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Virolainen SJ, Satish L, Biagini JM, Chaib H, Chang WC, Dexheimer PJ, Dixon MR, Dunn K, Fletcher D, Forney C, Granitto M, Hestand MS, Hurd M, Kauffman K, Lawson L, Martin LJ, Peña LD, Phelan KJ, Shook M, Weirauch MT, Khurana Hershey GK, Kottyan LC. Filaggrin loss-of-function variants are associated with atopic dermatitis phenotypes in a diverse, early-life prospective cohort. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178258. [PMID: 38564302 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function (LoF) variants in the filaggrin (FLG) gene are the strongest known genetic risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD), but the impact of these variants on AD outcomes is poorly understood. We comprehensively identified genetic variants through targeted region sequencing of FLG in children participating in the Mechanisms of Progression of Atopic Dermatitis to Asthma in Children cohort. Twenty FLG LoF variants were identified, including 1 novel variant and 9 variants not previously associated with AD. FLG LoF variants were found in the cohort. Among these children, the presence of 1 or more FLG LoF variants was associated with moderate/severe AD compared with those with mild AD. Children with FLG LoF variants had a higher SCORing for Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and higher likelihood of food allergy within the first 2.5 years of life. LoF variants were associated with higher transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in both lesional and nonlesional skin. Collectively, our study identifies established and potentially novel AD-associated FLG LoF variants and associates FLG LoF variants with higher TEWL in lesional and nonlesional skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Virolainen
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Latha Satish
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Biagini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hassan Chaib
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wan Chi Chang
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip J Dexheimer
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Katelyn Dunn
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Carmy Forney
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marissa Granitto
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Makenna Hurd
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth Kauffman
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucinda Lawson
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Loren Dm Peña
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kieran J Phelan
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Molly Shook
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Divisions of Developmental Biology and Bioinformatics and Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Division of Human Genetics and
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Divisions of Developmental Biology and Bioinformatics and Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Sivakumar A, Sharma R, Thota C, Ding D, Fan X. WASP: Wearable Analytical Skin Probe for Dynamic Monitoring of Transepidermal Water Loss. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4407-4416. [PMID: 37953512 PMCID: PMC10683758 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of skin barrier dysfunction helps provide timely preventive care against diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, food allergies, and other atopic skin disorders. Skin barrier function is commonly evaluated by measuring the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) through stratum corneum due to its noninvasive characteristics. However, existing commercial TEWL devices are significantly affected by many factors, such as ambient temperature, humidity, air flow, water accumulation, initial water contents on the skin surface, bulky sizes, high costs, and requirements for well-controlled environments. Here, we developed a wearable closed-chamber hygrometer-based TEWL device (Wearable Analytical Skin Probe, WASP) and the related algorithm for accurate and continuous monitoring of skin water vapor flux. The WASP uses short dry air purges to dry the skin surface and chamber before each water vapor flux measurement. Its design ensures a highly controlled local environment, such as consistent initial dry conditions for the skin surface and the chamber. We further applied WASP to measure the water vapor flux from six different locations of a small group of human participants. It is found that the WASP can not only measure and distinguish between insensible sweating (i.e., TEWL) and sensible sweating (i.e., thermal sweating) but also track skin dehydration-rehydration cycles. Comparisons with a commercial TEWL device, AquaFlux, show that the results obtained by both devices agree well. The WASP will be broadly applicable to clinical, cosmetic, and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali
Devi Sivakumar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chandrakalavathi Thota
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ding Ding
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Bocheva G, Slominski RM, Slominski AT. Environmental Air Pollutants Affecting Skin Functions with Systemic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10502. [PMID: 37445680 PMCID: PMC10341863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in air pollution worldwide represents an environmental risk factor that has global implications for the health of humans worldwide. The skin of billions of people is exposed to a mixture of harmful air pollutants, which can affect its physiology and are responsible for cutaneous damage. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are photoreactive and could be activated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Therefore, such UVR exposure would enhance their deleterious effects on the skin. Air pollution also affects vitamin D synthesis by reducing UVB radiation, which is essential for the production of vitamin D3, tachysterol, and lumisterol derivatives. Ambient air pollutants, photopollution, blue-light pollution, and cigarette smoke compromise cutaneous structural integrity, can interact with human skin microbiota, and trigger or exacerbate a range of skin diseases through various mechanisms. Generally, air pollution elicits an oxidative stress response on the skin that can activate the inflammatory responses. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can act as a sensor for small molecules such as air pollutants and plays a crucial role in responses to (photo)pollution. On the other hand, targeting AhR/Nrf2 is emerging as a novel treatment option for air pollutants that induce or exacerbate inflammatory skin diseases. Therefore, AhR with downstream regulatory pathways would represent a crucial signaling system regulating the skin phenotype in a Yin and Yang fashion defined by the chemical nature of the activating factor and the cellular and tissue context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Bocheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Informatics Institute in the School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Richards TL, Burron S, Ma DWL, Pearson W, Trevizan L, Minikhiem D, Grant C, Patterson K, Shoveller AK. Effects of dietary camelina, flaxseed, and canola oil supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative markers, transepidermal water loss, and coat quality in healthy adult dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1085890. [PMID: 36968475 PMCID: PMC10034026 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1085890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionCamelina oil contains a greater concentration of omega-3 (n-3) a-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) than omega-6 (n-6) linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA), in comparison to alternative fat sources commonly used to formulate canine diets. Omega-3 FAs are frequently used to support canine skin and coat health claims and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress; however, there is a lack of research investigating camelina oil supplementation and its effects on these applications in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of camelina oil supplementation on coat quality, skin barrier function, and circulating inflammatory and oxidative marker concentrations.MethodsThirty healthy [17 females; 13 males; 7.2 ± 3.1 years old; 27.4 ± 14.0 kg body weight (BW)] privately-owned dogs of various breeds were used. After a 4-week wash-in period consuming sunflower oil (n6:n3 = 1:0) and a commercial kibble, dogs were blocked by age, breed, and size, and randomly assigned to one of three treatment oils: camelina (n6:n3 = 1:1.18), canola (n6:n3 = 1:0.59), flaxseed (n6:n3 = 1:4.19) (inclusion level: 8.2 g oil/100 g of total food intake) in a randomized complete block design. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured using a VapoMeter on the pinna, paw pad, and inner leg. Fasted blood samples were collected to measure serum inflammatory and oxidative marker concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and spectrophotometric assays. A 5-point-Likert scale was used to assess coat characteristics. All data were collected on weeks 0, 2, 4, 10, and 16 and analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS.ResultsNo significant changes occurred in TEWL, or inflammatory and oxidative marker concentrations among treatments, across weeks, or for treatment by week interactions. Softness, shine, softness uniformity, color intensity, and follicle density of the coat increased from baseline in all treatment groups (P < 0.05).DiscussionOutcomes did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatment groups over 16-weeks, indicating that camelina oil is comparable to existing plant-based canine oil supplements, flaxseed, and canola, at supporting skin and coat health and inflammation in dogs. Future research employing an immune or exercise challenge is warranted, as the dogs in this study were not subjected to either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. Richards
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Scarlett Burron
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David W. L. Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Pearson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luciano Trevizan
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Caitlin Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Keely Patterson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Anna K. Shoveller
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Falholt Elvebakken H, Bruntse AB, Vedel C, Kjaerulff S. Topical Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB244R® ointment alleviates skin aging: An exploratory trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1911-1918. [PMID: 36718014 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin is of vital importance for health and well-being. As people age, the skin undergoes visual and morphological changes such as wrinkling, loss of elasticity, increased pigmentation, and decreased cell turnover. This is not only visually unappealing to many but can also pose health issues. AIM In this study, a probiotic ointment (PO) containing live lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB244R®) was investigated for its ability to alleviate symptoms of skin aging in an exploratory clinical trial. METHODS The PO was applied twice daily for 56 days by 21 subjects. Anti-aging efficacy was evaluated by skin ultrasonography, skin biomechanical properties, skin hydration, and clinical evaluations at day 0, 28, and 56. RESULTS Sub-epidermal low echogenic band thickness decreased (0.261 ± 0.069 mm to 0.247 ± 0.055 mm) after 56 days. Dermal density increased (324.689 ± 57.506 pixel/mm2 to 367.831 ± 75.790 pixel/mm2 ). Skin hydration increased (34.1 ± 6.9 to 51.3 ± 10.0 AU). Additionally, skin firmness increased, as shown by decreasing values (0.264 ± 0.038 to 0.228 ± 0.037 mm). Skin elasticity increased (0.578 ± 0.045 to 0.618 ± 0.044). Trans-epidermal water loss decreased (9.1 ± 2.0 g/h/m2 to 8.5 ± 1.3). All clinical evaluations, Crow's feet, spot score, smoothness score, and complexion radiance, were improved. CONCLUSION The PO improved all measured parameters with statistical significance after 56 days of application, clearly demonstrating the potential of the PO as an anti-aging agent and reaffirming the potential of topical probiotic LAB. Future studies need to elucidate the mode of action of anti-aging effects by probiotics, but at present time, this study paves the way for the use of probiotic LAB topically to alleviate aging of the skin.
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Richards T, Burron S, McCorkell TC, Trevizan L, Patterson K, Minikhiem D, Ma DWL, Pearson W, Shoveller AK. Effects of dietary camelina, flaxseed, and canola oil supplementation on transepidermal water loss, skin and coat health parameters, and plasma prostaglandin E2, glycosaminoglycan, and nitric oxide concentrations in healthy adult horses. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad373. [PMID: 37935917 PMCID: PMC10721441 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Camelina oil is derived from a low-input, high-yield crop and, in comparison to many other dietary fat sources currently used in equine diets, provides a greater amount of α-linolenic acid [ALA; (n-3)], than linoleic acid [LA; (n-6)]. However, no research exists assessing the effects of feeding camelina oil to horses in contrast to other commonly used oils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of supplementing camelina oil to that of flaxseed and canola oil supplementation, on outcomes related to skin and coat health in horses. Thirty adult horses [23 mares, 7 geldings; 14.9 years ± 5.3 years; 544 ± 66 kg body weight (BW) (mean ± SD)] underwent a 4-week wash-in period consuming hay and sunflower oil. Following the wash-in period, horses were blocked by location, age, and BW, and assigned to one of three treatment oils for 16 weeks (370 mg oil/kg BW): camelina (CAM), canola (OLA), or flaxseed (FLX) oil. Blood samples were collected and plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; ELISA), nitric oxide (NO; Griess Reaction), and glycosaminoglycan (GAG; DMMB) concentrations were measured on weeks 0 (n = 30), 14 (n = 24), and 16 (n = 30). On weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured pre- and post-acetone application using a VapoMeter (n = 26), and a 5-point-Likert scale was used to assess skin and coat characteristics on the side and rump of the horses (n = 30). All data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Independent of treatment, coat color, and quality increased from baseline. There were no differences in the outcomes assessed between the horses supplemented camelina oil and those supplemented canola or flaxseed oil. These results suggest that independent of treatment, all oil supplements improved coat color and quality in horses. This provides indication that camelina oil is comparable to existing plant-based oil supplements in supporting skin and coat health and inflammation in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Richards
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Scarlett Burron
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | | | - Luciano Trevizan
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Animal Science, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Keely Patterson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | | | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Wendy Pearson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 2W1
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Kappler K, Grothe T, Srivastava S, Jagtap M. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Blue Fenugreek Kale Extract on Skin Health and Aging: In-vitro and Clinical Evidences. CCID 2022; 15:2051-2064. [PMID: 36199383 PMCID: PMC9527619 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s368576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torsten Grothe
- Mibelle Group Biochemistry, Buchs, CH-5033, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Torsten Grothe, Email
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Green M, Feschuk AM, Kashetsky N, Maibach HI. "Normal" TEWL-How Can it be Defined?: A Systematic Review. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1618-1631. [PMID: 35753062 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the total non-eccrine sweat water evaporating from a given area of epidermis over time, is a measurement of skin barrier integrity. Skin diseases (e.g. psoriasis and atopic dermatitis) often result in transient increases in TEWL, so knowledge of "normal" TEWL values may be used to predict disease progression in dermatological settings. Variables such as age, race, and anatomic location have been suggested to affect TEWL, but current regulatory agencies have failed to control for additional variables of interest. Thus, this review summarizes variables that may cause TEWL variation. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to find human studies that provided data on variables affecting TEWL. RESULTS 31 studies, analyzing 22 affecting TEWL, were identified. Variables causing increased TEWL were mask-use (n=1), Dry Eye Disease (n=1), Chronic Venous Disease (n=1), Coronary Artery Disease (n=1), age (infants vs. adults) (n=4), nourishment in infants (n=1), stress within individuals (n=2), Body Mass Index (n=2), bathing versus showering (n=2), and scratching/friction (n=1). Variables with decreases in TEWL were genetic variability with SNPs on chromosome 9q34.3 (n=1) and cancer-cachexia (n=1). CONCLUSION We summarized 12 variables that impact TEWL and are not typically controlled for in experimental settings. Therefore, defining normal TEWL may currently be problematic. Thus, regulatory agencies should provide stricter guidelines on proper measurement of TEWL to minimize human introduced TEWL variation, and we should continue to examine factors impacting individual skin integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Green
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Aileen M Feschuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Nadia Kashetsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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Green M, Kashetsky N, Feschuk A, Maibach HI. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL): Environment and pollution-A systematic review. Skin Health Dis 2022; 2:e104. [PMID: 35677917 PMCID: PMC9168018 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an objective measurement of skin integrity measured as the amount of water lost across the stratum corneum. TEWL varies greatly across variables such as age and anatomic location, and disruptions in the skin barrier have been linked to inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Impact of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL has yet to be determined. Accordingly, this review summarizes effects of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to find human studies that provided data on environmental conditions and/or pollution and TEWL. Results In total, 15 studies were included, with 11 studies examining environmental and seasonal conditions on TEWL and four examining pollution. All studies examining pollution showed increased TEWL in people exposed to particulate matter or NO2. Contradictory results were found on the effects of season and climate across the 11 studies, with no consensus reached. Conclusion Exposure to pollution is reported to cause increases in TEWL, likely through free radical damage. Significant discrepancies exist among current literature as to the effects of season and climate on TEWL. There is a need to continue examining environmental variables other than temperature and relative humidity, such as atmospheric and steam pressure, that may impact TEWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Green
- Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Nadia Kashetsky
- Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's Newfoundland & Labrador Canada
| | - Aileen Feschuk
- Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's Newfoundland & Labrador Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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