of the DNA damage response as an intrinsic anti-cancer barrier, various components of which become inactivated during cancer progression and also represent the bulk of breast cancer susceptibility genes discovered to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jirina Bartkova
- Institute Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Tommiska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenka Oplustilova
- Institute Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kirsimari Aaltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anitta Tamminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Heikkinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jiri Lukas
- Institute Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Institute Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Institute Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bartkova J, Tommiska J, Oplustilova L, Aaltonen K, Tamminen A, Heikkinen T, Mistrik M, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Heikkilä P, Lukas J, Nevanlinna H, Bartek J. Aberrations of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 DNA damage sensor complex in human breast cancer: MRE11 as a candidate familial cancer-predisposing gene. Mol Oncol 2008. [PMID: 19383352 DOI: 10.1016/molonc.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1 genes encode proteins of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex critical for proper maintenance of genomic integrity and tumour suppression; however, the extent and impact of their cancer-predisposing defects, and potential clinical value remain to be determined. Here, we report that among a large series of approximately 1000 breast carcinomas, around 3%, 7% and 10% tumours showed aberrantly reduced protein expression for RAD50, MRE11 and NBS1, respectively. Such defects were more frequent among the ER/PR/ERBB2 triple-negative and higher-grade tumours, among familial (especially BRCA1/BRCA2-associated) rather than sporadic cases, and the NBS1 defects correlated with shorter patients' survival. The BRCA1-associated and ER/PR/ERBB2 triple-negative tumours also showed high incidence of constitutively active DNA damage signalling (gammaH2AX) and p53 aberrations. Sequencing the RAD50, MRE11 and NBS1 genes of 8 patients from non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer families whose tumours showed concomitant reduction/loss of all three MRN-complex proteins revealed two germline mutations in MRE11: a missense mutation R202G and a truncating mutation R633STOP (R633X). Gene transfer and protein analysis of cell culture models with mutant MRE11 implicated various destabilization patterns among the MRN complex proteins including NBS1, the abundance of which was restored by re-expression of wild-type MRE11. We propose that germline mutations qualify MRE11 as a novel candidate breast cancer susceptibility gene in a subset of non-BRCA1/2 families. Our data have implications for the concept of the DNA damage response as an intrinsic anti-cancer barrier, various components of which become inactivated during cancer progression and also represent the bulk of breast cancer susceptibility genes discovered to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jirina Bartkova
- Institute Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Hereditary breast cancer accounts for up to 5-10% of all breast carcinomas. Recent studies have demonstrated that mutations in two high-penetrance genes, namely BRCA1 and BRCA2, are responsible for about 16% of the familial risk of breast cancer. Even though subsequent studies have failed to find another high-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility gene, several genes that confer a moderate to low risk of breast cancer development have been identified; moreover, hereditary breast cancer can be part of multiple cancer syndromes. In this review we will focus on the hereditary breast carcinomas caused by mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, Fanconi anaemia (FANC) genes, CHK2 and ATM tumour suppressor genes. We describe the hallmark histological features of these carcinomas compared with non-hereditary breast cancers and show how an accurate histopathological diagnosis may help improve the identification of patients to be screened for mutations. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to treat patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ line mutations, including cross-linking agents and PARP inhibitors, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S P Tan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Campeau PM, Foulkes WD, Tischkowitz MD. Hereditary breast cancer: new genetic developments, new therapeutic avenues. Hum Genet 2008; 124:31-42. [PMID: 18575892 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Six genes confer a high risk for developing breast cancer (BRCA1/2, TP53, PTEN, STK11, CDH1). Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 have DNA repair functions, and BRCA1/2 deficient tumors are now being targeted by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Other genes conferring an increased risk for breast cancer include ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, BRIP1 and genome-wide association studies have identified lower penetrance alleles including FGFR2, a minor allele of which is associated with breast cancer. We review recent findings related to the function of some of these genes, and discuss how they can be targeted by various drugs. Gaining deeper insights in breast cancer susceptibility will improve our ability to identify those families at increased risk and permit the development of new and more specific therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M Campeau
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The genetic basis of inherited predisposition to breast cancer has been assiduously investigated for the past two decades and has been the subject of several recent discoveries. Three reasonably well-defined classes of breast cancer susceptibility alleles with different levels of risk and prevalence in the population have become apparent: rare high-penetrance alleles, rare moderate-penetrance alleles and common low-penetrance alleles. The contribution of each component to breast cancer predisposition is still to be fully explored, as are the phenotypic characteristics of the cancers associated with them, the ways in which they interact, much of their biology and their clinical utility. These recent advances herald a new chapter in the exploration of susceptibility to breast cancer and are likely to provide insights relevant to other common, heterogeneous diseases.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer has advanced significantly. Three classes of predisposition factors, categorized by their associated risks of breast cancer, are currently known. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are high-penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes identified by genome-wide linkage analysis and positional cloning. Mutational screening of genes functionally related to BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 has revealed four genes, CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, and PALB2; mutations in these genes are rare and confer an intermediate risk of breast cancer. Association studies have further identified eight common variants associated with low-penetrance breast cancer predisposition. Despite these discoveries, most of the familial risk of breast cancer remains unexplained. In this review, we describe the known genetic predisposition factors, expound on the methods by which they were identified, and consider how further technological and intellectual advances may assist in identifying the remaining genetic factors underlying breast cancer susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Turnbull
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ma Y, Qian Y, Wei L, Abraham J, Shi X, Castranova V, Harner EJ, Flynn DC, Guo L. Population-Based Molecular Prognosis of Breast Cancer by Transcriptional Profiling. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2014-22. [PMID: 17404081 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to predict breast cancer recurrence and metastases and to identify gene signatures indicative of clinicopathologic characteristics using gene expression patterns derived from cDNA microarray. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression profiles of 7,650 genes were investigated on an unselected group of 99 node-negative and node-positive breast cancer patients to identify prognostic gene signature of recurrence and metastases. The identified gene signature was validated on independent 78 patients with primary invasive carcinoma (T(1)/T(2) and N(0)) and on 58 patients with locally advanced breast cancer (T(3)/T(4) and/or N(2)). The gene predictors were identified using a combination of random forests and linear discriminant analysis function. RESULTS This study identified a new 28-gene signature that achieved highly accurate disease-free survival and overall survival (both at P < 0.001, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis) in individual breast cancer patients. Patients categorized into high-risk, intermediate-risk, and low-risk groups had distinct disease-free survival (P < 0.005, Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test) in three patient cohorts. A strong association (P < 0.05) was identified between risk groups and tumor size, tumor grade, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status, and HER2/neu overexpression in the studied cohorts. We also identified 14-gene predictors of nodal status and 9-gene predictors of tumor grade. CONCLUSIONS This study has established a population-based approach to predicting breast cancer outcomes at the individual level exclusively based on gene expression patterns. The 28-gene recurrence signature has been validated as quantifying the probability of recurrence and metastases in patients with heterogeneous histology and disease stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Department of Statistics, Division of Hematology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9300, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|