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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Godwin JS, Telles GD, Vechin FC, Conceição MS, Ugrinowitsch C, Roberts MD, Libardi CA. Time Course of Proteolysis Biomarker Responses to Resistance, High-Intensity Interval, and Concurrent Exercise Bouts. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2326-2332. [PMID: 37506190 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Godwin, JS, Telles, GD, Vechin, FC, Conceição, MS, Ugrinowitsch, C, Roberts, MD, and Libardi, CA. Time course of proteolysis biomarker responses to resistance, high-intensity interval, and concurrent exercise bouts. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2326-2332, 2023-Concurrent exercise (CE) combines resistance exercise (RE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in the same training routine, eliciting hypertrophy, strength, and cardiovascular benefits over time. Some studies suggest that CE training may hamper muscle hypertrophy and strength adaptations compared with RE training alone. However, the underlying mechanisms related to protein breakdown are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine how a bout of RE, HIIE, or CE affected ubiquitin-proteasome and calpain activity and the expression of a few associated genes, markers of skeletal muscle proteolysis. Nine untrained male subjects completed 1 bout of RE (4 sets of 8-12 reps), HIIE (12 × 1 minute sprints at V̇ o2 peak minimum velocity), and CE (RE followed by HIIE), in a crossover design, separated by 1-week washout periods. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before (Pre), immediately post, 4 hours (4 hours), and 8 hours (8 hours) after exercise. FBXO32 mRNA expression increased immediately after exercise (main time effect; p < 0.05), and RE and CE presented significant overall values compared with HIIE ( p < 0.05). There was a marginal time effect for calpain-2 mRNA expression ( p < 0.05), with no differences between time points ( p > 0.05). No significant changes occurred in TRIM63/MuRF-1 and FOXO3 mRNA expression, or 20S proteasome or calpain activities ( p > 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that 1 bout of CE does not promote greater changes in markers of skeletal muscle proteolysis compared with 1 bout of RE or HIIE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme D Telles
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Miguel S Conceição
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
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Pang X, Zhang P, Chen X, Liu W. Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in skeletal muscle atrophy. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1289537. [PMID: 38046952 PMCID: PMC10690626 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1289537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles underpin myriad human activities, maintaining an intricate balance between protein synthesis and degradation crucial to muscle mass preservation. Historically, disruptions in this balance-where degradation overshadows synthesis-have marked the onset of muscle atrophy, a condition diminishing life quality and, in grave instances, imperiling life itself. While multiple protein degradation pathways exist-including the autophagy-lysosome, calcium-dependent calpain, and cysteine aspartate protease systems-the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway emerges as an especially cardinal avenue for intracellular protein degradation, wielding pronounced influence over the muscle atrophy trajectory. This paper ventures a panoramic view of predominant muscle atrophy types, accentuating the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway's role therein. Furthermore, by drawing from recent scholarly advancements, we draw associations between the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and specific pathological conditions linked to muscle atrophy. Our exploration seeks to shed light on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway's significance in skeletal muscle dynamics, aiming to pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies against muscle atrophy and affiliated muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiangSheng Pang
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoPing Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - WenMing Liu
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue, able to change its mass and functional properties in response to several stimuli. Skeletal muscle mass is influenced by the balance between protein synthesis and breakdown, which is regulated by several signaling pathways. The relative contribution of Akt/mTOR signaling, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, autophagy among other signaling pathways to protein turnover and, therefore, to skeletal muscle mass, differs depending on the wasting or loading condition and muscle type. By modulating mitochondria biogenesis, PGC-1α has a major role in the cell's bioenergetic status and, thus, on protein turnover. In fact, rates of protein turnover regulate differently the levels of distinct protein classes in response to atrophic or hypertrophic stimuli. Mitochondrial protein turnover rates may be enhanced in wasting conditions, whereas the increased turnover of myofibrillar proteins triggers muscle mass gain. The present review aims to update the knowledge on the molecular pathways implicated in the regulation of protein turnover in skeletal muscle, focusing on how distinct muscle proteins may be modulated by lifestyle interventions with emphasis on exercise training. The comprehensive analysis of the anabolic effects of exercise programs will pave the way to the tailored management of muscle wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinho Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Kaspy MS, Hannaian SJ, Bell ZW, Churchward-Venne TA. The effects of branched-chain amino acids on muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein breakdown and associated molecular signalling responses in humans: an update. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37681443 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are three of the nine indispensable amino acids, and are frequently consumed as a dietary supplement by athletes and recreationally active individuals alike. The popularity of BCAA supplements is largely predicated on the notion that they can stimulate rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and suppress rates of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), the combination of which promotes a net anabolic response in skeletal muscle. To date, several studies have shown that BCAA (particularly leucine) increase the phosphorylation status of key proteins within the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in the regulation of translation initiation in human muscle. Early research in humans demonstrated that BCAA provision reduced indices of whole-body protein breakdown and MPB; however, there was no stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS. In contrast, recent work has demonstrated that BCAA intake can stimulate postprandial MPS rates at rest and can further increase MPS rates during recovery after a bout of resistance exercise. The purpose of this evidence-based narrative review is to critically appraise the available research pertaining to studies examining the effects of BCAA on MPS, MPB and associated molecular signalling responses in humans. Overall, BCAA can activate molecular pathways that regulate translation initiation, reduce indices of whole-body and MPB, and transiently stimulate MPS rates. However, the stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS rates is less than the response observed following ingestion of a complete protein source providing the full complement of indispensable amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Kaspy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Room D6 237.F, 1650 Cedar Avenue, H3G 1A4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mesquita PHC, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Sexton CL, McIntosh MC, Mueller BJ, Osburn SC, Mobley CB, Libardi CA, Young KC, Gladden LB, Roberts MD, Kavazis AN. Resistance training diminishes mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training in healthy untrained men. J Physiol 2023; 601:3825-3846. [PMID: 37470322 PMCID: PMC11062412 DOI: 10.1113/jp284822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training (RT) on the performance and molecular adaptations to a subsequent period of endurance training (ET). Twenty-five young adults were divided into an RT+ET group (n = 13), which underwent 7 weeks of RT followed by 7 weeks of ET, and an ET-only group (n = 12), which performed 7 weeks of ET. Body composition, endurance performance and muscle biopsies were collected before RT (T1, baseline for RT+ET), before ET (T2, after RT for RT+ET and baseline for ET) and after ET (T3). Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA), myonuclear content, myonuclear domain size, satellite cell number and mitochondrial content. Western blots were used to quantify markers of mitochondrial remodelling. Citrate synthase activity and markers of ribosome content were also investigated. RT improved body composition and strength, increased vastus lateralis thickness, mixed and type II fCSA, myonuclear number, markers of ribosome content, and satellite cell content (P < 0.050). In response to ET, both groups similarly decreased body fat percentage (P < 0.0001) and improved endurance performance (e.g.V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_2}\max }}$ , and speed at which the onset of blood lactate accumulation occurred, P < 0.0001). Levels of mitochondrial complexes I-IV in the ET-only group increased 32-66%, while those in the RT+ET group increased 1-11% (time, P < 0.050). Additionally, mixed fibre relative mitochondrial content increased 15% in the ET-only group but decreased 13% in the RT+ET group (interaction, P = 0.043). In conclusion, RT performed prior to ET had no additional benefits to ET adaptations. Moreover, prior RT seemed to impair mitochondrial adaptations to ET. KEY POINTS: Resistance training is largely underappreciated as a method to improve endurance performance, despite reports showing it may improve mitochondrial function. Although several concurrent training studies are available, in this study we investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training on the performance and molecular adaptations to subsequent endurance training. Prior resistance training did not improve endurance performance and impaired most mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training, but this effect may have been a result of detraining from resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- Biomedical Sciences, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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8
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Mesquita PHC, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Sexton CL, McIntosh MC, Mueller BJ, Osburn SC, Mobley CB, Libardi CA, Young KC, Gladden LB, Roberts MD, Kavazis AN. Resistance Training Diminishes Mitochondrial Adaptations to Subsequent Endurance Training. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.06.535919. [PMID: 37066356 PMCID: PMC10104141 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training (RT) on the performance and molecular adaptations to a subsequent period of endurance training (ET). Twenty-five young adults were divided into RT+ET (n=13), which underwent seven weeks of RT followed by seven weeks of ET, and ET-only (n=12), which performed seven weeks of ET. Body composition, endurance performance, and muscle biopsies were collected before RT (T1, baseline for RT+ET), before ET (T2, post RT for RT+ET and baseline for ET), and after ET (T3). Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), myonuclear content, myonuclear domain size, satellite cell number, and mitochondrial content. Western blots were used to quantify markers of mitochondrial remodeling. Citrate synthase activity and markers of ribosome content were also investigated. Resistance training improved body composition and strength, increased vastus lateralis thickness, mixed and type II fCSA, myonuclear number, markers of ribosome content, and satellite cell content (p<0.050). In response to ET, both groups similarly decreased body fat percentage and improved endurance performance (e.g., VO 2 max, and speed at which the onset of blood lactate accumulation occurred during the VO 2 max test). Levels of mitochondrial complexes I-IV in the ET-only group increased 32-66%, while the RT+ET group increased 1-11%. Additionally, mixed fiber relative mitochondrial content increased 15% in the ET-only group but decreased 13% in the RT+ET group. In conclusion, RT performed prior to ET had no additional benefits to ET adaptations. Moreover, prior RT seemed to impair mitochondrial adaptations to ET. KEY POINTS SUMMARY Resistance training is largely underappreciated as a method to improve endurance performance, despite reports showing it may improve mitochondrial function.Although several concurrent training studies are available, in this study we investigated the effects of performing a period resistance training on the performance and molecular adaptations to subsequent endurance training.Prior resistance training did not improve endurance performance and impaired most mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training, but that seemed to be a result of detraining from resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- Biomedical Sciences, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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Sadri H, Ghaffari MH, Sauerwein H. Invited review: Muscle protein breakdown and its assessment in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:822-842. [PMID: 36460512 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mobilization of body reserves including fat, protein, and glycogen is necessary to overcome phases of negative nutrient balance typical for high-yielding dairy cows during the periparturient period. Skeletal muscle, the largest internal organ in mammals, plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. However, unlike in liver and adipose tissue, the metabolic and regulatory role of skeletal muscle in the adaptation of dairy cows to the physiological needs of pregnancy and lactation has not been studied extensively. The functional integrity and quality of skeletal muscle are maintained through a constant turnover of protein, resulting from both protein breakdown and protein synthesis. Thus, muscle protein breakdown (MPB) and synthesis are intimately connected and tightly controlled to ensure proper protein homeostasis. Understanding the regulation of MPB, the catabolic component of muscle turnover, and its assessment are therefore important considerations to provide information about the timing and extent of tissue mobilization in periparturient dairy cows. Based on animal models and human studies, it is now evident that MPB occurs via the integration of 3 main systems: autophagy-lysosomal, calpain Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These 3 main systems are interconnected and do not work separately, and the regulation is complex. The ubiquitin-proteasomal system is the most well-known cellular proteolytic system and plays a fundamental role in muscle physiology. Complete degradation of a protein often requires a combination of the systems, depending on the physiological situation. Determination of MPB in dairy cows is technically challenging, resulting in a relative dearth of information. The methods for assessing MPB can be divided into either direct or indirect measurements, both having their strengths and limitations. Available information on the direct measures of MPB primarily comes from stable isotopic tracer methods and those of indirect measurements from assessing expression and activity measures of the components of the 3 MPB systems in muscle biopsy samples. Other indirect approaches (i.e., potential indicators of MPB), including ultrasound imaging and measuring metabolites from muscle degradation (i.e., 3-methylhistidine and creatinine), seem to be applicable methods and can provide useful information about the extent and timing of MPB. This review presents our current understanding, including methodological considerations, of the process of MPB in periparturient dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran; Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
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Vigers T, Vinovskis C, Li LP, Prasad P, Heerspink H, D'Alessandro A, Reisz JA, Piani F, Cherney DZ, van Raalte DH, Nadeau KJ, Pavkov ME, Nelson RG, Pyle L, Bjornstad P. Plasma levels of carboxylic acids are markers of early kidney dysfunction in young people with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:193-202. [PMID: 35507146 PMCID: PMC10182875 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared plasma metabolites of amino acid oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in youth with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and related the metabolites to glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and albuminuria. Metabolites associated with impaired kidney function may warrant future study as potential biomarkers or even future interventions to improve kidney bioenergetics. METHODS Metabolomic profiling of fasting plasma samples using a targeted panel of 644 metabolites and an untargeted panel of 19,777 metabolites was performed in 50 youth with T1DM ≤ 10 years and 20 controls. GFR and RPF were ascertained by iohexol and p-aminohippurate clearance, and albuminuria calculated as urine albumin to creatinine ratio. Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis and moderated t tests were used to identify metabolites associated with GFR and RPF. RESULTS Adolescents with and without T1DM were similar in age (16.1 ± 3.0 vs. 16.1 ± 2.9 years) and BMI (23.4 ± 5.1 vs. 22.7 ± 3.7 kg/m2), but those with T1DM had higher GFR (189 ± 40 vs. 136 ± 22 ml/min) and RPF (820 ± 125 vs. 615 ± 65 ml/min). Metabolites of amino acid oxidation and the TCA cycle were significantly lower in adolescents with T1DM vs. controls, and the measured metabolites were able to discriminate diabetes status with an AUC of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.93) and error rate of 0.21. Lower glycine (r:-0.33, q = 0.01), histidine (r:-0.45, q < 0.001), methionine (r: -0.29, q = 0.02), phenylalanine (r: -0.29, q = 0.01), serine (r: -0.42, q < 0.001), threonine (r: -0.28, q = 0.02), citrate (r: -0.35, q = 0.003), fumarate (r: -0.24, q = 0.04), and malate (r: -0.29, q = 0.02) correlated with higher GFR. Lower glycine (r: -0.28, q = 0.04), phenylalanine (r:-0.3, q = 0.03), fumarate (r: -0.29, q = 0.04), and malate (r: -0.5, q < 0.001) correlated with higher RPF. Lower histidine (r: -0.28, q = 0.02) was correlated with higher mean ACR. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, adolescents with relatively short T1DM duration exhibited lower plasma levels of carboxylic acids that associated with hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03618420 and NCT03584217 A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Vigers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, 13123 E 16th Ave, A036-B265, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Carissa Vinovskis
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lu-Ping Li
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Pottumarthi Prasad
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hiddo Heerspink
- Department Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Federica Piani
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Z Cherney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel H van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Meda E Pavkov
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, 13123 E 16th Ave, A036-B265, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Cheng KYK, Bao Z, Long Y, Liu C, Huang T, Cui C, Chow SKH, Wong RMY, Cheung WH. Sarcopenia and Ageing. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:95-120. [PMID: 37120466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal ageing is a major health challenge as muscles and bones constitute around 55-60% of body weight. Ageing muscles will result in sarcopenia that is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes. In recent years, a few consensus panels provide new definitions for sarcopenia. It was officially recognized as a disease in 2016 with an ICD-10-CM disease code, M62.84, in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). With the new definitions, there are many studies emerging to investigate the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, exploring new interventions to treat sarcopenia and evaluating the efficacy of combination treatments for sarcopenia. The scope of this chapter is to summarize and appraise the evidence in terms of (1) clinical signs, symptoms, screening, and diagnosis, (2) pathogenesis of sarcopenia with emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction, intramuscular fat infiltration and neuromuscular junction deterioration, and (3) current treatments with regard to physical exercises and nutritional supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Yu-Kin Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengyuan Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Long
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Kwoon-Ho Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Waskiw-Ford M, Hodson N, Fung HJW, West DWD, Apong P, Bashir R, Moore DR. Essential Amino Acid Ingestion Facilitates Leucine Retention and Attenuates Myofibrillar Protein Breakdown following Bodyweight Resistance Exercise in Young Adults in a Home-Based Setting. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36079790 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Home-based resistance exercise (RE) has become increasingly prevalent, but its effects on protein metabolism are understudied. We tested the effect of an essential amino acid formulation (EAA+: 9 g EAAs, 3 g leucine) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: 6 g BCAAs, 3 g leucine), relative to a carbohydrate (CHO) placebo, on exogenous leucine retention and myofibrillar protein breakdown following dynamic bodyweight RE in a home-based setting. Twelve recreationally active adults (nine male, three female) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with four trial conditions: (i) RE and EAA+ (EX-EAA+); (ii) RE and BCAAs (EX-BCAA); (iii) RE and CHO placebo (EX-CHO); and (iv) rest and CHO placebo (REST-CHO). Total exogenous leucine oxidation and retention (estimates of whole-body anabolism) and urinary 3-methylhistidine:creatinine ratio (3MH:Cr; estimate of muscle catabolism) were assessed over 5 h post-supplement. Total exogenous leucine oxidation and retention in EX-EAA+ and EX-BCAA did not significantly differ (p = 0.116) but were greater than EX-CHO (p < 0.01). There was a main effect of condition on urinary 3MH:Cr (p = 0.034), with post hoc analysis revealing a trend (p = 0.096) for reduced urinary 3MH:Cr with EX-EAA+ (32%) compared to EX-CHO. By direct comparison, urinary 3MH:Cr was significantly lower (23%) in EX-EAA+ than EX-BCAA (p = 0.026). In summary, the ingestion of EAA+ or BCAA provided leucine that was ~60% retained for protein synthesis following home-based bodyweight RE, but EAA+ most effectively attenuated myofibrillar protein breakdown.
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13
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Chen X, Wang Y, Liu M, Song X, Wang D, Zhang J. Network pharmacology-based analysis of the effects of puerarin on sarcopenia. Ann Transl Med 2022; 10:671. [PMID: 35845507 PMCID: PMC9279789 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background With the acceleration of population aging, sarcopenia will place a heavy burden on families and society. Thus, effective treatments urgently need to be developed to slow down the development of sarcopenia. This study adopted a network pharmacological approach to explore the possible mechanisms of puerarin in treating sarcopenia. Methods The potential therapeutic targets of puerarin were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) database, while the targets of sarcopenia were obtained from the GeneCards, DisGeNET, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), and Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) databases. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated by BisoGenet, and core targets were identified by a topological analysis. To determine the potential targeting pathways, the core targets were further imported into the Metascape platform for the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. The results were visualized using an online bioinformatics tool. Results We identified 53 targets for puerarin and 129 targets for sarcopenia. A total of 206 core targets, which were considered potential therapeutic targets, were identified from the merged PPI network. Further, the GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the functions of the core targets and related pathways were mainly associated with the cell cycle, apoptosis, protein synthesis, and proteolysis. Conclusions Puerarin has the potential to treat sarcopenia through the regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and protein homeostasis. Our study has laid a foundation for further studies on drug development and pharmacological experiments in the treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meige Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Song
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Sun M, Jiao H, Wang X, Li H, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Lin H. The regulating pathway of creatine on muscular protein metabolism depends on the energy state. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1022-C1035. [PMID: 35417269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00447.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is beneficial for increasing muscle mass and preventing muscle atrophy via involving in energy metabolism through the Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr) system. This study aimed to evaluate the supplemental effect of Cr on protein metabolism under normal and starvation conditions. The primary myoblasts were obtained from the breast muscle of chicks. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/P70S6 kinase (P70S6K), ubiquitin proteasome (UP) pathways, and mitochondrial function of myotubes were evaluated at normal or starvation state and with or without glucose supplementation. Under normal condition, Cr supplementation enhanced protein synthesis rate as well as upregulated the total and phosphorylated P70S6K expressions. Cr had little influence on protein catabolism, and mitochondrial function. In a starvation state, however, Cr alleviated myotube atrophy and enhanced protein accretion by inhibiting Atrogin1 and myostatin (MSTN) expression. Furthermore, Cr treatment upregulated the transcriptional coactivators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under starvation condition. In the presence of glucose, however, the favorable effect of Cr on protein content and myotube diameter did not occur under starvation condition. The present result indicates that at normal state, Cr stimulated protein synthesis via the mTOR/P70S6K pathway. In a starvation state, Cr mainly take a favorable effect on protein accumulation via suppression of UP pathway and mediated mitochondrial function mainly by serving as an energy supplier. The result highlights the potential clinical application for the modulation of muscle mass under different nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfa Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunlei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
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15
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Roth C, Schoenfeld BJ, Behringer M. Lean mass sparing in resistance-trained athletes during caloric restriction: the role of resistance training volume. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1129-1151. [PMID: 35146569 PMCID: PMC9012799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many sports employ caloric restriction (CR) to reduce athletes’ body mass. During these phases, resistance training (RT) volume is often reduced to accommodate recovery demands. Since RT volume is a well-known anabolic stimulus, this review investigates whether a higher training volume helps to spare lean mass during CR. A total of 15 studies met inclusion criteria. The extracted data allowed calculation of total tonnage lifted (repetitions × sets × intensity load) or weekly sets per muscle group for only 4 of the 15 studies, with RT volume being highly dependent on the examined muscle group as well as weekly training frequency per muscle group. Studies involving high RT volume programs (≥ 10 weekly sets per muscle group) revealed low-to-no (mostly female) lean mass loss. Additionally, studies increasing RT volume during CR over time appeared to demonstrate no-to-low lean mass loss when compared to studies reducing RT volume. Since data regarding RT variables applied were incomplete in most of the included studies, evidence is insufficient to conclude that a higher RT volume is better suited to spare lean mass during CR, although data seem to favor higher volumes in female athletes during CR. Moreover, the data appear to suggest that increasing RT volume during CR over time might be more effective in ameliorating CR-induced atrophy in both male and female resistance-trained athletes when compared to studies reducing RT volume. The effects of CR on lean mass sparing seem to be mediated by training experience, pre-diet volume, and energy deficit, with, on average, women tending to spare more lean mass than men. Potential explanatory mechanisms for enhanced lean mass sparing include a preserved endocrine milieu as well as heightened anabolic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roth
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - B J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Behringer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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16
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Hartono FA, Martin-Arrowsmith PW, Peeters WM, Churchward-Venne TA. The Effects of Dietary Protein Supplementation on Acute Changes in Muscle Protein Synthesis and Longer-Term Changes in Muscle Mass, Strength, and Aerobic Capacity in Response to Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:1295-1328. [PMID: 35113389 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging in both resistance and endurance exercise within the same training program, termed 'concurrent exercise training,' is common practice in many athletic disciplines that require a combination of strength and endurance and is recommended by a number of organizations to improve muscular and cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of chronic metabolic disease. Dietary protein ingestion supports skeletal muscle remodeling after exercise by stimulating the synthesis of muscle proteins and can optimize resistance exercise-training mediated increases in skeletal muscle size and strength; however, the effects of protein supplementation on acute and longer-term adaptive responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise are unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of dietary protein supplementation on acute changes in muscle protein synthesis and longer-term changes in muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity in responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in five databases: Scopus, Embase, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science. Acute and longer-term controlled trials involving concurrent exercise and protein supplementation in healthy adults (ages 18-65 years) were included in this systematic review. Main outcomes of interest were changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle mass, muscle strength, and whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., maximal/peak aerobic capacity [VO2max/peak]). The quality of studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment for Controlled Intervention Studies. RESULTS Four acute studies including 84 trained young males and ten longer-term studies including 167 trained and 391 untrained participants fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All included acute studies demonstrated that protein ingestion enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, but not mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery after an acute bout of concurrent exercise. Of the included longer-term training studies, five out of nine reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle mass, while five out of nine studies reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle strength and/or power. In terms of aerobic adaptations, all six included studies reported no effect of protein supplementation on concurrent training-mediated increases in VO2max/peak. CONCLUSION Protein ingestion after an acute bout of concurrent exercise further increases myofibrillar, but not mitochondrial, protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery. There is some evidence that protein supplementation during longer-term training further enhances concurrent training-mediated increases in skeletal muscle mass and strength/power, but not whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., VO2max/peak).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick W Martin-Arrowsmith
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada
| | - Wouter M Peeters
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sports Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Ding Y, Haks MC, Forn-Cuní G, He J, Nowik N, Harms AC, Hankemeier T, Eeza MNH, Matysik J, Alia A, Spaink HP. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of adult mice and larval zebrafish leptin mutants reveal a common pattern of changes in metabolites and signaling pathways. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:126. [PMID: 34233759 PMCID: PMC8265131 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism and cross talks between leptin and metabolic pathways leading to metabolic homeostasis across different species are not clear. This study aims to explore the effects of leptin in mice and zebrafish larvae by integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Different metabolomic approaches including mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution magic-angle-spinning NMR spectrometry were used to investigate the metabolic changes caused by leptin deficiency in mutant ob/ob adult mice and lepb-/- zebrafish larvae. For transcriptome studies, deep RNA sequencing was used. RESULTS Thirteen metabolites were identified as common biomarkers discriminating ob/ob mice and lepb-/- zebrafish larvae from their respective wild type controls: alanine, citrulline, ethanolamine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, putrescine, serine and threonine. Moreover, we also observed that glucose and lipid levels were increased in lepb-/- zebrafish larvae compared to the lepb+/+ group. Deep sequencing showed that many genes involved in proteolysis and arachidonic acid metabolism were dysregulated in ob/ob mice heads and lepb mutant zebrafish larvae compared to their wild type controls, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Leptin deficiency leads to highly similar metabolic alterations in metabolites in both mice and zebrafish larvae. These metabolic changes show similar features as observed during progression of tuberculosis in human patients, mice and zebrafish larvae. In addition, by studying the transcriptome, we found similar changes in gene regulation related to proteolysis and arachidonic acid metabolism in these two different in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Forn-Cuní
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Junling He
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Nowik
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Amy C Harms
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Muhamed N H Eeza
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Alia
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Atolani O, Ravichandran R, Banerjee P, Preissner R, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. L-leucine stimulation of glucose uptake and utilization involves modulation of glucose - lipid metabolic switch and improved bioenergetic homeostasis in isolated rat psoas muscle ex vivo. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1135-1151. [PMID: 34152488 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The antidiabetic effect of l-leucine has been attributed to its modulatory effect on glucose uptake and lipid metabolism in muscles. However, there is a dearth on its effect on glucose metabolism in muscles. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of l-leucine - stimulated glucose uptake on glucose metabolism, dysregulated lipid metabolic pathways, redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, and proteolysis in isolated psoas muscle from Sprague Dawley male rats. Isolated psoas muscles were incubated with l-leucine (30-240 μg/mL) in the presence of 11.1 mMol glucose at 37 ˚C for 2 h. Muscles incubated in only glucose served as the control, while muscles not incubated in l-leucine and/or glucose served as the normal control. Metformin (6.04 mM) was used as the standard antidiabetic drug. Incubation with l-leucine caused a significant increase in muscle glucose uptake, with an elevation of glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, E-NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase activities. It also led to the depletion of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, ATPase, chymotrypsin, acetylcholinesterase, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and lipase activities. There was an alteration in lipid metabolites, with concomitant activation of glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and fatty acid elongation in mitochondria in the glucose-incubated muscle (negative control). Incubation with l-leucine reversed these alterations, and concomitantly deactivated the pathways. These results indicate that l-leucine-enhanced muscle glucose uptake involves improved redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, with concomitant suppressed proteolytic, glycogenolytic and gluconeogenetic activities, while modulating glucose - lipid metabolic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | | | - Rahul Ravichandran
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Institute for Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute for Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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19
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Kotani T, Takegaki J, Tamura Y, Kouzaki K, Nakazato K, Ishii N. The effect of repeated bouts of electrical stimulation-induced muscle contractions on proteolytic signaling in rat skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14842. [PMID: 33991444 PMCID: PMC8123562 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a central role in muscle protein synthesis and repeated bouts of resistance exercise (RE) blunt mTORC1 activation. However, the changes in the proteolytic signaling when recurrent RE bouts attenuate mTORC1 activation are unclear. Using a RE model of electrically stimulated rat skeletal muscle, this study aimed to clarify the effect of repeated RE bouts on acute proteolytic signaling, particularly the calpain, autophagy‐lysosome, and ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway. p70S6K and rpS6 phosphorylation, indicators of mTORC1 activity, were attenuated by repeated RE bouts. Calpain 3 protein was decreased at 6 h post‐RE in all exercised groups regardless of the bout number. Microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta‐II, an indicator of autophagosome formation, was increased at 3 h and repeated RE bouts increased at 6 h, post‐RE. Ubiquitinated proteins were increased following RE, but these increases were independent of the number of RE bouts. These results suggest that the magnitude of autophagosome formation was increased following RE when mTORC1 activity was attenuated with repeated bouts of RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Kotani
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Takegaki
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokata Ishii
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Yasuda J, Gomi T, Kotemori A, Yokoyama Y, Yoshizaki T, Hida A, Tada Y, Katsumata Y, Kawano Y. Breakfast before resistance exercise lessens urinary markers of muscle protein breakdown in young men: A crossover trial. Nutrition 2020; 83:111088. [PMID: 33418493 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skipping breakfast prolongs the fasting state initiated after the last meal consumed the previous day and can have negative effects on muscle protein balance. The aim of this crossover trial was to examine the effects of skipping breakfast before a single bout of resistance exercise (RE) on muscle protein breakdown (MPB), as assessed using the urinary 3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratio (3-MH/Cr). METHODS Thirteen healthy young men, who habitually consumed breakfast (21.8 ± 1.1 y of age), were assigned to eating breakfast (EB) and skipping breakfast (SB) conditions. Participants consumed meat-free diets throughout the 5-d experiment. On day 5, individuals in the EB group consumed breakfast (497 kcal) 2.5 h before RE (75% repetition maximum), whereas those in the SB group consumed the same meal after dinner. RESULTS In the two-way analysis of variance, significant interactions were observed with blood insulin and free fatty acid levels, and the 3-MH/Cr ratio (P < 0.05). We confirmed a significantly greater decrease in the insulin level pre-RE (P < 0.001; d = 3.281), and increases in the free fatty acid level pre-RE (P < 0.001; d = 1.437) and post-RE (P = 0.013; d = 0.811) and the 3-MH/Cr ratio 6 (P < 0.001; d = 0.878) and 8 h (P < 0.001; d = 0.634) post-RE in the SB condition than in the EB condition. CONCLUSION Eating breakfast before RE can be beneficial for MPB suppression. The importance of breakfast consumption in terms of positive muscle protein balance is emphasized on sports fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yasuda
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunosuke Gomi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Physical Education and Medicine Research Center UNNAN, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kotemori
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Yokoyama
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Azumi Hida
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tada
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Katsumata
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Kawano
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hinde KL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Wardle SL. Measuring Protein Turnover in the Field: Implications for Military Research. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:887-896. [PMID: 33079983 PMCID: PMC8166569 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein turnover reflects the continual synthesis and breakdown of body proteins, and can be measured at a whole-body (i.e. aggregated across all body proteins) or tissue (e.g. skeletal muscle only) level using stable isotope methods. Evaluating protein turnover in free-living environments, such as military training, can help inform protein requirements. We undertook a narrative review of published literature with the aim of reviewing the suitability of, and advancements in, stable isotope methods for measuring protein turnover in field research. The 2 primary approaches for measuring protein turnover are based on precursor- and end-product methods. The precursor method is the gold-standard for measuring acute (over several hours) skeletal muscle protein turnover, whereas the end-product method measures chronic (over several weeks) skeletal muscle protein turnover and provides the opportunity to monitor free-living activities. Both methods require invasive procedures such as the infusion of amino acid tracers and muscle biopsies to assess the uptake of the tracer into tissue. However, the end-product method can also be used to measure acute (over 9-24 h) whole-body protein turnover noninvasively by ingesting 15N-glycine, or equivalent isotope tracers, and collecting urine samples. The end-product method using 15N-glycine is a practical method for measuring whole-body protein turnover in the field over short (24 h) time frames and has been used effectively in recent military field research. Application of this method may improve our understanding of protein kinetics during conditions of high physiological stress in free-living environments such as military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Hinde
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Kim DH, Klemp A, Salazar G, Hwang HS, Yeh M, Panton LB, Kim JS. High-dose vitamin D administration and resistance exercise training attenuate the progression of obesity and improve skeletal muscle function in obese p62-deficient mice. Nutr Res 2020; 84:14-24. [PMID: 33199033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) possesses antiadipogenic and ergogenic properties that could be effective to counteract obesity-related adverse health consequences. Therefore, our overall hypothesis was that VitD could ameliorate obesity-induced insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and loss of skeletal muscle mass and function in an obesity animal model, p62-deficient mice. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that resistance exercise training (RT) could enhance the benefits of VitD by upregulating protein expression of vitamin D receptor in skeletal muscle. Forty 24-week-old male p62-deficient mice were assigned to the following 4 groups (10/group) for a 10-week intervention: control (p62C, no treatment), VitD (VD, 1000 IU vitamin D3/kg/d), RT (ladder climbing, 3 times per week), or combined treatment (VRT, VD + RT). Serum VitD levels increased in VD and VRT (P < .05). Total body mass increased in p62C, VD, and VRT, but fat mass increased only in p62C (P < .05). Loss of skeletal muscle function was reported only in p62C (P < .05). Improved blood glucose levels and lower spleen mass were reported in RT and VRT compared to p62C (P < .05). However, the hindlimb muscle wet weights; myofiber cross-sectional area; and expression levels of the regulatory proteins for insulin signaling, inflammation, and muscle growth were not changed by any intervention. In conclusion, VitD administration attenuated the progression of obesity and preserved skeletal muscle function in p62-deficient mice. However, the obese mice improved systemic insulin sensitivity and inflammation only when the intervention involved RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306; The Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Alex Klemp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306; The Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Gloria Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306; The Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Hyun-Seok Hwang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Mingchia Yeh
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306; The Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Lynn B Panton
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306; The Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Jeong-Su Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306; The Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306.
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Zeitz JO, Käding SC, Niewalda IR, Most E, Dorigam JCDP, Eder K. The influence of dietary leucine above recommendations and fixed ratios to isoleucine and valine on muscle protein synthesis and degradation pathways in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6772-6786. [PMID: 31250025 PMCID: PMC8913973 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of leucine (Leu) above actual recommendations activates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation pathways on the molecular level and supports higher muscle growth in broilers. Day-old male Cobb-500 broilers (n = 180) were allotted to 3 groups and phase-fed 3 different corn-wheat-soybean meal-based basal diets during periods 1 to 10, 11 to 21, and 22 to 35 D. The control group (L0) received the basal diet which met the broiler's requirements of nutrients and amino acids for maintenance and growth. Groups L1 and L2 received basal diets supplemented with Leu to exceed recommendations by 35 and 60%, respectively, and isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) were supplemented to keep Leu: Ile and Leu: Val ratios fixed. Samples of liver and breast muscle and pancreas were collected on days 10, 21, and 35. The gene expression and abundance of total and phosphorylated proteins involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway of protein synthesis, in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy-lysosomal pathway of protein degradation, in the general control nonderepressible 2/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A pathway involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis, and in the myostatin-Smad2/3 pathway involved in myogenesis were evaluated in the muscle, as well as expression of genes involved in the growth hormone axis. Growth performance, feed intake, the feed conversion ratio, and carcass weights did not differ between the 3 groups (P > 0.05). Plasma concentrations of Leu, Ile, and Val and of their keto acids, and the activity of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase in the pancreas increased dose dependently with increasing dietary Leu concentrations. In the breast muscle, relative mRNA abundances of genes and phosphorylation of selected proteins involved in all investigated pathways were largely uninfluenced by dietary Leu supplementation (P > 0.05). In summary, these data indicate that excess dietary Leu concentrations do not influence protein synthesis or degradation pathways, and subsequently do not increase muscle growth in broilers at fixed ratios to Ile and Val.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna O Zeitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stella-Christin Käding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ines R Niewalda
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Crossland H, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Wilkinson DJ. A novel stable isotope tracer method to simultaneously quantify skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. Metabol Open 2020; 5:100022. [PMID: 32494771 PMCID: PMC7259457 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Methodological challenges have been associated with the dynamic measurement of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), as have the measurement of both muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and MPB within the same experiment. Our aim was to use the transmethylation properties of methionine as proof-of-concept to measure rates of MPB via its methylation of histidine within skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins, whilst simultaneously utilising methionine incorporation into bound protein to measure MPS. Results During the synthesis measurement period, incorporation of methyl[D3]-13C-methionine into cellular protein in C2C12 myotubes was observed (representative of MPS), alongside an increase in the appearance of methyl[D3]-methylhistidine into the media following methylation of histidine (representative of MPB). For further validation of this approach, fractional synthetic rates (FSR) of muscle protein were increased following treatment of the cells with the anabolic factors insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin, while dexamethasone expectedly reduced MPS. Conversely, rates of MPB were reduced with IGF-1 and insulin treatments, whereas dexamethasone accelerated MPB. Conclusions This is a novel stable isotope tracer approach that permits the dual assessment of muscle cellular protein synthesis and breakdown rates, through the provision of a single methionine amino acid tracer that could be utilised in a wide range of biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Crossland
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
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25
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Ribeiro AS, Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ, Aguiar AF, Cyrino ES. Effects of Different Dietary Energy Intake Following Resistance Training on Muscle Mass and Body Fat in Bodybuilders: A Pilot Study. J Hum Kinet 2019; 70:125-34. [PMID: 31915482 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different amounts of energy intake in combination with progressive resistance training on muscle mass and body fat in bodybuilders. Eleven male bodybuilders (26.8 ± 2.3 years, 90.1 ± 9.7 kg, and 176.9 ± 7.1 cm) were randomly assigned into one of two groups: a group that ingested higher amounts of energy (G1, 67.5 ± 1.7 kcal/kg/d, n = 6), and a group that ingested moderate amounts of energy (G2, 50.1 ± 0.51 kcal/kg/d, n = 5). Both groups performed resistance training 6 days per week over a 4-week study period. Measures of body composition were assessed before and after the intervention period. For body fat, only the G1 presented significant changes from pre- to post-training (G1 = +7.4% vs. G2 = +0.8%). For muscle mass, both groups showed significant increases after the intervention period, with G1 presenting a greater increase compared to G2 (G1 = +2.7% vs. G2 = +1.1%). Results suggest that greater energy intake in combination with resistance training induces greater increases in both muscle mass and body fat in competitive male bodybuilders.
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Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional regimen characterized by a high-fat and an adequate protein content and a very low carbohydrate level (less than 20 g per day or 5% of total daily energy intake). The insufficient level of carbohydrates forces the body to primarily use fat instead of sugar as a fuel source. Due to its characteristic, KD has often been used to treat metabolic disorders, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle constitutes 40% of total body mass and is one of the major sites of glucose disposal. KD is a well-defined approach to induce weight loss, with its role in muscle adaptation and muscle hypertrophy less understood. Considering this lack of knowledge, the aim of this review was to examine the scientific evidence about the effects of KD on muscle hypertrophy. We first described the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy per se, and secondly, we discussed the characteristics and the metabolic function of KD. Ultimately, we provided the potential mechanism that could explain the influence of KD on skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Zeitz JO, Käding SC, Niewalda IR, Machander V, de Paula Dorigam JC, Eder K. Effects of leucine supplementation on muscle protein synthesis and degradation pathways in broilers at constant dietary concentrations of isoleucine and valine. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:75-87. [PMID: 30821190 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1583519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the hypothesis that dietary concentrations of leucine (Leu) in excess of the breeder´s recommendations activates protein synthesis and decreases protein degradation in muscle of broilers. Day-old male Ross 308 broilers (n = 450) were phase-fed corn-soybean meal-based diets during starter (d 1-10), grower (d 11-22), and finisher (d 23-34) period. The basal diets fed to the control group (L0) met the broilers' requirements for nutrients and amino acids, and contained Leu, Leu:isoleucine (Ile) and Leu:valine (Val) ratios, close to those recommended by the breeder (Leu:Ile: 100:54, 100:52, 100:51; Leu:Val 100:64, 100:61, 100:58; in starter, grower and finisher diet, resp.). Basal diets were supplemented with Leu to exceed the breeder's recommendations by 35% (group L35) and 60% (group L60). Growth performance during 34 d, and carcass weights, and breast and thigh muscle weights on d 34 were similar among groups. Hepatic and muscle mRNA levels of genes involved in the somatotropic axis [growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein 2, IGF receptor] on d 34 were not influenced by Leu. In the breast muscle, relative mRNA abundances of genes involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway of protein synthesis (mTOR, ribosomal p70 S6 kinase) and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of protein degradation (F-box only protein 32, Forkhead box protein O1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1) on d 34 were largely similar among groups. Likewise, relative phosphorylation and thus activation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 involved in the mTOR pathway, and of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (eIF2a) involved in the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)/eIF2a pathway of protein synthesis inhibition, were not influenced. These data indicate that dietary Leu concentrations exceeding the broiler´s requirements up to 60% neither influence protein synthesis nor degradation pathways nor muscle growth in growing broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna O Zeitz
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Stella-Christin Käding
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Ines R Niewalda
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Eder
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology , University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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Millward DJ, Smith K. The application of stable-isotope tracers to study human musculoskeletal protein turnover: a tale of bag filling and bag enlargement. J Physiol 2019; 597:1235-1249. [PMID: 30097998 PMCID: PMC6395420 DOI: 10.1113/jp275430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional regulation of protein and amino acid balance in human skeletal muscle carried out by the authors with Mike Rennie is reviewed in the context of a simple physiological model for the regulation of the maintenance and growth of skeletal muscle, the "Bag Theory". Beginning in London in the late 1970s the work has involved the use of stable isotopes to probe muscle protein synthesis and breakdown with two basic experimental models, primed-dose continuous tracer infusions combined with muscle biopsies and arterio-venous (A-V) studies across a limb, most often the leg, allowing both protein synthesis and breakdown as well as net balance to be measured. In this way, over a 30 year period, the way in which amino acids and insulin mediate the anabolic effect of a meal has been elaborated in great detail confirming the original concepts of bag filling within the muscle endomysial "bag", which is limited by the "bag" size unless bag enlargement occurs requiring new collagen synthesis. Finally we briefly review some new developments involving 2 H2 O labelling of muscle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences and MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchNational Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Ken Smith
- Department of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences and MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchNational Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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29
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Carbone JW, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Recent Advances in the Characterization of Skeletal Muscle and Whole-Body Protein Responses to Dietary Protein and Exercise during Negative Energy Balance. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:70-79. [PMID: 30596808 PMCID: PMC6370268 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In a review published in 2012, we concluded that higher-protein diets preserve muscle mass during energy deficit via stimulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling, coincident increased muscle protein synthesis (PS), inhibited ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and suppressed muscle protein breakdown (PB). Since then, there have been significant advances in understanding the fundamental effects of higher-protein diets, with or without exercise training, on muscle and whole-body protein homeostasis during negative energy balance. Therefore, an update on the evolution of this field of research is warranted to better inform recommendations on best practices for healthy weight loss and muscle preservation. We will review the most recent studies examining the effects of higher-protein diets and negative energy balance on body composition, muscle PS, muscle PB, associated intracellular regulatory pathway activities, and whole-body protein homeostasis. In addition to critically analyzing contemporary findings, knowledge gaps and opportunities for continued research will be identified. Overall, the newest research confirms that consuming higher-protein diets, particularly when coupled with resistance exercise, preserves muscle mass and maintains whole-body protein homeostasis during moderate energy deficits (i.e., normal weight loss). However, these newer findings also indicate that as the magnitude of energy deficit increases, the efficacy of higher-protein diets for mitigating losses of fat-free mass is diminished. Further, recent results suggest that alterations in muscle PS, more so than muscle PB, may be primarily responsible for changes in muscle mass that occur in response to negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI,Address correspondence to JWC (e-mail: )
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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Zeitz JO, Mohrmann S, Käding SC, Devlikamov M, Niewalda I, Whelan R, Helmbrecht A, Eder K. Effects of methionine on muscle protein synthesis and degradation pathways in broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:191-203. [PMID: 30460727 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that supplementation of methionine (Met) to broiler diets increases muscle growth due to regulation of molecular pathways related to protein synthesis and degradation depending on the Met source. Day-old male Cobb-500 broilers (n = 240) were phase-fed three different wheat-soya bean meal-based basal diets during days 1-10, 11-21 and 22-35. Basal diets (Met- group, Met + Cys concentration 15% below NRC recommendations) were supplemented with 0.10% or 0.40% Met either as DL-Met (DLM) or DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA) (equimolar comparison). Breast muscle weights were lower in the Met- group compared to all Met-supplemented groups and were lower in broilers supplemented with 0.10% of DL-HMTBA compared to the other groups fed Met-supplemented diets. However, the expression of genes or relative phosphorylation and thus activation state of proteins involved in the somatotropic axis, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway of protein synthesis, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and autophagy-lysosomal pathway of protein degradation, the GCN2/eIF2a pathway involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis and in the myostatin-Smad2/3 pathway involved in myogenesis were not affected by Met source. Feeding diets with suboptimum Met + Cys concentrations, however, decreased expression of GHR and IGF1 in liver and muscle and increased that of MURF1 involved in the UPP in the broiler's muscle at day 10 and 21, while that of FOXO and atrogin-1 and FOXO phosphorylation remained unaffected. Additionally, suboptimum dietary Met concentrations increased expression of the autophagy-related genes ATG5 and BECN1 at day 35. Met supplementation neither affected gene expression nor phosphorylation of proteins involved in the GNC2/eIF2a and mTOR pathways. These data indicate that protein synthesis was not affected on the molecular level, while protein degradation was marginally affected by dietary Met dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna O Zeitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Mohrmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stella C Käding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Murat Devlikamov
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ines Niewalda
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rose Whelan
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is an important metabolic component of muscle remodeling, adaptation to training, and increasing muscle mass. Degradation of muscle proteins occurs via the integration of three main systems—autophagy and the calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems. These systems do not operate independently, and the regulation is complex. Complete degradation of a protein requires some combination of the systems. Determination of MPB in humans is technically challenging, leading to a relative dearth of information. Available information on the dynamic response of MPB primarily comes from stable isotopic methods with expression and activity measures providing complementary information. It seems clear that resistance exercise increases MPB, but not as much as the increase in muscle protein synthesis. Both hyperaminoacidemia and hyperinsulinemia inhibit the post-exercise response of MPB. Available data do not allow a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms behind these responses. Practical nutrition recommendations for interventions to suppress MPB following exercise are often made. However, it is likely that some degree of increased MPB following exercise is an important component for optimal remodeling. At this time, it is not possible to determine the impact of nutrition on any individual muscle protein. Thus, until we can develop and employ better methods to elucidate the role of MPB following exercise and the response to nutrition, recommendations to optimize post exercise nutrition should focus on the response of muscle protein synthesis. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the state of knowledge, including methodological considerations, of the response of MPB to exercise and nutrition in humans.
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Granata C, Jamnick NA, Bishop DJ. Training-Induced Changes in Mitochondrial Content and Respiratory Function in Human Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2018; 48:1809-28. [PMID: 29934848 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle has been linked to a number of metabolic disorders that have been associated with sub-optimal mitochondrial characteristics and an increased risk of premature death. Endurance training can induce an increase in mitochondrial content and/or mitochondrial functional qualities, which are associated with improved health and well-being and longer life expectancy. It is therefore important to better define how manipulating key parameters of an endurance training intervention can influence the content and functionality of the mitochondrial pool. This review focuses on mitochondrial changes taking place following a series of exercise sessions (training-induced mitochondrial adaptations), providing an in-depth analysis of the effects of exercise intensity and training volume on changes in mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function. We provide evidence that manipulation of different exercise training variables promotes specific and diverse mitochondrial adaptations. Specifically, we report that training volume may be a critical factor affecting changes in mitochondrial content, whereas relative exercise intensity is an important determinant of changes in mitochondrial respiratory function. As a consequence, a dissociation between training-induced changes in mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function is often observed. We also provide evidence that exercise-induced changes are not necessarily predictive of training-induced adaptations, we propose possible explanations for the above discrepancies and suggestions for future research.
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Francaux M, Deldicque L. Exercise and the control of muscle mass in human. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:397-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schmitt A, Haug AL, Schlegel F, Fragasso A, Munz B. Effects of 10 weeks of regular running exercise with and without parallel PDTC treatment on expression of genes encoding sarcomere-associated proteins in murine skeletal muscle. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:1041-1054. [PMID: 29797237 PMCID: PMC6111093 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise can induce various adaptation reactions in skeletal muscle tissue, such as sarcomere remodeling. The latter involves degradation of damaged sarcomere components, as well as de novo protein synthesis and sarcomere assembly. These processes are controlled by specific protease systems in parallel with molecular chaperones that assist in folding of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and their incorporation into sarcomeres. Since acute exercise induces oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to activation of the transcription factor NFκB (nuclear factor kappa B), we speculated that this transcription factor might also play a role in the regulation of long-term adaptation to regular exercise. Thus, we studied skeletal muscle adaptation to running exercise in a murine model system, with and without parallel treatment with the NFκB-inhibitory, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drug pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). In control mice, 10 weeks of uphill (15° incline) treadmill running for 60 min thrice a week at a final speed of 14 m/min had differential, but only minor effects on many genes encoding molecular chaperones for sarcomere proteins, and/or factors involved in the degradation of the latter. Furthermore, there were marked differences between individual muscles. PDTC treatment modulated gene expression patterns as well, both in sedentary and exercising mice; however, most of these effects were also modest and there was little effect of PDTC treatment on exercise-induced changes in gene expression. Taken together, our data suggest that moderate-intensity treadmill running, with or without parallel PDTC treatment, had little effect on the expression of genes encoding sarcomere components and sarcomere-associated factors in murine skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmitt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Lena Haug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schlegel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annunziata Fragasso
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Roberts MD, Haun CT, Mobley CB, Mumford PW, Romero MA, Roberson PA, Vann CG, McCarthy JJ. Physiological Differences Between Low Versus High Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophic Responders to Resistance Exercise Training: Current Perspectives and Future Research Directions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:834. [PMID: 30022953 PMCID: PMC6039846 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports suggest there are low and high skeletal muscle hypertrophic responders following weeks to months of structured resistance exercise training (referred to as low and high responders herein). Specifically, divergent alterations in muscle fiber cross sectional area (fCSA), vastus lateralis thickness, and whole body lean tissue mass have been shown to occur in high versus low responders. Differential responses in ribosome biogenesis and subsequent protein synthetic rates during training seemingly explain some of this individual variation in humans, and mechanistic in vitro and rodent studies provide further evidence that ribosome biogenesis is critical for muscle hypertrophy. High responders may experience a greater increase in satellite cell proliferation during training versus low responders. This phenomenon could serve to maintain an adequate myonuclear domain size or assist in extracellular remodeling to support myofiber growth. High responders may also express a muscle microRNA profile during training that enhances insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression, although more studies are needed to better validate this mechanism. Higher intramuscular androgen receptor protein content has been reported in high versus low responders following training, and this mechanism may enhance the hypertrophic effects of testosterone during training. While high responders likely possess “good genetics,” such evidence has been confined to single gene candidates which typically share marginal variance with hypertrophic outcomes following training (e.g., different myostatin and IGF-1 alleles). Limited evidence also suggests pre-training muscle fiber type composition and self-reported dietary habits (e.g., calorie and protein intake) do not differ between high versus low responders. Only a handful of studies have examined muscle biomarkers that are differentially expressed between low versus high responders. Thus, other molecular and physiological variables which could potentially affect the skeletal muscle hypertrophic response to resistance exercise training are also discussed including rDNA copy number, extracellular matrix and connective tissue properties, the inflammatory response to training, and mitochondrial as well as vascular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Matthew A Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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Margolis LM, Carbone JW, Berryman CE, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Ferrando AA, Young AJ, Pasiakos SM. Severe energy deficit at high altitude inhibits skeletal muscle mTORC1-mediated anabolic signaling without increased ubiquitin proteasome activity. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800163RR. [PMID: 29878853 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800163rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle loss at high altitude (HA) is attributable to energy deficit and a potential dysregulation of anabolic signaling. Exercise and protein ingestion can attenuate the effects of energy deficit on muscle at sea level (SL). Whether these effects are observed when energy deficit occurs at HA is unknown. To address this, muscle obtained from lowlanders ( n = 8 males) at SL, acute HA (3 h, 4300 m), and chronic HA (21 d, -1766 kcal/d energy balance) before [baseline (Base)] and after 80 min of aerobic exercise followed by a 2-mile time trial [postexercise (Post)] and 3 h into recovery (Rec) after ingesting whey protein (25 g) were analyzed using standard molecular techniques. At SL, Post, and REC, p-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)Ser2448, p-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K)Ser424/421, and p-ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6)Ser235/236 were similar and higher ( P < 0.05) than Base. At acute HA, Post p-mTORSer2448 and Post and REC p-p70S6KSer424/421 were not different from Base and lower than SL ( P < 0.05). At chronic HA, Post and Rec p-mTORSer2448 and p-p70S6KSer424/421 were not different from Base and lower than SL, and, independent of time, p-rpS6Ser235/236 was lower than SL ( P < 0.05). Post proteasome activity was lower ( P < 0.05) than Base and Rec, independent of phase. Our findings suggest that HA exposure induces muscle anabolic resistance that is exacerbated by energy deficit during acclimatization, with no change in proteolysis.-Margolis, L. M., Carbone, J. W., Berryman, C. E., Carrigan, C. T., Murphy, N. E., Ferrando, A. A., Young, A. J., Pasiakos, S. M. Severe energy deficit at high altitude inhibits skeletal muscle mTORC1-mediated anabolic signaling without increased ubiquitin proteasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, The Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute of Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Andrew J Young
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Mobley CB, Haun CT, Roberson PA, Mumford PW, Kephart WC, Romero MA, Osburn SC, Vann CG, Young KC, Beck DT, Martin JS, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. Biomarkers associated with low, moderate, and high vastus lateralis muscle hypertrophy following 12 weeks of resistance training. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195203. [PMID: 29621305 PMCID: PMC5886420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify biomarkers which delineated individual hypertrophic responses to resistance training. Untrained, college-aged males engaged in full-body resistance training (3 d/wk) for 12 weeks. Body composition via dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), vastus lateralis (VL) thickness via ultrasound, blood, VL muscle biopsies, and three-repetition maximum (3-RM) squat strength were obtained prior to (PRE) and following (POST) 12 weeks of training. K-means cluster analysis based on VL thickness changes identified LOW [n = 17; change (mean±SD) = +0.11±0.14 cm], modest (MOD; n = 29, +0.40±0.06 cm), and high (HI; n = 21, +0.69±0.14 cm) responders. Biomarkers related to histology, ribosome biogenesis, proteolysis, inflammation, and androgen signaling were analyzed between clusters. There were main effects of time (POST>PRE, p<0.05) but no cluster×time interactions for increases in DXA lean body mass, type I and II muscle fiber cross sectional area and myonuclear number, satellite cell number, and macronutrients consumed. Interestingly, PRE VL thickness was ~12% greater in LOW versus HI (p = 0.021), despite POST values being ~12% greater in HI versus LOW (p = 0.006). However there was only a weak correlation between PRE VL thickness scores and change in VL thickness (r2 = 0.114, p = 0.005). Forced post hoc analysis indicated that muscle total RNA levels (i.e., ribosome density) did not significantly increase in the LOW cluster (351±70 ng/mg to 380±62, p = 0.253), but increased in the MOD (369±115 to 429±92, p = 0.009) and HI clusters (356±77 to 470±134, p<0.001; POST HI>POST LOW, p = 0.013). Nonetheless, there was only a weak association between change in muscle total RNA and VL thickness (r2 = 0.079, p = 0.026). IL-1β mRNA levels decreased in the MOD and HI clusters following training (p<0.05), although associations between this marker and VL thickness changes were not significant (r2 = 0.0002, p = 0.919). In conclusion, individuals with lower pre-training VL thickness values and greater increases muscle total RNA levels following 12 weeks of resistance training experienced greater VL muscle growth, although these biomarkers individually explained only ~8–11% of the variance in hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cody T. Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Petey W. Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Kephart
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Shelby C. Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Darren T. Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pasiakos SM, Berryman CE, Carrigan CT, Young AJ, Carbone JW. Muscle Protein Turnover and the Molecular Regulation of Muscle Mass during Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1340-1350. [PMID: 28166119 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
: Effects of environmental hypoxia on fat-free mass are well studied. Negative energy balance, increased nitrogen excretion, and fat-free mass loss are commonly observed in lowlanders sojourning at high altitude. Reductions in fat-free mass can be minimized if energy consumption matches energy expenditure. However, in nonresearch settings, achieving energy balance during high-altitude sojourns is unlikely, and myofibrillar protein mass is usually lost, but the mechanisms accounting for the loss of muscle mass are not clear. At sea level, negative energy balance reduces basal and blunts postprandial muscle protein synthesis, with no relevant change in muscle protein breakdown. Downregulations in muscle protein synthesis and loss of fat-free mass during energy deficit at sea level are largely overcome by consuming at least twice the recommended dietary allowance for protein. Hypoxia may increase or not affect resting muscle protein synthesis, blunt postexercise muscle protein synthesis, and markedly increase proteolysis independent of energy status. Hypoxia-induced mTORC1 dysregulation and an upregulation in calpain- and ubiquitin proteasome-mediated proteolysis may drive catabolism in lowlanders sojourning at high altitude. However, the combined effects of energy deficit, exercise, and dietary protein manipulations on the regulation of muscle protein turnover have never been studied at high altitude. This article reviews the available literature related to the effects of high altitude on fat-free mass, highlighting contemporary studies that assessed the influence of altitude exposure (or hypoxia) on muscle protein turnover and intramuscular regulation of muscle mass. Knowledge gaps are addressed, and studies to identify effective and feasible countermeasures to hypoxia-induced muscle loss are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Pasiakos
- 1Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA; 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN; and 3School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI
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Holeček M. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:529-541. [PMID: 28493406 PMCID: PMC5566641 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine that has been reported to have anabolic effects on protein metabolism. The aims of this article were to summarize the results of studies of the effects of HMB on skeletal muscle and to examine the evidence for the rationale to use HMB as a nutritional supplement to exert beneficial effects on muscle mass and function in various conditions of health and disease. The data presented here indicate that the beneficial effects of HMB have been well characterized in strength-power and endurance exercise. HMB attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage and enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength, aerobic performance, resistance to fatigue, and regenerative capacity. HMB is particularly effective in untrained individuals who are exposed to strenuous exercise and in trained individuals who are exposed to periods of high physical stress. The low effectiveness of HMB in strength-trained athletes could be due to the suppression of the proteolysis that is induced by the adaptation to training, which may blunt the effects of HMB. Studies performed with older people have demonstrated that HMB can attenuate the development of sarcopenia in elderly subjects and that the optimal effects of HMB on muscle growth and strength occur when it is combined with exercise. Studies performed under in vitro conditions and in various animal models suggest that HMB may be effective in treatment of muscle wasting in various forms of cachexia. However, there are few clinical reports of the effects of HMB on muscle wasting in cachexia; in addition, most of these studies evaluated the therapeutic potential of combinations of various agents. Therefore, it has not been possible to determine whether HMB was effective or if there was a synergistic effect. Although most of the endogenous HMB is produced in the liver, there are no reports regarding the levels and the effects of HMB supplementation in subjects with liver disease. Several studies have suggested that anabolic effects of HMB supplementation on skeletal muscle do not occur in healthy, non-exercising subjects. It is concluded that (i) HMB may be applied to enhance increases in the mass and strength of skeletal muscles in subjects who exercise and in the elderly and (ii) studies examining the effects of HMB administered alone are needed to obtain conclusions regarding the specific effectiveness in attenuating muscle wasting in various muscle-wasting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holeček
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Jawhar A, Hermanns S, Ponelies N, Obertacke U, Roehl H. Tourniquet-induced ischaemia during total knee arthroplasty results in higher proteolytic activities within vastus medialis cells: a randomized clinical trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:3313-3321. [PMID: 26572633 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent data suggest diminished post-operative quadriceps muscle strength after tourniquet application during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The metabolic effects of the commonly utilized intraoperative tourniquet with consecutive ischaemia on the skeletal muscle cells were unknown. Ubiquitin proteasome system represents one of the main pathways involved in muscle protein breakdown contributing to muscle atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to quantify the acute effects of the tourniquet application during TKA on the (1) concentrations of free/conjugated ubiquitin, (2) total ubiquitin-protein ligase activity, (3) proteasome-dependent and (4) proteasome-independent peptidase activities in the cells of vastus medialis. METHODS The randomized, controlled, monocentric trial included 34 patients scheduled to undergo primary TKA. Each patient was randomly assigned to the tourniquet (n = 17) or non-tourniquet group (n = 17) after receiving a written consent. Muscle biopsies of (5 × 5 × 5 mm) 125 mm3 were obtained from vastus medialis immediately after performing the surgical approach and exactly 60 min later. After preparation of the muscle tissue specimen, the concentrations of the free/conjugated ubiquitin (Ub) were measured by western blot analyses. The ubiquitination was determined as biotinylated Ub incorporated into the sum of the cytosolic proteins and expressed as total ubiquitin-protein ligase activity (tUbPL). The quantification of the proteasome-dependent and proteasome-independent peptidase activities was performed with peptidase assays. RESULTS Tourniquet application did not influence the concentration of the free/conjugated Ub. There were no differences in tUbPL activities between groups and time points. Tourniquet-induced ischaemia resulted in statistically significant higher proteasome-dependent (caspase-like p = 0.0034; chymotryptic-like p = 0.0013; tryptic-like p = 0.0036) and proteasome-independent (caspase-like p = 0.03; chymotryptic-like p = 0.0001; tryptic-like p = 0.0062) peptidase activities. CONCLUSION Tourniquet application did not affect the free/conjugated Ub as well as tUbPL significantly, emphasizing the sophisticated regulation of ubiquitination. The proteasome-dependent peptidase activities were significantly upregulated during tourniquet application, suggesting an increase in protein degradation, which in turn might explain the skeletal muscle atrophy occurring after TKA. These findings add further knowledge and should raise the awareness of surgeons about the effects of tourniquet-induced ischaemia at the molecular level. Additional high-quality research may be warranted to examine the short- and long-term clinical significance of the present data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Jawhar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Hermanns
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Ponelies
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Udo Obertacke
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henning Roehl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the main regulatory mechanism of protein degradation in skeletal muscle. The ubiquitin-ligase enzymes (E3s) have a central role in determining the selectivity and specificity of the UPS. Since their identification in 2001, the muscle specific E3s, muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), have been shown to be implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle atrophy in various pathological and physiological conditions. This review aims to explore the involvement of MuRF-1 and MAFbx in catabolism of skeletal muscle during various pathologies, such as cancer cachexia, sarcopenia of aging, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition, the effects of various lifestyle and modifiable factors (e.g. nutrition, exercise, cigarette smoking, and alcohol) on MuRF-1 and MAFbx regulation will be discussed. Finally, evidence of potential strategies to protect against skeletal muscle wasting through inhibition of MuRF-1 and MAFbx expression will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Abraham Z Reznick
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
Increased global demand for adequate protein nutrition against a backdrop of climate change and concern for animal agriculture sustainability necessitates new and more efficient approaches to livestock growth and production. Anabolic growth is achieved when rates of new synthesis exceed turnover, producing a positive net protein balance. Conversely, deterioration or atrophy of lean mass is a consequence of a net negative protein balance. During early life and periods of growth, muscle mass is driven by increases in protein synthesis at the level of mRNA translation. Throughout life, muscle mass is further influenced by degradative processes such as autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Multiple signal transduction networks guide and coordinate these processes alongside quality control mechanisms to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Genetics, hormones, and environmental stimuli each influence proteostasis control, altering capacity and/or efficiency of muscle growth. An overview of recent findings and current methods to assess muscle protein balance and proteostasis is presented. Current efforts to identify novel control points have the potential through selective breeding design or development of hormetic strategies to better promote growth and health span during environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Vana PG, LaPorte HM, Kennedy RH, Gamelli RL, Majetschak M. Effects of a caspase and a calpain inhibitor on resting energy expenditures in normal and hypermetabolic rats: a pilot study. Physiol Res 2016; 65:537-41. [PMID: 27070748 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several diseases induce hypermetabolism, which is characterized by increases in resting energy expenditures (REE) and whole body protein loss. Exaggerated protein degradation is thought to be the driving force underlying this response. The effects of caspase and calpain inhibitors on REE in physiological and hypermetabolic conditions, however, are unknown. Thus, we studied whether MDL28170 (calpain inhibitor) or z-VAD-fmk (caspase inhibitor) affect REE under physiological conditions and during hypermetabolism post-burn. Rats were treated five times weekly and observed for 6 weeks. Treatment was started 2 h (early) or 48 h (late) after burn. In normal rats, MDL28170 transiently increased REE to 130 % of normal during week 2-4. z-VAD-fmk reduced REE by 20-25 % throughout the observation period. Within 14 days after burns, REE increased to 130+/-5 %. Whereas MDL28170/early treatment did not affect REE, MDL28170/late transiently increased REE to 180+/-10 % of normal by week 4 post-burn. In contrast, with z-VAD-fmk/early REE remained between 90-110 % of normal post-burn. z-VAD-fmk/late did not affect burn-induced increases in REE. These data suggest that caspase cascades contribute to the development of hypermetabolism and that burn-induced hypermetabolism can be pharmacologically modulated. Our data point towards caspase cascades as possible therapeutic targets to attenuate hypermetabolism after burns, and possibly in other catabolic disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Vana
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
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Sieljacks P, Matzon A, Wernbom M, Ringgaard S, Vissing K, Overgaard K. Muscle damage and repeated bout effect following blood flow restricted exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:513-25. [PMID: 26645685 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood-flow restricted resistance exercise training (BFRE) is suggested to be effective in rehabilitation training, but more knowledge is required about its potential muscle damaging effects. Therefore, we investigated muscle-damaging effects of BFRE performed to failure and possible protective effects of previous bouts of BFRE or maximal eccentric exercise (ECC). METHODS Seventeen healthy young men were allocated into two groups completing two exercise bouts separated by 14 days. One group performed BFRE in both exercise bouts (BB). The other group performed ECC in the first and BFRE in the second bout. BFRE was performed to failure. Indicators of muscle damage were evaluated before and after exercise. RESULTS The first bout in the BB group led to decrements in maximum isometric torque, and increases in muscle soreness, muscle water retention, and serum muscle protein concentrations after exercise. These changes were comparable in magnitude and time course to what was observed after first bout ECC. An attenuated response was observed in the repeated exercise bout in both groups. CONCLUSION We conclude that unaccustomed single-bout BFRE performed to failure induces significant muscle damage. Additionally, both ECC and BFRE can precondition against muscle damage induced by a subsequent bout of BFRE.
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Atherton PJ, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ. Exercise and Regulation of Protein Metabolism. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 2015; 135:75-98. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pasiakos SM, Margolis LM, Orr JS. Optimized dietary strategies to protect skeletal muscle mass during periods of unavoidable energy deficit. FASEB J 2014; 29:1136-42. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lee M. Margolis
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jeb S. Orr
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
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