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Xue X, Wang Q, Qu Y, Wu H, Dong F, Cao H, Wang HL, Xiao J, Shen Y, Wan Y. Development of the photosynthetic apparatus of Cunninghamia lanceolata in light and darkness. New Phytol 2017; 213:300-313. [PMID: 27401059 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Here, we compared the development of dark- and light-grown Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) cotyledons, which synthesize chlorophyll in the dark, representing a different phenomenon from angiosperm model plants. We determined that the grana lamellar membranes were well developed in both chloroplasts and etiochloroplasts. The accumulation of thylakoid membrane protein complexes was similar between chloroplasts and etiochloroplasts. Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that photosystem II (PSII) had low photosynthetic activities, whereas the photosystem I (PSI)-driven cyclic electron flow (CEF) rate exceeded the rate of PSII-mediated photon harvesting in etiochloroplasts. Analysis of the protein contents in etiochloroplasts indicated that the light-harvesting complex II remained mostly in its monomeric conformation. The ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase and NADH dehydrogenase-like complexes were relatively abundantly expressed in etiochloroplasts for Chinese fir. Our transcriptome analysis contributes a global expression database for Chinese fir cotyledons, providing background information on the regulatory mechanisms of different genes involved in the development of dark- and light-grown cotyledons. In conclusion, we provide a novel description of the early developmental status of the light-dependent and light-independent photosynthetic apparatuses in gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xue
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanli Qu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongyang Wu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fengqin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Haoyan Cao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Pavlovič A, Stolárik T, Nosek L, Kouřil R, Ilík P. Light-induced gradual activation of photosystem II in dark-grown Norway spruce seedlings. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2016; 1857:799-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Solymosi K, Aronsson H. Etioplasts and Their Significance in Chloroplast Biogenesis. Plastid Development in Leaves during Growth and Senescence 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ranade SS, Abrahamsson S, Niemi J, García-Gil MR. <i>Pinus taeda</i> cDNA Microarray as a Tool for Candidate Gene Identification for Local Red/Far-Red Light Adaptive Response in <i>Pinus sylvestris</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.43061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cañas RA, de la Torre F, Cánovas FM, Cantón FR. High levels of asparagine synthetase in hypocotyls of pine seedlings suggest a role of the enzyme in re-allocation of seed-stored nitrogen. Planta 2006; 224:83-95. [PMID: 16425030 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A pine asparagine synthetase gene expressed in developing seedlings has been identified by cloning its cDNA (PsAS1) from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Genomic DNA analysis with PsAS1 probes and a sequence-based phylogenetic tree are consistent with the possibility of more than one gene encoding asparagine synthetase in pine. However, the parallel patterns of free asparagine content and PsAS1 products indicate that the protein encoded by this gene is mainly responsible for the accumulation of this amino acid during germination and early seedling development. The temporal and spatial patterns of PsAS1 expression together with the spatial distribution of asparagine content suggest that, early after germination, part of the nitrogen mobilized from the megagametophyte is diverted toward the hypocotyl to produce high levels of asparagine as a reservoir of nitrogen to meet later specific demands of development. Furthermore, the transcript and protein analyses in seedlings germinated and growth for extended periods under continuous light or dark suggest that the spatial expression pattern of PsAS1 is largely determined by a developmental program. Therefore, our results suggest that the spatial and temporal control of PsAS1 expression determines the re-allocation of an important amount of seed-stored nitrogen during pine germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Cañas
- Depto. Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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de la Torre F, De Santis L, Suárez MF, Crespillo R, Cánovas FM. Identification and functional analysis of a prokaryotic-type aspartate aminotransferase: implications for plant amino acid metabolism. Plant J 2006; 46:414-25. [PMID: 16623902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the identification of genes from pine (PpAAT), Arabidopsis (AtAAT) and rice (OsAAT) encoding a novel class of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT, EC 2.6.1.1) in plants. The enzyme is unrelated to other eukaryotic AATs from plants and animals but similar to bacterial enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this prokaryotic-type AAT is closely related to cyanobacterial enzymes, suggesting it might have an endosymbiotic origin. Interestingly, most of the essential residues involved in the interaction with the substrate and the attachment of pyridoxal phosphate cofactor in the active site of the enzyme were conserved in the deduced polypeptide. The polypeptide is processed in planta to a mature subunit of 45 kDa that is immunologically distinct from the cytosolic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isoforms of AAT previously characterized in plants. Functional expression of PpAAT sequences in Escherichia coli showed that the processed precursor is assembled into a catalytically active homodimeric holoenzyme that is strictly specific for aspartate. These atypical genes are predominantly expressed in green tissues of pine, Arabidopsis and rice, suggesting a key role of this AAT in nitrogen metabolism associated with photosynthetic activity. Moreover, immunological analyses revealed that the plant prokaryotic-type AAT is a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein. This implies that two plastidic AAT co-exist in plants: a eukaryotic type previously characterized and the prokaryotic type described here. The respective roles of these two enzymes in plant amino acid metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de la Torre
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Unidad Asociada UMA-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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Rodríguez MJP, Suárez MF, Heredia R, Avila C, Breton D, Trontin JF, Filonova L, Bozhkov P, von Arnold S, Harvengt L, Cánovas FM. Expression patterns of two glutamine synthetase genes in zygotic and somatic pine embryos support specific roles in nitrogen metabolism during embryogenesis. New Phytol 2006; 169:35-44. [PMID: 16390417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, embryo-specific patterns of glutamine synthetase (GS) genes were studied for the first time using pine somatic and zygotic embryogenesis as model systems. GS1a expression was absent in zygotic embryos whereas it was detected in the cotyledons of somatic embryos at late developmental stages along with transcripts for photosynthesis genes and arginase. These findings suggest that germination was initiated in maturing somatic embryos. GS1b transcripts were found mainly in procambial cells in both zygotic and somatic embryos. Expression of the GS1b in procambial cells before the differentiation of mature vascular elements indicated that this gene could be useful as a molecular marker for early stages of vascular differentiation in pine. Accordingly, a correlation was found between the quality of somatic embryos generated from three different cell lines and the pattern and level of GS1b expression. Our data suggest that GS1a and GS1b genes play distinct functional roles in the biosynthesis and mobilization of seed nitrogen reserves. Furthermore, the results presented may have potential application for improving conifer somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pérez Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, ES-29071 Málaga, Spain
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Schoefs B, Franck F. Chlorophyll synthesis in dark-grown pine primary needles. Plant Physiol 1998; 118:1159-68. [PMID: 9847090 PMCID: PMC34732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.4.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/1998] [Accepted: 09/02/1998] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pigment content of dark-grown primary needles of Pinus jeffreyi L. and Pinus sylvestris L. was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The state of protochlorophyllide a and of chlorophylls during dark growth were analyzed by in situ 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy. Both measurements unambiguously demonstrated that pine primary needles are able to synthesize chlorophyll in the dark. Norflurazon strongly inhibited both carotenoid and chlorophyll synthesis. Needles of plants treated with this inhibitor had low chlorophyll content, contained only traces of xanthophylls, and accumulated carotenoid precursors. The first form of chlorophyll detected in young pine needles grown in darkness had an emission maximum at 678 nm. Chlorophyll-protein complexes with in situ spectroscopic properties similar to those of fully green needles (685, 695, and 735 nm) later accumulated in untreated plants, whereas in norflurazon-treated plants the photosystem I emission at 735 nm was completely lacking. To better characterize the light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway in pine needles, the 77 K fluorescence properties of in situ protochlorophyllide a spectral forms were studied. Photoactive and nonphotoactive protochlorophyllide a forms with emission properties similar to those reported for dark-grown angiosperms were found, but excitation spectra were substantially red shifted. Because of their lower chlorophyll content, norflurazon-treated plants were used to study the protochlorophyllide a photoreduction process triggered by one light flash. The first stable chlorophyllide photoproduct was a chlorophyllide a form emitting at 688 nm as in angiosperms. Further chlorophyllide a shifts usually observed in angiosperms were not detected. The rapid regeneration of photoactive protochlorophyllide a from nonphotoactive protochlorophyllide after one flash was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schoefs
- Photobiology Laboratory, Department of Botany B22, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Palomo J, Gallardo F, Suarez MF, Canovas FM. Purification and characterization of NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from scots pine . Evidence for different physiological roles of the enzyme in primary development. Plant Physiol 1998; 118:617-26. [PMID: 9765548 PMCID: PMC34838 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.2.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/1998] [Accepted: 07/10/1998] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+-IDH; EC 1.1.1.42) is involved in the supply of 2-oxoglutarate for ammonia assimilation and glutamate synthesis in higher plants through the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle. Only one NADP+-IDH form of cytosolic localization was detected in green cotyledons of pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings. The pine enzyme was purified and exhibited molecular and kinetic properties similar to those described for NADP+-IDH from angiosperm, with a higher catalytic efficiency (10(5) M-1 s-1) than the deduced efficiencies for GS and GOGAT in higher plants. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against pine NADP+-IDH and used to assess protein expression in the seedlings. Steady-state levels of NADP+-IDH were coordinated with GS during seed germination and were associated with GS/GOGAT enzymes during chloroplast biogenesis, suggesting that NADP+-IDH is involved in the provision of carbon skeletons for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules. However, a noncoordinated pattern of NADP+-IDH and GS/GOGAT was observed in advanced stages of cotyledon development and in the hypocotyl. A detailed analysis in hypocotyl sections revealed that NADP+-IDH abundance was inversely correlated with the presence of GS, GOGAT, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase but was associated with the differentiation of the organ. These results cannot be explained by the accepted role of the enzyme in nitrogen assimilation and strongly suggest that NADP+-IDH may have other, as-yet-unknown, biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Palomo
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga and Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnologia, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain
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Garcia-gutierrez A, Gallardo F, Canton FR, Crespillo R, Canovas FM. Molecular Analysis of Pine Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthase. In: Ahuja MR, Boerjan W, Neale DB, editors. Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1996. pp. 189-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3983-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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11
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Oberschmidt O, Hücking C, Piechulla B. Diurnal Lhc gene expression is present in many but not all species of the plant kingdom. Plant Mol Biol 1995; 27:147-153. [PMID: 7865784 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal and circadian expression of light-harvesting genes (Lhc) is well documented for many plant species of the 'Angiospermae' division. Here we present the diurnal mRNA levels of species of the Gymnospermae, Pteridophyta, Bryophyta and Phycophyta divisions. Except for four Coniferophytina species, diurnal Lhc mRNA accumulation is detected in fern, moss and algae, supporting the idea that the concept of 'ciracadian clock'-controlled gene expression is an ancient process. Possible reasons why plants need the 'circadian clock' control mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Oberschmidt
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanze, Göttingen, Germany
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García-Gutiérrez A, Cantón FR, Gallardo F, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Cánovas FM. Expression of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in dark-grown pine seedlings. Plant Mol Biol 1995; 27:115-128. [PMID: 7865781 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pine seedlings are able to accumulate chlorophylls and develop green plastids in a light-independent manner. In this work, we have characterized ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1; Fd-GOGAT), a key enzyme in nitrogen interconversion during this process. Fd-GOGAT has been purified about 170-fold from cotyledons of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). As occurs in angiosperms, the native enzyme is a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 163-168 kDa that is confined to the chloroplast stroma. Polyclonal antibodies generated against the purified enzyme were used to immunoscreen a lambda gt11 expression library from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings and partial cDNA clones were isolated and characterized. The clone with the longest cDNA insert (pGOP44) contained the codification for the C-terminal (550 amino acids) of the pine Fd-GOGAT polypeptide. Immunological cross-reactivity and comparative amino sequence analysis revealed that Fd-GOGAT is a well conserved protein in higher plants. Western blot analyses showed that protein was expressed in chloroplast-containing pine tissues and this expression pattern was not affected by exogenously supplied nitrogen. Fd-GOGAT mRNA, polypeptide and enzyme activity accumulated in substantial amounts in dark-grown pine seedlings. The presence of a functional Fd-GOGAT may be important to provide the required glutamate for the biosynthesis of nitrogen compounds during chloroplast biogenesis in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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